Whether you’re purchasing a new pair of eyeglasses, stocking up on over-the-counter medications, or paying for your child’s daycare, there may be certain expenses your health insurance plan doesn’t cover.
In those cases, having a flexible spending account, or FSA, could help you save money. This special savings account lets you set aside pretax dollars to pay for eligible out-of-pocket healthcare expenses, which in turn can lower your taxable income.
Let’s take a look at how these accounts work.
What Is an FSA?
An FSA is an employer-sponsored savings account you can use to pay for certain health care and dependent costs. It’s commonly included as part of a benefits package, so if you purchased a plan on the Health Insurance Marketplace, or have Medicaid or Medicare, you may no longer qualify for a FSA.
There are three types of FSA accounts:
• Health care FSAs, which can be used to pay for eligible medical and dental expenses.
• Dependent care FSAs, which can be used to pay for eligible child and adult care expenses, such as preschool, summer camp, and home health care.
• Limited expense health care FSA, which can be used to pay for dental and vision expenses. This type of account is available to those who have a high-deductible health plan with a health savings account.
How Do You Fund an FSA?
If you opt into an FSA, you’ll need to decide on how much to regularly contribute throughout the year. Those contribution amounts will be automatically deducted from your paychecks and placed into the account. Whatever money you put into an FSA isn’t taxed, which means you can keep more of what you earn.
Your employer may also throw some money into your FSA account, but they are under no legal obligation to do so.
You can use your FSA throughout the year to either reimburse yourself or to help pay for eligible expenses for you, your spouse, and your dependents (more on that in a minute). Typically, you’ll be required to submit a claim through your employer and include proof of the expense (usually a receipt), along with a statement that says that your regular health insurance does not cover that cost.
Some employers offer an FSA debit card or checkbook, which you can use to pay for qualifying medical purchases without having to file a reimbursement claim through your employer.
💡 Quick Tip: When you have questions about what you can and can’t afford, a spending tracker app can show you the answer. With no guilt trip or hourly fee.
What Items Qualify for FSA Reimbursement?
The IRS decides which expenses qualify for FSA reimbursement, and the list is extensive. Here’s a look at some of what’s included — you can see the full list on the IRS’ website.
• Health plan co-payments and deductibles (but not insurance premiums)
• Prescription eyeglasses or contact lenses
• Dental and vision expenses
• Prescription medications
• Over-the-counter medicines
• First aid supplies
• Menstrual care items
• Birth control
• Sunscreen
• Home health care items, like thermometers, crutches, and medical alert devices
• Medical diagnostic products, like cholesterol monitors, home EKG devices, and home blood pressure monitors
• Home health care
• Day care
• Summer camp
Are There Any FSA Limits?
For 2023, health care FSA and limited health care FSA contributions are limited to $3,050 per year, per employer. Your spouse can also contribute $3,050 to their FSA account as well.
Meanwhile, dependent care FSA contributions are limited to $5,000 per household, or $2,500 if you’re married and filing separately.
Does an FSA Roll Over Each Year?
In general, you’ll need to use the money in an FSA within a plan year. Any unspent money will be lost. However, the IRS has changed the use-it-or-lose-it rule to allow a little more flexibility.
Now, your employer may be able to offer you a couple of options to use up any unspent money in an FSA:
• A “grace period” of no more than 2½ extra months to spend whatever is left in your account
• Rolling over up to $610 to use in the following plan year. (In 2024, that amount increases to $640.)
Note that your employer may be able to offer one of these options, but not both.
One way to avoid scrambling to spend down your FSA before the end of the year or the grace period is to plan ahead. Calculate all deductibles, copayments, coinsurance, prescription drugs, and other possible costs for the coming year, and only contribute what you think you’ll actually need.
Recommended: Flexible Spending Accounts: Rules, Regulations, and Uses
How Can You Use Up Your FSA?
You can consider some of these strategies to get the most out of your FSA:
• Buy non-prescription items. Certain items are FSA-eligible without needing a prescription (but save your receipt for the paperwork!). These items may include first-aid kits, bandages, thermometers, blood pressure monitors, ice packs, and heating pads. Check out the FSA Store to find out which items may be covered.
• Get your glasses (or contacts). You may be able to use your FSA to cover the cost of prescription eyeglasses, contact lenses, and sunglasses as well as reading glasses. Contact lens solution and eye drops may also be covered.
• Keep family planning in mind. FSA-eligible items can include condoms, pregnancy tests, baby monitors, fertility kits. If you have a prescription for them, female contraceptives may also be covered.
• Don’t forget your dentist. Unfortunately, toothpaste and cosmetic procedures are not covered by your FSA, but dental checkups and associated costs might be. These could include copays, deductibles, cleanings, fillings, X-rays, and even braces. Mouthguards and cleaning solutions for your retainers and dentures may be FSA-eligible as well.
💡 Quick Tip: Income, expenses, and life circumstances can change. Consider reviewing your budget a few times a year and making any adjustments if needed.
Flexible Savings Account (FSA) vs. Health Savings Account (HSA)
You may have heard of a health savings account (HSA). It’s easy to confuse it with an FSA, as they share some similarities.
Both types of accounts:
• Offer some tax advantages
• Can be used to pay for co-payments, deductibles, and eligible medical expenses
• Can be funded through employee-payroll deductions, employer contributions, or individual deductions
• Have a maximum contribution amount. In 2023, people with individual coverage can contribute up to $3,850 per year, while those with family coverage can cset aside up to $7,750 per year.
That said, there are some key differences between HSAs and FSAs:
• You must be enrolled in a high deductible health plan in order to qualify for an HSA.
• HSAs do not have a use-it-or-lose-it rule. Once you put money in the account, it’s yours.
• If you quit or are fired from your job, your HSA can go with you. This happens even if your employer contributed money to the account.
• If you’re 55 or older, you can contribute an additional $1,000 to your HSA as a catch-up contribution — similar to the catch-up contributions allowed with an IRA.
• If you withdraw money from your HSA for a non-qualified expense before the age of 65, you’ll pay taxes on it plus a 20% penalty.
• If you withdraw money from your HSA for any type of expense after age 65, you don’t pay a penalty. However, the withdrawal will be taxed like regular income.
Recommended: Benefits of Health Savings Accounts
The Takeaway
Flexible spending accounts are offered by employers and can be a useful tool for paying for health care- or dependent-related expenses. Notably, you fund the account with pretax dollars taken from your paycheck, which can lower your taxable income and help you save money.
You typically need to spend your FSA money within a plan year, though your employer may give you the option to either roll over a portion of the balance into the next year or use it during a grace period. There are also guidelines around what you can spend the FSA funds on and how much you can contribute to your account.
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