What Is Max Pain in Options Trading?

What Is Max Pain in Options Trading?


Editor's Note: Options are not suitable for all investors. Options involve risks, including substantial risk of loss and the possibility an investor may lose the entire amount invested in a short period of time. Please see the Characteristics and Risks of Standardized Options.

In options trading, the term “max pain” is short for “maximum pain price,” and refers to the strike price where the most open interest exists — open interest being the total number of active options contracts that haven’t been settled or closed.This max pain figure combines both puts and calls, representing the price at which option buyers face the highest potential losses at expiration.

Although max pain theory’s price movement predictions aren’t guaranteed, understanding how it works can help traders understand market dynamics at an option’s expiration.

Key Points

•   Max pain is the strike price resulting in the highest losses for option buyers at expiration.

•   Stock prices might move toward the max pain price as expiration approaches.

•   Calculating max pain involves assessing the dollar value of open interest for calls and puts at each strike.

•   Advantages include systematic trading and potential benefits from market behavior, but disadvantages exist.

•   Controversies arise from potential market manipulation by large institutions to influence stock prices.

What Is Max Pain?

Max pain, or the maximum pain price, is the strike price with the most open options contracts combining puts and calls.It is the strike price where the greatest number of options will expire out of the money, or worthless, causing the highest dollar value of losses among option buyers on a given stock at a specific expiration.

Some large institutional options sellers see an investment opportunity in writing options that eventually expire worthless, according to max pain theory. If options expire worthless, the seller of those options keeps the entire premium as profit. Option sellers face significant risk with this strategy, as they are obligated to fulfill the contract’s terms if exercised.

Max pain options trading stems from the Maximum Pain Theory. The theory contends that option sellers seek to hedge portfolios with options expiration. The Maximum Pain Theory also suggests an option’s price will arrive at a max pain price where the most options contracts held through expiration will experience losses. Bear in mind that an options contract that is not “in the money” at expiration is worthless.

Recommended: Popular Options Trading Terminology to Know

How Max Pain Works

The Maximum Pain Theory asserts that the price of the underlying asset is likely to converge at the maximum pain strike price. The max pain price is the strike with the greatest dollar value of calls and puts. As the expiration date approaches, the underlying stock price might “pin” to that option strike price.

Some day traders closely monitor the max pain price on the afternoon of expiration – usually the third Friday of the month for monthly options or each Friday for weekly options contracts.

Max Pain trading can be controversial, with some critics suggesting that attempts to influence stock prices near expiration could raise regulatory concerns (or even be considered market manipulation). Market participants disagree about whether or not Max Pain Theory works in practice. If a trader can predict which strike price will feature the greatest combination of dollar value between calls and puts, the theory states that they could profit from using that information.

Some market makers may consider Max Pain Price Theory when hedging their portfolios. Delta hedging is a strategy used by options traders — often market makers — to reduce the directional risk of price movements in the security underlying the options contracts. A market maker is often the seller of options contracts, and they seek to hedge the risk of options price movements by buying or selling underlying shares of stock.

This activity can cause the stock price to converge at the max pain price. Delta hedging plays a significant role in max pain trading.

How to Calculate the Max Point

Calculating the max pain options price is relatively straightforward if you have the data. Follow these steps to determine the max pain strike:

•   Step 1: Calculate the difference between each strike price and the underlying stock price.

•   Step 2: Multiply the difference calculated in Step 1 by the open interest for calls and puts at each strike price, determining the dollar value at that strike.

•   Step 3: Add the dollar value for both the put and the call at each strike.

•   Step 4: Repeat Steps 1 through 3 for each strike price on the option chain.

•   Step 5: The strike price with the highest dollar value of puts and calls is the max pain price.

Since the stock price constantly changes and open interest in the options market rises and falls, the max pain price can change daily. An options trader might be interested to see if there is a high amount of open interest at a specific price as that price could be where the underlying share price gravitates toward at expiration, at least according to Max Pain Theory.

Max Pain Point Example

Let’s imagine that a stock trades at $96 a week before options expiration. A trader researches the option chain on the stock and notices a high amount of open interest at the $100 strike. The trader performs the steps mentioned earlier to calculate the max pain price.

It turns out that $100 is, in fact, the max pain price. Since the trader believes in Max Pain Theory, they go long on shares of the stock, assuming that it will rise to $100 by the next week’s options expiration. Another options trading strategy could be to put on a bullish options position instead of buying shares of the underlying stock.

This hypothetical example looks simple on paper but many factors influence the price of a stock. For instance, there could be company-specific news issued during the final days before expiration that sends a stock price significantly higher or lower.

Macro factors and overall market momentum may affect stock prices, potentially reducing the influence of max pain dynamics. Finally, stock price volatility could cause the max pain price to shift in the hours and even minutes leading up to expiration.

Pros and Cons of Using Max Pain Theory When Trading

Max Pain Options Theory can be an effective strategy for options traders looking for a systematic approach for their options strategy. That said, not everyone agrees that Max Pain Theory works in practice. Here are some of the pros and cons of Max Pain Theory.

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Pros:

•   A systematic approach to trading options

•   Trades the most liquid areas of the options market

•   May benefit from price trends tied to behavior of other market participants

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Cons:

•   Lack of agreement supporting the theory

•   Stock prices don’t always gravitate to a max pain price

•   Other factors, such as market momentum or company news, could move the stock price

Options trading has become more accessible today due to low or no commission online investing. Previously, higher transaction costs made options trading less feasible for retail traders with smaller account sizes. It was not economical for average retail traders with small account sizes to buy and sell options using max pain theory.

Critics contend that there should be more regulatory oversight on max pain price trading — particularly on large institutions that could be manipulating prices. The regulatory future for these practices remains uncertain.

The Takeaway

Max Pain Theory is a framework in options trading that focuses on strike price, which may potentially result in the most losses for buyers at expiration. Options traders who calculate the max pain price, can use that information to inform their investing strategy, but outcomes are not guaranteed. While investors are not able to sell options on SoFi’s options trading platform at this time, they can buy call and put options to try to benefit from stock movements or manage risk.

SoFi’s options trading platform offers qualified investors the flexibility to pursue income generation, manage risk, and use advanced trading strategies. Investors may buy put and call options or sell covered calls and cash-secured puts to speculate on the price movements of stocks, all through a simple, intuitive interface.

With SoFi Invest® online options trading, there are no contract fees and no commissions. Plus, SoFi offers educational support — including in-app coaching resources, real-time pricing, and other tools to help you make informed decisions, based on your tolerance for risk.

Explore SoFi’s user-friendly options trading platform.

FAQ

What does max pain indicate?

Max pain indicates a specific strike price — specifically, It is the strike price that causes the highest dollar value of losses among option buyers on a given stock at a specific expiration.

What is max pain manipulation?

Some suggest that the max pain theory is related to market makers manipulating the overall options market, in an attempt to make the most number of options possible expire worthless.


Photo credit: iStock/valentinrussanov

INVESTMENTS ARE NOT FDIC INSURED • ARE NOT BANK GUARANTEED • MAY LOSE VALUE

SoFi Invest is a trade name used by SoFi Wealth LLC and SoFi Securities LLC offering investment products and services. Robo investing and advisory services are provided by SoFi Wealth LLC, an SEC-registered investment adviser. Brokerage and self-directed investing products offered through SoFi Securities LLC, Member FINRA/SIPC.

For disclosures on SoFi Invest platforms visit SoFi.com/legal. For a full listing of the fees associated with Sofi Invest please view our fee schedule.

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

Options involve risks, including substantial risk of loss and the possibility an investor may lose the entire amount invested in a short period of time. Before an investor begins trading options they should familiarize themselves with the Characteristics and Risks of Standardized Options . Tax considerations with options transactions are unique, investors should consult with their tax advisor to understand the impact to their taxes.


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Can You Write a Check From a Savings Account?

Can You Write Checks From a Savings Account?

Typically, you can’t write checks from a savings account. Instead, you can do so from a checking account, which is designed to provide that specific financial service. Savings accounts are primarily for earning interest on your deposits and only occasionally transferring money.

Checks might seem like an old-fashioned payment method, but they can be vital in specific transactions. For instance, you might need to pay the deposit for an apartment rental by check. In addition, personal checks are more secure for mailing payments than cash. While you may want to draw funds from a savings account by check, that’s really not what it’s designed for.

Key Points

•   Writing checks from a savings account is usually not possible; it can typically only be done from a checking account.

•   Savings accounts are primarily for earning interest and occasional money transfers, not for check writing.

•   Checks are still important for certain transactions, such as apartment rental deposits and secure mailing of payments.

•   Savings accounts are designed for saving money, earning interest, and providing security for future needs.

•   While payments cannot typically be made directly from a savings account using checks, automatic transfers and mobile banking can be used for certain transactions.

Why You Can’t Write Checks from a Savings Account

You can’t usually write checks from a savings account because these accounts are for earning interest on cash you leave alone. What’s more, you may be restricted as to how often you can transfer money out of a savings account, too.

Part of the way a bank makes money is to lend out your funds on deposit in a savings account for other purposes. You earn an annual percentage yield, or APY, on your deposit for giving the bank the privilege of using your money that’s in a savings account. (You can use an online APY calculator to take a closer look at this figure.) In other words, your financial institution is depending on some savings account money staying put, not being regularly transferred out via checks.

Checking accounts, however, are designed to allow customers to write checks and make purchases. They may not make much or any interest, but you can move your money out of these accounts via checks and electronic transfers. You can even write a check to yourself to access your money.

Increase your savings
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*Earn up to 4.00% Annual Percentage Yield (APY) on SoFi Savings with a 0.70% APY Boost (added to the 3.30% APY as of 12/23/25) for up to 6 months. Open a new SoFi Checking and Savings account and pay the $10 SoFi Plus subscription every 30 days OR receive eligible direct deposits OR qualifying deposits of $5,000 every 31 days by 3/30/26. Rates variable, subject to change. Terms apply here. SoFi Bank, N.A. Member FDIC.

What Accounts Can You Write a Check From?

One of the ways that checking accounts vs. savings accounts differ is that you usually can’t write checks from a savings account. However, both checking accounts and money market accounts can let you move funds out via checks. You can choose from the following types:

•   Standard checking. This account typically provides a checkbook and debit card to make purchases. You might earn meager or no interest, but you can access your cash quickly. And, as with most kinds of checking accounts, you’ll be able to get cashier’s checks and certified checks if needed.

•   Premium checking. This is a checking account on steroids, with better interest rates, rewards programs, and customer perks. In addition, these accounts might have monthly fees or steep minimum balance requirements in order to get those enhanced benefits, so check your customer agreement carefully.

•   Rewards checking. Think of rewards checking as akin to a premium checking account but focuses on providing cash back for debit card usage. Again, it’s crucial to read the fine print for these accounts, as they usually require specific spending habits to be worthwhile.

•   High-interest checking. This kind of account, also known as high-yield checking, blends saving and checking together by providing higher interest rates while allowing you to write checks and use your debit card.

While this account attempts to provide the best of both worlds, you’ll likely receive a lower interest rate than a savings account. You also might have to fulfill strict requirements (such as a monthly high account balance or transaction count), though some banks, especially online banks, may offer them without fees or balance requirements.

•   Student checking. High school and college students can access banking through these accounts. Student checking accounts typically provide leniency for overdrafts and promotional rewards for new customers. However, your account will change to a standard checking account when you lose student status, meaning you may lose the advantages of a student account.

•   Second chance checking. Customers with less than perfect banking histories can struggle to find a bank that will provide them with an account. Unpaid bank fees and repeated overdrafts can cast a shadow over your banking record, making financial institutions hesitant to work with you. Fortunately, numerous institutions offer second chance checking to give customers another shot at banking. These accounts might restrict spending or charge monthly fees to cover their risk but can help you get back on your feet.

•   Money market account. Many money market accounts also combine some of the features of savings and checking accounts. For example, money market accounts can earn higher interest than typical checking accounts (making them more like savings accounts) but allow you to write checks, as with a checking account.

Recommended: How to Sign Over a Check to Someone Else

What You Can Do With a Savings Account

While you may not be able to write checks with a savings account, the different types of savings accounts offer these functions and benefits:

•   Security. You can safely save for the future, whether that means building an emergency fund or saving for a down payment on a house. If you bank at a Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)- or National Credit Union Administration (NCUA)-insured institution, you will have up to $250,000 per depositor or shareholder, per insured institution for each account ownership category.

•   Interest. As noted above, you’ll earn interest. The annual percentage yield (APY) will help your money grow.

•   Convenience. You can also use mobile banking with a savings account. This feature allows you to access your account from your phone to deposit checks, transfer money, and view monthly statements.

•   Perks. You may be able to snag some perks by opening a savings account, such as some banking fees being waived or a one-time cash bonus.

•   Automated savings. You can set up automatic transfers from your checking account to savings to help increase your savings in an effortless way.

•   Account linking. You can link your savings account as a backup to your checking to help avoid overdrafting.

Quick Money Tip: If you’re saving for a short-term goal — whether it’s a vacation, a wedding, or the down payment on a house — consider opening a high-yield savings account. The higher APY that you’ll earn will help your money grow faster, but the funds stay liquid, so they are easy to access when you reach your goal.

Tips for Using a Savings Account to Make Payments

Here’s how to set up automatic transfers out of your savings account:

•   Have your account details handy. Double-check your account and routing numbers to make sure you are transferring funds out of the right account.

•   Limit the bills you pay with your savings account. The less information is out there, the less likely it is to fall into a thief’s hands.

•   Don’t attempt more than your account’s transaction limit. Some savings accounts may allow no more than six withdrawals per month. Check with your financial institution to find out your exact transaction limits.

•   Maintain an adequate balance. Transferring money from your checking account and depositing cash or paychecks into your savings account will help ensure you don’t overdraft the account.

The Takeaway

Savings accounts are excellent tools for earning interest and working towards your financial goals. However, they are less suitable for making payments because you typically can’t write checks from a savings account. However, you can usually make payments from savings accounts by automatic transfers.

Interested in opening an online bank account? When you sign up for a SoFi Checking and Savings account with eligible direct deposit, you’ll get a competitive annual percentage yield (APY), pay zero account fees, and enjoy an array of rewards, such as access to the Allpoint Network of 55,000+ fee-free ATMs globally. Qualifying accounts can even access their paycheck up to two days early.


Better banking is here with SoFi, NerdWallet’s 2024 winner for Best Checking Account Overall.* Enjoy 3.30% APY on SoFi Checking and Savings with eligible direct deposit.

FAQ

Why do checks come from checking accounts?

Checks come from checking accounts because banks intend payments to flow frequently from these accounts. In addition, checking accounts are the most convenient way to deposit and withdraw money from a bank because you can withdraw money an unlimited amount of times per month.

Why can I not write checks with a savings account?

In general, you can’t write checks with a savings account because the account is for saving money and earning interest payments. Banks don’t provide checks for a savings account because the intention is for you to save money and leave at least a chunk of it untouched in the account. On the other hand, checking accounts allow you to write checks.

Can I write any check from a savings account?

You typically can’t write a check from a savings account because that is not how they operate according to federal guidelines. You can save money and earn interest with a savings account, while a checking account allows you to write checks.


About the author

Ashley Kilroy

Ashley Kilroy

Ashley Kilroy is a seasoned personal finance writer with 15 years of experience simplifying complex concepts for individuals seeking financial security. Her expertise has shined through in well-known publications like Rolling Stone, Forbes, SmartAsset, and Money Talks News. Read full bio.



Photo credit: iStock/AndreyPopov

SoFi Checking and Savings is offered through SoFi Bank, N.A. Member FDIC. The SoFi® Bank Debit Mastercard® is issued by SoFi Bank, N.A., pursuant to license by Mastercard International Incorporated and can be used everywhere Mastercard is accepted. Mastercard is a registered trademark, and the circles design is a trademark of Mastercard International Incorporated.

Annual percentage yield (APY) is variable and subject to change at any time. Rates are current as of 12/23/25. There is no minimum balance requirement. Fees may reduce earnings. Additional rates and information can be found at https://www.sofi.com/legal/banking-rate-sheet

Eligible Direct Deposit means a recurring deposit of regular income to an account holder’s SoFi Checking or Savings account, including payroll, pension, or government benefit payments (e.g., Social Security), made by the account holder’s employer, payroll or benefits provider or government agency (“Eligible Direct Deposit”) via the Automated Clearing House (“ACH”) Network every 31 calendar days.

Although we do our best to recognize all Eligible Direct Deposits, a small number of employers, payroll providers, benefits providers, or government agencies do not designate payments as direct deposit. To ensure you're earning the APY for account holders with Eligible Direct Deposit, we encourage you to check your APY Details page the day after your Eligible Direct Deposit posts to your SoFi account. If your APY is not showing as the APY for account holders with Eligible Direct Deposit, contact us at 855-456-7634 with the details of your Eligible Direct Deposit. As long as SoFi Bank can validate those details, you will start earning the APY for account holders with Eligible Direct Deposit from the date you contact SoFi for the next 31 calendar days. You will also be eligible for the APY for account holders with Eligible Direct Deposit on future Eligible Direct Deposits, as long as SoFi Bank can validate them.

Deposits that are not from an employer, payroll, or benefits provider or government agency, including but not limited to check deposits, peer-to-peer transfers (e.g., transfers from PayPal, Venmo, Wise, etc.), merchant transactions (e.g., transactions from PayPal, Stripe, Square, etc.), and bank ACH funds transfers and wire transfers from external accounts, or are non-recurring in nature (e.g., IRS tax refunds), do not constitute Eligible Direct Deposit activity. There is no minimum Eligible Direct Deposit amount required to qualify for the stated interest rate. SoFi Bank shall, in its sole discretion, assess each account holder's Eligible Direct Deposit activity to determine the applicability of rates and may request additional documentation for verification of eligibility.

See additional details at https://www.sofi.com/legal/banking-rate-sheet.

*Awards or rankings from NerdWallet are not indicative of future success or results. This award and its ratings are independently determined and awarded by their respective publications.

We do not charge any account, service or maintenance fees for SoFi Checking and Savings. We do charge a transaction fee to process each outgoing wire transfer. SoFi does not charge a fee for incoming wire transfers, however the sending bank may charge a fee. Our fee policy is subject to change at any time. See the SoFi Bank Fee Sheet for details at sofi.com/legal/banking-fees/.
Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

This content is provided for informational and educational purposes only and should not be construed as financial advice.

Third Party Trademarks: Certified Financial Planner Board of Standards Center for Financial Planning, Inc. owns and licenses the certification marks CFP®, CERTIFIED FINANCIAL PLANNER®

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Exercising in Options? What Does It Mean & When to Exercise

Exercising in Options Trading: What It Means


Editor's Note: Options are not suitable for all investors. Options involve risks, including substantial risk of loss and the possibility an investor may lose the entire amount invested in a short period of time. Please see the Characteristics and Risks of Standardized Options.

Investors in stock option contracts have the right to buy or sell underlying stocks (or other assets) at a predetermined price within a certain time period. When an investor decides they want to take action on their right to buy or sell, it’s called exercising. There are a number of ways investors can choose to exercise their options contract, depending on their individual goals and financial situation.

Option contracts are complex investment vehicles. They’re a multi-faceted tool that involves precise timing and strategizing. While options are not for all investors, if handled by experienced traders, options could be beneficial for those who understand the risks involved.

Key Points

•   Exercising an option involves buying or selling the underlying security at the strike price.

•   Call options allow underlying assets to be purchased at a potentially lower price; put options allow underlying assets to be sold at a potentially higher price.

•   Options contracts have a limited lifespan; unexercised options contracts expire without value.

•   Consider transaction costs, time value, intrinsic value, and risk tolerance before exercising.

•   Many options are sold before expiration to capture remaining time value or to avoid exercise costs, but those that remain unexercised by expiration will expire worthless.

What Does Exercise Mean in Options Trading?

Exercising a stock option means that a trader purchases or sells the underlying stock associated with the options contract at the price set by the contract, which is called the strike price. This price may differ from the current market price of the stock.

Options contracts are valid for a certain amount of time in options trading. So if the owner doesn’t exercise their right to buy or sell within that period, the contract expires worthless, and the owner loses the right to buy or sell the underlying security at the strike price.

There is also an upfront fee in options trading, called a premium, that gets paid when a trader enters into an options contract. If the trader doesn’t exercise the contract, they forfeit that fee along with any other brokerage fees. Most options contracts never get exercised. Some contracts are sold instead of exercised, because the contract itself has value if it has the potential to be exercised later.

There are two main choices of types of options contracts, call options and put options. Purchasing a call option gives the buyer the right, but not the obligation, to purchase the underlying security at the strike price. Purchasing a put option gives the buyer the right, but not the obligation, to sell the underlying security at the strike price.

Each contract is different, and there are also different types of options. American-style options let traders exercise them at any time up until and on the contract’s expiration date, while European-style options can only be exercised on the expiration date itself.

Finally, user-friendly options trading is here.*

Trade options with SoFi Invest on an easy-to-use, intuitively designed online platform.


How Exercising a Call or Put Option Works

Generally, traders have several choices when it comes to exercising their stock options. When a trader is ready to exercise an option, they can let their brokerage firm know. The broker will create an exercise notice to the Options Clearing Corporation (OCC) to let the individual or entity buying or selling the underlying stock know that the trader wants to execute a trade on a particular date. The option seller is required to fulfill the obligations of the contract.

The OCC assigns the exercise notice to one of their clearing members, often the trader’s brokerage firm. The broker then assigns the option to one of their customers who has written an option contract that they have not yet covered. Depending on the broker, the customer they choose may either be chosen randomly or picked on a first-in-first-out (FIFO) principle.

Exercise a Call


Exercising a call option means buying the underlying stock at the option’s strike price. If the stock’s market price is higher than the strike price, you can purchase it at a discounted rate. The key benefit of exercising a call is potential access to those lower rates, especially if the stock has risen significantly. Transaction costs, such as brokerage commissions, can erode potential profits — so consider these factors when deciding to exercise.

For example, say that an investor buys a call option with a strike price of $50. If the stock’s market price rises to $60, they can exercise the option to buy shares at $50 instead of the higher market price. This gives them a $10 per share gain before factoring in the cost of the option and fees. If they don’t want to buy the shares, they could sell the option for a profit instead.

Exercise a Put


Exercising a put option means selling the underlying stock at the strike price. This can be beneficial if the market price falls below the strike price. You can then sell the stock at a higher price than the market price in order to see a profit. Bear in mind that selling a put obligates the seller to buy the underlying asset at the strike price if the option is exercised. There are also brokerage fees associated with exercising a put to consider, as there are with calls.

Say an investor buys a call option with a strike price of $50. If the stock’s market price rises to $60, they can exercise the option to buy shares at $50 instead of the higher market price. This gives them a $10 per share gain before factoring in the cost of the option and fees. If they don’t want to buy the shares, they could sell the option for a profit instead.

How Do You Know Whether to Hold or Exercise an Option?

It can be difficult to know when and whether to exercise an option. There are different options trading strategies that can prove beneficial to exercising early, or to waiting or even selling the option contract itself. Many factors come into play when making the decision to exercise an option, such as:

•   Time Value: Understanding how options pricing works is essential, as time value plays a key role in deciding whether to hold or exercise an option. Time value is a critical aspect of options pricing and significantly impacts the decision to. Options may lose value as they approach expiration due to the time decay. If there’s still significant time left on the option, it may be beneficial to hold the option rather than exercising it since it has the potential to be profitable over time. On the other hand, selling could help you capitalize on the remaining time value, since an option with, say, two months left to expiration would have more time value than an option with two weeks left to expiration.

•   Intrinsic Value (In-the-Money or Out-of-the-Money): The decision to exercise is often influenced by whether the option is in-the-money. A call option, for example, is in-the-money when the underlying asset’s price is above the strike price. Exercising in such a case allows the trader to buy the underlying asset at a discount. On the other hand, out-of-the-money options hold no intrinsic value and are unlikely to be exercised.

•   Transaction Costs and Fees: Exercising an option comes with transaction costs, which can include brokerage commissions and fees. These fees can erode profits, so it’s important to weigh them against potential gains from exercising. In some cases, the cost of exercising an option may outweigh the benefit, especially when the option is close to expiration and there are minimal profits to be gained.

•   Risk and Margin Exposure: There can be a significant amount of capital needed to purchase underlying assets, especially with high-priced stocks. This may also involve using a margin account, which increases your exposure to risk and any potential costs associated with holding the position. Be sure to assess your risk tolerance and available capital before deciding to exercise an option.

The Takeaway

When deciding to hold or exercise an option, the top factors are time value, intrinsic value, and your appetite for risk. Holding options could offer the potential for greater returns, but exercising options can provide profits if they are in-the-money. There are also fees and capital gains to consider.

While investors are not able to sell options on SoFi’s options trading platform at this time, they can buy call and put options to try to benefit from stock movements or manage risk.

SoFi’s options trading platform offers qualified investors the flexibility to pursue income generation, manage risk, and use advanced trading strategies. Investors may buy put and call options or sell covered calls and cash-secured puts to speculate on the price movements of stocks, all through a simple, intuitive interface.

With SoFi Invest® online options trading, there are no contract fees and no commissions. Plus, SoFi offers educational support — including in-app coaching resources, real-time pricing, and other tools to help you make informed decisions, based on your tolerance for risk.

Explore SoFi’s user-friendly options trading platform.

FAQ

How are early-exercise options different from exercise options?

Early-exercise options refer to American-style option contracts only, which can be exercised on and at any point before their expiration date. European-style options can only be exercised on their expiration date.

What is a cashless exercise in options?

A cashless exercise occurs when an investor purchases stock without paying cash to do so. The option holder pulls from some of the exercised shares to cover the cost of purchasing the stock. This is more common with employees exercising stock options, rather than in options trading.

What happens when you exercise an option?

Exercising an option means taking action on the right granted by your options contract. For call options, this means buying the underlying stock at the strike price. For put options, this means selling the underlying stock at the strike price. Exercising an option is a commitment to follow through with the contract’s terms: If you choose not to exercise the option, it will expire worthless, and you lose the premium paid to acquire it.

What happens to premium when you exercise a call option?

You do not keep your option premium when you sell a call option. The premium is part of the cost of acquiring the option, and is considered a sunk cost once the option is exercised.


INVESTMENTS ARE NOT FDIC INSURED • ARE NOT BANK GUARANTEED • MAY LOSE VALUE

SoFi Invest is a trade name used by SoFi Wealth LLC and SoFi Securities LLC offering investment products and services. Robo investing and advisory services are provided by SoFi Wealth LLC, an SEC-registered investment adviser. Brokerage and self-directed investing products offered through SoFi Securities LLC, Member FINRA/SIPC.

For disclosures on SoFi Invest platforms visit SoFi.com/legal. For a full listing of the fees associated with Sofi Invest please view our fee schedule.

Options involve risks, including substantial risk of loss and the possibility an investor may lose the entire amount invested in a short period of time. Before an investor begins trading options they should familiarize themselves with the Characteristics and Risks of Standardized Options . Tax considerations with options transactions are unique, investors should consult with their tax advisor to understand the impact to their taxes.

Disclaimer: The projections or other information regarding the likelihood of various investment outcomes are hypothetical in nature, do not reflect actual investment results, and are not guarantees of future results.

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

Photo credit: iStock/whyframestudio
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Guide to Automatic Investment Plans

An automatic investment plan (or AIP) can refer to various options: an automatic investment plan might be part of a retirement account, or it could be an investing platform, like a robo advisor, that enables you to make regular investments, automatically.

Automatic investment plans can help you save and invest steadily over time. You can set up your plan in advance, and then leave it more or less to run on its own — until your needs or goals require a change.

Key Points

•   An automated investment plan refers to a range of methods for automating savings and investing.

•   You might use an automated investment plan to make automatic transfers that fund a retirement account or a college savings account.

•   Robo advisors are also a type of automated investment account. Here, the investment portfolio is pre-set and managed by an algorithm.

•   Automated investment plans tend to be low- or no-cost, and they can be helpful for those who don’t want the hassle of managing an investment portfolio.

•   Investors can work with a human advisor as well as using an automated plan.

What Is an Automatic Investment Plan?

An automatic investment plan might include making regular deposits into a retirement plan like an IRA or 401(k), using a robo advisor (or automated portfolio), participating in a dividend reinvestment plan, as well as other options.

What these programs have in common is they give investors the ability to choose an amount they want deposited, the timing of the deposits (e.g. weekly, quarterly), and in many cases which types of investments to fund.

The rise of sophisticated technology and algorithms have helped make automatic investment plans more accessible and secure, as well as more customizable, especially when investing online. Investors can direct money to be withdrawn from their paycheck or from a personal account on a biweekly basis, for example, and invested in a retirement portfolio.

It’s all part of the growing trend around automating your personal finances.

Types of Automatic Investment Plans

While using automatic investment plans for retirement is a common scenario, there are others — including the option to choose more- or less-automated types of investment products or preset portfolios.

Among the different types of automatic investment accounts, or accounts that can be funded automatically:

•   Automatic transfers to a 401(k), 403(b), or personal IRA accounts

•   Automatic transfers to a 529 college savings plan

•   Micro-investing platforms (or spare-change savings accounts). These use very small amounts of cash, typically rounded up from purchase amounts, to make deposits in an investment portfolio that may grow over time.

•   A dividend-reinvestment plan (DRIP) which helps investors reinvest their cash dividends automatically

Types of Automated Investment Products

There are also different types of mutual funds as well as automated portfolios (sometimes called robo advisors) which investors can use as part of an automatic investment plan.

•   Target date funds can provide investors with a long-term retirement or college savings portfolio. These funds are typically based on an allocation of different asset classes that adjust automatically to become more conservative over time, until the person needs to withdraw the funds.

•   A robo advisor, or automated portfolio, is a preset portfolio typically of low-cost exchange-traded funds (ETFs). Investors use an online platform to fill out a questionnaire about their preferences, goals, risk tolerance, and time horizon.

The securities and the allocation in each portfolio are generally fixed, but investors can typically choose from different portfolios that match their preferences.

Recommended: Automated Investing 101

How Does an Automatic Investment Plan Work?

The “automatic” part of an automatic investment plan can refer to the automated deposit of funds, usually on a regular schedule. But it’s not just a way to automate your savings. It can also refer to stock dividends being reinvested automatically, or automated mutual funds (like target-date funds), or robo portfolios, as noted above.

The foundation of almost all automatic investment plans is the use of sophisticated technology to ensure the allocation of funds in a portfolio reflects an investor’s needs and goals. While some people might view these options as “hands-off” or “set it and forget it” — and they can simplify a number of investment choices for investors — using an AIP doesn’t mean your money is on autopilot.

Investors will always need to pay some attention to any kind of investment plan, but that said many AIPs do offer investors some advantages.

Benefits of an Automatic Investment Plan

Most brokerages and workplace plans offer some kind of automated options for investors these days. The reason being that behavioral research has repeatedly shown that investors are prone to make emotional choices under certain circumstances (for example, when the market is volatile).

Automated plans provide basic guardrails that can help keep investors on track, investing steadily over time, rather than reacting impulsively to trends or headlines and trying to time the market.

Dollar Cost Averaging

Another benefit of automated plans is that they are designed so that you invest the same amount at regular intervals. This strategy, known as dollar cost averaging, is important for a couple of reasons:

•   Automating deposits may help build savings over time, because you’re less likely to spend that money once it’s invested.

•   Dollar cost averaging is the practice of investing consistently over time, whether the market is up or down, which can lower the average cost of your investments.

Time Savings

Another advantage of using an AIP is that it can save you time and energy, especially if researching or managing investments is not your strong suit.

Types of Investments to Automate

These days automatic investment plans are available for a range of goals. As discussed earlier, you can choose to automate your retirement savings, your personal investment portfolio in a taxable account, a 529 plan, stock dividends, and other options such as micro-investment accounts as well.

These kinds of AIPs can compliment other aspects of financial automation that you may already be using: from budgeting and saving to paying bills.




💡 Quick Tip: Can you save for retirement with an automated investment portfolio? Yes. In fact, automated portfolios, or robo advisors, can be used within taxable accounts as well as tax-advantaged retirement accounts.

Is Automated Financial Planning Right for You?

In general, automatic investment plans may work for people who want to be on top of their finances, but may not have the time or the inclination for detailed investment management.

In that way, the convenience and lower cost of many automated investment plans and robo platforms can help newer investors (or less involved investors) get started.

Investors who aren’t comfortable with relying on technology may not want to invest using automated systems.

Human Advice and Automation

That said, automated investing isn’t a strategy for avoiding money management or financial planning completely. Most investors’ portfolios and financial plans include details or circumstances that require human insight or input. Estate planning, owning a small business, or prioritizing among multiple goals, for example, can be complicated.

Although it can be simpler to automate some parts of the investing or financial planning process, a human advisor can help ensure that you aren’t missing anything. Also, investors who use automated portfolios typically have less control over their investments.

Fortunately, automation here can also work in your favor: You can set alerts to remind you when certain withdrawals are being made.

Recommended: Robo Advisor vs. Financial Advisor: Which Should You Choose?

Starting an Automatic Investment Plan

Starting an automatic investment plan is pretty straightforward. Start by identifying the primary goal for using an automated platform.

•   Do you want to save for retirement at work, or is this a personal retirement account?

•   Do you want an automated investment portfolio that’s preset, like a robo advisor? Or do you want to set up your own portfolio?

•   Do you own dividend stocks, and does it make sense to set up a dividend reinvestment plan?

•   Are you setting up a college-savings plan for a student?

Then, as you explore a few different options, you want to consider the following:

•   Is it a reputable platform, account, or app? Hint: Most online brokerages and financial firms offer a few automated options, so it may be possible to stay with your current provider.

•   Is the platform easy to use? Can you easily make adjustments to your deposits, as needed?

•   What are the fees?

What are the requirements?

•   Is there a minimum amount required to open the account, or for each deposit?

•   How much flexibility do you have when choosing investments (and is that important to you)?

Using an Automatic Investing Plan

Using an AIP is generally self-explanatory because generally these programs were created for investors who want a streamlined experience. Once your account is open, you typically set up a direct deposit of funds, and select the investments you want in your plan.

If you’re working with a financial advisor, they can help insure that the platform you choose will support the rest of your financial plan. If you’re flying solo, you can begin to do research into how your automatic investment plan works together with other goals.

The Takeaway

One of the best things about automated financial planning is that in most cases you can be as hands-off (or hands-on) as you choose. Using an automatic investment plan these days provides a number of options, including active investing, retirement, and robo advisor options. Automated doesn’t mean you can literally “set it and forget it”; it always pays to track your investment portfolio, and think about your long-term plans.

Ready to start investing toward your future, but want some help? You might consider opening an automated investing account with SoFi. Whether you're interested in investments for your traditional brokerage or IRA account, you can access personalized, expert-curated recommendations and automatic monitoring, trading, and rebalancing. With a robo advisor from SoFi Wealth, you'll get a professionally managed portfolio aligned with your goals.


Open an automated investing account and start investing for your future with as little as $50.

FAQ

How do you automate an investment strategy?

You can find an automatic investment plan (AIP) that will match your goals and help you set up or fund a portfolio. That said, you can’t automate your entire investment strategy: Ideally, an AIP would be a tactical piece that fits into your overall strategy.

How often should I auto-invest?

You want to keep up a steady cadence of deposits to make progress toward your goals, and to reap the benefits of dollar cost averaging. You might consider auto investing once a month to start and see how it goes.

What are the benefits of starting an automatic investment plan?

There are a number of advantages to using an automatic investment plan, including the fact that it can help keep your investment plan on track, even if you’re tempted to make changes when markets fluctuate. In addition, an AIP can save time and may help lessen the impact of market volatility.


Photo credit: iStock/GarryKillian

INVESTMENTS ARE NOT FDIC INSURED • ARE NOT BANK GUARANTEED • MAY LOSE VALUE

SoFi Invest is a trade name used by SoFi Wealth LLC and SoFi Securities LLC offering investment products and services. Robo investing and advisory services are provided by SoFi Wealth LLC, an SEC-registered investment adviser. Brokerage and self-directed investing products offered through SoFi Securities LLC, Member FINRA/SIPC.

For disclosures on SoFi Invest platforms visit SoFi.com/legal. For a full listing of the fees associated with Sofi Invest please view our fee schedule.

Disclaimer: The projections or other information regarding the likelihood of various investment outcomes are hypothetical in nature, do not reflect actual investment results, and are not guarantees of future results.

Third-Party Brand Mentions: No brands, products, or companies mentioned are affiliated with SoFi, nor do they endorse or sponsor this article. Third-party trademarks referenced herein are property of their respective owners.

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

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Guide to Options Spreads: Definition & Types

Guide to Options Spreads: Definition & Types


Editor's Note: Options are not suitable for all investors. Options involve risks, including substantial risk of loss and the possibility an investor may lose the entire amount invested in a short period of time. Please see the Characteristics and Risks of Standardized Options.

Options spreads are trading strategies that involve two or more options designed to manage risk while providing opportunities for profit. Traders using an option spread simultaneously buy multiple options on the same underlying asset with different strike prices, different expiration dates, or both.

Understanding options spreads can help you decide whether these strategies could work for your portfolio, and which one to use in a given situation.

Key Points

•   Options spreads are strategies using multiple options to manage risk and enhance profit potential.

•   Vertical spreads involve options with the same expiration but different strike prices.

•   Horizontal spreads use the same strike prices but different expiration dates, capitalizing on time decay.

•   Diagonal spreads combine different strike prices and expiration dates, offering versatile market positioning.

•   These strategies can be implemented with calls or puts, tailored to bullish or bearish market outlooks.

Credit and Debit Spreads

The difference between credit and debit spreads in options investing is that, in a credit spread, a trader sells one option (receiving a premium) and buys another (paying a lower premium), with the net result being a credit to their account. Conversely, when they buy an option and sell an option with a lower premium, they pay a net premium to open the position, resulting in a debit to their account.

Recommended: What Investors Should Know About Spread

3 Common Option Spread Strategies

Spread strategies occur when a trader buys and sells multiple call or put options pegged to the same underlying asset or security, but with different strike prices or expiration dates.

There are several types of option spreads. Here’s a look at a few common ones:

1. Vertical Spread Options

A vertical spread is an options strategy in which the options have the same expiration date but different strike prices. There are four types of vertical spread options that investors use depending on whether they are bullish or bearish, and whether the spread is a debit or credit.

Bull Call Spreads

A bull call spread strategy involves buying a call option at a lower strike price and selling another call option at a higher strike price. The call spread options have the same underlying asset and expiration date.

Traders may use this strategy when they expect the price of the underlying asset to increase, but want to limit potential loss by capping both their gains and losses.The trader caps their potential losses to the net premium they paid for the options. Their maximum gain is capped at the differences in strike prices, minus the net premium paid.

For example, a trader buys a call option on a stock at a strike price of $10, for a premium of $2. They then sell a call option with the same expiration date but at a strike price of $12, receiving a premium of $1. Conversely, if the stock price falls below $10 by expiration, the option would expire worthless and the trader’s loss is limited to the $1 premium.

This strategy limits the trader’s maximum loss to the net premium paid for the options. If the stock price rises above the higher strike price, the potential gain is capped at the difference between the strike prices, minus net premium paid. Although this cap limits the upside, it also provides protection against potential losses beyond the premium paid.

Bear Call Spreads

The opposite of a bull call spread, a bear call spread benefits from an underlying asset’s decrease in value.

For example, if a trader using a bear call spread anticipates a stock’s value is going to decrease, they would set up a spread by selling a call option and buying another call option at a higher strike price — the inverse of the bull call spread method. This is a credit spread, meaning the trader maximum gain is limited by the net premium received for the position. Their potential loss is capped at the difference in strike price. For example, a trader sells a call option on a stock at a strike price of $10, and buys another call at a strike price of $12.

Bull Put Spreads

A bull put spread is similar to a bull call spread, but it involves puts rather than calls. Using a bull put spread, a trader anticipates an increase in the underlying asset’s value. In our example, the trader would sell a put option at a strike price of $10, and simultaneously buy another at a lower strike price, which in this example is $8.

If the stock price remains above $10, both options expire worthless. The trader retains the full premium received as their maximum gain. If the stock price falls below $8, the trader incurs the maximum loss. This is capped at the difference between the strike prices minus the premium received.

Bear Put Spreads

A bear put spread is the inverse of a bull put spread. In our example, the trader would buy one put option at a $10 strike price, and simultaneously sell another put at a lower strike price, like $8.

The trader cannot lose more than the net premium the trader paid to take the position (as this is a debit spread) or gain more than the difference in strike prices.

2. Horizontal Spreads

Horizontal spreads (also called “calendar spread options”) involve options with the same underlying asset and same strike prices, but with different expiration dates. The main goal of this strategy is to generate income from the effects of time decay or the volatility of the two options.

There are also two main types of horizontal spreads.

Call Horizontal Spreads

A call horizontal spread is a strategy which a trader would employ if they believed that the underlying asset’s price would hold steady. In this case, the trader would buy a call with an expiration date on January 15th, for example, and sell another call with a different expiration date, like January 30th.

The trader can also reverse these positions by selling a call option that expires on January 15th, and another that expires on January 30th. The two positions’ differing expiration dates act as buffers, limiting potential losses (the premium paid) and gains.

Put Horizontal Spreads

Put horizontal spreads similar to call horizontal spreads except that traders use puts instead of calls.

3. Diagonal Spreads

Diagonal spreads incorporate elements from both vertical and horizontal spread strategies. These spreads involve the same option types and underlying asset (the same as before), but with differing strike prices and differing expiration dates.

Diagonal spreads — with different strike prices and expiration dates — allow for a variety of options combinations, and can be used under different market conditions. For example, they can be bearish and bullish, use calls or puts, and use different time horizons (long or short).

Other Options Spreads

While we’ve covered the main types of options spread strategies, there are a few more you may run into.

Butterfly Spread Options

A butterfly spread incorporates multiple strike prices, and can utilize either calls or puts. It also combines a bull and bear spread across four different options.

An example would be a trader buying a call at a certain strike price, selling two more calls at a higher strike price, and then buying another call at yet an even higher strike price—of equal distance, or value, from the two central calls. This results in a cap on losses and gains, and the trader could realize gains depending on the volatility levels of the underlying asset.

Box Spread Options

A box spread option strategy involves a bear put and a bull call with identical strike prices and expiration dates. Under very specific circumstances, traders employ box spreads when they are looking to capitalize on arbitrage opportunities.

The Takeaway


There are several spread strategies for options trading that traders use to limit their losses and position themselves for potential gains based on their projections about the price of a specific asset.

SoFi’s options trading platform offers qualified investors the flexibility to pursue income generation, manage risk, and use advanced trading strategies. Investors may buy put and call options or sell covered calls and cash-secured puts to speculate on the price movements of stocks, all through a simple, intuitive interface.

With SoFi Invest® online options trading, there are no contract fees and no commissions. Plus, SoFi offers educational support — including in-app coaching resources, real-time pricing, and other tools to help you make informed decisions, based on your tolerance for risk.

Explore SoFi’s user-friendly options trading platform.


Photo credit: iStock/damircudic

INVESTMENTS ARE NOT FDIC INSURED • ARE NOT BANK GUARANTEED • MAY LOSE VALUE

SoFi Invest is a trade name used by SoFi Wealth LLC and SoFi Securities LLC offering investment products and services. Robo investing and advisory services are provided by SoFi Wealth LLC, an SEC-registered investment adviser. Brokerage and self-directed investing products offered through SoFi Securities LLC, Member FINRA/SIPC.

For disclosures on SoFi Invest platforms visit SoFi.com/legal. For a full listing of the fees associated with Sofi Invest please view our fee schedule.

Options involve risks, including substantial risk of loss and the possibility an investor may lose the entire amount invested in a short period of time. Before an investor begins trading options they should familiarize themselves with the Characteristics and Risks of Standardized Options . Tax considerations with options transactions are unique, investors should consult with their tax advisor to understand the impact to their taxes.

Disclaimer: The projections or other information regarding the likelihood of various investment outcomes are hypothetical in nature, do not reflect actual investment results, and are not guarantees of future results.

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

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