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An $80,000 annual salary would allow you to purchase a home priced up to around $300,000 — that is, if you follow the conventional guidance, which is that you spend no more than a third of your pretax income on housing costs. But there’s more (lots more) to it than that.

By just about any measure, earning $80,000 a year is a good salary. It’s about $5,000 higher than the U.S. median household income, per Census data. But depending on where you live and other aspects of your financial profile, earning a good salary doesn’t always translate into being able to afford a large house — or, in some expensive cities, any house at all.

So how can you tell where you stand? Let’s dig into the details.

What Kind of House Can I Afford With $80K a Year?

As noted above, one basic rule of thumb is to spend no more than about a third of your income on housing — and ideally even less. That means that if you earn $80,000 per year, you should spend about $26,000 per year on housing.

That translates to roughly $2,200 per month, which should cover not only your mortgage payment but also utilities, home insurance, and other housing-related expenses.

However, as you’ve probably noticed, this still isn’t a straightforward answer; the size of your monthly mortgage payment doesn’t directly translate to the overall cost of the house. Other factors like your interest rate, debt-to-income ratio, and the size of your down payment all factor in — so let’s take a closer look at those.


💡 Quick Tip: SoFi’s Lock and Look ⁺ feature allows you to lock in a low mortgage financing rate for 90 days while you search for the perfect place to call home.

What is Debt-to-income Ratio (DTI)?

Your debt-to-income ratio, or DTI, is a measure of how much money you pay toward your debts each month relative to how much free cash you have available. It’s determined by dividing the sum of your monthly liabilities (i.e., credit card bills and student loan payments) by your gross monthly income.

If you are already paying quite a bit toward debt every month, you’ll have less money to spend on housing. (For example, someone earning $80,000 a year who is already paying $1,400 per month toward debt can likely only afford a house priced around $200,000.)

The higher your DTI, the riskier you appear to mortgage lenders — which may drive up your interest rate and, therefore, your monthly payment. And above a certain DTI level (usually around 40%, but sometimes as high as 50%), a mortgage lender might disqualify you from borrowing entirely. That’s why it’s often a good idea for would-be homebuyers to drive down their overall debt before moving seriously into the housing market.

Factoring in Your Down Payment

Along with how much debt you have, lenders also consider how much money you’re ready to put down for your home up front — otherwise known as your down payment. Generally speaking, the larger your down payment, the more house you can afford, since having so much money saved up is a favorable factor for home lenders. (Even if you keep your budget modest, having a larger down payment can help you save money over time since the amount you’ll be borrowing will be proportionally smaller.)

How Down Payment Assistance Can Help

Saving up a down payment can be one of the most challenging parts of the home-buying process, especially for first-time homebuyers. Fortunately, down payment assistance programs can help buyers overcome this hurdle — though keep in mind that the assistance itself is often a loan, which also needs to be repaid over time. Often, the interest on such loans is very low, making it a more viable option for homebuyers already struggling to get their foot in the door.

You may also need to prove financial need in order to qualify for down payment assistance for your mortgage. For example, you may have to be at or below a certain income threshold or have less than a given amount of liquid assets at your disposal to be eligible for down payment assistance.

Down payment assistance is offered through local governments, federal government bodies, and some nonprofits. If the prospect of saving a substantial chunk of money is blocking you from the home you hope to afford, it’s worth shopping around to see what kind of assistance is available.

Other Factors That Affect Home Affordability

Along with your current level of debt and how much of a down payment you’ve saved up, other factors affect how much home you can afford — and how affordable your city is, for that matter.

On your end, factors like your credit score and credit history, along with your job history and security, may increase or decrease your eligibility for a home mortgage loan (and, if you qualify, affect your interest rate). And as far as the affordability of homes themselves, where you live has a major impact, along with the size, type, age, and repair level of the homes you’re shopping for.

How Your Monthly Payment Affects Your Price Range

As mentioned above, figuring out how much house you can afford is all about figuring out how much you can afford to spend on housing each month. The higher the monthly payment you can comfortably afford, the larger the overall mortgage you can afford, which means you may be able to buy a higher-priced home. That said, it’s important to keep in mind that your mortgage is just the beginning.

Along with all of your other existing expenses — like car payments, student loan bills, utilities, groceries, and gas — owning a home can also increase the amount you spend on home maintenance relevant to renting. That’s because, once you’re a homeowner, when something breaks in your house, it’s your responsibility to fix it.

Most homes come with a variety of maintenance issues that need to be addressed at some point after purchase; sometimes, appliances break. Just be sure you’re not putting yourself in a position where your monthly mortgage payment is so high, you won’t be able to afford the other expenses that come along with homeownership.

How to Calculate How Much House You Can Afford

Use a housing affordability calculator to determine how much house you can afford based on your income, your current debts owed, your credit score, the size of your down payment, and your expected interest rate. (You can get a better sense of what, exactly, your interest rate might be by chatting with an agent from your home lender; they’ll also be able to give you an idea, given your financial profile, of how much house you can afford.)

Types of Home Loans Available to $80K Households

Fortunately, many different types of mortgage loans are available to households making $80,000 per year. For example, if you’re a first-time buyer, you may qualify for an FHA loan from the Federal Housing Administration, which allows you to buy with lower down payments and closing costs as well as less-stringent credit requirements.

Veterans and their families might look into VA loans. The U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs makes it possible to purchase a home with no down payment at all if you’re qualified.

And, of course, conventional home loans from private lenders are also available to those earning $80,000 — or most any amount.


💡 Quick Tip: Active duty service members who have served for at least 90 consecutive days are eligible for a VA loan. But so are many veterans, surviving spouses, and National Guard and Reserves members. It’s worth exploring with an online VA loan application because the low interest rates and other advantages of this loan can’t be beat.†

The Takeaway

As a $80,000 earner, chances are you can afford to purchase property — but the specifics depend on a wide variety of factors including your other markers of financial health as well as where you’re trying to buy. Using an home affordability calculator is a smart way to start exploring what your budget will allow before you embark on a search for a home and a home mortgage loan.

Looking for an affordable option for a home mortgage loan? SoFi can help: We offer low down payments (as little as 3% - 5%*) with our competitive and flexible home mortgage loans. Plus, applying is extra convenient: It's online, with access to one-on-one help.

SoFi Mortgages: simple, smart, and so affordable.

FAQ

Is $80K a good salary for a single person?

$80,000 is about $5,000 higher than the U.S. median household income, so many people would consider it very good for a single person. “Good” is always a relative term when it comes to salary; whether or not the amount you earn covers your expenses is a highly personal dynamic.

What is a comfortable income for a single person?

Comfortable depends on where you live and your personal habits. A single person in San Francisco would need about $55,000, while the same person living in Cincinnati, Ohio, could get by on around $32,000, according to MIT’s Living Wage Calculator.

What is a liveable wage in 2024?

Living wage calculations are dependent on where you live and the cost of living in that area — along with factors like the size of your family and how many people in your household are working. Living wage calculators exist online that can help you better determine the living wage in your area.

What salary is considered rich for a single person?

People have so many different definitions of “rich.” If you’re settled in an area with a low cost of living, $100,000 might make you rich; in expensive cities, even a six-figure salary may only feel middle-class.

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Photo credit: iStock/PIKSEL

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SoFi loans are originated by SoFi Bank, N.A., NMLS #696891 (Member FDIC). For additional product-specific legal and licensing information, see SoFi.com/legal. Equal Housing Lender.

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Terms, conditions, and state restrictions apply. Not all products are available in all states. See SoFi.com/eligibility for more information.

*SoFi requires Private Mortgage Insurance (PMI) for conforming home loans with a loan-to-value (LTV) ratio greater than 80%. As little as 3% down payments are for qualifying first-time homebuyers only. 5% minimum applies to other borrowers. Other loan types may require different fees or insurance (e.g., VA funding fee, FHA Mortgage Insurance Premiums, etc.). Loan requirements may vary depending on your down payment amount, and minimum down payment varies by loan type.

⁺Lock and Look program: Terms and conditions apply. Applies to conventional purchase loans only. Rate will lock for 91 calendar days at the time of preapproval. An executed purchase contract is required within 60 days of your initial rate lock. If current market pricing improves by 0.25 percentage points or more from the original locked rate, you may request your loan officer to review your loan application to determine if you qualify for a one-time float down. SoFi reserves the right to change or terminate this offer at any time with or without notice to you.

^†Veterans, Service members, and members of the National Guard or Reserve may be eligible for a loan guaranteed by the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs. VA loans are subject to unique terms and conditions established by VA and SoFi. Ask your SoFi loan officer for details about eligibility, documentation, and other requirements. VA loans typically require a one-time funding fee except as may be exempted by VA guidelines. The fee may be financed or paid at closing. The amount of the fee depends on the type of loan, the total amount of the loan, and, depending on loan type, prior use of VA eligibility and down payment amount. The VA funding fee is typically non-refundable. SoFi is not affiliated with any government agency.
^¹FHA loans are subject to unique terms and conditions established by FHA and SoFi. Ask your SoFi loan officer for details about eligibility, documentation, and other requirements. FHA loans require an Upfront Mortgage Insurance Premium (UFMIP), which may be financed or paid at closing, in addition to monthly Mortgage Insurance Premiums (MIP). Maximum loan amounts vary by county. The minimum FHA mortgage down payment is 3.5% for those who qualify financially for a primary purchase. SoFi is not affiliated with any government agency.
Third-Party Brand Mentions: No brands, products, or companies mentioned are affiliated with SoFi, nor do they endorse or sponsor this article. Third-party trademarks referenced herein are property of their respective owners.

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

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There are numerous types of stocks, categorized by company characteristics, size, region, sector, and more. Equipped with an understanding of different stock types, an investor can start building a diversified portfolio. Though all stocks can experience volatility and potentially lose value, holding a mix of different types of shares can mitigate the risk of being too heavily invested in any one category.

An Overview Of Stocks

A stock represents a percentage of ownership in a publicly traded company. So essentially, investors can own small pieces or “shares” of companies.

Generating returns via the stock market can usually happen in one of two ways. First, the value of the stock can increase over time, something known as capital appreciation. The second is through dividend payments, where companies make cash payouts periodically to all owners of that company’s stock. Some people make investments based on a company’s ability to pay consistent dividends, or “income.” Utility and telephone companies often fit into this bucket.

When you own a stock, you hold equity (or ownership) in that company. That’s why stocks are sometimes referred to as equities. Each individual share represents an equal proportion of ownership. Owners of stocks are often referred to as stockholders or shareholders.

💡 Quick Tip: Are self-directed brokerage accounts cost efficient? They can be, because they offer the convenience of being able to buy stocks online without using a traditional full-service broker (and the typical broker fees).

Categories of Stocks

There are several ways that different stocks are categorized, which is important to know if you’re brushing up on the stock market basics. Stocks are also sometimes classified by styles of investing. These categories often have to do with how that company makes money and how the stock is valued. You may often hear this associated when discussing value vs. growth stocks.

Value Stocks

Value stocks are stocks that are considered to be trading below their actual worth, and are a key component in value investing. Investors hope that by buying companies that are priced below their “true” value, they can profit as the gap narrows over time.

Growth Stocks

Growth stocks are companies that are growing at a fast pace or those that are expected to continue growing at a faster rate than other stocks or competitors. Investors can encounter higher valuations in growth investing.

Common Stock

Common stock represents shares of ownership in a corporation. When an investor receives common shares, they are typically also granted voting rights to the company and can participate in shareholder voting processes — usually one vote for each share. For investors, it can be helpful to understand the differences between common versus preferred stock.

Preferred Stocks

Preferred stocks make regular dividend payments, but holders of preferred shares often have zero or limited voting rights. If a company becomes financially insolvent however, preferred stockholders have a claim on assets before common shareholders do.

Exchange-traded Funds (ETFs)

Exchange-traded funds, or ETFs, group multiple securities into a single share. For instance, a stock ETF will hold numerous companies, while a bond ETF can hold many individual bonds, whether it’s a collection of Treasurys or high-yield debt. ETFs are popular because of the cheap, instant diversification they offer.

There are many types of ETFs, too, including low cost ETFs, and ETFs with their holdings concentrated in certain sectors.

Initial Public Offerings (IPOs)

An initial public offering (IPO) is the process of a private company listing and debuting on a public stock exchange. Investors can buy IPO shares on their first day of trading.

Special Purpose Acquisition Companies (SPACs)

SPACs are shell companies that go public on the stock exchange, and then try to find a private operating business to purchase.

Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITs)

REITs are companies that own and operate real estate, usually focusing on one type of property, such as warehouses, hotels or office buildings. There are pros & cons to investing in REITs. For example, one pro is that they tend to pay consistent dividends. Cons include sensitivity to interest rates, and taxed dividends.

Blue-Chip Stocks

Blue-chip stocks are stocks that large, well-established companies issue and usually have a long-standing history of growth. They’re generally considered to be financially sound, and may be considered lower-risk than other stocks.

Cyclical and Non-Cyclical Stocks

Cyclical investing concerns making stock selections surrounding economic changes, and cyclical stocks are those that may see their performance closely align with larger economic shifts. Non-cyclical stocks, on the other hand, do not see their performance tied to larger economic changes.

Defensive Stocks

Defensive stocks may be used as a part of a defensive investing strategy, and usually involves investing in stocks that may be seen as lower-risk. This can include blue-chip stocks, or stocks from sectories like utilities and consumer staples.

Penny Stocks

Penny stocks are low-priced stocks that generally trade for less than $5 per share, and many trade for less than $1. They’re usually risky, and highly-speculative stocks.

Income Stocks

Income stocks are a category of stocks that tend to offer regular, steady income to investors. That income generally comes in the form of dividends.

Environmental, Social, and Corporate Governance (ESG)

ESG stocks are those that may have certain non-financial criteria that appeal to certain investors. ESG stocks are shares of companies that are socially and environmentally responsible, though there is no universally-shared or accepted set of ESG criteria.

Different Market Caps

The sizes of stocks are classified by the market capitalization of the company’s publicly traded stock. Market cap is calculated by multiplying the stock price by the total number of outstanding shares.

Generally speaking, larger companies tend to be older, more established, and have greater international exposure — so a higher percentage of a large-cap company’s revenue comes from overseas. Meanwhile, smaller-cap stocks tend to be newer, less established and more domestically oriented. Smaller-cap companies can be riskier but also offer more growth potential.

Similarly, if you’re interested in buying mid-cap stocks, that means you’re investing in mid-sized companies — generally speaking.

While the market-caps that determine which companies are small or large can shift, here’s a breakdown that gives some rough parameters.

   Micro-Cap: $50 million to $300 million

   Small-Cap: $300 million to $2 billion

   Mid-Cap: $2 billion to $10 billion

   Large-Cap: $10 billion or higher

   Mega-Cap: $200 billion or higher

Types of Stock Classes

There are also stock classes that investors should be aware of, and those generally involve Class A, Class B, and Class C shares, which all may be issued by the same company. The specifics of each category will vary from company to company, too.

For some rough guidelines, though, Class A shares tend to have more voting power and higher priority for dividends. Class B shares may have lesser voting power than Class A shares, but no preferential treatment for dividends. Class C shares are often given to employees as a part of a compensation package, and may have associated trading restrictions.

💡 Quick Tip: What makes a robo advisor effective? Typically these automated investing services offer automatic deposits, a diversified portfolio of low-cost ETFs, and automatic rebalancing — all of which are designed to help you reach a specific goal. They can be less flexible and cost more than some other options, however.

Stocks By Sector

Additionally, stocks are often grouped by the industry that that company works within. According to the Global Industry Classification Standard (GICS), there are 11 recognized sectors, with numerous industries within those sectors. They include (but are not limited to):

   Energy: Energy equipment and services, oil, gas, and consumable fuels. If you want to invest in energy stocks, this is the category to look at.

   Materials: Chemicals, construction materials, containers and packaging, metals and mining

   Industrials: Aerospace and defense, building products, machinery, construction and engineering, electrical equipment, industrial conglomerates

   Consumer Discretionary: Automobiles, automobile components, household durables, leisure products

   Consumer Staples: Food products, beverage, tobacco, household products

   Health Care: Health care equipment and services, pharmaceuticals, biotechnology, life sciences

   Financials: Banks, insurance, consumer finance, capital markets, financial services

   Information Technology: IT services, software, communications equipment

   Communication Services: Diversified telecommunication services, media, entertainment

   Utilities: Electric utilities, gas utilities, water utilities, independent power and renewable electricity producers

   Real Estate: Real estate management and development, various REITs (retail, residential, office, etc.)

Again, these categories can be helpful to investors looking to diversify their portfolios. If you want to add some real estate stocks, or even invest in tech stocks, sector investing may be something to research further.

Note, too, that there may be other categories or sectors of stocks not listed above, such as retail stocks.

Stocks by Country

Different overseas stocks can be classified by the country or region in which they’re headquartered, even if the company’s operations are global. Individuals looking to invest in international stocks have found that they can do so easily with ETFs, which hold numerous foreign companies within a single share.

Regions that are commonly used in the world of stock investing are:

EAFE is an acronym which stands for Europe, Australasia, and the Far East. Investors may see this used when making investment choices, as the MSCI EAFE is a common index used for international stock funds. These countries are all “developed” nations, which means they have established financial markets, stable political climates, and mature economies.

Emerging-market stocks, which stocks with companies based out of countries whose economies are described as developing. Brazil, Russia, Mexico, China, and India are just a few emerging markets. Emerging markets may be riskier to invest in but may pose an opportunity for high rates of growth.

The Takeaway

There are numerous types of stocks on the market, and it can be important for investors to understand the differences between them. The stock market can be volatile and prone to dramatic declines, but in order to shield themselves from the risks, investors often create diversified portfolios by stocking their holdings through various different stock types.

Diversification is easier to do if an investor understands the different types of stocks that exist in the U.S. equity market. From mega-cap stocks to ETFs to emerging-market companies, there are a myriad of investing opportunities in the equity market.

Ready to invest in your goals? It’s easy to get started when you open an investment account with SoFi Invest. You can invest in stocks, exchange-traded funds (ETFs), mutual funds, alternative funds, and more. SoFi doesn’t charge commissions, but other fees apply (full fee disclosure here).

For a limited time, opening and funding an Active Invest account gives you the opportunity to get up to $1,000 in the stock of your choice.

FAQ

What are the benefits of investing in different types of stocks?

Investing in different types of stocks can be beneficial to investors as it can diversify their portfolio, which may help reduce investing risk as the market fluctuates.

What is the riskiest type of stock?

Penny stocks are likely the riskiest type of stock, as they are shares of companies that are new, unproven, and highly volatile. While there’s a big potential upside to investing in penny stocks, the risks are significant.

What stocks are best for beginners?

While it’ll depend on the individual investor, beginner investors may want to look at investing in blue chip stocks, ETFs, or other stocks that have either built-in diversification, or a long track record of viability, which can be a sign of lower associated risks.

What are the risks and opportunities of investing in emerging markets?

Emerging markets can be volatile or unstable, and there may be political, monetary, and economic risks that investors are unaware of in those markets.

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Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

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