SLRUPD Archives

Dec

2024

Value-Weighted Index: Explanation and How to Calculate

By Brian O'Connell | Growing Wealth, invest, Investing | Comments Off

Value weighted indexes, also called cap-weighted indexes, may be used by investors to gauge the performance of various sectors of the stock market. Indexes effectively measure a specific portion or subset of the market, which can help investors get a sense of the market’s performance.

Some of the most commonly known and used value weighted indexes include the S&P 500, Nasdaq Composite, or Wilshire 5000. While these indexes can help investors get an idea of the market’s performance, they do have flaws, which investors would do well to keep in mind.

Key Points

• Value weighted indexes aggregate stock performance using market capitalization.

• These indexes serve as benchmarks for evaluating performance in financial markets.

• Calculation involves multiplying stock price by shares outstanding, normalized by a divisor.

• Other index types include price weighted and fundamentally weighted indexes, each distinct.

• Value weighted indexes reflect market trends but can be skewed by large companies.

Value Weighted Index Explained

Value weighted indexes are often used in the investment world as a stock market evaluation tool. A value weighted index is a tool used to aggregate the performance of multiple stocks into a cohesive whole represented by a single number. In other words, it’s a way to simplify a subset of the market’s performance, and make it relatively easy to get an idea of what’s happening in the market.

Value weighted indexes multiply current share prices by the number of shares outstanding to get the market cap for each component, or asset, of the index. These individual market caps are then totaled to get the overall value of the index.

When value weighted cap indexes began, the typical method of combining these values was by using a weighted average. For instance, if a stock’s market cap represented 10% of the overall market it would be weighted at 10%.

However, that method quickly becomes complicated as stocks are removed and added from the index, and some companies may be acquired or merged. Because of this, almost all indexes calculate a divisor to normalize the business decisions made at each company so that the index represents performance as accurately as possible without being affected by individual company decisions.

Let’s examine how different constituencies use the indexes for their particular needs, including traders, investors, and fund managers.

How Traders Use Indexes

Traders may differ from “investors” in that they’re characterized by short-term decision making. Traders use indexes as a benchmark to judge performance. They try to use indexes that match with their market moves.

For example, a technology focused investor might use the Nasdaq Composite to measure how well they are meeting their investment goals. They might also use the market index to determine when to enter or exit trades by gleaning any information they can about how the overall market is moving.

How Investors Use Indexes

Investors may differ from “traders” in that they have long-term horizons or investment goals, and thus, may be a bit more conservative in their investing approach. But similar to traders, investors also use indexes as a benchmark to compare how they’re doing in comparison. But investors may also be looking for less-risky investments with broad diversification.

Exchange-traded funds, or ETFs, may align with their goals, and ETFs often seek to replicate the various indexes by holding shares in proportions to match the index. Index investing can be a relatively simple way to start investing for beginners, as it allows for a degree of built-in diversification, tends to align with market performance, and typically comes with the benefit of low transaction fees.

But further research is always required to ensure that a specific ETF aligns with an investor’s strategy. With that in mind, it may be worthwhile to review available resources to help you learn more about investing in ETFs.

How Mutual Fund Managers Use Indexes

Mutual funds pool investment resources from a number of investors to try and provide diversification across sectors, and often pursue more conservative investments. Mutual fund managers may, again, use value weighted indexes as a north star, and try to match a market index’s performance, or beat it with the goal of generating returns for investors. However, keep in mind that investors can always lose money, too.

Mutual funds are also generally aligned with an index that parallels the investment philosophy of the fund, be that stocks, bonds, commodities, etc. So, there may be mutual funds that specialize or focus on investing in certain market segments, and use those as indexes to try and match.

How Hedge Funds Use Indexes

Hedge funds pool investment resources in a similar way to mutual funds, but typically follow a far more aggressive investment strategy and managers stick to an active investing style. Though they may be a bit more aggressive and less risk-averse, like other types of funds, hedge fund managers may use indexes as a benchmark to meet or beat in an attempt to generate returns for investors. Remember: There’s a potential for losses, too.

Pros and Cons of Value Weighted Indexes

Value weighted indexes have their pros and cons, of course. Here’s a quick rundown of what the advantages and disadvantages of using value weighted indexes may be for investors.

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Pros:

• Tend to offer a comprehensive market perspective

• Are often comprised of less volatile, more mature companies

• Often include a broad-based, well-diversified list of companies and have low transaction costs

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Cons:

• The largest companies in the index may overwhelm performance

• May help generate market bubbles, with overpriced assets

• May encourage buying-high, selling-low investor behavior

How Market Value Weighted Index Is Calculated

Theoretically, the calculation of a value weighted index and the weights assigned to each component are easy to calculate. But as with most things, reality is a little more complicated.

To calculate a value weighted index, the first step is to multiply the price and shares outstanding (both of which are in near constant flux) of each component to get the market capitalization for each stock. For example, if you were trying to calculate a value weighted index comprising only three companies (which would not be indicative of a true index, but for simplicity’s sake, will work for an example), you’d first figure out the market capitalization of each company.

Market Capitalization = Price per share x Shares Outstanding

In this hypothetical example, here’s how that might look:

• Company 1: 50 shares outstanding at a current price of $10 = $500

• Company 2: 100 shares outstanding at a current price of $5 = $500

• Company 3: 75 shares outstanding at a current price of $15 = $1,125

Adding those up, the entire market value of this index is $2,125. To calculate the weights of each company in the index, you divide the value of the given company by the overall value of the index:

• Company 1: $500 ÷ $2,125 = weight of 23.5%

• Company 2: $500 ÷ $2,125 = weight of 23.5%

• Company 3: $1,125 ÷ $2,125 = weight of 53%

So, our total weight between the three companies is 100%, and Company 3 carries the highest weighting.

But remember: Due to complications with adding and removing companies from the index, dividends paid, buybacks, mergers, etc., there must be some normalizing done to the formula to remove large fluctuations caused by anything other than core performance.

This function is accomplished by the divisor, which oftentimes performs double duty by scaling the index values much smaller, say in the thousands rather than in the trillions, resulting in the following formula.

Index Value = ∑_𝑖𝑝_𝑖𝑞_𝑖 / Divisor

Other Forms of Weighted Market Indexes

Value weighted indexes aren’t the only index-based securities measuring tool. Investors can utilize the following market index assessment options as well.

The Price Weighted Index

Price weighted indexes are another form of weighted market index, and a good example is the Dow Jones Industrial Average.

A price weighted index weights each component based on its stock price. Therefore a company trading at $200 will have a higher weighting than a stock trading at $5. This is despite the revenue, employment, or market capitalization of the respective companies.

The Fundamentally Weighted Index

A fundamentally weighted market index weighs companies based on some other financial criteria such as revenues, earnings, dividend rates, or other factors. Fundamentally weighted indexes allow tremendous flexibility in creating an index to match an investing criteria and strategy.

Unweighted Index

The term “unweighted” simply means that no weight is applied when measuring a stock against an index. Instead, the measurement gives equal weight to each index component. It is common to see unweighted versions of major indexes compared to the weighted indexes to get deeper market insights on, for example, how broad-based a market rally truly is.

The Takeaway

Value weighted indexes can be useful as performance benchmarks and to provide a quick overview of market conditions. By observing the index performance, investors may be better informed on entry and exit opportunities, as well as to measure their own investing performance.

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Dec

2024

Why Are Student Loan Interest Rates So High?

By Maureen Shelly | Debt Payoff, Fresh Out of School, Student Loans, student_loan | No Comments

Student loan interest rates are rising. In July 2024, interest rates rose to their highest level in 16 years. Rates for undergraduate loans have increased almost 19% over last year and 44% over the past five years. Some loan rates for graduate students have never been as high as they are now.

Why are student loan interest rates so high? Some of it comes down to perception: Interest rates are up after a decade of historical lows. But other factors also come into play.

Read on to learn how student loan interest rates are set, why interest rates are going up, and the different options available for managing high-interest student loans.

Key Points

• Federal student loan interest rates have risen to their highest levels in years, and rates for some loans for graduate students are at record highs.

• Interest rates on federal student loans are set annually by Congress, influenced by the 10-year Treasury note rate plus a fixed increase. Rates are capped at specific limits.

• Private lenders determine interest rates on private student loans, using benchmarks such as the prime rate. Borrowers’ credit scores and credit history also impact private loan rates.

• Students who don’t have a strong credit history may need a cosigner on a private student loan to qualify for more favorable rates.

• Methods to help pay off student loans include paying any accruing interest while in school, using an income-driven repayment plan after graduation, and refinancing student loans.

Understanding Student Loans

There are two main types of student loans — federal and private student loans. Federal loans are offered by the Department of Education (DOE) and they include Direct Subsized and Unsubsidized student loans for undergraduate students, and Direct Unsubsidized loans and Direct PLUS loans for graduate or professional students.

• Direct Subsidized loans are for undergraduates who have financial need. You fill out the Free Application for Student Aid (FAFSA), and your school determines how much you can borrow. The interest on the loan is paid by the DOE while you’re in school and for a six-month grace period after graduation.

• Direct Unsubsidized loans are available for undergrads and graduate students. A borrower does not have to prove financial need for these loans. Again, your school determines the amount you can borrow. However, unlike Direct Subsidized loans, the interest on Direct Unsubsidized loans begins to accrue as soon as the loan is disbursed.

• Direct PLUS loans are for eligible parents (typically called a parent PLUS loan) and grad students. To be approved for one of these loans, a borrower must undergo a credit check and cannot have an adverse credit history. Interest accrues on Direct PLUS loans while the student is in school.

Here’s a look at how the interest rates on these federal loans have increased over the last four years:

	School Year 2021 – 2022	School Year 2022 – 2023	School Year 2023 – 2024	School Year 2024 – 2025
Direct Subsidized and Unsubsidized Loans for Undergrads	3.73%	4.99%	5.50%	6.53%
Direct Unsubsidized Loans for Graduate or Professional Students	5.28%	6.54%	7.05%	8.08%
Direct PLUS Loans for Graduate or Professional Students or Parents of Undergrads	6.28%	7.54%	8.05%	9.08%

There are several different repayment plans for federal student loans, including the standard 10-year plan; graduated repayment in which your monthly payments gradually increase over 10 years; extended payment, which gives you up to 25 years to repay your loans; and income-driven repayment plans that base your monthly payments on your income and family size. Federal loans come with benefits such as federal loan forgiveness.

Private student loans are issued by private lenders, such as banks, credit unions, and online lenders. Their interest rates and loan terms differ from lender to lender. The interest rates on private student loans may be fixed or variable, and the rate you get depends on your credit history. You can use student loan refinancing later on for potentially better interest rates and terms on your private loans, if you’re eligible. (Federal loans can be refinanced as well, but they then become private loans and lose the federal benefits mentioned above.)

By using our student loan refinance calculator, you can check the interest rate and repayment terms you could qualify for — and find out if refinancing makes sense for your situation.

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Factors Contributing to High Interest Rates

Congress sets federal student loan interest rates, while private loan rates depend on the credit rating of the borrower (or their student loan cosigner, if they have one). But that’s not the whole story.

The federal government adjusts federal student loan rates every year based on 10-year Treasury notes, plus a fixed increase. Rates are also capped, so they can’t rise above a certain limit. Here are the formulas:

• Direct Unsubsidized Loans for Undergraduates: 10-year Treasury + 2.05%, capped at 8.25%

• Direct Unsubsidized Loans for Graduates: 10-year Treasury + 3.60%, capped at 9.50%

• PLUS Loans to Graduate Students and Parents: 10-year Treasury + 4.60% Capped 10.50%

The rates for Treasury notes are set based partly on global market conditions and the state of the economy. When market conditions are in flux, the rates for Treasury notes tend to rise.

Federal student loan interest rates are fixed over the life of the loan. That means, if you get a federal student loan for your freshman year, the rate it was issued with won’t change despite Congress setting a new rate every year. If you need to take out another federal student loan for your sophomore year, however, you’ll then get the new rate, not the previous one.

Private student loan rates vary by lender and fluctuate with market trends. A borrower’s credit history also determines the rate they get for a private student loan.

Another factor is that student loans are unsecured. Unsecured loans are not tied to an asset that can serve as collateral. Secured loans, by comparison, are backed by something of value, such as a car or house, which can be seized if you default. But lenders can’t seize a degree. So student loan interest rates may be higher than secured loan rates because the lender’s risk is higher.

Comparison of Federal and Private Student Loan Interest Rates

Why are student loan interest rates so high? As noted above, private student loan rates will fluctuate with market trends and from lender to lender. They also depend on a borrower’s credit score. As of November 2024, some private student loan rates start at about 4% and go up to around 17%.

Private student loan rates for 10-year loans may be higher than the federal interest rate when you are comparing rates concurrently on offer. The rates may be lower for a loan that has a shorter term length than the standard 10 years of federal loans.

What’s more, private student loan rates and student loan refinance rates that are currently on offer can very well be lower than the federal interest rate you received at the time of getting your loan. And you can shop around with private lenders for the best interest rates.

Recommended: Student Loan Refinancing Guide

Pros and Cons of Federal and Private Student Loans

Both federal and private student loans have advantages and drawbacks.

Pros of federal student loans include:

• Interest rates for federal loans are fixed over the life of the loan

• The rates for federal loans may be lower than the rates you might get for private student loans

• Depending on the type of federal loan you have, the government may pay your interest while you are in school and during the six-month grace period after graduation

• Federal loans have federal programs and protections such as income-driven repayment plans and federal deferment options

Cons of federal student loans include:

• You can’t shop around for interest rates

• If you take out a new loan in subsequent years, you may get a higher rate than you got with your initial loans

• Borrowing limits may be lower compared to private student loans

Pros of private student loans include:

• You can shop around with different private lenders for lower rates

• Borrowers (or cosigners) with very good or excellent credit can get lower interest rates

• May offer higher borrowing limits than federal loans, spending on what a borrower is eligible for

Cons of private student loans include:

• Borrowers with poor credit will get higher interest rates or may not be able to qualify for a loan

• If the loan has a variable interest rate, it may rise over time

• Private loan student holders don’t have access to the same programs and protections that federal student loan borrowers do

• Deferment and forbearance options (if any) depend on the lender

Interest Rates for Graduate and Professional Degrees

For graduate students and those pursuing advanced professional degrees, interest rates on federal Direct PLUS loans and Direct Unsubsidized Loans for graduate and professional students are substantially higher than the interest rate for Direct Subsidized and Unsubsidized loans for undergrads.

For the 2024-2025 school year, the interest rates are:

Direct PLUS loan: 9.08%
Direct Unsubsidized loans for graduate and professional students: 8.08%
Direct Subsidized and Unsubsidized loans for undergraduate students: 6.53%

The higher rates on loans for graduate and professional students add significantly to the cost of borrowing. Not only that, the interest on these loans begins accruing immediately and while the borrower is in school, which also adds to the overall amount they’ll need to repay.

It’s worth noting that loans for graduate students have much higher borrowing limits than federal loans for undergrads. Graduate students can usually borrow up to $20,500 each year, with a lifetime cap of $138,500. Undergrad borrowers can typically borrow $5,500 for the first year, $6,500 for the second year, and $7,500 for the next two years, up to a total of $31,000.

Credit Score Impact on Private Student Loan Interest Rates

Private lenders will look at your creditworthiness when determining your interest rate. This involves considering such factors as:

• Credit score: Lenders have different requirements when it comes to credit scores for private student loans, but many look for a score of at least 650. As a student, you may not have that high a score, and in that case, you may need a cosigner on the loan in order to be approved.

• Credit history: When entering college, most students have little to no credit history. That means the lender could be unsure of their ability to repay the loan since students don’t typically have a history of paying any loans. This can lead to a higher interest rate.

• Your cosigner’s finances: Since many private student loan applicants are relatively new to debt and have no credit history, they might be required to provide a cosigner, as previously mentioned. A cosigner shares the burden of debt with you, meaning they’re also on the hook to pay it back if you can’t. A cosigner with a strong credit history can potentially help secure a lower interest rate on private student loans.

To help build your credit as a student, having student loans can help. Managing your student loans responsibly is a good way to help establish credit.

In addition, you might consider getting a credit card with a lower line of credit and use it to cover a few small expenses such as groceries and transportation. Be sure to pay your bill on time each month and in full if you can. Strategies like these can help you build credit over time.

Strategies to Pay Off Student Loans Faster

Whether you’re still in school or you’ve just graduated, you have options that may save you money. But it’s important to be proactive. Here are some potential actions you could take:

If You’re Still in College or Grad School

Borrowers with Direct Unsubsidized loans are responsible for the interest that accrues while they’re in school and immediately after. They don’t have to make payments while enrolled, but not making payments means that, in certain situations, interest may “capitalize” — that is, it will be added to the principal. In other words, a borrower would be paying interest on the interest.

To save yourself money on interest, consider making interest-only payments during school until your full repayment period begins after graduation. It will take a small bite out of your budget now, but it can save you money in the long run.

If you have Direct Subsidized loans, no interest will accrue until your grace period ends.

If You Graduated

Borrowers are automatically placed on the standard repayment plan, unless they select another option. The standard repayment plan spreads repayment over 10 years. Other options, such as the extended plan, extend the repayment term, which can make payments more manageable in the present, but that means you may pay more in interest over the life of the loan.

With an income-driven repayment (IDR) plan, your monthly student loan payments are based on your income and family size. Your monthly payments are typically a percentage of your discretionary income, which usually means you’ll have lower payments. At the end of the repayment period, which is 20 or 25 years, depending on the IDR plan, your remaining loan balance is forgiven.

Federal Student Loan Forgiveness

You could also explore student loan forgiveness through a state or federal program. Borrowers with federal student loans who work in public service may be eligible for the Public Service Loan Forgiveness (PSLF) program. If you work for a qualifying employer such as a not-for-profit organization or the government, PSLF may forgive the remaining balance on your eligible Direct loans after 120 qualifying payments are made under an IDR plan or the standard 10 year repayment plan.

In addition, check with your state to find out what loan forgiveness programs they may offer.

Refinancing Student Loans

Refinancing is one way to deal with high-interest student loan debt if you don’t qualify for federal protections. You can potentially lower your interest rate or your monthly payments.

If you’re considering refinancing to save money, you could be a strong candidate if you’ve strengthened your credit since you first took out your loans. Unlike when you were first headed to college, you may now have a credit history for lenders to take into account. If you’ve never missed a payment and have continually built your credit, you might qualify for a lower interest rate.

Having a stable income can also help. Being able to show a consistent salary to a private lender may help make you a less risky investment, which in turn could also help you secure a more competitive interest rate.

Looking to lower your monthly student loan payment? Refinancing may be one way to do it — by extending your loan term, getting a lower interest rate than what you currently have, or both. (Please note that refinancing federal loans makes them ineligible for federal forgiveness and protections. Also, lengthening your loan term may mean paying more in interest over the life of the loan.) SoFi student loan refinancing offers flexible terms that fit your budget.

With SoFi, refinancing is fast, easy, and all online. We offer competitive fixed and variable rates.

SoFi Student Loan Refinance
SoFi Student Loans are originated by SoFi Bank, N.A. Member FDIC. NMLS #696891. (www.nmlsconsumeraccess.org). SoFi Student Loan Refinance Loans are private loans and do not have the same repayment options that the federal loan program offers, or may become available, such as Public Service Loan Forgiveness, Income-Based Repayment, Income-Contingent Repayment, PAYE or SAVE. Additional terms and conditions apply. Lowest rates reserved for the most creditworthy borrowers. For additional product-specific legal and licensing information, see SoFi.com/legal.

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Third-Party Brand Mentions: No brands, products, or companies mentioned are affiliated with SoFi, nor do they endorse or sponsor this article. Third-party trademarks referenced herein are property of their respective owners.

Disclaimer: Many factors affect your credit scores and the interest rates you may receive. SoFi is not a Credit Repair Organization as defined under federal or state law, including the Credit Repair Organizations Act. SoFi does not provide “credit repair” services or advice or assistance regarding “rebuilding” or “improving” your credit record, credit history, or credit rating. For details, see the FTC’s website .

Non affiliation: SoFi isn’t affiliated with any of the companies highlighted in this article.

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

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Dec

2024

What Is a Dead Cat Bounce and How Can You Spot It?

By Ashley Kilroy | Growing Wealth, invest, Investing | Comments Off

A dead cat bounce refers to an unexpected price jump that occurs after a long, slow decline — and typically just before another price drop. In other words, the price jump isn’t “live” and typically doesn’t last.

The danger can be that the apparent rebound might create a false sense of value, momentum, or optimism. That said, some investors may be able to take advantage of a dead cat bounce to create a short position. Unfortunately, it’s usually hard to identify a dead cat bounce until after the fact.

Nonetheless, investors may want to know some of the signs of this price pattern, as it can help them gauge certain market movements.

Key Points

• A dead cat bounce refers to a temporary price jump after a decline, often followed by another drop.

• It is difficult to identify a dead cat bounce in real-time, making it challenging for investors to take advantage of it.

• Dead cat bounces can occur in individual stocks, bonds, or market sectors.

• Investors should be cautious when interpreting price movements and consider other factors before making investment decisions.

• Active investors may use technical analysis and market indicators to help identify potential dead cat bounces.

What Is a Dead Cat Bounce?

The phrase “dead cat bounce” comes from a saying among traders that even a dead cat will bounce if it’s dropped from a height that’s high enough.

Thus, when a security or market experiences a steady decline and then appears to bounce back — only to decline again — it’s often dubbed a dead cat bounce.

What can be puzzling for investors is that the bounce, or “recovery”, doesn’t have a rhyme or reason; it’s merely part of a short-term market variation, perhaps driven by market sentiment or other economic factors.

Knowing the Specifics

If you’re learning how to invest in stocks or invest online, bear in mind that a dead cat bounce is not used to describe the ups and downs of a typical trading day — it refers to a longer-term drop, rebound, and continued drop. The term wouldn’t apply to a security that’s continuing to grow in value. The spike must be brief, before the price continues to fall.

It’s also important to point out that this financial phenomenon can pertain to individual securities such as stocks or bonds, to stock trading as a whole, or to a market.

Why It Helps to Identify This Pattern

Even for experienced traders or short-term investors using sophisticated technical analysis, it can be difficult to identify a dead cat bounce. Sometimes a rally is actually a rally; sometimes a drop indicates a bottom.

The point of trying to distinguish whether the rise in price will continue or reverse is because it can influence your strategy. If you have a short position, and you anticipate that a rally in stock price will end in a reversal, you may want to hold steady.

But if you think the rally will continue, you may want to exit a short position.

Example of a Dead Cat Bounce

To illustrate a dead cat bounce, let’s suppose company ABC trades for $70 on June 5, then drops in value to $50 per share over the next four months. Between Oct. 7 and Oct. 14, the price suddenly rises to $65 per share — but then starts to rapidly decline again on Oct. 15. Finally, ABC’s stock price settles at $30 per share on Oct. 16.

This pattern is how a dead cat bounce might appear in a real-life trading situation. The security quickly paused the decline for a swift revival, but the price recovery was temporary before it started falling again and eventually steadied at an even lower price.

Recommended: How to Invest in Stocks

Historical Dead Cat Bounce Pattern

There are countless examples of the dead cat bounce pattern in stocks and other securities, as well as whole markets. One of the most recent affected the entire stock market during the COVID-19 pandemic.

The U.S. stock market lost about 12% during one week in February 2020, and appeared to revive the following week with a 2% gain. But it turned out to be a false recovery, and the market dipped back down again until later in the summer.

What Causes a Dead Cat Bounce?

A dead cat bounce is often the result of investors believing the market or security in question has hit its low point and they try to buy in to ride the turnaround. It can also occur as a result of investors closing out short positions.

Since these trends aren’t driven by technical factors, that’s why the bounce is typically short-lived — usually lasting a couple of days, or maybe a couple of months.

4 Signs of a Dead Cat Bounce

Although a dead cat bounce is typically not reflective of a stock’s intrinsic value, the dramatic price increase may tempt investors to jump on an investment opportunity before it makes sense to do so.

The following typical sequence of events may help an investor correctly identify a dead cat bounce as it might occur with a specific stock.

1. There is a gap down.

Typically the stock opens lower than the previous close, usually a significant amount like 5% (or perhaps 3% if the stock isn’t prone to volatility).

2. The security’s price steadily declines.

In a true dead-cat-bounce scenario, that initial gap down will be followed by a sustained decline.

3. The price sees a monetary gain for a short time.

At some point during the price drop, there will be a turnaround as the price appears to bounce back, close to its previous high.

4. A security’s price begins to regress again.

The rally is short, however, and the stock completes its dead cat bounce pattern with a final decline in price.

Dead Cat Bounce vs. Other Patterns

How do you know whether the pattern you’re seeing is really a classic dead cat bounce versus other types of movements? Here are some clues.

Dead Cat Bounce or Rally?

One way to assess a dead cat bounce with a particular stock is to consider whether the now-rising stock is still as weak as it was when its price was falling. If there’s no market indicator as to why the stock is rebounding, you might suspect a dead cat bounce.

Dead Cat Bounce or Lowest Price?

Since investors are looking for opportunities to profit, they try to find investment opportunities that allow them to buy low and sell high.

Therefore, when assessing investment opportunities, a successful investor might try to recognize emerging companies, and buy shares of a stock while the price is low, and before other investors get wind of a potential opportunity.

Since companies go through business cycles where stock prices fluctuate, pinpointing the lowest price point might be hard. There’s no way to know if a dead cat bounce is really happening until the prices have resumed their descent.

Dead Cat Bounce or Bear Market Bottom?

Investors may also confuse a dead cat bounce for the actual bottom of a bear market. It’s not uncommon for stocks to significantly rebound after the bear market hits bottom.

History shows that the S&P 500 often sees substantial gains within the first few months of hitting bottom after a bear market. But these rallies have been sustained, and thus are not a dead cat bounce.

Investing Strategies to Avoid a Dead Cat Bounce

For investors who want a more hands-on investing approach — meaning active investing vs. passive — it’s generally better to use investing fundamentals to evaluate a security instead of attempting to time the market (and risk mistaking a dead cat bounce for an opportunity).

Investors who are just starting may want to consider building a portfolio of a dozen or so securities. Picking a few stocks allows investors to monitor performance while giving their portfolio a little diversification. This means the investor distributes their money across several different types of securities instead of investing all of their money in one security, which in turn can help to minimize risk.

Active investors could also consider selecting stocks across varying sectors to give their portfolio even more diversification instead of sticking to one niche.

Investors with restricted funds might consider investing in just a few stocks while offsetting risk by investing in mutual funds or exchange-traded funds (ETFs).

For investors who would prefer not to execute an active investing strategy alone, they can speak with a professional manager. Working with a professional manager may help the investors better navigate the intricacies of various market cycles.

Limitations in Identifying a Dead Cat Bounce

As noted several times here, a dead cat bounce can’t really be identified with 100% certainty until after the fact. While some traders may believe they can predict a dead cat bounce by using certain fundamental or technical analysis tools, it’s impossible to do so every single time.

If there were a way to accurately predict market movements or different patterns, people would always try to time the market. But there are no crystal balls in investing, as they say.

The Takeaway

With 20-20 hindsight, investors and analysts can clearly see that an individual security or market has experienced a steady drop in value, a brief rebound, and then a further drop — a phenomenon known as a dead cat bounce.

Unfortunately, though, it can be too hard for most investors to distinguish between a dead cat bounce and a bona fide rally, or the bottom of a given market or security’s price. Still, knowing what to look for may help investors make more informed choices, especially when it comes to making a choice around keeping or closing out a short position.

For a limited time, opening and funding an Active Invest account gives you the opportunity to get up to $1,000 in the stock of your choice.

SoFi Invest®

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Shares of ETFs must be bought and sold at market price, which can vary significantly from the Fund’s net asset value (NAV). Investment returns are subject to market volatility and shares may be worth more or less their original value when redeemed. The diversification of an ETF will not protect against loss. An ETF may not achieve its stated investment objective. Rebalancing and other activities within the fund may be subject to tax consequences.

Investment Risk: Diversification can help reduce some investment risk. It cannot guarantee profit, or fully protect in a down market.

Disclaimer: The projections or other information regarding the likelihood of various investment outcomes are hypothetical in nature, do not reflect actual investment results, and are not guarantees of future results.
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SOIN-Q424-022

Nov

2024

Step-by-Step Guide to Filling out a FAFSA Form for the First Time

12 Steps to Filling Out the FAFSA Form for School Year 2025-2026

By Kaitlyn Farley | Going to College, Student Loans, student_loan | Comments Off

Editor’s Note: The new, simplified FAFSA form for the 2024-2025 academic year is available, although applicants are reporting a number of glitches. Try not to worry, take your time, and aim to submit your application as soon as possible.

This year, Federal Student Aid (FSA) estimates that filling out the Free Application for Federal Student Aid (FAFSA^®) takes less than one hour. Read on for the information you’ll need, the steps to take before going to the FAFSA site, and what to expect when filling out the application online.

Key Points

• The FAFSA 2025-2026 form is now available. The form closes on June 30, 2026, but it’s best to fill out and submit the form as soon as possible.

• The FAFSA form for the 2025-2026 school year has been modernized to improve user experience, with additional staff and expanded help hours available for applicants.

• Creating an FSA ID is the first step in completing the FAFSA form, necessary for both students and parents if parental information is required.

• Logging in with the FSA ID allows students to fill out personal and financial information, including tax returns and income details.

• Reviewing the application for errors and ensuring all information is accurate is crucial before signing and submitting the form.

Completing the FAFSA Application for Academic Year 2025-2026

If this is your first time submitting the FAFSA, you’ll be glad to know that it usually takes less time after the first time (yes, FAFSA is submitted annually.)

Not quite ready to submit your FAFSA, but want an estimate of your student aid package? You can fill out an abridged Federal Student Aid Estimator .

Recommended: 6 Reasons to Go to College

Docs You’ll Need to Fill Out FAFSA

Before you start the online FAFSA form, it’s useful to have the info you’ll need handy. That includes:

• Your Social Security or alien registration ID

• Federal income tax returns for 2023, W-2s and other financial documents for yourself (and your parents if you’re a dependent)

• Most recent bank statements

• Any untaxed income amounts

12 Steps to Filling Out the FAFSA

For the 2025-2026 academic year, the FAFSA opened November 21, 2024, and it closes June 30, 2026. (For the 2024-2025 academic year, the FAFSA opened in December 2023, and closes June 30, 2025.) That said, schools and state and scholarship programs have varying deadlines, so it’s a good idea to check and double-check the FAFSA deadlines for everything you are applying to.

Here are the steps to completing the online FAFSA form.

1. Creating Your FSA ID

The first step is creating a Federal Student Aid ID . This is simply the username and password you’ll use to log into FAFSA. Note that if your parents’ financial info is required to complete the application, a parent will also need to create a FSA ID.

2. Logging in

Now that you have a FSA ID, you’re ready to log into the online FAFSA form. Use this FAFSA tool to determine which parent should participate in your FAFSA form.

Once you’re in, you will be asked to accept or decline the disclaimer, which details how the site will use and monitor your data. You should then be prompted to start a FAFSA application for 2025-2026.

You’ll also be asked to create a save key, which is a temporary code in case you leave the site before you submit your application. In other words, if you don’t finish FAFSA in one sitting, you can enter your save key and pick up where you left off.

3. Filling in Your Personal Information

You (the student) will be asked to fill in the following info (you’ll be prompted to hit “Continue” several times):

• Your Social Security number

• Full name

• Date of birth

• Email address

• Phone number

• Mailing address

You’ll then need to answer questions about:

• Your marital status

• Whether you are a citizen

4. Filling in Your Student Information

Next, you’ll need to answer questions about your education and future plans. Specifically, you’ll be asked about:

• Your college grade level at the beginning of the 2025-2026 academic year

• The college degree or certificate you will be seeking to earn

Additionally, you’ll be asked to provide:

• Information about your personal circumstances

• Whether you’ve ever been in the foster care system

• Any unusual circumstances regarding your parents, such as being unable to contact them

5. Filling in the College Search Section

To send your FAFSA information to schools you’re applying to, you’ll need to add the federal school code for each school. Doing so allows colleges to receive your FAFSA information and so use it to provide you a financial aid package. The online form will help you find the codes; you just input the school name, city, and state. You can add up to 10 colleges at a time.

Next, for each school, you’ll need to select your housing plan (on campus, with parent, or off campus).

Recommended: SoFi’s College Search Tool

6. Filling in Info That Helps Determine Your Dependency Status

Your answers in this section will determine whether you are an independent or dependent student— and so determine the financial information you and your parents will need to provide. Specifically, you’ll be asked about:

• Whether you have children that you support

• Whether you have other dependents who live with you and you support

• Whether you are on active duty or a veteran of the U.S. armed forces, are an emancipated minor, whether someone other than a parent or stepparent has legal guardianship, and whether you have ever been in foster care or a ward of the court or both parents have died since you were 13.

• Whether you were homeless or self-supporting and at risk of being homeless on or after July 1, 2024

7. Learning Your Dependency Status

The smart technology of the online FAFSA form determines whether you’re a dependent or not. If you are single, have no children or other dependents, and answered “none of the above” and “no” on the previous two screens, you are likely a dependent. As a result, your parents’ financial information will be needed in addition to yours to complete the form and calculate your expected family contribution (which will soon be replaced with the student aid index).

Please note that the rest of these steps assume you’re filing as a dependent. While the process of filing as an independent will be similar, you won’t be asked to provide information about your parents.

8. Filling in Your Parents’ Personal Information

You (the student) can answer the following questions about your parents:

• Their marital status and whether they are separated, divorced, widowed, or remarried

• Each parent’s name, Social Security number, date of birth, and email

• State of parents’ residence and date they became a resident

• Number of other dependent children and other dependents your parents have

9. Providing Your Parents’ Financials

You will need info about your parents’ tax return for 2023 to answer the following questions about:

• Their tax return status

• The type of tax return they filed (i.e., 1040 or something else)

• Their tax filing status (e.g, married-filed joint return)

At this point, you can either use the IRS Data Retrieval Tool (DRT) that pulls their tax return information into the FAFSA form or enter their info manually. In addition to being more convenient, using DRT means you may not have to later provide IRS documentation. (As mentioned earlier, one of your parents will need to create and provide an FSA ID and password to use DRT.)

If you are manually entering your parents financial info, you will need to answer questions about:

• Their adjusted gross income

• Amount each parent earned

• Amount they paid in federal taxes

• Amounts of other income (such as college grants and tax-exempt interest income)

• Amounts of child support paid, earnings from work under a Cooperative Education Program, and taxable earnings from need-based employment programs

• Amounts of untaxed income (such as child support or payments to tax-deferred retirement savings plans)

• Their assets (including the value of cash and bank accounts, investments, and owned businesses and investment farms)

10. Providing Your Financials

You’ll also need to provide your financial information. Basically, you will be asked for the same info about yourself that you provided in the previous step about your parents’ income and assets.

11. Checking for Errors

Once you’ve reached the end of the application, you’ll see a summary to review. Checking that all the information is accurate may help avoid having to file a FAFSA correction later.

You’ll also need to answer a few more questions that the federal government collects about gender, ethnicity, and race. This info has no impact on whether you will receive financial aid.

Recommended: How Much FAFSA Money Can I Expect?

12. Signing and Submitting

FAFSA requires you to accept or reject its agreement of terms. If your parent or parents provided information because you filed as a dependent, one of them will also need to accept these terms in order for you to submit the application. Both you and your parent will e-sign using your FSA ID. Once you’ve signed and submitted your application, your FAFSA is complete.

Downloadable FAFSA Form for 2025-2026

Here’s the FAFSA form for 2025-26 if you want to see it before logging in to fill it out — or if you want to print it, fill it out, and mail it in.

What’s Different About the 2025-26 FAFSA

The Department of Education says it has modernized the FAFSA process and improved the user experience and functionality in filling out the online form. They have also added more staff to address applicants’ questions, and expanded the hours to provide help. You can reach staff through the Federal Student Information Center and find answers to frequently asked questions about filling out the FAFSA form at the FAFSA Help Center.

Additionally, the 2023-24 form does not ask about Selective Service registration status or drug convictions.

A Few Extra Tips

Completing FAFSA can be an overwhelming process. It can also be tempting to skip it altogether, especially if you’re from a middle- or high-income family and you believe you aren’t eligible for aid. However, that’s an assumption that could mean leaving aid on the table. Here are three more helpful tips:

1. Schools, states, and scholarships have varying deadlines. As stated earlier, FAFSA opened November 21, 2024, and closes June 30, 2026, for the 2025-2026 academic year. However, the schools and scholarships you’re applying to may require you to fill out your FAFSA before that time, so it’s best to check each school’s and program’s FAFSA deadlines to avoid losing out on aid.

2. The IRS Data Retrieval Tool can help you avoid making mistakes. This tool auto-fills your (and your parents’) latest tax information from the IRS database. So instead of having to figure out what the adjusted or non-taxed income was on your parents’ tax return, you can let the tool do it for you.

3. It doesn’t pay to guess. Not sure how to fill out a section or what the answer is? FAFSA offers helpful tips and clarifications throughout each section of the FAFSA form, so be sure to use the text and articles embedded on the form—just click on the question mark icon. Inaccurate answers can result in receiving less financial aid than you’re eligible for as well as needing to file corrections and send in supporting documentation.

Recommended: Navigating Your Financial Aid Package

The Takeaway

Filling out the FAFSA is a great first step to pay for your dream school. This is one of the best ways of getting scholarships and grants you won’t have to pay back or government-backed loans to help you pay for college-related costs. By learning how to properly fill out the FAFSA (and then actually doing so!), you can increase your odds of getting a bigger financial aid package.

However, if your financial aid package doesn’t cover all your college expenses, you may want to consider a private student loan. It’s important to note that private student loans don’t offer the same protections as federal student loans, like income-driven repayment plans or deferment options. For this reason, private student loans are generally considered only after other sources of funding have been considered.

SoFi’s private student loans are available for undergraduate and graduate students, as well as parents. In just a few minutes, you can apply online for student loans and be well on your way to financing your education.

SoFi private student loans offer competitive interest rates for qualifying borrowers, flexible repayment plans, and no fees.

Find out more about SoFi Private Student Loan options.

SoFi Private Student Loans
Please borrow responsibly. SoFi Private Student Loans are not a substitute for federal loans, grants, and work-study programs. You should exhaust all your federal student aid options before you consider any private loans, including ours. Read our FAQs. SoFi Private Student Loans are subject to program terms and restrictions, and applicants must meet SoFi’s eligibility and underwriting requirements. See SoFi.com/eligibility-criteria for more information. To view payment examples, click here. SoFi reserves the right to modify eligibility criteria at any time. This information is subject to change.

SoFi Loan Products
SoFi loans are originated by SoFi Bank, N.A., NMLS #696891 (Member FDIC). For additional product-specific legal and licensing information, see SoFi.com/legal. Equal Housing Lender.

Non affiliation: SoFi isn’t affiliated with any of the companies highlighted in this article.

External Websites: The information and analysis provided through hyperlinks to third-party websites, while believed to be accurate, cannot be guaranteed by SoFi. Links are provided for informational purposes and should not be viewed as an endorsement.

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

Third-Party Brand Mentions: No brands, products, or companies mentioned are affiliated with SoFi, nor do they endorse or sponsor this article. Third-party trademarks referenced herein are property of their respective owners.

Header photo credit: iStock/Vladimir Sukhachev

SOISL-Q424-036

Oct

2024

Guide To Understanding Layaway Plans

By Jamie Cattanach | Budgeting & Goals, Financial Independence, money | Comments Off

If you’ve heard of layaway, you may think it’s an old-fashioned concept, but it’s still available and can help people afford an item without breaking out their credit card.

Here’s how layaway works in a nutshell: You buy an item over time via installment payments. When you’ve paid the full price, you get to take your purchase home. There may be fees involved as well as the possibility of forfeiting your payments if you can’t keep up with them, but this technique can be a helpful tool in some situations.

Key Points

• Layaway allows customers to make installment payments for items held by retailers, enabling them to afford purchases without using credit cards.

• The process involves a down payment, followed by regular payments until the item is fully paid off, at which point it can be collected.

• Advantages of layaway include avoiding debt and interest, while drawbacks may include fees and the risk of forfeiting payments if unable to complete the plan.

• Many retailers, like Amazon and Walmart, continue to offer layaway options, particularly for higher-priced items like appliances and jewelry.

• Alternatives to layaway include buy-now-pay-later plans, credit cards, budgeting adjustments, or saving in advance for purchases without incurring additional fees.

What Is Layaway?

Layaway’s meaning is quite simple: You make a deposit, and a retailer holds your item (or lays it away) and collects the rest of the money over time. When paid in full, you collect your purchase.

Here’s a bit more detail on how layaway works.

• The customer chooses an item that’s eligible for layaway and makes whatever down payment the store requires to implement a layaway plan. (This amount varies based on the retailer, and may or may not include a service fee.)

• The customer then makes regular payments over time based on the retailer’s schedule. These payments may be made weekly, biweekly, or monthly. Online layaway plans let customers buy items according to scheduled deductions from their checking account.

• At the end of the layaway plan period, when the item has been paid for in full, the customer takes their purchase home or receives it in the mail.

One additional point about how layaway works: If the customer makes late payments or cancels the layaway plan entirely, they may be charged a restocking or cancellation fee — and may also forfeit some or all of the money they’ve put toward the purchase already.

💡 Quick Tip: Tired of paying pointless bank fees? When you open a bank account online you often avoid excess charges.

Why Use a Layaway Plan?

From the store’s perspective, layaway offers a low-risk way to make sales to those who might not otherwise be able to afford the purchase all at once.

Although the retailer might choose to charge a small fee to cover the item’s being tied up for the length of the layaway, if worse comes to worse and the buyer defaults, they can simply put the item back up on the shelf for sale.

From a buyer’s perspective, the attractiveness of layaway is even more obvious: It allows those who might not otherwise have the financial leverage to make large purchases affordably, over time.

Layaway is unique among financing options in that it often doesn’t involve interest, which means it can often be a more affordable choice than other types of credit or loans.

Pros and Cons of Layaway

Like any financial approach or product, there are both benefits and drawbacks to layaway plans.

Pros of Layaway

• The consumer doesn’t have to go into debt to make a purchase they would otherwise not be able to afford. Using layaway can help you avoid charging an item on your credit card, which typically incurs high interest rates (which makes it bad vs. good debt).

• Layaway plans don’t require a credit check — which also means that the consumer’s credit won’t be affected if they can’t pay the plan on time or in full.

• Fees associated with layaway plans are generally low and often don’t include interest.

Cons of Layaway

• Although they’re generally low, layaway plans do come with associated fees, such as service, restocking, and cancellation fees — and some of these may be non-refundable.

On the topic of fees, it’s worth noting that buying relatively inexpensive items on layaway can make the associated service fees proportionately costlier than they would be on higher-priced purchases.

• If the customer makes late payments or fails to pay in full, they might forfeit some or all of the money they’ve already put toward the purchase (though this varies by vendor, so check with the individual retailer you’re considering for full details).

• Repayment terms can be inflexible and it’s up to the vendor to set the repayment schedule.

• Layaway takes time and patience; it’s an example of delayed gratification. It may be less attractive to those who want or need to take home the purchase immediately rather than waiting until it’s been paid in full.

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Stores That Offer Layaway Plans

Layaway was originally offered back in the 1930s as a result of the Great Depression, then began fading away when the history of credit cards reveals that using “plastic,” as it’s sometimes known, became more common later in the 20th century.

The history of recessions tells us they do happen over the years, and the popularity of layaway surged again during the Great Recession of 2007-2009.

These days, many retailers still offer both in-store and online layaway, either for the holidays or year-round.

In some cases, you may only be able to implement layaway on certain products — generally more expensive ones, like appliances and jewelry.

Layaway programs come and go, but retailers that currently offer layaway include the following. Note that a couple of these retailers offer layaway purchases via a service called Affirm; more on that below:

• Amazon

• Best Buy

• Big Lots

• Burlington Coat Factory

• Sears

• Target

• Walmart

If you’re unsure whether or not a retailer offers layaway, you can always ask!

4 Alternatives to Layaway

Here are some other ways customers can get their hands on items they might not be able to buy in a single purchase.

1. Similar Pay-over-time Plans

Some retailers, especially for online purchases, offer buy-now-pay-later or pay-over-time programs that are similar to layaway — rather than paying the full price today, you pay small installments over time.

On the plus side, customers can often receive their purchases before the payment plan has been completed.

However, some of these programs, like Affirm (a payment option available at checkout at many online retailers), can involve interest charges, particularly if borrowers are late on their payments or don’t complete the repayment plan in full.

2. Credit Cards

Credit cards are an obvious alternative to layaway plans — and using them, of course, means that the purchase can be taken home right away.

In fact, credit cards are sort of like the opposite of layaway: With layaway, you pay for an item and then receive it, whereas with credit cards, you receive it now and pay for it later.

(A quick vocabulary lesson: You may hear the term “buy now, pay later” vs. credit cards. If offered “buy now, pay later,” do your research to learn the details. These arrangements may be a kind of layaway. They often charge no interest, making them potentially a better move than using plastic.)

Of course, using credit cards almost always involves compounding interest charges, often close to or more than 20%, which is nothing to sneeze at.

Since it’s easy to carry a revolving balance while making minimum monthly payments, credit cards can quickly lead to a credit card debt spiral that can be difficult to climb out of.

💡 Quick Tip: When you feel the urge to buy something that isn’t in your budget, try the 30-day rule. Make a note of the item in your calendar for 30 days into the future. When the date rolls around, there’s a good chance the “gotta have it” feeling will have subsided.

3. Reconfiguring Your Budget

If being unable to make large purchases is more of a systemic problem than a one-time issue, some budget management may be in order.

Looking at how much money is coming in versus going out and then figuring out where cuts can be made and changing buying habits can be an important step. This can help you save up for the purchases you really need — and want — to make.

Shopping around to find the best deals can also help ensure that a purchase price is as low as possible, regardless of how you decide to finance it.

Recommended: Different Types of Budgets

4. Saving Up for a Purchase

Another option to layaway is to save up in advance until you have enough cash to go ahead and buy the item outright. Let’s say you want to buy a new laptop. You might automate your savings and have $25 transferred from checking on payday to your savings account (ideally, a high-interest one). Over time, the savings will build up and interest will accrue.

When you reach the amount needed, ta-da! You can go purchase your new laptop, without paying any interest or other fees related to buying it over time.

Recommended: Book Now, Pay Later Travel

Opening a Savings Account

If you’d like to start saving for a purchase, it can be wise to find a bank account that offers low or no fees and a solid interest rate to help your money grow faster.

Interested in opening an online bank account? When you sign up for a SoFi Checking and Savings account with direct deposit, you’ll get a competitive annual percentage yield (APY), pay zero account fees, and enjoy an array of rewards, such as access to the Allpoint Network of 55,000+ fee-free ATMs globally. Qualifying accounts can even access their paycheck up to two days early.

Better banking is here with SoFi, NerdWallet’s 2024 winner for Best Checking Account Overall.* Enjoy up to 4.00% APY on SoFi Checking and Savings.

FAQ

How does a layaway plan work?

A layaway plan works by a customer paying installments over time until they have given the retailer the full price of the desired item. At that time, the buyer receives their item. A fee may be involved, but typically there are no interest charges.

Is it a good idea to buy things on layaway?

Layaway can be a good idea in some situations. It can help some customers purchase an otherwise out-of-reach item and avoid using high-interest credit cards and incurring debt. However, one must be able to wait to get the item, and the buyer could be charged fees. They might also forfeit payments if they can’t keep up with the installments that are due.

What is the difference between an installment plan and a layaway plan?

The terms layaway plan and installment plan are typically used interchangeably to refer to buying an item over time. You make regular payments that are a fraction of the full price until the item is paid up. Then, the purchase is yours.

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SoFi members with direct deposit activity can earn 4.00% annual percentage yield (APY) on savings balances (including Vaults) and 0.50% APY on checking balances. Direct Deposit means a recurring deposit of regular income to an account holder’s SoFi Checking or Savings account, including payroll, pension, or government benefit payments (e.g., Social Security), made by the account holder’s employer, payroll or benefits provider or government agency (“Direct Deposit”) via the Automated Clearing House (“ACH”) Network during a 30-day Evaluation Period (as defined below). Deposits that are not from an employer or government agency, including but not limited to check deposits, peer-to-peer transfers (e.g., transfers from PayPal, Venmo, etc.), merchant transactions (e.g., transactions from PayPal, Stripe, Square, etc.), and bank ACH funds transfers and wire transfers from external accounts, or are non-recurring in nature (e.g., IRS tax refunds), do not constitute Direct Deposit activity. There is no minimum Direct Deposit amount required to qualify for the stated interest rate. SoFi members with direct deposit are eligible for other SoFi Plus benefits.

As an alternative to direct deposit, SoFi members with Qualifying Deposits can earn 4.00% APY on savings balances (including Vaults) and 0.50% APY on checking balances. Qualifying Deposits means one or more deposits that, in the aggregate, are equal to or greater than $5,000 to an account holder’s SoFi Checking and Savings account (“Qualifying Deposits”) during a 30-day Evaluation Period (as defined below). Qualifying Deposits only include those deposits from the following eligible sources: (i) ACH transfers, (ii) inbound wire transfers, (iii) peer-to-peer transfers (i.e., external transfers from PayPal, Venmo, etc. and internal peer-to-peer transfers from a SoFi account belonging to another account holder), (iv) check deposits, (v) instant funding to your SoFi Bank Debit Card, (vi) push payments to your SoFi Bank Debit Card, and (vii) cash deposits. Qualifying Deposits do not include: (i) transfers between an account holder’s Checking account, Savings account, and/or Vaults; (ii) interest payments; (iii) bonuses issued by SoFi Bank or its affiliates; or (iv) credits, reversals, and refunds from SoFi Bank, N.A. (“SoFi Bank”) or from a merchant. SoFi members with Qualifying Deposits are not eligible for other SoFi Plus benefits.

SoFi Bank shall, in its sole discretion, assess each account holder’s Direct Deposit activity and Qualifying Deposits throughout each 30-Day Evaluation Period to determine the applicability of rates and may request additional documentation for verification of eligibility. The 30-Day Evaluation Period refers to the “Start Date” and “End Date” set forth on the APY Details page of your account, which comprises a period of 30 calendar days (the “30-Day Evaluation Period”). You can access the APY Details page at any time by logging into your SoFi account on the SoFi mobile app or SoFi website and selecting either (i) Banking > Savings > Current APY or (ii) Banking > Checking > Current APY. Upon receiving a Direct Deposit or $5,000 in Qualifying Deposits to your account, you will begin earning 4.00% APY on savings balances (including Vaults) and 0.50% on checking balances on or before the following calendar day. You will continue to earn these APYs for (i) the remainder of the current 30-Day Evaluation Period and through the end of the subsequent 30-Day Evaluation Period and (ii) any following 30-day Evaluation Periods during which SoFi Bank determines you to have Direct Deposit activity or $5,000 in Qualifying Deposits without interruption.

SoFi Bank reserves the right to grant a grace period to account holders following a change in Direct Deposit activity or Qualifying Deposits activity before adjusting rates. If SoFi Bank grants you a grace period, the dates for such grace period will be reflected on the APY Details page of your account. If SoFi Bank determines that you did not have Direct Deposit activity or $5,000 in Qualifying Deposits during the current 30-day Evaluation Period and, if applicable, the grace period, then you will begin earning the rates earned by account holders without either Direct Deposit or Qualifying Deposits until you have Direct Deposit activity or $5,000 in Qualifying Deposits in a subsequent 30-Day Evaluation Period. For the avoidance of doubt, an account holder with both Direct Deposit activity and Qualifying Deposits will earn the rates earned by account holders with Direct Deposit.

Members without either Direct Deposit activity or Qualifying Deposits, as determined by SoFi Bank, during a 30-Day Evaluation Period and, if applicable, the grace period, will earn 1.20% APY on savings balances (including Vaults) and 0.50% APY on checking balances.

Interest rates are variable and subject to change at any time. These rates are current as of 12/3/24. There is no minimum balance requirement. Additional information can be found at https://www.sofi.com/legal/banking-rate-sheet.

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

Third-Party Brand Mentions: No brands, products, or companies mentioned are affiliated with SoFi, nor do they endorse or sponsor this article. Third-party trademarks referenced herein are property of their respective owners.

SOBK0723016

Value-Weighted Index: Explanation and How to Calculate

Value Weighted Index Explained

How Traders Use Indexes

How Investors Use Indexes

How Mutual Fund Managers Use Indexes

How Hedge Funds Use Indexes

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Pros and Cons of Value Weighted Indexes

Pros:

Cons:

How Market Value Weighted Index Is Calculated

Other Forms of Weighted Market Indexes

The Price Weighted Index

The Fundamentally Weighted Index

Unweighted Index

The Takeaway

Why Are Student Loan Interest Rates So High?

Understanding Student Loans

Take control of your student loans. Ditch student loan debt for good.

Factors Contributing to High Interest Rates

Comparison of Federal and Private Student Loan Interest Rates

Pros and Cons of Federal and Private Student Loans

Interest Rates for Graduate and Professional Degrees

Credit Score Impact on Private Student Loan Interest Rates

Strategies to Pay Off Student Loans Faster

If You’re Still in College or Grad School

If You Graduated

Federal Student Loan Forgiveness

Refinancing Student Loans

What Is a Dead Cat Bounce and How Can You Spot It?

What Is a Dead Cat Bounce?

Knowing the Specifics

Why It Helps to Identify This Pattern

Example of a Dead Cat Bounce

Historical Dead Cat Bounce Pattern

What Causes a Dead Cat Bounce?

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4 Signs of a Dead Cat Bounce

1. There is a gap down.

2. The security’s price steadily declines.

3. The price sees a monetary gain for a short time.

4. A security’s price begins to regress again.

Dead Cat Bounce vs. Other Patterns

Dead Cat Bounce or Rally?

Dead Cat Bounce or Lowest Price?

Dead Cat Bounce or Bear Market Bottom?

Investing Strategies to Avoid a Dead Cat Bounce

Limitations in Identifying a Dead Cat Bounce

The Takeaway

12 Steps to Filling Out the FAFSA Form for School Year 2025-2026

Completing the FAFSA Application for Academic Year 2025-2026

Docs You’ll Need to Fill Out FAFSA

12 Steps to Filling Out the FAFSA

1. Creating Your FSA ID

2. Logging in

3. Filling in Your Personal Information

4. Filling in Your Student Information

5. Filling in the College Search Section

6. Filling in Info That Helps Determine Your Dependency Status

7. Learning Your Dependency Status

8. Filling in Your Parents’ Personal Information

9. Providing Your Parents’ Financials

10. Providing Your Financials

11. Checking for Errors

12. Signing and Submitting

Downloadable FAFSA Form for 2025-2026

What’s Different About the 2025-26 FAFSA

A Few Extra Tips

The Takeaway

Guide To Understanding Layaway Plans

What Is Layaway?

Why Use a Layaway Plan?

Pros and Cons of Layaway

Pros of Layaway

Cons of Layaway

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Stores That Offer Layaway Plans

Take control of your student loans.
Ditch student loan debt for good.

Student Loan
Refinancing

Personal
Loans

Online
Investments