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A personal loan gives you access to a lump sum of cash that you can use for virtually any purpose (like consolidating credit card debt, paying for a wedding, or making a large purchase). You then repay the loan, plus interest, in regular installments over time. You might wonder then, is a personal loan considered income? Will you need to pay taxes on it?

Generally, no. Unless the lender forgives some of your debt (say due to financial hardship), personal loans are not considered taxable income, since you repay the money you receive.

Read on to learn more about how a personal loan impacts your taxes, whether you can deduct the interest you pay (and lower your taxes), and how other popular types of loans might impact your tax return at the end of the year.

Are Personal Loans Considered Taxable Income?

When you take out a personal loan, your lender agrees to loan you a set amount of money, and you agree to pay that money back with interest over a set period of time. While it may feel like a windfall that you could be taxed on, it isn’t. Since you are agreeing to pay that money back, it does not qualify as income the way wages from a job or income from investments would.

Generally, the only instance when money from a personal loan can be taxed as income is if your lender agrees to forgive the loan. Loan forgiveness is a relatively are occurrence and typically happens under the following circumstances:

•   You are renegotiating the terms of a loan you are struggling to repay.

•   You’re declaring bankruptcy.

•   Your lender decides to stop collecting on the loan.

This is called a cancellation of debt (COD), and it can carry tax liabilities since you’re technically keeping the remainder of the debt, rather than paying it back.

For instance, let’s say you took out a $10,000 personal loan and have paid back $8,500 of it when the debt is forgiven or canceled. The remaining $1,500 that you no longer have to pay back can be taxed as income during the year it is canceled.

Typically, your lender will send you a tax form (a 1099-C) stating the amount canceled that you’ll need to submit with your tax return when you file.

There are a couple of rare exceptions to the COD income rule: If the loan balance is forgiven as a “gift” from a private lender, or if the debt is forgiven in the lender’s will, the amount does not have to be reported as income.

Bottom line: In most situations, personal loans are not taxable as income — but if your loan is canceled or forgiven, the loan amount that you’ve yet to repay can be taxed the same way regular income is.

Is Personal Loan Interest Tax Deductible?

A tax-deductible expense is money a taxpayer can subtract from their overall gross income to reduce their reported income and therefore the taxes they have to pay.

Unlike some other common types of loans, the money you pay on interest for a personal loans is generally not tax deductible. So if you take out a loan and pay a few hundred dollars in interest over the course of your repayment, that’s not a cost that will reduce what you owe in taxes come April.

There are, however, some exceptions to the rule. One is if you are self-employed or own your own business and use some or all of the money for your business. You may then be able to deduct the corresponding amount of interest payments from your business income. You’ll want to be make sure the lender allows you to take out a personal loan for business use (some do, others don’t), and keep records of how you spend the money.

If you used all or a portion of a personal loan for business purposes, it’s wise to talk to an accountant or other tax professional before you claim this on your taxes.

Types of Loans with Tax Deductible Interest

Although personal loan interest typically isn’t tax deductible, there are many other types of loans that do allow interest deductions. Here’s a closer look.

Student Loan Interest

You may deduct up to $2,500 of interest on qualified student loans or the full amount you paid during the tax year — whichever is the lesser. You can take this deduction even if you don’t itemize. However, the student loan tax deduction is gradually phased based on your modified adjusted gross income, and is not available if you use the “married filing separately” status or if someone can claim you or your spouse as a dependent.

Home Loan Interest

The interest you pay on a qualified mortgage or home equity loan is deductible on your federal tax return, but only if you itemize your deductions and follow IRS guidelines. For many taxpayers, the standard deduction beats itemizing, even after deducting mortgage interest.

In order to deduct your mortgage or home equity loan interest, the loan must use your home as collateral (a personal loan you’ve used to improve your home, for example, doesn’t qualify as mortgage interest). In addition, the home must be your home or second home, and the loan proceeds must be used to buy, build, or substantially improve your home.

Business Loan Interest

If you are self-employed or own a business, you may be able to deduct the interest you pay on a business loan you use to cover business-related expenses.

To qualify, you must be liable for the debt and must have a true debtor-creditor relationship with the lender (i.e., the lender cannot be a friend or family member). You also need to have spend the funds — if the proceeds from your business loan are just sitting in your business bank account, the interest isn’t tax deductible.

The Takeaway

Generally, getting a personal loan does not have any impact on your taxes. Even though you’re getting a cash infusion to your bank account and you can spend that money virtually any way you want, a personal loan is a form of debt, not income. Thus, it won’t have increase you tax bill at the end of the year.

Taking out a personal loan generally won’t lower your taxes, either, since interest you pay on a personal loan isn’t considered tax deductible.

Think twice before turning to high-interest credit cards. Consider a SoFi personal loan instead. SoFi offers competitive fixed rates and same-day funding. Checking your rate takes just a minute.

SoFi’s Personal Loan was named NerdWallet’s 2023 winner for Best Online Personal Loan overall.

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SoFi loans are originated by SoFi Bank, N.A., NMLS #696891 (Member FDIC). For additional product-specific legal and licensing information, see SoFi.com/legal. Equal Housing Lender.

Tax Information: This article provides general background information only and is not intended to serve as legal or tax advice or as a substitute for legal counsel. You should consult your own attorney and/or tax advisor if you have a question requiring legal or tax advice.

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A budget is a great way to take control of your money: It gives you vital intel about your earnings, spending, and saving while providing guidance so you can hit your financial goals.

That said, a key step in the budgeting process is finding the right technique for you. Which is why it can be helpful to learn about two different budget types that are often used in business accounting. The two varieties, a static budget and a flexible budget, can apply them to your personal finances.

A static budget presets your spending limits per category, but doesn’t vary with real-time events, like an unexpected car repair bill or low-earning quarter. When you use a flexible budget, however, you can adjust amounts month by month or even week after week.

Depending on your personal and financial style, one type of budget may work better than another for you. This guide will explain each approach and spell out their pros and cons so you can pick what will work best for you.

What Is Flexible Budgeting?

What is a flexible budget? It’s a way of tracking and managing your money that relies on current information. It does not stay fixed. Rather, you can review the data — what’s coming in and what’s going out — and adjust accordingly. So if a client doesn’t pay his bill one month as you expected or an unexpected expense pops up, you can juggle things around a bit.

You might temporarily cut some discretionary expenses, such as entertainment or clothing, for example.

What Is Static Budgeting?

A static budget vs. a flexible budget is more rigid. Sometimes referred to as a master budget, a static budget can be a good way to establish financial guardrails. You always know how much you have allotted to pay for certain expenses.

Say you typically spend $500 a month on groceries. In a static budget, that is the amount that will be earmarked, regardless of whether, say, you are throwing a 30th birthday party for a pal and need to load up on supplies for charcuterie boards.

The budget won’t vary, and you may perhaps have to figure out how to make it work.

Comparing Static vs Flexible Budgeting

Here, you’ll learn about the differences between static vs. flexible budgets by exploring the pros and cons of each.

Pros and Cons of Flexible Budgeting

Here’s a closer look at flexible budgeting, starting with the upsides.

Pros of Flexible Budgeting

If you review the different budgeting methods and choose a flexible one, you will likely enjoy these positives:

•   Reflects income fluctuations. If you work as a freelancer, a seasonal employee, or on commission, you are used to the ups and downs of your earning. With a flexible budget, this variation is acknowledged and addressed.

•   Adjusts for changing expenses. A flexible budget can help you account for shifts in spending, such as needing to shell out for a new phone or getting a month of free rent when you move to a new apartment.

•   Allows for spontaneity. It can let you jump on an opportunity, like a chance to go to London for half-price when you find a killer deal online.

Cons of Flexible Budgeting

Next, consider the downsides of flexible budgeting.

•   Requires time and energy. Because it isn’t a “set it and forget it” method of budgeting, it means you need to check in regularly on your income, spending, and saving to stay on track.

•   Limits your ability to plan. Since you are adjusting and recalibrating, that may detract from how well you can map out and achieve your financial goals.

•   May minimize accountability. If you know your budget is flexible, you may feel as if you have license to deviate from your money management habits. You may give yourself permission to overspend (like that half-price trip to London mentioned above.)

Pros and Cons of Static Budgeting

Here’s the lowdown on static budgets so you can decide if they suit your personal and financial style.

Pros of Static Budgeting

First, the positives about these budgets:

•   Provides structure. A static budget is a rigorous way of tracking and managing your money. You determine how much cash goes where and then follow those guidelines. It tells you what you can and can’t do month to month.

•   Needs little maintenance. As mentioned before, this is a “set it and forget it” type of plan, not one that needs constant adjustment.

•   Can enhance goal-setting. This kind of plan helps you prioritize and follow through. If you are trying to sock away money for the future (whether that means a vacation next year or the down payment on a house several years down the road), a static budget can help you hit your marks without fail.

Cons of Static Budgeting

That said, there are downsides to static budgets:

•   Can be too rigid. Life happens: You try the new Brazilian steakhouse in your neighborhood and blow your dining out budget. You get hit with an unexpected car repair bill. A static budget doesn’t give you wiggle room.

•   Can be discouraging. A corollary to the above point: Some people feel less motivated to follow a budget when they feel it doesn’t “get” what’s going on in their life. It may lead them to be less diligent about tracking their expenses and money in general.

If you aren’t sure which budgeting method is best for you between static budgets and flexible budgets, a hybrid approach might be appropriate. That could include:

•   Setting up a master budget at the beginning of the year based on projections and using it as a guide.

•   Tracking costs as the year progresses and making adjustments when necessary.

•   Using that information and learning to better inform next year’s plan.

7 Steps to Start Budgeting

The point of a budget — whether you’re a freelancer or a full-time employee — is to spend less than you earn so you can save and reach future financial goals. Here are a few steps for budgeting for beginners; they could help you get started.

1. Figuring out What You Spend

If you aren’t already tracking your spending, that may be a good place to begin. There are several ways to do this, from carrying around a small notebook and writing down every expense to using a spreadsheet to downloading an app on your phone (your financial institution may offer a good option).

•   Understand your fixed expenses. Once you’ve tracked your spending for a few months, you can determine your average spending in various recurring categories. Some of this will be fairly easy, because the costs are often the same (housing, car payment, student loans, etc.).

•   Get a handle on variable expenses. Your discretionary expenses will likely vary from month to month or at different times of year. Utility costs may go up or down, for instance, depending on the season. Or your travel costs may go up if you take a summer vacation. And some costs, such as clothing, entertainment, and household goods, will be more discretionary than others.

•   Don’t skip important items. Be sure to include commonly forgotten expenses, such as pet-care costs and charitable donations. If you’re self-employed, you may want to consider taxes, retirement savings, insurance, and other expenses that others might have automatically withdrawn from their paychecks every month.

2. Determining What You’ll Earn

Pinning down how much you can expect to earn is often much easier for those with regular paychecks. If you’re self-employed but have steady clients who pay on time, or your job is a mix of paychecks and tips or commissions, you may be able to come up with a fairly accurate estimate.

But if you’re a freelancer or contractor whose work and pay varies widely from month to month, it can be a challenge to set this amount.

•   Example: You can use your spreadsheet or tracking app to determine an average amount earned ($4,000 in July + $5,000 in August + $3,000 in September would be $4,000 a month, for example). This may give you a more realistic number on which to base your budget calculations than guessing (or hoping) that you’ll make a certain amount.

3. Creating a Budget Using What You’ve Found

Here’s where you can make a budget that you want to use.

•   With a static budget, you would set spending limits and stick with them throughout the year.

•   With a flexible budget formula, you would set spending limits, but adjust when necessary: If you make less than expected, you spend less than you planned.

•   If you see that you’re spending more in one category than expected, you can shift allocations or find ways to cut recurring costs like your cable bill, haircuts or pedicures, or gym membership.

•   If it looks as if you’re headed for a long-term shortfall, and you just can’t cut it any tighter, you may have to find a way to earn extra money by taking on a side gig or perhaps raising your freelance rates. What’s important is setting a realistic budget, so you can stick with it.

4. Considering the 50/30/20 Plan

Looking for flexibility, but don’t want a budget you have to rework every month? You may be a candidate for the 50/30/20 budgeting method, which was made popular by Sen. Elizabeth Warren and her daughter, Amelia Warren Tyagi.

The plan suggests the following:

•   Putting 50% of after-tax income toward essentials like rent and food, as well as minimum debt payments.

•   Allocating 30% toward discretionary spending, or the fun stuff in life.

•   Committing 20% toward savings.

This method also makes sense for people who are on a steady salary as well as those who don’t have a steady income, because it’s based on percentages. And those percentages are just a guideline for getting started, so you can shift the amounts to make it work for your finances.

You can save more or less, depending on what you’re earning or what long-term debts you have. Or you might move a few percentage points from discretionary spending to cover essentials if you live in a city with higher housing or transportation costs.

5. Building a Backup Fund

If possible, consider making an emergency savings account a priority. Life has unexpected ups and downs for everyone, and financial experts’ recommend that you build up to three to six months’ worth of living expenses in the bank.

This can help protect you if, say, you were to lose your job or face a large, unexpected expense. It can help you stay afloat and avoid racking up high-interest credit card debt.

An emergency fund can be especially important for freelancers and other self-employed workers. If you have a slow month or quarter (or get injured or sick), that money can tide you over.

Even if saving anything at all seems daunting, don’t worry or give up. Starting small, with a $100 or $200 deposit or the addition of $20 at a time can be better than never starting at all.

6. Splurging Responsibly

With a personal budget, cost-cutting measures can be a sign of fiscal responsibility, but if you can’t splurge every once in a while, it may make it harder to stick to your overall plan.

So how can you splurge responsibly? Living on a budget doesn’t mean you don’t get to have fun! Maybe you earmark $25 a week for fun little purchases if you’re the kind who loves getting a gelato or buying a book from time to time. Or you might choose to put any bonuses, unexpected earnings, and tax refunds straight into the bank with a trip or some other big spend in mind.

Or you could build the extravagance into your budget, with a category specifically for vacations or travel, or one for home renovations, and deposit that amount into a separate account just for that purpose.

7. Thinking About Tomorrow

A smart personal finance budget involves saving for retirement. Many experts recommend signing up ASAP if your employer offers a 401(k) or some other retirement plan — especially if there’s a matching contribution involved. If an employer plan isn’t available to you, you may still want to make it a goal to invest something each month in a traditional IRA, Roth IRA, or Simplified Employee Pension (SEP) IRA.

With a traditional IRA or SEP, you can defer paying taxes on the money you invest until you take withdrawals in retirement, which can keep you in a lower-tax bracket.

Or, if you’re nervous about tying up the money that long, you could go with an after-tax Roth account, which allows you to withdraw contributions (but not earnings) at any time. You can open an IRA at a brokerage, bank, or other financial services provider.

Savings With SoFi

If you’re convinced you should use a budget — static or flexible — or are already doing so, it’s wise to keep your money with a financial institution that helps you track your spending and make the most of your cash. Like SoFi.
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Interested in opening an online bank account? When you sign up for a SoFi Checking and Savings account with direct deposit, you’ll get a competitive annual percentage yield (APY), pay zero account fees, and enjoy an array of rewards, such as access to the Allpoint Network of 55,000+ fee-free ATMs globally. Qualifying accounts can even access their paycheck up to two days early.

Better banking is here with up to 4.50% APY on SoFi Checking and Savings.

FAQ

What is the difference between a fixed and flexible budget?

Here’s the difference between a fixed vs. flexible budget: With a fixed budget, it’s expected that your income, spending categories, and savings will remain constant. With a flexible budget, there is wiggle room for adjusting and updating these numbers.

What is an example of a fixed budget?

With a fixed budget, the numbers for earnings, spending, and saving would be set and then stay constant. It would be assumed, say, that your housing expenses, your dining out and clothing spending, and your retirement savings will be steady, month after month.

What is an example of a flexible budget?

An example of a flexible budget is one that varies and takes into account the ups and downs of income, spending, and saving. For instance, it might add a category for gift-buying in December as the holidays approach, or drop in a sum of vacation spending in July.

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SoFi members with Qualifying Deposits can earn 4.50% APY on savings balances (including Vaults) and 0.50% APY on checking balances. Qualifying Deposits means one or more deposits that, in the aggregate, are equal to or greater than $5,000 to an account holder’s SoFi Checking and Savings account (“Qualifying Deposits”) during a 30-day Evaluation Period (as defined below). Qualifying Deposits only include those deposits from the following eligible sources: (i) ACH transfers, (ii) inbound wire transfers, (iii) peer-to-peer transfers (i.e., external transfers from PayPal, Venmo, etc. and internal peer-to-peer transfers from a SoFi account belonging to another account holder), (iv) check deposits, (v) instant funding to your SoFi Bank Debit Card, (vi) push payments to your SoFi Bank Debit Card, and (vii) cash deposits. Qualifying Deposits do not include: (i) transfers between an account holder’s Checking account, Savings account, and/or Vaults; (ii) interest payments; (iii) bonuses issued by SoFi Bank or its affiliates; or (iv) credits, reversals, and refunds from SoFi Bank, N.A. (“SoFi Bank”) or from a merchant.

SoFi Bank shall, in its sole discretion, assess each account holder’s Direct Deposit activity and Qualifying Deposits throughout each 30-Day Evaluation Period to determine the applicability of rates and may request additional documentation for verification of eligibility. The 30-Day Evaluation Period refers to the “Start Date” and “End Date” set forth on the APY Details page of your account, which comprises a period of 30 calendar days (the “30-Day Evaluation Period”). You can access the APY Details page at any time by logging into your SoFi account on the SoFi mobile app or SoFi website and selecting either (i) Banking > Savings > Current APY or (ii) Banking > Checking > Current APY. Upon receiving a Direct Deposit or $5,000 in Qualifying Deposits to your account, you will begin earning 4.50% APY on savings balances (including Vaults) and 0.50% on checking balances on or before the following calendar day. You will continue to earn these APYs for (i) the remainder of the current 30-Day Evaluation Period and through the end of the subsequent 30-Day Evaluation Period and (ii) any following 30-day Evaluation Periods during which SoFi Bank determines you to have Direct Deposit activity or $5,000 in Qualifying Deposits without interruption.

SoFi Bank reserves the right to grant a grace period to account holders following a change in Direct Deposit activity or Qualifying Deposits activity before adjusting rates. If SoFi Bank grants you a grace period, the dates for such grace period will be reflected on the APY Details page of your account. If SoFi Bank determines that you did not have Direct Deposit activity or $5,000 in Qualifying Deposits during the current 30-day Evaluation Period and, if applicable, the grace period, then you will begin earning the rates earned by account holders without either Direct Deposit or Qualifying Deposits until you have Direct Deposit activity or $5,000 in Qualifying Deposits in a subsequent 30-Day Evaluation Period. For the avoidance of doubt, an account holder with both Direct Deposit activity and Qualifying Deposits will earn the rates earned by account holders with Direct Deposit.

Members without either Direct Deposit activity or Qualifying Deposits, as determined by SoFi Bank, during a 30-Day Evaluation Period and, if applicable, the grace period, will earn 1.20% APY on savings balances (including Vaults) and 0.50% APY on checking balances.

Interest rates are variable and subject to change at any time. These rates are current as of 8/9/2023. There is no minimum balance requirement. Additional information can be found at http://www.sofi.com/legal/banking-rate-sheet..

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

Tax Information: This article provides general background information only and is not intended to serve as legal or tax advice or as a substitute for legal counsel. You should consult your own attorney and/or tax advisor if you have a question requiring legal or tax advice.

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On top of sorting out whether you’re eligible for federal student loans and the difference between subsidized and unsubsidized loans, you may be wondering how student loans may impact your taxes and whether student loans count as income. In a nutshell, the answer is no, student loans are debt, and do not count as income.

Fellowships and other forms of financial grants, however, may be counted as income, depending on how the funds are spent. And loans that are forgiven have counted as income.

Read on for more about the tax implications of student loans, grants, and student loan repayment. Of course, this is just a helpful guide as you begin to explore the basics of student loans and taxes; always seek out a tax professional to help you with your specific situation.

Are Student Loans Taxable?

There are multiple types of student loans — each with their own unique terms. As noted earlier, though, student loans are not taxed as income.

This is true of other types of loans generally as well, like credit card spending, mortgages, and personal loans (unless the loan is forgiven) — basically most credit that needs to be repaid. The IRS considers student loans a form of debt — not income — therefore, it is not taxed.

The only time that student loans (or other types of debt) can be taxed is if they are forgiven during repayment. If you are eligible for a federal student loan forgiveness program and have met the requirements (which vary, and may include stipulations like making eligible payments for 20 to 25 years via an income-driven repayment plan or completing eligible public service work/payment requirements, and others), the remaining balance on your student loans (the amount forgiven) may be taxed as income, depending on the repayment plan. This could amount to a hefty tax bill.

Are Scholarships Taxable?

The high-level answer to this question is: it depends. There are many different forms of scholarships, grants, and fellowships that are awarded to students to cover the costs of studying and research. Some are need-based and some are merit-based. The basic difference between scholarships and loans is that a scholarship is given while a loan is borrowed. You won’t typically have to pay back a scholarship, but you do have to pay back a loan.

Most scholarships are not taxed when you are enrolled in a formal educational institution and the scholarship is directly used to cover the costs of tuition, fees, books, and supplies used for study.

There are some situations in which scholarships can be taxed, however. For instance, a scholarship can be taxed as income if you use it to cover what are considered “incidental” expenses related to your education such as travel, room and board, and supplementary equipment and supplies.

Another type of scholarship that can be taxed is a scholarship that has a service-related requirement to it. This frequently applies to scholarships for graduate students. If you are required to teach, provide research assistance, or perform other services as a condition of your scholarship, it can be taxed as income and you will be required to report the scholarship as part of your gross income.

(For more about which types of scholarships are considered income and what scholarship-related activities are taxable, check out IRS Publication 970 .)


💡 Quick Tip: Get flexible terms and competitive rates when you refinance your student loan with SoFi.

Do Student Loans Come with Any Tax Benefits?

Student loans aren’t usually taxable as income, and in fact, may come with a tax benefit that is meant to make repayment a little easier on borrowers investing in their education.

The Student Loan Interest Deduction allows you to deduct the amount of interest you paid on both federal and private student loans, up to a maximum of $2,500 per year. In order to be eligible to deduct the full amount, your modified adjusted gross income (AGI) must be $70,000 or less (or $145,000 for married couples filing jointly). The amount you’re allowed to deduct is gradually reduced if your modified AGI is more $70,000 but less than $85,000 (or more than $145,000 but less than $175,000 for married couples filing jointly. Income above these thresholds renders you ineligible for the deduction.

As a tax deduction, the amount deducted helps to lower your overall taxable income, potentially resulting in a lower tax bill or higher tax refund. This deduction can also help defray some of your repayment costs.

Are Employer Student Loan Payments Taxable?

An increasingly popular benefit offered in some workplaces is help with education costs and student loan repayment. Employers such as Aetna, Fidelity Investments, Google, and more offer student loan assistance programs to employees.

Currently, employers are allowed to contribute up to $5,250 toward employees’ qualified education costs tax-free. Payments or reimbursements above that amount are considered taxable income for the employee. It’s important to note that this special tax treatment is temporary, however, and expires December 31, 2025. After this date, the full amount of any employer contributions toward education expenses or student loan repayment will be taxed as income.

How Can I Make My Student Loan Repayment Easier?

The cost of a student loan comes in the form of the interest you pay each month on the balance owed. Consider this example: Say you have a $30,000 loan with a 7% interest rate. On the 10-year Standard Repayment Plan, you would pay roughly $11,800 in interest in addition to repaying the $30,000 principal.

So what can make repayment easier, other than the student loan interest deduction? One option is to refinance your student loans with a private lender.

If you already have private and/or federal student loans, you may be able to refinance your student loans at a lower interest rate than you currently are paying. If you are eligible to refinance your student loans, you could shorten your term length, qualify to lower the interest rate on your loans, or possibly lower your monthly payment (by extending your term). But there can be some drawbacks to think about.

For instance, federal student loans come with several benefits and protections such as forbearance, deferment, income-driven repayment plans, and certain forgiveness programs that private loans do not offer. If you think you might need some of these benefits, or if you are eligible for student loan forgiveness, it might not be the right time to refinance.

However, if you have a steady income and good cash flow — along with other aspects of your financial picture that are appealing to a lender — and you are ready to focus on paying down your loans, refinancing might be the right solution for you.

SoFi is a leader in the student loan space, offering refinancing options to help you save on the loans you already have.

The Takeaway

Generally, student loans are not considered income, so they are not taxed. The exception is when some or all of your student loan balance is forgiven. In some cases, the IRS may count the canceled debt as taxable income.

Educational grants and scholarships, on the other hand, may or may not count as income. Typically, they are taxed when they are spent on expenses outside of tuition and fees, such as room and board and travel.

Looking to lower your monthly student loan payment? Refinancing may be one way to do it — by extending your loan term, getting a lower interest rate than what you currently have, or both. (Please note that refinancing federal loans makes them ineligible for federal forgiveness and protections. Also, lengthening your loan term may mean paying more in interest over the life of the loan.) SoFi student loan refinancing offers flexible terms that fit your budget.

With SoFi, refinancing is fast, easy, and all online. We offer competitive fixed and variable rates.

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SoFi Private Student Loans
Please borrow responsibly. SoFi Private Student Loans are not a substitute for federal loans, grants, and work-study programs. You should exhaust all your federal student aid options before you consider any private loans, including ours. Read our FAQs. SoFi Private Student Loans are subject to program terms and restrictions, and applicants must meet SoFi’s eligibility and underwriting requirements. See SoFi.com/eligibility-criteria for more information. To view payment examples, click here. SoFi reserves the right to modify eligibility criteria at any time. This information is subject to change.

SoFi Loan Products
SoFi loans are originated by SoFi Bank, N.A., NMLS #696891 (Member FDIC). For additional product-specific legal and licensing information, see SoFi.com/legal. Equal Housing Lender.

Student Loan Refinancing
If you are a federal student loan borrower you should take time now to prepare for your payments to restart, including the opportunity to refinance your student loan debt at a lower APR or to extend your term to achieve a lower monthly payment. (You may pay more interest over the life of the loan if you refinance with an extended term.) Please note that once you refinance federal student loans, you will no longer be eligible for current or future flexible payment options available to federal loan borrowers, including but not limited to income-based repayment plans, such as the SAVE Plan, or extended repayment plans.

Tax Information: This article provides general background information only and is not intended to serve as legal or tax advice or as a substitute for legal counsel. You should consult your own attorney and/or tax advisor if you have a question requiring legal or tax advice.

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

External Websites: The information and analysis provided through hyperlinks to third-party websites, while believed to be accurate, cannot be guaranteed by SoFi. Links are provided for informational purposes and should not be viewed as an endorsement.

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Editor's Note: For the latest developments regarding federal student loan debt repayment, check out our student debt guide.

Student loan debt is at an all-time high, with more students graduating with debt than ever before. Consider this: Almost 44 million borrowers have federal student loan debt and they owe, on average, $37,338. As recent graduates begin their careers, it can be overwhelming to figure out how to make monthly student loan payments.

Ignoring your payments may seem like an easy way out, but student loan default can have extreme consequences. If you’re struggling with student loan payments or are already in default, there are ways to recover. For instance, you could consolidate defaulted student loans. Or you could refinance them. This guide will help you figure out your best option.

What Is Student Loan Default?

If your student loan is in default, it means you have failed to make payments on your student loans for several months in a row. However, there are a few steps that occur before defaulting on student loans.

Federal student loans are considered delinquent once you miss a student loan payment. After 90 days of delinquency, your loan servicer can report the missed payments to the three major credit bureaus. Generally, after 270 days of nonpayment, your loan will go into default.

If you have private student loans, they can go into default even sooner. Typically, after you miss three payments or 120 days, your private student loans go into default. Different lenders have different terms when it comes to default, however, so be sure to check with yours to get the specifics.

How Common Is Defaulting on Student Loans?

Defaulting on student loans is fairly common. The latest data from EducationData.org finds that one in 10 student loan borrowers has defaulted on a loan. In fact, roughly 4 million student loans go into default every year, and about 7% of loans are in default at any given time. As of 2021, the median loan balance among delinquent and defaulted borrowers was $15,307.

What Are the Consequences of Student Loan Default?

Defaulting on your student loans can have some steep consequences. For starters, the entire balance of your student loans could become due in full.

If you default on your student loans, your lender may eventually turn your debt over to a collection agency who will usually start calling, emailing, and even texting you to try and collect on your debt. You may even have to pay collection fees on top of everything else.

If you default, you may lose eligibility for programs that could help you manage your debt, such as deferment, forbearance, or Public Service Loan Forgiveness.

Once your student loans are in default, your loan servicer or collection agency will report your default to the three major credit bureaus, which will negatively impact your credit score.

And if your servicer can’t collect the money you owe on your federal student loans, they can ask the federal government to garnish a portion of your wages or your tax refund.


💡 Quick Tip: Get flexible terms and competitive rates when you refinance your student loan with SoFi.

How Can You Recover From Student Loan Default?

If you failed to make payments on your student loans and they’ve gone into default, you don’t have to let it ruin your financial future. Here are some steps you can take to get back on track.

Loan Rehabilitation

One option for getting out of student loan default is student loan rehabilitation. To rehabilitate your loan, you work with your loan servicer and agree in writing to make nine reasonable and affordable monthly payments over a period of 10 months.

In order to rehabilitate a Direct Loan or FFEL program loan, your monthly payments must be no more than 20 days late. Your loan servicer will determine the new monthly payment, which is 15% of your discretionary income.

When you have successfully rehabilitated your loan, the default may be wiped from your credit history. Note that any late payments reported to the credit bureaus before the loan went into default will remain on your credit reports.

Private student loans are not eligible for rehabilitation.

Repaying Your Loan in Full

Another option to get out from under the shadow of student loan default is to repay your loans in full. Of course, if you had the funds to do so, you probably wouldn’t have defaulted in the first place. That said, you could look into ways to cover the balance due, such as borrowing from a family member or close friend.

Options for Private Student Loans

If you have private student loans that are in default, you can contact your lender and see what possibilities are available. Some lenders may have hardship options similar to the federal programs. As mentioned, the time it will take for your unpaid private loan to go into default depends on the lender — but the timeframe could be relatively short, even just 120 days.

However, if you’ve only recently missed a payment, you can start making payments again (and repay the missed payment) to try to prevent your loan from going into default.

Is Refinancing an Option for Defaulted Student Loans?

If your student loans are currently in default, refinancing your loans can be difficult. When you refinance your student loans, you take out a new loan with a private lender to pay off the existing loans. When you apply for a refinancing loan, lenders will use your credit score and financial history, among a few other factors, to determine if you qualify.

If your loan is already in default, your credit score has likely decreased significantly and will likely impact your ability to get approved for a new loan. If you have a family member or friend who is willing to cosign the loan, however, you may be able to refinance your student loans that way.

Another possibility for refinancing your student loans would be to rehabilitate your loans first. A lot of lenders might turn you down for having a defaulted loan on your credit history, but others might be willing to look past that and onto your education and income potential to approve you for a loan.

Can you Consolidate Defaulted Student Loans?

Another way to recover from student loan default is to consolidate your student loans in default. If you have federal loans, you can pursue defaulted student loan consolidation with the Direct Consolidation Loan program. This program allows you to combine one or more federal loans into a new consolidation loan.

To be eligible, you must either make three full, on-time, and consecutive payments on the defaulted loan or agree to make payments on an income-driven repayment plan.

Private student loans aren’t eligible for Direct Consolidation Loans. However, you can consolidate these loans with a private lender by refinancing.

Tips for Consolidating Defaulted Student Loans

Wondering how to consolidate defaulted student loans? To consolidate federal student loans, first gather all the documents you need. This includes your personal information such as your name, address, email, Social Security number, and FSA ID; financial information such as your income; and details about your loans, including amounts, account numbers, and loan servicers.

Next, go to studentaid.gov to fill out the Direct Consolidation Loan application. You’ll need your FSA ID to log in. Specify the loans you want to consolidate.

Then, choose one of the income-driven repayment plans if that’s the option you prefer. Review the plans in advance to determine which one is the best option for you.

Filling out the application typically takes less than 30 minutes.

Pros and Cons of Student Loan Consolidation

Choosing to consolidate defaulted student loans has advantages and disadvantages you’ll want to weigh before you move forward.

Advantages include:

•   One loan and one monthly bill. This means there will be less for you to keep track of.

•   Lower payments. When you consolidate, you can choose an income-driven repayment plan or to lengthen the term of your loan, which could lower your monthly payments. (Note: You may pay more interest over the life of the loan if you refinance with an extended term.)

•   Fixed interest rate. You’ll get a fixed interest rate for the life of your loans with Direct Loan Consolidation. The new rate is a weighted average of all your federal loan rates, rounded to the nearest eighth of a percent.

•   Access to forgiveness programs. With a Direct Consolidation Loan, you might be able to get access to programs you weren’t eligible for previously, such as Public Service Loan Forgiveness.

Disadvantages include:

•   Longer repayment period. You could end up repaying your loans for an extra year or two, which will cost you more overall.

•   Pay more in interest over the life of the loan. With consolidation, the outstanding interest on your loans is added to the principal balance, and interest may accrue on that higher balance.

•   Possible loss of benefits. Consolidating loans other than Direct loans could mean giving up perks you have with those loans, such as rebates or interest rate discounts.

This comparison chart of the pros and cons of student loan consolidation can be helpful as you consider the question of should you refinance or consolidate your loans.

Pros of Student Loan Consolidation	Cons of Student Loan Consolidation
Simplified payments with just one bill to pay each month.	Longer repayment period means paying more overall.
Monthly payments may be lower.	Pay more in interest over the term of the loan.
Fixed interest rate.	Could lose benefits associated with current student loans.
Possible access to certain forgiveness programs.

How to Manage Student Loans Without Going Into Default

If you’re struggling to make student loan payments but haven’t yet defaulted on your loan, taking action now could help prevent financial issues in the future. Here are some options that could help you take control of your student loan debt and avoid going into default.

Take Advantage of the Temporary Grace Period

Federal student loan payments and interest accrual has been paused since March 2022 in order to alleviate some of the financial challenges created by the coronavirus pandemic. However, the latest debt ceiling bill officially ended the payment pause, requiring interest to begin accruing again on Sept. 1. and payments to resume on October 1.

The Department of Education understands that restarting student loan payments after such a long pause will put many borrowers in a difficult financial position. So to prevent struggling borrowers from facing the harsh penalties of defaulting on their loans, there will be a 12-month ramp-up period to help borrowers adjust to repayment.

During this period, which takes place from Oct. 1, 2023 to Sept. 30, 2024, federal student loan borrowers who don’t make their payments on time and in full will not be reported to the credit bureaus, have their loans placed in default, or be referred to debt collectors.

Forbearance or Deferment

If you’re unable to make payments on your student loans due to a sudden and temporary economic change, you might consider applying for student loan deferment or forbearance. Both allow you to temporarily pause your loan payments.

If your loans are in forbearance, which is granted for 12 months at a time, you will be responsible for paying accrued interest during the forbearance period. If your loans are placed in deferment, which can last up to three years, you may not be responsible for accrued interest during the deferment period, depending on the type of loan you hold.

While your loans are in deferment or forbearance, you do have the option to make interest-only payments on the loan. If you choose not to, the accrued interest on most loans will be capitalized, or added to the principal balance. You’ll then be charged interest based on the larger loan amount.

Applying for Income-Driven Repayment (IDR)

Another option to help manage your student loans is income-driven repayment. There are four income-driven repayment plans available to federal student loan borrowers. Depending on the type of plan you qualify for, your monthly payments will be anywhere from 10% to 20% of your discretionary income. (Beginning in July 2024, the new SAVE plan will adjust payments to 5% of discretionary income.)

Income-driven repayment plans also stretch out the repayment term of the loan to either 20 or 25 years, depending on the specific plan. This means that while you could pay less per month, income-driven repayment could cost you more in interest over the life of the loan. The good news is that if you have any remaining debt at the end of the term, it will be forgiven (but you may need to pay income taxes on the canceled amount).

Consolidating Your Loans

Even if you’re not in default, you can consolidate your federal loans through the Direct Loan Consolidation program. As mentioned, the new interest rate will be the weighted average of the existing loans, rounded to the nearest eighth of a percent. So you won’t lower your effective interest rate, but you’ll only have to keep track of one monthly payment.

Refinancing Your Loans

If your monthly student loan payments are difficult for you to manage, you could consider refinancing with a private lender. If you have a combination of private and federal student loans, you could refinance both types into a single, private loan.

Refinancing can give you an opportunity to qualify for a lower interest rate or lower monthly payments, and you’ll only have to worry about tracking one payment each month. You may also be able to customize your repayment term — either lengthening or shortening the term.

By lengthening the term, you could reduce your monthly payments, but you may end up spending more money in interest over the life of the loan. To see how refinancing could impact your student loans, plug your numbers into this student loan refinance calculator.

It’s important to note that if you’re thinking of taking advantage of any federal programs such as income-driven repayment or Public Service Loan Forgiveness, refinancing may not be a good idea, as you’ll lose your eligibility for these programs.

Looking to lower your monthly student loan payment? Refinancing may be one way to do it — by extending your loan term, getting a lower interest rate than what you currently have, or both. (Please note that refinancing federal loans makes them ineligible for federal forgiveness and protections. Also, lengthening your loan term may mean paying more in interest over the life of the loan.) SoFi student loan refinancing offers flexible terms that fit your budget.

With SoFi, refinancing is fast, easy, and all online. We offer competitive fixed and variable rates.

FAQ

Does consolidating student loans remove default?

No. When you consolidate your student loans, the record of the default will stay on your credit history. Another option is loan rehabilitation, which removes the default from your credit history.

Can you consolidate defaulted student loans?

Yes, you can consolidate defaulted student loans. If you have federal loans, you can consolidate them with Direct Loan Consolidation. To be eligible, you must either make three full, on-time, and consecutive payments on the defaulted loan or agree to make payments on an income-driven repayment plan. You can fill out an application at studentaid.gov. You can consolidate private student loans with a private lender.

Can you refinance student loans that are in default?

You can refinance student loans that are in default, but it may be difficult. That’s because your credit score has likely decreased, which may impact your ability to get approved for refinancing. If you have a family member or friend who is willing to cosign the loan, you may be able to refinance your student loans that way. Or, you could rehabilitate your loans first, which could help improve your odds of being approved for refinancing.

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Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

Student Loan Refinancing
If you are a federal student loan borrower you should take time now to prepare for your payments to restart, including the opportunity to refinance your student loan debt at a lower APR or to extend your term to achieve a lower monthly payment. (You may pay more interest over the life of the loan if you refinance with an extended term.) Please note that once you refinance federal student loans, you will no longer be eligible for current or future flexible payment options available to federal loan borrowers, including but not limited to income-based repayment plans, such as the SAVE Plan, or extended repayment plans.

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External Websites: The information and analysis provided through hyperlinks to third-party websites, while believed to be accurate, cannot be guaranteed by SoFi. Links are provided for informational purposes and should not be viewed as an endorsement.

Disclaimer: Many factors affect your credit scores and the interest rates you may receive. SoFi is not a Credit Repair Organization as defined under federal or state law, including the Credit Repair Organizations Act. SoFi does not provide “credit repair” services or advice or assistance regarding “rebuilding” or “improving” your credit record, credit history, or credit rating. For details, see the FTC’s website .

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The buy side and sell side are two fundamental aspects of the financial markets. As it sounds the buy side refers to investment companies (including pension funds, hedge funds, money managers) that buy securities for their clients. The sell side is involved in the creation, selling, or issuing of the securities that the buy side then purchases.

Within the buy side and sell side there are different roles and dynamics at play.

What Is the Buy Side?

The buy side is the part of the capital market that buys and invests large quantities of securities as part of money management and/or fund management. On the buy side, professionals and investors invest in securities, including common shares, preferred shares, bonds, derivatives, and other products that are sold — or issued — by the sell side.

Think of the buy side as the firms that purchase investment securities for their own funds or accounts or for investors.

For instance, a fund management or asset management firm might run a fund or set of funds. Naturally, they look for assets that match the fund’s objectives. A buy-side portfolio manager might learn of a new tech product that sounds promising. After doing research on the company and determining whether it was a wise investment, the PM might purchase shares of that company.

💡 Quick Tip: Before opening an investment account, know your investment objectives, time horizon, and risk tolerance. These fundamentals will help keep your strategy on track and with the aim of meeting your goals.

What Is the Role of a Buy-Side Analyst?

Both the buy side and the sell side employ ranks of analysts that in some ways do similar work — but with different aims.

Buy-side analysts do extensive research before recommending whether their firm should purchase a certain security. The goal of a buy-side analyst is to be right as often as possible — because being correct corresponds to profit for their firm and their clients.

In addition to gathering their own information and conducting analysis on a given sector, buy-side analysts get to know the best analysts on the sell side whose research is relevant and reliable.

The relationship between buy-side and sell-side analysts can be seen as mutually beneficial. The more trustworthy a sell-side analyst’s research is, the more likely the buy-sider will be to recommend purchasing securities from the sell-side firm. Thus the buy-side indirectly plays into the sell-side’s compensation.

Buy-Side Goals

The goal of the buy side is to beat their benchmark indexes, and generate financial returns for clients.

Buy-siders put capital to work. They typically have a pool of funds they use to invest in securities. Professionals on the buy side typically work in portfolio management, wealth management, private equity, hedge funds and sometimes venture capital. Buy-side companies work to identify and buy underpriced, undervalued, or high-potential securities for clients in order to make the highest profit on their trades.

Buy-side investors can place large-scale transactions to keep trading costs low. They also have access to a wide variety of trading resources to help them identify, analyze, and quickly make a move on investment opportunities, often in real time. Buy siders must disclose their holdings in a document called a 13F, and this information is available publicly each quarter.

What Happens on the Buy Side

The role of the buy side is to:

•  Make decisions about investments (whether to buy, sell, or hold securities)

•  Do research on investment opportunities

•  Recruit investors and their capital

•  Conduct valuations and financial modeling

•  Get the best return on capital in order to grow assets under management

What Is the Sell Side?

The sell side of finance deals with creating, promoting, and selling securities that can be traded to the public. The sell side handles all activities related to selling securities to the buy side. That can include underwriting for initial public offerings (IPOs), providing clearing services, and developing research materials and analysis.

Professionals on the sell side represent companies or entities that need to raise money. They do it by selling or issuing securities. The sell side is made up primarily of advisory firms, banks, or other kinds of companies that facilitate selling of securities for their client companies.

What Happens on the Sell Side

The role of the sell side is to:
•   Advise corporate clients on large transactions and financial decisions
•   Help clients raise capital, be it debt or equity
•   Advise clients on corporate mergers and acquisitions
•   Market, promote, and sell securities
•   Provide research on listed companies (called equity research)
•   Conduct valuations and financial modeling
•   Create liquidity for securities that are listed

Sell siders keep close track of the performance of specific companies they track, keep track of stocks, and model and project future financial performance and trends. They come up with research recommendations and target prices and sell ideas to clients.

Sell siders spend a lot of time analyzing balance sheets, quarterly results, and any other data they can find on a company. Sell-side analysts aim to give deeper insights into trends and projections; they issue reports and recommendations which are used to make investment decisions for clients.

Professionals focused on the sell side often have jobs in investment banking, sales and trading, equity research, market making, and commercial or corporate banking.


💡 Quick Tip: It’s smart to invest in a range of assets so that you’re not overly reliant on any one company or market to do well. For example, by investing in different sectors you can add diversification to your portfolio, which may help mitigate some risk factors over time.

What Is the Role of a Sell-Side Analyst?

The job of a sell-side analyst is to vet different stocks or other assets and sell them to the buy side. In that sense, sell-siders are an essential part of the marketing of different securities.

Typically a sell-side company employs many analysts who help shape the security offerings across sectors and industries. An analyst who covers a certain sector goes deep in that area, talking to a range of people who are knowledgeable about each company and its products — including customers, suppliers, competitors — and building models that help assess a company’s status.

Sell-side analysts are the ones who rate a company’s stock as buy, sell, or hold. It’s generally taken as an evaluation of the stock’s performance rather than the company’s.

An analyst’s success hinges to a large degree on their access to the best and most useful information about a stock, its price target, and their estimates about the stock’s performance. Taken together, the estimates of different analyses are sometimes called the consensus estimate. That’s how buy-siders evaluate the merits of different securities and whether to buy.

Sell-Side Goals

Sell-side companies make money through fees and commissions earned when they sell — which means the more deals they make, the more buy-side firms earn. Market making firms are part of the sell side and help provide the liquidity the market needs to make transactions happen.

Investment banks tend to dominate the sell side of the financial markets; they underwrite stock issuances, sell to institutions and individuals and take proprietary positions in securities.

The most high-profile sell side activity is underwriting IPOs, acting as a buffer between companies going public and the investing public set to buy IPO shares.

Buy Side vs. Sell Side: Key Differences

Buy side and sell side are like two faces of the financial and capital markets coin, but there are some key differences between the two.

Buy Side	Sell Side
Buy-siders do their own research, but their reports are proprietary and only available to buy-side clients.	Sell-siders do their own research and reports and make them publicly available.
Buy-side research analysts tend to build a list of sell-side analysts in relevant sectors from which to get reports, technical analysis, and information they rely on.	Sell-side analysts dig deep in their research, get narrow in their focus, and typically develop an area of strong expertise.

How Do the Buy Side and Sell Side Earn a Profit?

Because buy-side firms raise money from wealthy investors and institutions and invest on their behalf, buy-siders profit from management and/or performance fees.

Meanwhile, sell-side firms earn money from the commissions they get from facilitating deals, and from marketing, selling and trading securities.

The Takeaway

The capital market is made up of the buy side and the sell side. Whereas the buy side aims to get the best value from investments in order to bring in greater returns for clients, the sell side aims to help clients raise capital through the sale of securities.

Ready to invest in your goals? It’s easy to get started when you open an investment account with SoFi Invest. You can invest in stocks, exchange-traded funds (ETFs), and more. SoFi doesn’t charge commissions, but other fees apply (full fee disclosure here).

Invest with as little as $5 with a SoFi Active Investing account.

FAQ

Is the buy side more lucrative than the sell side?

Careers on the buy side are generally considered higher paying than on the sell side. This is in part due to the amount of risk a buy sider takes on when selecting securities, and the premium placed on making a profit.

Do people move from the buy side to the sell side?

People do move from one side to another, but the more common transition is from the sell side to the buy side, owing to the allure of higher compensation and in some cases better hours.

Are traders on the buy or sell-side?

Traders are on the sell side. Traders are considered market makers in that they provide liquidity in the markets.

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Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

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