Jun
20
2025

Financial Performance: Definition, and Ways to Improve

By | Growing Wealth, SMB | Comments Off on Financial Performance: Definition, and Ways to Improve

Strong financial performance is key to a company’s long-term success, but it’s a subjective evaluation. There’s no single metric that defines a business’s financial health. Rather, a company’s performance is based on multiple factors, including its revenue, expenses, assets, liabilities, and profitability.

Because financial performance takes a broad view, there are lots of different levers companies can pull to improve it. Here’s a closer look at what financial performance means and strategies to enhance it.

Key Points

•   Financial performance indicates a company’s health through revenue, expenses, cash flow, and debts.

•   Public companies must submit annual reports to the SEC using Form 10-K.

•   Strategies to enhance financial performance include optimizing revenue growth, cutting costs, and improving cash flow.

•   Operational efficiency metrics, like inventory turnover and asset utilization, are crucial for financial performance.

•   Non-financial metrics, such as customer satisfaction and employee engagement, impact financial health.

What Is Financial Performance?

Financial performance is a broad view of a company’s overall health. It takes multiple dimensions into account, such as revenue, operating expenses, cash flow and debts, rather than looking at any one metric in isolation.

There are lots of stakeholders in a business, from creditors to investors to employees to management. All of these stakeholders have a vested interest in a company’s financial performance and long-term success.

The Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) requires public companies to share information on their financial performance annually with Form 10-K. This form provides stakeholders with up-to-date data on a company’s finances. It’s accessible to the public in the SEC’s Electronic Data Gathering, Analysis and Retrieval (EDGAR) database.

Core Financial Performance Metrics

There are a variety of metrics you can use to evaluate a company’s financial performance, including profitability ratios, liquidity metrics, and others.

Profitability Ratios (Gross Margin, Net Profit Margin, ROI)

Whether or not a business is profitable is key to its financial performance. Here’s how to value a business in terms of its profitability:

•  Gross margin: The gross margin tracks how much revenue a business keeps after subtracting the cost of goods sold (COGS). It’s typically calculated as a percentage. A higher percentage points to profitability, while a low percentage means there’s room for improvement.

•  Net profit margin: Similar to the gross margin, the net profit margin measures the amount of revenue a company receives from its sales. However, it additionally subtracts business expenses and taxes to get a clearer picture of net profit.

•  Return on investment (ROI): ROI measures how much profit a business makes relative to the cost of an investment. A simple formula for ROI is net profit divided by the cost of the investment. When a business is measuring its financial performance, it might look at the ROI of specific initiatives, such as a marketing campaign, a new product line or the purchase of equipment or technology.

Liquidity Metrics (Current Ratio, Quick Ratio, Cash Flow)

Liquidity metrics measure a company’s ability to pay off short-term obligations with liquid assets. Here are some small business financial ratios to know.

•  Current ratio: This term refers to a company’s solvency. It divides assets by liabilities to determine whether a company can cover short-term obligations.

•  Quick ratio: This measurement divides a company’s liquid assets by its liabilities. Unlike the current ratio, it doesn’t take inventory into account, but instead focuses on “quick assets” like cash and accounts receivables.

•  Cash flow: As the name suggests, cash flow refers to how money moves in and out of a company. A positive cash flow means there’s more money coming in than going out, while a negative cash flow indicates the opposite.

Operational Efficiency (Inventory Turnover, Asset Utilization)

Another important metric when evaluating a company’s financial performance is the efficiency of its operations. Some factors to measure operational efficiency include:

•  Inventory turnover: This tracks how much inventory a company sells within a certain time period. Stakeholders may look at how often a company sells out of its entire stock of inventory.

•  Asset utilization: From equipment to technology, business assets can be expensive. Asset utilization looks at how efficiently a company is using its assets. It considers the value a company is getting out of its assets vs. the cost of acquiring and maintaining them.

Solvency and Leverage (Debt-to-Equity, Interest Coverage)

Solvency and leverage are key factors when assessing a business’s financial performance. They have to do with a company’s ability to meet debt obligations and how much it relies on debt to maintain operations. Some measures of solvency and leverage include:

•  Debt-to-equity ratio: This ratio compares a company’s debt to its equity. A higher ratio can be riskier, since it reveals that a company is financed more by small business loans than by capital.

•  Interest coverage ratio: This ratio compares a company’s earnings (before interest and taxes) to the interest charges it must pay on debt. It reveals how easily a business can afford interest expenses.

8 Strategies To Improve Financial Performance

Since financial performance depends on a variety of factors, there are lots of strategies you can use to improve it. Here are some financial performance tips.

1. Revenue Growth Optimization

Optimizing revenue may be an obvious way to boost financial performance, but it doesn’t happen by accident. A business can come up with a revenue growth strategy by analyzing various factors, including pricing, inventory, demand and market conditions. Revenue optimization may come through acquiring new customers, entering new markets, innovating products, diversifying income streams or pursuing other sources of growth.

2. Cost Reduction and Expense Management

Bringing down costs is another way to increase cash flow and improve solvency. As a business owner, you can review all your expenses closely to identify any areas of waste. You might also negotiate with vendors to bring down costs. Reducing expenses can improve profitability, as long as it doesn’t sacrifice product quality or customer experience.

3. Cash Flow Enhancement

Enhancing cash flow can help a business cover its financial obligations and operating costs. A business may analyze its cash flow on a monthly basis to see where cash is coming in and going out of the business. If cash flow is trending negative, consider ways to turn things around, such as cutting costs, boosting revenue or improving accounts receivable collection.

4. Working Capital Improvements

Working capital refers to the money a business has on hand to meet its short-term obligations. You can calculate it by subtracting your business’s current liabilities from its current assets. A negative result indicates financial problems, while a positive result means your business has the means to cover operating costs. At the same time, high working capital isn’t necessarily the goal, as it can suggest that a business isn’t investing its profits back into growth.

5. Strategic Debt Management

Taking on debt can improve a business’s financial performance if it fuels growth. A business might take out a startup business loan, SBA loan, or business line of credit, for example, to hire employees, invest in marketing, or expand to a bigger facility. Equipment financing can be used to purchase equipment. Before borrowing, though, a business should carefully consider a loan’s interest rate, fees, monthly payments, and other terms to make sure it’s affordable. Businesses may also consider debt management strategies like consolidation to simplify repayment or potentially save on interest.

6. Operational Process Improvement

Taking a magnifying glass to your business’s processes can help you make them more efficient and get better results. You may enhance your accounts receivable process by sending invoices more quickly or making it easier for customers to pay. Or you could streamline your supply chain to cut costs and receive products faster. Continuously monitoring your processes can help you improve them, cut out inefficiencies, and boost your business’s bottom line.

7. Data-Driven Financial Decision Making

Financial performance management shouldn’t happen in a vacuum. You can rely on financial analytics and other data to make informed decisions about business processes, growth, and investments. Collecting data before and after a decision can help you evaluate whether it’s working or if you need to change course.

8. Strategic Financial Planning

Strategic financial planning is how your business can achieve its long-term goals. It’s all about defining objectives and making sure they align with your current practices. This planning may be a continuous process that evolves as your business grows.

Implementing Financial Performance Improvements

There are many ways that companies can improve their financial performance, but they must take action on these strategies and measure results as they go. Reducing expenses, managing debt, and making processes more efficient can all benefit a company’s financial well-being.

Before making changes, measure key metrics to see where things stand. Then, you can continue to collect data while you implement new strategies to measure how effective they are.

The Takeaway

There are various ways to enhance business performance, such as cutting waste and leveraging debt strategically. Non-financial metrics, such as customer satisfaction and employee happiness, can also contribute to a company’s bottom line. Taking a multifaceted approach — and measuring results as you go — can help you improve a business’s financial performance and realize its long-term vision.

If you’re seeking financing for your business, SoFi is here to support you. On SoFi’s marketplace, you can shop and compare financing options for your business in minutes.


With one simple search, see if you qualify and explore quotes for your business.

FAQ

How often should a business evaluate its financial performance?

A business may evaluate its financial performance on a monthly and quarterly basis to stay on top of trends. Most businesses also perform a thorough review annually to compare their financial performance from one year to the next.

Which financial performance metrics are most important for small businesses?

Some of the most important performance metrics for small businesses include gross and net profit margins, operating cash flow, working capital, and debt-to-equity ratio.

How does cost control affect financial performance?

Cost control has the potential to improve financial performance, as it involves a thorough review of your business expenses to find areas to save. Reducing costs — and preventing them from spiraling out of control — can improve cash flow and increase profitability. At the same time, make sure that reducing costs doesn’t diminish the quality of your products or customer experience.

What’s the difference between financial performance and profitability?

Profitability is a specific metric that measures how much money a business makes after subtracting its expenses. Financial performance, on the other hand, is a broad measure of a company’s well-being and includes profitability, cash flow, liabilities and other metrics.

How do non-financial metrics impact overall financial performance?

Non-financial metrics, such as customer satisfaction, employee engagement and operational efficiency, can impact a business’s overall financial performance. Dissatisfied customers, for instance, could be an early signal of profit loss, while a lack of employee engagement could prevent the company from reaching its growth goals.

Photo Credit: iStock/Liubomyr Vorona

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Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

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Jun
20
2025
Man holding books at library

What Is the Maximum Student Loan Amount for a Lifetime?

By | Fresh Out of School, Student Loans, student_loan | No Comments

When taking out student loans it’s important to know that both federal and private student loans have borrowing caps. Federal loans have two different limits: annual and lifetime borrowing limits.

The lifetime aggregate federal student loan limit for dependent undergraduate students is $31,000, and no more than $23,000 can be in subsidized loans. For graduate students, the lifetime borrowing limit is $138,500, of which no more than $65,500 can be in subsidized loans.

Private lenders may also have lifetime and annual borrowing limits, though those limits are set by the lender.

It’s possible to hit the maximum amount of loans allowed before finishing school, so it’s helpful to understand how much you may be eligible to borrow.

Key Points

•   The lifetime aggregate limit for dependent undergraduate students for federal student loans is $31,000, with no more than $23,000 in subsidized loans.

•   Graduate students face a lifetime borrowing cap of $138,500, which includes undergraduate loans, with a maximum of $65,500 in subsidized loans.

•   Private lenders also set annual and lifetime borrowing limits, which generally do not exceed the cost of attendance minus any financial aid received.

•   The total cost of attendance includes tuition, fees, room and board, books, supplies, and transportation.

•   Students nearing their federal loan limits may need to seek additional funding through private loans or other financial resources.

What Is the Lifetime Limit for Student Loans?

Students have the option to borrow federal student loans and private student loans, or both. There are annual and lifetime limits for borrowing.

Federal Student Loan Lifetime Limits

Federal loans have annual and lifetime limits. The limits can vary by student, depending on three criteria:

•   Your year in school

•   The type of loan you are eligible to borrow choose (subsidized vs. unsubsidized)

•   Your dependency status

Independent students, who the U.S. Department of Education considers to be on their own financially, can borrow more than dependent students who can typically get help from their parents.

Even if you’re financially independent of your parents, the definition of an independent student is fairly strict, and if you are under the age of 24, you’ll need to confirm you qualify as an independent student. If you’re not sure if you’re a dependent or independent student, see your guidance counselor or an admissions counselor who may be able to help.

Here are the federal loan limits, depending on your status and year in school, according to the U.S. Department of Education:

Year In School

 Dependent Students*

 Independent Students**
First-year undergraduate $5,500 — no more than $3,500 can be subsidized $9,500 — no more than $3,500 can be subsidized
Second-year undergraduate $6,500 — no more than $4,500 can be subsidized $10,500 — no more than $4,500 can be subsidized
Third-year and beyond undergraduate $7,500 — no more than $5,500 can be subsidized $12,500 — no more than $5,500 can be subsidized
Graduate and professional student annual limit N/A (all graduate and professional degree students are considered independent) $20,500 — none can be subsidized
Lifetime limit $31,000 — no more than $23,000 can be subsidized $57,000 for undergraduates — no more than $23,000 can be subsidized

$138,500 for graduate and professional students — no more than $65,500 can be subsidized

*Except students whose parents are unable to obtain PLUS Loans.

**Also includes dependent undergraduate students whose parents are unable to obtain PLUS Loans.

Note that the lifetime limit for graduate and professional students includes the amount in federal loans borrowed during a student’s undergraduate studies.

Private Student Loan Lifetime Limits

If you choose to borrow private student loans, the annual and lifetime limit may vary by lender. That said, the annual limits typically cannot exceed the cost of attendance at your school, less any financial aid you have already received.

The total cost of attendance is a number determined by your school and typically includes tuition and fees, on-campus room and board, books, supplies, and transportation.

As for lifetime limits, it may depend on whether you’re an undergraduate student or a graduate student. Some private lenders may offer higher limits if you’re doing an MBA or going to law or medical school, for example.

Some lenders have just one limit for all loans. But in some cases, you may even see two-lifetime limits: one for loans through the private lender and one for total federal and private loans.

So, if you’re considering borrowing from a private lender, ask about their loan limits before applying to make sure you get the funding you need.

What to Do If You’ve Hit the Maximum Federal Student Loan Amount

If you’ve reached your lifetime limit for federal student loans or you’re close to it, it’s probably time to start thinking about how you’re going to repay your student loans. Here are some options if you’ve maxed out your options for federal loans.

Consider Student Loan Refinancing

One way to make progress toward paying off your student loans and potentially save money along the way is to refinance them with a private lender (provided you haven’t reached your limit with these loans, too). With student loan refinancing, you replace your current loans with a new one.

In some cases, you may qualify for a lower interest rate than what you’re currently paying. You could also adjust your repayment schedule to pay off your student loans faster or take some more time to fit your budget better.

With a lower interest rate, you could reduce the amount of money you spend on interest over the life of the loan. If you lengthen the term of your loan you’d decrease your monthly payments but pay more in interest over the life of the loan.

In other words, if you refinance your student loans, you may get more flexibility with your payments as you eliminate your debt. However, it is important to note that if you refinance your federal student loans with a private lender, you forfeit eligibility for federal benefits, such as student loan forgiveness and deferment.

Recommended: Student Loan Consolidation Rates

Check Out Federal Assistance Programs

If you’ve maxed out your federal student loans because your income isn’t where you’d like it to be, you may want to take a look at federal programs like income-driven repayment plans, which base your monthly payments on your discretionary income and family size.

If you’re facing financial difficulties, you might want to consider deferment or forbearance instead, which allow you to temporarily pause your payments for a certain amount of time. However, the two programs have some important differences between them.

For example, with deferment, a borrower doesn’t need to make payments on the interest that accrues on certain loans, including Direct Subsidized Loans. With forbearance, borrowers must pay the interest that accrues no matter what type of federal loan they have.

Consider a Private Student Loan

If you’ve reached your limit on federal student loans but still need some assistance paying for your tuition, you might consider taking out a new private student loan. There are options for fixed or variable rate private student loans, and some lenders like SoFi offer flexible repayment options.

The Takeaway

There are both annual and lifetime borrowing limits for federal student loans. The lifetime limit for dependent undergraduate students is $31,000, of which no more than $23,000 can be in subsidized loans. For independent undergraduate students, the lifetime limit is $57,550, of which no more than $23,000 can be in subsidized loans.
Private lenders may also have borrowing limits, but they are set by the lender. Generally speaking, private student loans are limited to the cost of attendance.

If you’ve reached your lifetime limit on student loans and you’re ready to start repaying them — and hoping to save some money in the process — options to consider include student loan refinancing and, for federal loans, income-driven repayment plans.

Looking to lower your monthly student loan payment? Refinancing may be one way to do it — by extending your loan term, getting a lower interest rate than what you currently have, or both. (Please note that refinancing federal loans makes them ineligible for federal forgiveness and protections. Also, lengthening your loan term may mean paying more in interest over the life of the loan.) SoFi student loan refinancing offers flexible terms that fit your budget.


With SoFi, refinancing is fast, easy, and all online. We offer competitive fixed and variable rates.

FAQ

What is the maximum student loan limit?

The maximum lifetime aggregate federal student loan limit for dependent undergraduates is $31,000, and no more than $23,000 of that can be in subsidized loans. For financially independent undergraduate students, the maximum lifetime aggregate limit is $57,000, of which no more than $23, 000 can be in subsidized loans.

For graduate students, the lifetime aggregate loan limit is $138,500, of which no more than $65,500 can be in subsidized loans. With private student loans, lenders typically set their own lifetime limits.

What is the maximum student loan you can take out per year?

First-year undergraduate dependent students can take out no more than $5,500 annually, and no more than $3,500 of that amount can be in subsidized loans. For dependent undergrads in their second year, the annual borrowing limit is $6,500, with no more than $4,500 in subsidized loans. Dependent undergraduates in their third and fourth years can take out up to $7,500, with no more than $5,500 in subsidized loans.

Graduate students can take up to $20,500 annually, but only in unsubsidized loans.

Do student loans have a term limit?

Yes. The maximum repayment term for federal student loans being repaid under an income-driven repayment plan is 20 years for borrowers with undergraduate loans and 25 years for those with graduate student loans.

Borrowers with federal consolidation loans have up to 30 years to repay them.

SoFi Student Loan Refinance
Terms and conditions apply. SoFi Refinance Student Loans are private loans. When you refinance federal loans with a SoFi loan, YOU FOREFEIT YOUR EILIGIBILITY FOR ALL FEDERAL LOAN BENEFITS, including all flexible federal repayment and forgiveness options that are or may become available to federal student loan borrowers including, but not limited to: Public Service Loan Forgiveness (PSLF), Income-Based Repayment, Income-Contingent Repayment, extended repayment plans, PAYE or SAVE. Lowest rates reserved for the most creditworthy borrowers. Learn more at SoFi.com/eligibility. SoFi Refinance Student Loans are originated by SoFi Bank, N.A. Member FDIC. NMLS #696891 (www.nmlsconsumeraccess.org).

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Third-Party Brand Mentions: No brands, products, or companies mentioned are affiliated with SoFi, nor do they endorse or sponsor this article. Third-party trademarks referenced herein are property of their respective owners.

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Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.


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Jun
20
2025

Which Number Is the Routing Number on a Check?

By | Family Finances, money, Money & Life, Terminology | Comments Off on Which Number Is the Routing Number on a Check?

A routing number is a nine-digit code used to identify financial institutions in the U.S. Whether you’re setting up direct deposit, paying bills online, or wiring money, this number plays a key role in ensuring your funds are credited to or debited from the correct account. You can find your routing number on a personal check (it’s typically the first set of nine digits located on the bottom left) or by logging into your account online. Here’s a closer look at what a routing number is, how it’s used, and where to find it.

Key Points

•   Routing numbers are nine-digit codes assigned to financial institutions.

•   These numbers ensure accurate processing of transactions like direct deposits and wire transfers.

•   Routing numbers are public, whereas account numbers are kept private.

•   Large banks often use multiple routing numbers for different regions or services.

•   Routing numbers can be found on checks, bank statements, and online.

What Is a Routing Number?

A routing number is a nine-digit identification number that’s been assigned to your bank or credit union by the American Bankers Association (ABA). It’s often referred to as an ABA number or a routing transit number (RTN). According to the ABA, a routing number can only be issued to a federal or state-chartered institution deemed to be eligible for a master account with the Federal Reserve.

The purpose of a routing number is to indicate which financial institution, such as a traditional bank, online bank, or credit union, is responsible for processing a payment and to ensure the funds go to the correct place. Each bank has its own unique routing number to distinguish it from all of the other banks. This helps to avoid any confusion, mix-ups, or mistakes. For example, if your bank has a similar name to another one, it’s still distinguishable because of the financial institutions’ different routing numbers.

Some small banks may have only one routing number, while larger institutions may have many different routing numbers. At these big banks, your routing number will likely be based on where you first opened the account. In addition, a bank may use different routing numbers for different transactions, such as one for wire transfers and another for processing checks.

Recommended: How to Write a Check

Where to Find a Routing Number on a Check

The quickest way to find your bank’s routing number is to look at the series of numbers printed on the bottom of your checks. Typically, the first nine digits in the bottom-left corner is your routing number. This number is followed by a unique number that identifies your specific checking account. The last number in the sequence is the check number.

All of the numbers featured on the bottom of the check are printed with magnetic ink character recognition (MICR), an electric ink that makes the digits more machine-readable and helps banks process checks more quickly. The ink can’t be faked or copied, offering enhanced security for the account holder and the bank.

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Routing Number vs. Bank Account Number

When finding your routing number on a check, it’s important to understand that the routing and bank account numbers are two distinct things.

•   As noted earlier, the routing number identifies the financial institution responsible for the transaction and makes sure the money is deposited to or debited from the right place.

•   Your bank account number on the other hand, is a series of numbers used to pinpoint a specific savings, checking, or business account. It’s created especially for you and pertains only to your individual funds. If you have a checking and savings account with the same bank, each account will have its own separate number but the routing number for both will remain identical.

While routing numbers contain 9 digits, bank account numbers can have anywhere between 5 and 17 numbers. Generally though, account numbers are within the 8 to 12 digit range.

A routing number is safe to share and is available to the public. Your own bank account number is best to keep private whenever possible and only supplied to trusted sources. The combination of your personal account number with a bank’s routing number, can in some cases give someone direct access to your money.

What Are Routing Numbers Used For?

Routing numbers are used to identify financial institutions during electronic transactions. You’ll need your bank’s routing number for a variety of transactions, including funds transfers, direct deposits, digital checks, and bill payments. Here’s a closer look at common situations where you’ll need your routing number:

You will find some instances when accessing your routing number will be necessary. Here’s some of those situations:

Setting Up Direct Deposit

Getting your earnings directly deposited into your bank account has made paper paychecks virtually obsolete. In fact, 93% of U.S. employees are paid by direct deposit, according to the American Payroll Association.

If your employer gives you the option of receiving your pay via direct deposit, signing up should be pretty seamless. You’ll most likely fill out a form giving your company’s HR or payroll department your bank’s routing number along with your personal account number so they know exactly where to deposit your paycheck. Once you set up a direct deposit, come pay day, your money will automatically show up in your account.

Of course, direct deposit isn’t only for paychecks. It can also be implemented for receiving Social Security and other government payments, annuities, travel and expense reimbursements, and 401(k) disbursements, among others.

Recommended: What Happens to a Direct Deposit if It Goes to a Closed Account?

Making a Wire Transfer

A wire transfer is a fast way of sending money electronically from one bank account to another. Some details to note:

•   These transfers can be between two U.S. accounts or between an international and a U.S. account. You may be able to set up a wire transfer through your bank (either in person at a branch or through their online platform) or you might use a financial service provider like Western Union.

•   In order to send money via a wire transfer, you’ll need to provide the recipient’s bank information (account number, routing number, bank name and address), along with their full name and contact information.

•   Many banks charge a wire transfer fee for sending or even receiving one. An incoming fee may be around $15 and an outgoing one can trigger a charge of $25 on domestic transactions.

Paying a Bill Online

Making online bill payments can simplify your financial life. Whether you want to set up a one-time payment or monthly bill payment, the billing company will need both your financial institution’s routing number along with your individual account number.

You can also pay businesses or people electronically directly from your bank account through apps such as Venmo and PayPal. When you sign up for these apps, you can choose where you want your payments to come from, or go to, if someone is sending you money. One choice is to link to your bank account, in which case, those apps will need your routing and account numbers.

Filing Your Taxes

Getting or expecting a refund this year? Direct deposit for your tax refund is the fastest and most reliable way to get your money. And, it’s also popular. According to the IRS, 80% of taxpayers choose direct deposit as the method in which they get their refund. If you choose this option, you’ll need to enter your bank’s routing number and your bank account number.

Make sure you verify you’ve put in the correct routing and bank account numbers on your federal and, if applicable, state return before you sign and submit it.

Finding a Routing Number Without a Check

Don’t have a check handy? No problem. There are definitely other ways you can easily get your routing number. Here’s how:

Monthly Bank Statement

Banks and credit unions make a monthly statement available to customers either online or on paper that’s sent through the mail. When you have your statement, you may be able to find the bank’s routing number along with your account number on the top of the first page.

Online

You can also find your routing number (and account number) by logging into your bank account online and going to “account information” or “account summary.” If all you need is your routing number, you likely don’t even have to log into your account: Many banks publish their routing numbers on their public websites, often in the FAQ or direct deposit sections.

Mobile Banking App

You can also find your bank’s routing number just by opening up your banking app on your phone. You can typically find your routing number under the Account Details section.

Your Local Bank Branch

If all else fails and you can’t easily find your bank’s routing number, visit your nearby branch in person to get the information. Sometimes the bank will have the routing number posted in the lobby area so you can simply jot it down or take a photo of it with your phone. Ask a teller or bank officer directly if it’s not displayed.

Can’t make it to the bank or have an account at an online vs. traditional bank? Call their customer service number. A representative can typically give you the bank’s routing number over the phone.

Look It up Through the ABA

The American Bankers Association has a routing number lookup tool called the ABA Routing Number Lookup. This mechanism allows you to locate the routing number for your bank or credit union. One thing to know when using the ABA Routing Number Lookup, users are limited to no more than two lookups a day and to 10 lookups a month. You’ll also have to agree to terms for access and use of the ABA’s tool.

The Takeaway

When you write a check, you may not pay any attention to the series of numbers written along the bottom. But if you want to make a payment from your checking account without a check, you’ll need to know your bank’s routing number, along with your individual account number.

You’ll also need your routing and account numbers to transfer funds from your account into another account, set up direct deposit at work, or receive a tax refund electronically.

You can find your bank’s routing number by looking at one of your checks (it’s the first nine-digit number listed on the bottom left). If you don’t have a check at your fingertips, you may need to find your bank’s routing number another way. You might get it from a bank statement, by logging into your online account, using your mobile app, or calling your bank.

Interested in opening an online bank account? When you sign up for a SoFi Checking and Savings account with direct deposit, you’ll get a competitive annual percentage yield (APY), pay zero account fees, and enjoy an array of rewards, such as access to the Allpoint Network of 55,000+ fee-free ATMs globally. Qualifying accounts can even access their paycheck up to two days early.


Better banking is here with SoFi, NerdWallet’s 2024 winner for Best Checking Account Overall.* Enjoy up to 3.80% APY on SoFi Checking and Savings.

FAQ

Is the routing number always first on a check?

Yes, the routing number is typically listed first on check. On a standard personal check, the routing number is the first nine-digit number printed on the bottom left, followed by the account number and the check number. Some non-standard check formats, however, may place the numbers differently.

Are routing numbers 8 or 9 digits?

Routing numbers are always nine digits. Your individual bank account number, however, can vary in length. While account numbers are typically between eight and 12 digits, they can be anywhere between five and 17 numbers, depending on your financial institution.

Which is the account number on a check?

The account number on a personal check is the group of numbers that appears on the bottom, normally sandwiched between the routing number on the left and the check number on the right.

Photo credit: iStock/MicroStockHub

SoFi® Checking and Savings is offered through SoFi Bank, N.A. ©2025 SoFi Bank, N.A. All rights reserved. Member FDIC. Equal Housing Lender.
The SoFi Bank Debit Mastercard® is issued by SoFi Bank, N.A., pursuant to license by Mastercard International Incorporated and can be used everywhere Mastercard is accepted. Mastercard is a registered trademark, and the circles design is a trademark of Mastercard International Incorporated.

SoFi members with Eligible Direct Deposit activity can earn 3.80% annual percentage yield (APY) on savings balances (including Vaults) and 0.50% APY on checking balances. Eligible Direct Deposit means a recurring deposit of regular income to an account holder’s SoFi Checking or Savings account, including payroll, pension, or government benefit payments (e.g., Social Security), made by the account holder’s employer, payroll or benefits provider or government agency (“Eligible Direct Deposit”) via the Automated Clearing House (“ACH”) Network during a 30-day Evaluation Period (as defined below).

Although we do our best to recognize all Eligible Direct Deposits, a small number of employers, payroll providers, benefits providers, or government agencies do not designate payments as direct deposit. To ensure you're earning 3.80% APY, we encourage you to check your APY Details page the day after your Eligible Direct Deposit arrives. If your APY is not showing as 3.80%, contact us at 855-456-7634 with the details of your Eligible Direct Deposit. As long as SoFi Bank can validate those details, you will start earning 3.80% APY from the date you contact SoFi for the rest of the current 30-day Evaluation Period. You will also be eligible for 3.80% APY on future Eligible Direct Deposits, as long as SoFi Bank can validate them.

Deposits that are not from an employer, payroll, or benefits provider or government agency, including but not limited to check deposits, peer-to-peer transfers (e.g., transfers from PayPal, Venmo, etc.), merchant transactions (e.g., transactions from PayPal, Stripe, Square, etc.), and bank ACH funds transfers and wire transfers from external accounts, or are non-recurring in nature (e.g., IRS tax refunds), do not constitute Eligible Direct Deposit activity. There is no minimum Eligible Direct Deposit amount required to qualify for the stated interest rate. SoFi members with Eligible Direct Deposit are eligible for other SoFi Plus benefits.

As an alternative to Direct Deposit, SoFi members with Qualifying Deposits can earn 3.80% APY on savings balances (including Vaults) and 0.50% APY on checking balances. Qualifying Deposits means one or more deposits that, in the aggregate, are equal to or greater than $5,000 to an account holder’s SoFi Checking and Savings account (“Qualifying Deposits”) during a 30-day Evaluation Period (as defined below). Qualifying Deposits only include those deposits from the following eligible sources: (i) ACH transfers, (ii) inbound wire transfers, (iii) peer-to-peer transfers (i.e., external transfers from PayPal, Venmo, etc. and internal peer-to-peer transfers from a SoFi account belonging to another account holder), (iv) check deposits, (v) instant funding to your SoFi Bank Debit Card, (vi) push payments to your SoFi Bank Debit Card, and (vii) cash deposits. Qualifying Deposits do not include: (i) transfers between an account holder’s Checking account, Savings account, and/or Vaults; (ii) interest payments; (iii) bonuses issued by SoFi Bank or its affiliates; or (iv) credits, reversals, and refunds from SoFi Bank, N.A. (“SoFi Bank”) or from a merchant. SoFi members with Qualifying Deposits are not eligible for other SoFi Plus benefits.

SoFi Bank shall, in its sole discretion, assess each account holder’s Eligible Direct Deposit activity and Qualifying Deposits throughout each 30-Day Evaluation Period to determine the applicability of rates and may request additional documentation for verification of eligibility. The 30-Day Evaluation Period refers to the “Start Date” and “End Date” set forth on the APY Details page of your account, which comprises a period of 30 calendar days (the “30-Day Evaluation Period”). You can access the APY Details page at any time by logging into your SoFi account on the SoFi mobile app or SoFi website and selecting either (i) Banking > Savings > Current APY or (ii) Banking > Checking > Current APY. Upon receiving an Eligible Direct Deposit or receipt of $5,000 in Qualifying Deposits to your account, you will begin earning 3.80% APY on savings balances (including Vaults) and 0.50% on checking balances on or before the following calendar day. You will continue to earn these APYs for (i) the remainder of the current 30-Day Evaluation Period and through the end of the subsequent 30-Day Evaluation Period and (ii) any following 30-day Evaluation Periods during which SoFi Bank determines you to have Eligible Direct Deposit activity or $5,000 in Qualifying Deposits without interruption.

SoFi Bank reserves the right to grant a grace period to account holders following a change in Eligible Direct Deposit activity or Qualifying Deposits activity before adjusting rates. If SoFi Bank grants you a grace period, the dates for such grace period will be reflected on the APY Details page of your account. If SoFi Bank determines that you did not have Eligible Direct Deposit activity or $5,000 in Qualifying Deposits during the current 30-day Evaluation Period and, if applicable, the grace period, then you will begin earning the rates earned by account holders without either Eligible Direct Deposit or Qualifying Deposits until SoFi Bank recognizes Eligible Direct Deposit activity or receives $5,000 in Qualifying Deposits in a subsequent 30-Day Evaluation Period. For the avoidance of doubt, an account holder with both Eligible Direct Deposit activity and Qualifying Deposits will earn the rates earned by account holders with Eligible Direct Deposit.

Separately, SoFi members who enroll in SoFi Plus by paying the SoFi Plus Subscription Fee every 30 days can also earn 3.80% APY on savings balances (including Vaults) and 0.50% APY on checking balances. For additional details, see the SoFi Plus Terms and Conditions at https://www.sofi.com/terms-of-use/#plus.

Members without either Eligible Direct Deposit activity or Qualifying Deposits, as determined by SoFi Bank, during a 30-Day Evaluation Period and, if applicable, the grace period, or who do not enroll in SoFi Plus by paying the SoFi Plus Subscription Fee every 30 days, will earn 1.00% APY on savings balances (including Vaults) and 0.50% APY on checking balances.

Interest rates are variable and subject to change at any time. These rates are current as of 1/24/25. There is no minimum balance requirement. Additional information can be found at http://www.sofi.com/legal/banking-rate-sheet.
*Awards or rankings from NerdWallet are not indicative of future success or results. This award and its ratings are independently determined and awarded by their respective publications.

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

We do not charge any account, service or maintenance fees for SoFi Checking and Savings. We do charge a transaction fee to process each outgoing wire transfer. SoFi does not charge a fee for incoming wire transfers, however the sending bank may charge a fee. Our fee policy is subject to change at any time. See the SoFi Checking & Savings Fee Sheet for details at sofi.com/legal/banking-fees/.

Third-Party Brand Mentions: No brands, products, or companies mentioned are affiliated with SoFi, nor do they endorse or sponsor this article. Third-party trademarks referenced herein are property of their respective owners.

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Jun
20
2025
Different Ways to Earn More Interest on Your Money

How to Make Money With Interest 7 Ways

By | Growing Wealth, Investing, money | No Comments

No one wants to see their hard-earned cash sitting in the bank and earning a minuscule amount of interest. Instead, most people want their money to work hard and grow at a healthy rate over time.

Achieving that may be as simple as switching banks or even just swapping account types. Or trying a couple of other smart financial moves that can help you build your wealth.

Read on to learn smart strategies that may help you earn more interest than you are currently.

Key Points

•   High-yield savings accounts and rewards checking accounts may both offer higher interest rates than their traditional counterparts, though may come with restrictions.

•   Money market accounts often provide higher interest rates than standard savings accounts but may have minimum balance requirements and limited check-writing privileges.

•   Certificates of deposit (CDs) can offer competitive interest rates in exchange for leaving your money in the account for a set term.

•   Credit unions may provide higher interest rates and lower fees if applicants are eligible.

•   A bond issuer, such as a government or corporation, may provide regular interest payments over the life of the bond in exchange for lending them money.

What Is Interest?

Interest is the percentage paid when money is borrowed or loaned out. Here are a couple of examples.

•  When you deposit your money into an account at a financial institution, the bank may pay you interest. This is your reward for keeping your cash there, where they can lend some of it out or otherwise use it as part of their operations.

•  When you borrow money (like a mortgage or car loan) or open a line of credit (say, for a credit card), you pay interest to your lender. You are paying for the privilege of using their money.

💡 Quick Tip: Banish bank fees. Open a new bank account with SoFi and you’ll pay no overdraft, minimum balance, or any monthly fees.

How Do You Earn Interest?

When you deposit money into a bank account, you are, in effect, loaning them the money. They pay you interest in return.

The financial institution can use that money in any number of ways, including lending it out to others. Say you deposit $10,000 in a savings account that earns a 3.00% interest rate. The bank could then use some of your money and that of other depositors to make a $100,000 mortgage loan at 7.00% to a borrower.

The difference between the 7.00% they are charging the person with the home loan and the 3.00% they are paying you and other savings account holders is one of the ways banks make money. And it’s also a good example of how and why you earn interest on your deposit.

How Does Interest Work?

Interest can work in a couple of different ways.

•  With simple interest, interest is earned only on the principal, or the amount of money you deposited.

•  With compound interest, interest is generated on the principal and the interest as it accrues. This makes your money grow more quickly. Interest can be compounded at different intervals, such as quarterly, monthly, or daily.

Here’s an example of what a $10,000 savings account would look like at the end of a year if you earned 3.00% simple interest:

$10,000 principal + $300 interest = $10,300 at the end of the year.

However, if that interest was compounded daily, by the end of the year, you would have:

$10,000 principal + $304.53 interest = $10,304.53 at the end of the year.

While it doesn’t sound like much, over time, the difference is amplified. If you’re wondering how to make money with interest, consider what those numbers would look like after 10 years:

Simple interest: $13,000
Compound interest: $13,498.42

It can be wise to check with financial institutions and see how often interest is compounded. The more frequent the compounding, the more your money will grow.

Recommended: Compound Interest Calculator

7 Ways to Gain Interest on Your Money

Now that you understand what interest is, consider these seven ways you might help your money grow faster thanks to the power of interest.

1. High-Interest Savings Accounts

Want to earn more interest on savings? Some banks offer high-interest or high-yield savings accounts that can pay higher rates than traditional savings accounts, while still providing fairly easy access to your money.

How big a difference can this make? When comparing annual percentage yield (APY), regular savings accounts are paying an average of 0.41% APY as of December 16, 2024 while high-yield accounts are offering about 3.00% APY. When looking for a good interest rate for a savings account, most people would rather snag the latter.

Some high-interest accounts may limit you to six withdrawals or transfers per month, which was previously required by the Federal Reserve. While this Regulation D rule has been suspended since the coronavirus pandemic, some banks will still charge fees or have other penalties for more than six withdrawals, so be sure to check.

You can often find high-interest savings accounts at online-only banks. Because these institutions tend to have lower operating costs than brick-and-mortar banks, they often offer higher rates than traditional banks. They may also be less likely to charge monthly fees.

A high-yield savings account can be a great place to build an emergency fund or save for a vacation or home repair while providing safety and liquidity.

Increase your savings
with a limited-time
APY boost.*

*Earn up to 4.00% Annual Percentage Yield (APY) on SoFi Savings with a 0.20% APY Boost (added to the 3.80% APY as of 6/10/25) for up to 6 months. Open a new SoFi Checking & Savings account and enroll in SoFi Plus by 6/24/25. Rates variable, subject to change. Terms apply at sofi.com/banking#2. SoFi Bank, N.A. Member FDIC.

2. Rewards Checking Accounts

Checking accounts are traditionally used for storing money that you use frequently, and they typically don’t pay much, if any, interest. However, some banks offer rewards checking accounts. These may pay higher interest rates than traditional checking and savings accounts. For instance, while some standard checking accounts may pay little or no interest, rewards accounts may offer an APY of around 0.50%, or 1.00%, or more.

However, there may be some restrictions. For instance, the balance that earns the elevated rate may be limited. In addition, you may have to meet certain direct deposit or debit card transaction requirements each month to earn the higher rate.

Like other checking accounts, rewards checking accounts are highly liquid and typically come with check-writing privileges, ATM access, and debit cards. Plus, deposits can be withdrawn at any time.

If you’re considering a rewards checking account, however, you may want to first make sure you can meet any requirements.

3. Credit Unions

Another of the best ways to earn interest on your money is to consider joining a credit union.

Unlike banks, credit unions are owned by the people (or members) who hold accounts at the credit union. Because of this, these financial institutions work for the benefit of account holders instead of shareholders.

In some cases, that can translate into lower fees, better account perks, and higher interest rates. To join a credit union, you typically need to live or work in a certain geographic area or work for a certain employer.

If you have a credit union near you, you may want to check the rates it offers and see if you can get a good deal.

4. Money Market Accounts

A money market account is a type of deposit account that usually combines the features of both checking and savings accounts. This kind of account often requires a higher minimum balance to open than a standard savings account and typically earns a higher interest rate.

Some money market accounts also come with a debit card or checks (which you generally won’t find with savings accounts), but financial institutions may require that they not be used more than six times per month. Some will charge a fee if you go over that number.

It can also be a good idea to ask about other fees, such as monthly account fees and penalties, before opening one of these accounts.

Recommended: Guide to Deposit Interest Rates

5. Certificates of Deposit

Certificates of deposit (CDs), which are a kind of time deposit, typically offer higher interest rates than traditional savings accounts in exchange for reduced withdrawal flexibility.

When you put money in a CD, you agree to leave the money in the account for a set period of time, known as the term. If you withdraw your deposit before the term expires, you’ll usually have to pay an early withdrawal penalty.

One benefit of CDs is that you typically lock in a set interest rate when you open the CD. Even if market rates drop, you’ll keep earning the same rate. On the other hand, if rates rise, you’ll be stuck earning the lower rate until the CD matures.

One way to work around this is to open several CDs that mature at different times, a technique known as CD laddering. Having a mix of short- and long-term CDs allows you to take advantage of higher interest rates, if they bump up, but still have the flexibility to take advantage of higher rates in the future.

A CD ladder also helps with the lack of liquidity that comes with CDs. Because of the staggered terms of the certificates, one is likely to be coming due (or available) if you need to use the cash.

6. Bank Bonuses

Many banks offer special bonuses from time to time; these can be a way to boost the earnings on your money. You may want to keep your eyes open for high-yield savings accounts that offer a sign-up bonus or an interest rate bonus. These incentives can boost your earnings, though you may have to maintain a high minimum balance in the account to earn the higher rate.

You may want to keep your eyes open for high-yield savings accounts that offer a sign-up bonus.

Some banks also offer cash bonuses to customers who open new checking accounts. While this may also come with some requirements, such as setting up direct deposit and/or keeping your account open for a certain number of months to earn the bonus, it can be another good way to increase the income you earn on your bank deposits.

7. Bonds or Bond Funds

Another way to gain interest on your money could be with bonds, which are loans that the government or companies issue. These pay investors interest on a regular basis until the bond hits its maturity date.

These investments, however, are not insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) or National Credit Union Administration (NCUA) the way an account is at a bank or credit union. U.S. savings bonds are backed by the government, but bonds may carry risk.

Type of Account

Pros

Cons

High-Interest SavingsHigher interestMay have withdrawal limits
Rewards CheckingHigher interest, unlimited withdrawals, checks, and a debit cardMay have requirements such as a certain number of debit card or ATM transactions
Credit UnionHigher interestMay need to live in a certain area or work in a certain profession to open an account
Money MarketHigher interest; checking account privileges such as a debit card and checksMay charge fees and/or limit number of transactions
Certificates of DepositHigher interest, guaranteed interest rateMoney must be kept on deposit for a specific time period or else penalties can be assessed
Bank BonusesHigher interest and/or cash to add to your accountNot offered by all banks; may have minimum deposit requirements or rate may decrease after introductory period
BondsPay interest to grow your investmentMay not be insured

Other Ways to Make Your Money Work For You

If you’re planning to park your cash for at least five years or so and you are willing to take some risk, you may want to consider investing your money in the market.

While an investment may have the potential to generate a higher return, all investments come with the risk that you could lose some or all of your money.

You may better weather this risk by investing for the long term, which essentially means only investing funds that you would not likely need to touch for maybe five years or longer, so that the market has time to recover from downturns.

There are a variety of ways to start investing. If your employer offers a 401(k), that can be one of the easiest ways to start investing. Another option for retirement is opening an individual retirement account (IRA).

You could also open a brokerage account to help you target your financial goals. This is a taxable account, typically opened with a brokerage firm, that allows you to buy and sell investments like stocks, bonds, and mutual funds.

If you’re ready to start investing, you may want to speak with a qualified financial advisor who can help you establish your savings goals and risk tolerance and help you develop a personalized investment strategy.

Creating a SoFi Savings Account Today

If you’re looking to make more interest on your money, you may be able to increase returns by opening a high-yield account at SoFi.

Interested in opening an online bank account? When you sign up for a SoFi Checking and Savings account with direct deposit, you’ll get a competitive annual percentage yield (APY), pay zero account fees, and enjoy an array of rewards, such as access to the Allpoint Network of 55,000+ fee-free ATMs globally. Qualifying accounts can even access their paycheck up to two days early.


Better banking is here with SoFi, NerdWallet’s 2024 winner for Best Checking Account Overall.* Enjoy up to 3.80% APY on SoFi Checking and Savings.

FAQ

What does it mean to “gain interest”?

Gaining interest is similar to earning interest. It means that your money (the principal) is growing over time thanks to the interest rate being paid. The exact amount it grows will be determined by the interest rate, how long it sits, and how frequently (if at all) the interest is compounded.

How can you make money with interest rates?

You can earn interest through various types of accounts. High-yield savings and high-yield checking accounts typically offer better rates than traditional ones. Money market accounts, which combine features of checking and savings accounts, may offer higher interest rates, but often come with certain restrictions. Certificates of deposit (CDs) provide a fixed interest rate for money locked in for a set time period. You may also consider investing in bonds, which provide periodic interest payments until the bond matures.

How much interest does $10,000 earn in a year?

How much interest $10,000 will earn in one year will depend on the interest rate and how often the interest is compounded, if at all. If the interest rate is 3.00%, without compounding, it would earn $300. With daily compounding, it would earn $304.53. If the interest rate were 7.00%, the account holder would have $700 in interest at the end of the year with simple interest, and $725.01 with daily compounding.

About the author

Julia Califano

Julia Califano

Julia Califano is an award-winning journalist who covers banking, small business, personal loans, student loans, and other money issues for SoFi. She has over 20 years of experience writing about personal finance and lifestyle topics. Read full bio.



SoFi® Checking and Savings is offered through SoFi Bank, N.A. ©2025 SoFi Bank, N.A. All rights reserved. Member FDIC. Equal Housing Lender.
The SoFi Bank Debit Mastercard® is issued by SoFi Bank, N.A., pursuant to license by Mastercard International Incorporated and can be used everywhere Mastercard is accepted. Mastercard is a registered trademark, and the circles design is a trademark of Mastercard International Incorporated.

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

SoFi members with Eligible Direct Deposit activity can earn 3.80% annual percentage yield (APY) on savings balances (including Vaults) and 0.50% APY on checking balances. Eligible Direct Deposit means a recurring deposit of regular income to an account holder’s SoFi Checking or Savings account, including payroll, pension, or government benefit payments (e.g., Social Security), made by the account holder’s employer, payroll or benefits provider or government agency (“Eligible Direct Deposit”) via the Automated Clearing House (“ACH”) Network during a 30-day Evaluation Period (as defined below).

Although we do our best to recognize all Eligible Direct Deposits, a small number of employers, payroll providers, benefits providers, or government agencies do not designate payments as direct deposit. To ensure you're earning 3.80% APY, we encourage you to check your APY Details page the day after your Eligible Direct Deposit arrives. If your APY is not showing as 3.80%, contact us at 855-456-7634 with the details of your Eligible Direct Deposit. As long as SoFi Bank can validate those details, you will start earning 3.80% APY from the date you contact SoFi for the rest of the current 30-day Evaluation Period. You will also be eligible for 3.80% APY on future Eligible Direct Deposits, as long as SoFi Bank can validate them.

Deposits that are not from an employer, payroll, or benefits provider or government agency, including but not limited to check deposits, peer-to-peer transfers (e.g., transfers from PayPal, Venmo, etc.), merchant transactions (e.g., transactions from PayPal, Stripe, Square, etc.), and bank ACH funds transfers and wire transfers from external accounts, or are non-recurring in nature (e.g., IRS tax refunds), do not constitute Eligible Direct Deposit activity. There is no minimum Eligible Direct Deposit amount required to qualify for the stated interest rate. SoFi members with Eligible Direct Deposit are eligible for other SoFi Plus benefits.

As an alternative to Direct Deposit, SoFi members with Qualifying Deposits can earn 3.80% APY on savings balances (including Vaults) and 0.50% APY on checking balances. Qualifying Deposits means one or more deposits that, in the aggregate, are equal to or greater than $5,000 to an account holder’s SoFi Checking and Savings account (“Qualifying Deposits”) during a 30-day Evaluation Period (as defined below). Qualifying Deposits only include those deposits from the following eligible sources: (i) ACH transfers, (ii) inbound wire transfers, (iii) peer-to-peer transfers (i.e., external transfers from PayPal, Venmo, etc. and internal peer-to-peer transfers from a SoFi account belonging to another account holder), (iv) check deposits, (v) instant funding to your SoFi Bank Debit Card, (vi) push payments to your SoFi Bank Debit Card, and (vii) cash deposits. Qualifying Deposits do not include: (i) transfers between an account holder’s Checking account, Savings account, and/or Vaults; (ii) interest payments; (iii) bonuses issued by SoFi Bank or its affiliates; or (iv) credits, reversals, and refunds from SoFi Bank, N.A. (“SoFi Bank”) or from a merchant. SoFi members with Qualifying Deposits are not eligible for other SoFi Plus benefits.

SoFi Bank shall, in its sole discretion, assess each account holder’s Eligible Direct Deposit activity and Qualifying Deposits throughout each 30-Day Evaluation Period to determine the applicability of rates and may request additional documentation for verification of eligibility. The 30-Day Evaluation Period refers to the “Start Date” and “End Date” set forth on the APY Details page of your account, which comprises a period of 30 calendar days (the “30-Day Evaluation Period”). You can access the APY Details page at any time by logging into your SoFi account on the SoFi mobile app or SoFi website and selecting either (i) Banking > Savings > Current APY or (ii) Banking > Checking > Current APY. Upon receiving an Eligible Direct Deposit or receipt of $5,000 in Qualifying Deposits to your account, you will begin earning 3.80% APY on savings balances (including Vaults) and 0.50% on checking balances on or before the following calendar day. You will continue to earn these APYs for (i) the remainder of the current 30-Day Evaluation Period and through the end of the subsequent 30-Day Evaluation Period and (ii) any following 30-day Evaluation Periods during which SoFi Bank determines you to have Eligible Direct Deposit activity or $5,000 in Qualifying Deposits without interruption.

SoFi Bank reserves the right to grant a grace period to account holders following a change in Eligible Direct Deposit activity or Qualifying Deposits activity before adjusting rates. If SoFi Bank grants you a grace period, the dates for such grace period will be reflected on the APY Details page of your account. If SoFi Bank determines that you did not have Eligible Direct Deposit activity or $5,000 in Qualifying Deposits during the current 30-day Evaluation Period and, if applicable, the grace period, then you will begin earning the rates earned by account holders without either Eligible Direct Deposit or Qualifying Deposits until SoFi Bank recognizes Eligible Direct Deposit activity or receives $5,000 in Qualifying Deposits in a subsequent 30-Day Evaluation Period. For the avoidance of doubt, an account holder with both Eligible Direct Deposit activity and Qualifying Deposits will earn the rates earned by account holders with Eligible Direct Deposit.

Separately, SoFi members who enroll in SoFi Plus by paying the SoFi Plus Subscription Fee every 30 days can also earn 3.80% APY on savings balances (including Vaults) and 0.50% APY on checking balances. For additional details, see the SoFi Plus Terms and Conditions at https://www.sofi.com/terms-of-use/#plus.

Members without either Eligible Direct Deposit activity or Qualifying Deposits, as determined by SoFi Bank, during a 30-Day Evaluation Period and, if applicable, the grace period, or who do not enroll in SoFi Plus by paying the SoFi Plus Subscription Fee every 30 days, will earn 1.00% APY on savings balances (including Vaults) and 0.50% APY on checking balances.

Interest rates are variable and subject to change at any time. These rates are current as of 1/24/25. There is no minimum balance requirement. Additional information can be found at http://www.sofi.com/legal/banking-rate-sheet.
We do not charge any account, service or maintenance fees for SoFi Checking and Savings. We do charge a transaction fee to process each outgoing wire transfer. SoFi does not charge a fee for incoming wire transfers, however the sending bank may charge a fee. Our fee policy is subject to change at any time. See the SoFi Checking & Savings Fee Sheet for details at sofi.com/legal/banking-fees/.
1SoFi Bank is a member FDIC and does not provide more than $250,000 of FDIC insurance per depositor per legal category of account ownership, as described in the FDIC’s regulations. Any additional FDIC insurance is provided by the SoFi Insured Deposit Program. Deposits may be insured up to $3M through participation in the program. See full terms at http://sofi.com/banking/fdic/sidpterms. See list of participating banks at Third Party Trademarks: Certified Financial Planner Board of Standards Center for Financial Planning, Inc. owns and licenses the certification marks CFP®, CERTIFIED FINANCIAL PLANNER®

*Awards or rankings from NerdWallet are not indicative of future success or results. This award and its ratings are independently determined and awarded by their respective publications.

SOBNK-Q225-100

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Jun
19
2025
What Is the U.S. Debt Ceiling?

How the Debt Ceiling Could Impact Markets

By | Growing Wealth, invest, Investing | Comments Off on How the Debt Ceiling Could Impact Markets

The U.S. debt ceiling — sometimes called the debt limit — is the legal limit on how much money the U.S. federal government can borrow to fund government operations.

U.S. government debt comes from bonds issued to individuals, businesses, and foreign governments, as well as intergovernmental loans. As of January 2025, the U.S. government owed some $36.1 trillion — meaning it had reached the current debt ceiling.

Because the government is now poised to exceed the debt limit, the cap on federal borrowing will need to be lifted in order to allow the government to meet its obligations. As of Q3 2025, lawmakers were anticipating a new debt ceiling later this year, to avoid the risk of default.

The U.S. has never defaulted on its debts, and doing so could roil markets here and abroad. If lawmakers don’t raise the debt ceiling, the U.S. could see a credit downgrade, a potential spike in interest rates, which could impact the value of the dollar and could destabilize markets.

Key Points

•   The debt ceiling, or debt limit, refers to the maximum amount the federal government can borrow, by law.

•   The current debt ceiling is $36.1 trillion, which is the amount the government owes as of Q3 2025.

•   Ideally, the debt ceiling must be raised in 2025 in order for the government to borrow the funds it needs to repay its debts, or there could be a risk of default.

•   The debt ceiling has been raised more than 100 times since World War II, but the U.S. has never defaulted on its debts.

•   A default would lower demand for U.S. Treasuries, causing rates to rise, which could have a domino-like effect on domestic and global trade and investments.

What Is the Debt Ceiling?

All governments borrow money to fund various obligations. The United States has the largest debt obligation in the world, as of June 2025, with some $36.1 trillion in outstanding loans it has borrowed from individual investors, governments (like Japan, China, the U.K.), businesses, and even from itself, via intergovernmental loans.

The debt ceiling is set by the Department of the Treasury, and reflects the allowable amount the government can borrow to fund obligations such as interest payments on current debt, national programs like Social Security and Medicare, military salaries, and much more.

Recent Changes to the Debt Ceiling

Lawmakers suspended the debt ceiling from June of 2023 through January of 2025, when it was re-set to match the amount of the U.S. debt obligation at that time: some $36.1 trillion.

Because the debt ceiling only authorizes borrowing to cover existing obligations, and it does not allow for new spending, the government began 2025 in anticipation of another fight over whether to raise the debt ceiling yet again.

When federal spending bumps up against this limit, as it is right now, Congress must vote to raise the debt ceiling. And there is ongoing concern about whether it’s sustainable to continue to issue new debt.

The current debt ceiling of $36.1 trillion represents about 122% of the nation’s gross domestic product, or GDP, and grows by about $1 trillion every quarter.


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What Does the Debt Ceiling Mean for Investors?

In the last 65 years, Congress has either raised, extended, or changed the debt ceiling 78 times to allow for increased borrowing and reliable debt payments to Treasury bondholders. That’s largely because the U.S. government has always honored and repaid its debts, and thus owning U.S. government bonds has long been considered a safe haven for investors looking for stable securities.

The debt ceiling isn’t simply about bond payments, however. It’s a reflection of the financial stability of the U.S. If the government were forced to default on its obligations, this would not only be a historical event, the likely downgrade of U.S. creditworthiness could spark upheaval in markets worldwide.

The Debt Ceiling, the Economy and Securities

For example, a downturn in demand for government bonds would push up interest rates, which could spur inflation and lower the value of the dollar — with a decline in equity markets as well.

•   Higher interest rates would spell higher inflation.

•   Higher inflation impacts the value of the dollar.

•   Equity markets here and abroad could react negatively to a higher rate environment, fuelling volatility.

Although the current trade environment is in flux, if a default came to pass these combined factors have the potential to spark a financial crisis.

What Is the Status of the Debt Ceiling?

While precedent suggests that lawmakers will likely vote to increase the debt ceiling in 2025, it’s unclear how the current debt ceiling debate will pan out. Some potential outcomes:

•   Congress could vote to raise the debt limit, as it has done since the debt ceiling was first created in 1917 (see more on the history of the debt ceiling below).

•   Both political parties could negotiate a way forward, by agreeing to cut spending while also raising the debt ceiling.

•   The president could use his executive powers to bypass the debt ceiling.

Finally, although very unlikely, as noted above, the government could default on its debts. This has never occurred, and would be unprecedented — potentially leading to a global financial crisis.

Recommended: Who Owns the U.S. National Debt?

Where Did the Debt Ceiling Come From?

Congress first enacted the debt ceiling in 1917, at the beginning of World War I, through the Second Liberty Bond Act. That act set the debt ceiling at $11.5 billion. The creators of the debt ceiling believed it would make the process of borrowing easier and more flexible.

In 1939, as World War II loomed on the horizon, Congress established a debt limit of $45 billion that covered all government debt.

Before the creation of the debt ceiling, Congress had to approve loans individually or allow the Treasury to issue debt instruments for specific purposes. The debt ceiling granted the government greater freedom to borrow funds via issuing bonds, allowing it to spend as needed. And over time the ceiling was often raised, and rarely contested.

The debt ceiling has, however, become a partisan pain point in recent years.

Benefits and Drawbacks of the Debt Ceiling

The debt ceiling has several advantages. It allows Congress to fund government operations, and it simplifies the process of borrowing. It also, theoretically, serves as a way to keep government spending in check because the federal government should consider the debt ceiling as it passes spending bills.

However, there are also some drawbacks. Congress has consistently raised the debt ceiling when necessary, which some analysts claim dampens the legislative branch’s power as a check and balance. And if Congress does not increase the debt ceiling, there is a risk that the government will default on its loans, lowering the country’s credit rating and making it more expensive to borrow in the future.

Recent Overview of the Debt Ceiling and Congress

In the last 15 years, Congress has found itself embroiled in partisan battles over raising the debt ceiling. For example, during the Obama administration, there were two high-profile debt ceiling standoffs between the president and Congress.

In 2011, some members of Congress threatened to allow the U.S. government to hit the debt ceiling if their preferred spending cuts were not approved.

This standoff led Standard & Poor’s, a credit rating agency, to downgrade U.S. debt from a AAA to a AA+ rating.

Moreover, in 2013 there was a government shutdown when members of Congress would not approve a bill to fund the government and raise the debt ceiling unless the president made their preferred spending cuts. This standoff ended after 16 days when Congress finally approved a spending package and a debt ceiling increase partially due to the potential for a further downgrade of U.S. debt.

More recently, after a showdown in Congress in June 2023, lawmakers voted to suspend the debt ceiling altogether, until January 1, 2025.

Then, the debt ceiling was reinstated on January 2, 2025, reflecting the amount of outstanding debt from January 1, and setting the stage for another standoff. On May 16, Moody’s downgraded the U.S. credit rating one notch, from Aaa to Aa1.


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What Happens If Congress Fails to Raise the Debt Ceiling?

The current debate centers on finding a long-term solution for raising the debt ceiling. If the executive and legislative branches can not reach an agreement, there could be several consequences.

Potential Consequences for the Economy and Markets

•   The government will swiftly run out of cash if it cannot issue more bonds. At that point, the money the government has coming in would not cover the millions of debts that come due each day. The government may default, at least temporarily, on its obligations, such as pensions, Social Security payments, and veterans benefits.

•   A U.S. government default could also have a ripple effect throughout the global economy. Domestic and international markets depend on the stability of U.S. debt instruments like Treasuries, which are widely considered among the safest investments.

•   Interest rates for Treasury bills could rise, and interest rates across other sectors of the economy could follow suit, raising the borrowing cost for home mortgages and auto loans, for example.

•   A default could also create stock volatility in global equity markets, turmoil in bond markets, and push down the value of the U.S. dollar.

Recommended: What Is the U.S. Dollar Index?

What Are Extraordinary Measures?

When the government hits the debt limit, there are certain “extraordinary measures” it can take to continue paying its obligations. For example, the government can suspend new investments or cash in on old ones early. Or it can reduce the amount of outstanding Treasury securities, causing outstanding debt to fall temporarily.

These accounting techniques can extend the government’s ability to pay its obligations for a very short amount of time.

Once the government exhausts its cash and these extraordinary measures, it has no other way to pay its bills aside from incoming revenue, which doesn’t cover all of it. Revenue from income tax, payroll taxes, and other sources only cover about 80% of government outlays, according to the U.S. Treasury.

Can Congress Get Rid of the Debt Ceiling?

As noted above, the debt ceiling debate has become fertile ground for partisan fighting in Congress, but theoretically, it doesn’t have to be that way. For example, Congress could give responsibility for raising the debt ceiling to the president, subject to congressional review, or pass it off to the U.S. Treasury.

Congress could also repeal the debt ceiling entirely, which it came close to doing in mid-2023.

The Takeaway

A failure to raise the debt ceiling and a subsequent default on U.S. government debt obligations could have a significant impact on financial markets, from increased volatility to a decline in the value of the dollar to a lower national credit rating or even a recession. Given such consequences, it’s likely that Congress will continue to find ways to raise the debt ceiling, although political battles around the issue may continue.

Even if the debt ceiling continues to go up, the growing national debt could lead to economic instability, according to some economists. It’s hard to predict, since the debt ceiling has been raised about 100 times since World War I, when it was first established, and the U.S. has yet to face grave consequences as a result.

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FAQ

How much is the U.S. debt in 2025?

The U.S. government currently owes well over $36 trillion in debt to investors, businesses, other governments, and even itself via intergovernmental loans.

Who is the U.S. most in debt to?

The Federal Reserve is the largest domestic holder of U.S. debt, because it keeps Treasuries as part of monetary policy. Foreign countries also hold large amounts of U.S. debt, with Japan, China, and the U.K. in the top three.

Can the U.S. ever get out of debt?

While it might be possible, getting out of debt would require substantial changes to policies and programs and could take decades to accomplish.

Photo credit: iStock/William_Potter

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