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It’s no secret that buying a house is expensive these days, especially for first-time buyers who don’t own any real estate to trade up with. Between high mortgage rates and steep property prices, prospective homeowners often can’t afford the monthly payments for the houses they want.
With neither buyers nor sellers feeling great about the prospects, the market has been pretty comatose all around. This spring was the slowest April and May since 2009, and monthly sales continue to run at about two-thirds of what they were four years ago, according to data from the National Association of Realtors® (NAR).
But since the biggest remaining sticking point seems to be the high borrowing costs, there could be a shift this fall, according to economists. The average 30-year mortgage rate was 6.34% last week — still much higher than the sub-3% record it hit in 2020, but lower than it was for most of the spring and summer. Depending on where rates go from here, that could help unlock a “second spring market,” according to NAR.
“Mortgage rates are declining, and more inventory is coming to the market, which should boost sales in the coming months,” NAR Chief Economist Lawrence Yun told NAR’s Realtor magazine.
To be sure, it’s hard to say where mortgage rates will go, given uncertainty about the trajectory of the economy. Mortgage rates really started falling in August, when it became clear the Federal Reserve was more focused on cutting its benchmark interest rate, but they don’t always move in the same direction as the Fed’s benchmark.
So what? If you’ve been sidelined by high mortgage rates, things may be looking up. Rates aren’t as low as they were in 2020 or 2021, but they’re close to their lowest point of 2025.
Plus, the fall could be “a sweet spot” because it’s not traditionally as competitive a time of year, according to Zillow Senior Economist Kara Ng. Prices dropped on nearly 20% of U.S. listings in September, with sellers of homes listed between $350,000 and $500,000 the most likely to cut, according to Realtor.com data.
“House hunters are still on the fence, hoping mortgage rates come down more before they buy,” Crystal Zschirnt, a Redfin Premier agent in Dallas, said in a Redfin statement last week. “But the buyers who are jumping in now are the ones who are getting a good deal.”
Please understand that this information provided is general in nature and shouldn’t be construed as a recommendation or solicitation of any products offered by SoFi’s affiliates and subsidiaries. In addition, this information is by no means meant to provide investment or financial advice, nor is it intended to serve as the basis for any investment decision or recommendation to buy or sell any asset. Keep in mind that investing involves risk, and past performance of an asset never guarantees future results or returns. It’s important for investors to consider their specific financial needs, goals, and risk profile before making an investment decision.
The information and analysis provided through hyperlinks to third party websites, while believed to be accurate, cannot be guaranteed by SoFi. These links are provided for informational purposes and should not be viewed as an endorsement. No brands or products mentioned are affiliated with SoFi, nor do they endorse or sponsor this content.
SoFi isn't recommending and is not affiliated with the brands or companies displayed. Brands displayed neither endorse or sponsor this article. Third party trademarks and service marks referenced are property of their respective owners.
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Comments Off on The Fight Over Your Financial Data Could Cost You
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You’re out to dinner with friends. The tacos and margaritas were great, the conversation even better, and now it’s time to settle the bill. You open Venmo or Cash App, tap a few buttons, and just like that, the money moves from your account to your friend’s.
What makes this possible is open banking: the technology framework behind much of the data sharing you’ve become accustomed to in today’s financial world.
It’s what allows you to safely connect your data with other platforms you trust, including a payment app or investment platform. It’s why you’re able to see all of your bank accounts on one digital dashboard like the one in SoFi’s money tracking tool. And it’s how lenders might check to see if you’re a responsible borrower even when you have a thin credit record.
In fact, open banking has grown to power much of our financial ecosystem: As of the spring, it connected over 114 million customers to third-party platforms in the U.S. and Canada — 50% more than a year earlier, according to Financial Data Exchange, which measures software that meets a certain standard.
But as the technology proliferates, financial service providers are clashing over how much to regulate it. And the debate is raising questions about the availability and cost of services in the future. Here’s what you need to know.
New rules on the table
Developed in response to consumers’ growing demand for speed and convenience, open banking took hold without any specific federal oversight.
But as its use has expanded, efforts to regulate the technology have grown, pitting many of the nation’s largest financial institutions against many of the fintechs and third-party platforms that use it.
Last October, the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau released the first government rules around open banking, requiring that financial providers share customer data — at no cost — whenever a customer asks. In other words, it established that you — and any app you choose — could access important data (your balance, recent transactions, product terms, and payment info) without being charged.
But trade groups representing many of the biggest financial institutions sued to block the rules, citing regulatory overreach and an increased risk that this sensitive data could be misused. And then the CFPB itself reversed course under the new presidential administration, asking a court to pause the litigation while it explores creating new rules.
What’s at stake
The regulatory limbo leaves the future of open banking unclear. With the rules unresolved, JPMorgan Chase, the largest U.S. bank, said it would start charging fintechs for access to its customer data, a move that could wind up hitting your wallet.
If banks charge the companies that work behind the scenes, those costs may be passed along to the consumers who rely on their apps and services. That convenient bill splitting could get more expensive. And new products that leverage the technology may never get built.
Critics of the CFPB rules in question argue that the business model is working without regulation, and that giving third parties too much access makes it easier for sensitive information (like your account balance and spending habits) to fall into the wrong hands.
But supporters say those rules will actually make the system safer and more transparent — and prohibit fees that could severely limit consumer access. (Full disclosure: SoFi and other fintechs are among those urging the Trump administration to oppose excessive fees for consumers to access their data.)
Whose data is it, anyway?
Every time you use a debit card, pay a bill online, or deposit a check, you generate data about your financial life — but that information usually stays locked up at your bank. Open banking gets at a simple but consequential question: Do those records belong to the bank that holds them, or to you, the person who created them? At the moment, federal law governs how financial data must be shared and protected, not who owns it.
But this much is clear: For consumers, keeping financial data safe and private remains critical.
“Banking data is some of the most sensitive data you can think of,” said Dan Murphy, who managed the CPFB’s open banking program and helped craft the rules before leaving the bureau earlier this year. Open banking is meant to give consumers — not just banks — the ability to use their own data for payments, financial management tools, or credit applications, he said.
Please understand that this information provided is general in nature and shouldn’t be construed as a recommendation or solicitation of any products offered by SoFi’s affiliates and subsidiaries. In addition, this information is by no means meant to provide investment or financial advice, nor is it intended to serve as the basis for any investment decision or recommendation to buy or sell any asset. Keep in mind that investing involves risk, and past performance of an asset never guarantees future results or returns. It’s important for investors to consider their specific financial needs, goals, and risk profile before making an investment decision.
The information and analysis provided through hyperlinks to third party websites, while believed to be accurate, cannot be guaranteed by SoFi. These links are provided for informational purposes and should not be viewed as an endorsement. No brands or products mentioned are affiliated with SoFi, nor do they endorse or sponsor this content.
SoFi isn't recommending and is not affiliated with the brands or companies displayed. Brands displayed neither endorse or sponsor this article. Third party trademarks and service marks referenced are property of their respective owners.
Curious about how your total pay translates into net pay? You’re in the right place. The difference between the amount you earn and what lands in your bank account each pay period can be surprisingly significant. Using an online calculator to figure out your net pay can help you understand your take-home pay and budget more effectively.
Key Points
• A net pay calculator can accurately estimate take-home pay, though not necessarily the exact amount.
• Gross income is your total annual salary, while net pay reflects money after taxes and other deductions are taken.
• Filing status impacts tax withholding and net pay.
• A net pay calculator can consider federal, state, and local taxes.
• Understanding net pay aids budgeting and financial planning.
Calculator Definitions
Before starting to use a net pay calculator, familiarize yourself with some of the key terms used to get the best results.
•Gross income: This is your total annual salary, such as $110,000.
•FICA taxes: These are the mandatory Social Security and Medicare deductions taken, equal to 7.65% of your salary.
•Federal effective tax rate: You may also hear the effective tax rate referred to as the blended tax rate that you pay on your income in the U.S.’s progressive tax system. It’s worth noting that heads of household may have a different withholding than what the calculator shows, as their tax rates can vary.
•State and local effective tax rate: The calculator’s effective state and local tax rate is the actual percentage of your income that’s paid in state and local taxes. Using this versus the marginal rates can reveal a more accurate picture of your tax burden. The effective rate takes into account the different tax brackets that apply to your income. You can look up your state income tax information on the Tax Foundation’s site.
•Annual pretax deductions: These paycheck deductions are made before taxes are withheld, reducing your taxable income and saving you about 30 cents on the dollar. This category can include health insurance, FSA or HSA, 401(k), and garnishments.
•Annual after-tax deductions: These deductions are subtracted from your pay after income, Social Security, and Medicare taxes have been taken out. Examples of after-tax deductions include ROTH accounts, charitable deductions, and disability and life insurance premiums. They are a convenient, automatic way to pay expenses, but they don’t save you money on taxes.
How to Use the Net Pay Calculator
Using the net pay calculator is quite simple. First, enter the following information:
Input Your Gross Income
Here, you’ll enter your annual total income, without any deductions.
Type in Your Federal Effective Tax Rate
As noted briefly above, the U.S. has a progressive tax system, meaning different portions of the money you earn are taxes at varying rates. This is expressed through a system of tax brackets, which change annually and can be found on the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) website. You’ll find that the effective tax rate, or percentage of your income that you pay in federal taxes, tends to be lower than the marginal tax rate, or the highest amount of tax you pay on a portion of your income.
Input Your State and Local Effective Tax Rate
As with federal taxes, you will want to research your state and local taxes and add the correct percentage to the net pay calculator. A simple way to find your state effective tax rate is to use the information available on the Tax Foundation’s website, as noted above. It provides a detailed downloadable chart that allows you to check your effective state tax rate.
Enter Annual Pretax Deductions
Some deductions are taken from your gross salary and thereby reduce your taxable income. These include such benefits as Traditional 401(k) and SEP IRA contributions; health, vision, and dental insurance premiums; commuter benefits; and FSA and HSA account contributions.
Remember to deduct the annual figure vs. how much is taken out per pay period.
Account for Annual After-Tax Deductions
The calculator will deduct 7.65% for FICA taxes (Social Security and Medicare). These are mandatory deductions. As with federal and state and local taxes, FICA is calculated on the amount of income you have after the pretax deductions are subtracted.
Once you enter this information, the calculator will tell you your annual net pay. You can divide that figure, depending on how often you are paid, to see how much you receive per pay period as take-home pay.
Worth noting: While very accurate and useful for scoping out various scenarios, a net pay calculator may not give the precise amount of your take-home pay. There may be deductions that are unique to your situation and not fully accounted for. Check your paystub if you need the exact figure.
Using a net take-home pay calculator can offer several benefits.
• Fast calculations: A net pay calculator does the math for you, saving you the trouble of doing the work by hand or punching numbers into your phone’s calculator app.
• Understanding your take-home pay: By knowing how much money you actually receive versus your total pay, you can make a budget effectively and stay in control of your finances.
• Optimizing your financial planning: When you know your net pay, you can see how, say, putting more money into a 529 account for your child could impact your financial status. You might also project how your take-home pay would increase if you got a raise or took a new, higher-paying job.
• Making wiser employee benefit choices: Once you understand your net pay, you might want to adjust your benefits. For example, perhaps you realize you have enough financial breathing room to put more money into your retirement savings. Or if money is tight, you might want to opt for a less costly health insurance plan next year.
How to Use Net Pay Calculator Data to Your Advantage
Once you use a net pay calculator, you can leverage your learning in a variety of ways. You can play out different budgeting techniques and financial planning scenarios to see what works best for your finances. For instance, you might take a fresh look at your spending categories and adjust them based on your current habits. Or maybe you realize that putting more money into a pretax retirement plan could help lower your taxable income.
Other possibilities: You can negotiate for a raise more knowledgeably after evaluating just how much a new salary would change your finances. And you can make more informed decisions about your tax withholding and benefit choices.
What Is an Effective Federal Tax Rate?
Your effective federal tax rate, or blended rate, reveals the actual percentage of your total income that you pay toward federal taxes. As mentioned above, the U.S. has a progressive tax system with tax brackets for different levels of income. The tax rate applied to your last dollar of taxable income is called your marginal rate.
Here are the brackets for individuals in the 2025 tax year:
• 10% for incomes from $0 to $11,925 ($0 to $23,850 for married couples filing jointly)
• 12% for incomes of $11,926 to $48,475 ($23,851 to $96,950 for married couples filing jointly)
• 22% for incomes of $48,476 to $103,350 ($96,951 to $206,700 for married couples filing jointly)
• 24% for incomes of $103,351 to $197,300 ($206,701 to $394,600 for married couples filing jointly).
• 32% for incomes of $197,301 to $250,525 ($394,601 to $501,050 for married couples filing jointly).
• 35% for incomes of $250,526 and higher ($501,051 and higher for married couples filing jointly).
Your effective tax rate is the weighted average of the different federal tax brackets. For anyone making more than $11,925 a year, their effective tax rate will be lower than their marginal tax rate. For example, for a single filer making $100,000, their effective tax rate is about 16.9%.
Effective Federal Tax Rates by Income
Here’s an example of how effective federal tax rates work. Say you earned $100,000 in the 2025 tax year.
• Because the 10% (or lowest) tax bracket includes earnings up to $11,925, the first $11,925 of your income is taxed at this rate, equaling $1,192.50.
• The next tax bracket covers earnings from $11,926 to $48,475, so that segment of your income is taxed at 12%, or $4,386.
• The next bracket runs from $48,476 to $103,350, and it is taxed at a rate of 22%. This segment of your income is taxed $11,335.28 at the federal level.
Your total federal income tax for the year would be $16,913,78, or an effective tax rate of 16.9%. While your marginal tax rate is 22%, your effective rate is, as you see, significantly lower than that.
Examples of Calculation Scenarios
When using a net take-home pay calculator, you can determine how much of your gross annual pay is actually deposited into your bank account every pay period. Here’s an example of how it might work:
Scenario 1: An individual is single and earns $100,000 per year. Their effective federal tax rate is 16.9%, and their effective state and local taxes are 5%. FICA tax is a standard 7.65%. Their pretax deductions are $3,000, and their after-tax deductions are $5,000.
Net pay: $75,845
Scenario 2: An individual is married, filing jointly, with an income of $100,000. Their effective federal tax rate is 11.45%, and their effective state and local income taxes are 3%. FICA tax comes to 7.65%. Their pretax deductions are $1,000, and their after-tax deductions are $2,000.
Net pay: $89,018
As you see, even with the same annual income, net pay can look very different, as revealed when using a net pay calculator. Knowing where you stand in terms of your take-home pay can be a valuable tool when tracking your money and avoiding common budgeting mistakes.
Net Pay Tips
Here are a few ways you might optimize your net pay.
• To positively impact your net pay, adjust your tax withholdings on your W-4 form.
• Consider maximizing pretax contributions to retirement accounts like a 401(k) and Flexible Spending Accounts (FSA). This lowers your taxable income and can save you money.
• When possible, sign up for other pretax benefits such as health insurance and commuter benefits.
• Think carefully about how working overtime or a part-time gig could raise your income and push you into a higher tax bracket, increasing your effective tax rate.
Using a net pay calculator can help you quickly and easily understand how much of your annual salary you actually take home. This can inform your salary negotiations, budgeting, benefit choices, and long-term financial planning as you work to manage your money better.
Take control of your finances with SoFi. With our financial insights and credit score monitoring tools, you can view all of your accounts in one convenient dashboard. From there, you can see your various balances, spending breakdowns, and credit score. Plus you can easily set up budgets and discover valuable financial insights—all at no cost.
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What is the difference between my gross pay and my net pay?
Your gross pay is the total amount you earn, while your net pay is what you take home after taxes, health insurance, retirement contributions, and other key deductions are subtracted.
How does the calculator determine my take-home pay after taxes and deductions?
The net pay calculator can help by doing the math for how much money is subtracted for taxes and other deductions. It shows you your annual take-home pay, which you can then divide by the number of pay periods per year. This reveals how much money you have to work with when spending, saving, and paying down debt.
How do different tax filing statuses and exemptions affect my net pay?
Filing status and exemption information, which you typically provide on your W-4 form, determines how much federal income tax is withheld from each paycheck. This in turn impacts your net pay. If you select a status with lower withholding, your take-home pay will increase, while higher withholding will lower your pay.
Does the calculator account for both federal and state income taxes?
Yes, the net pay calculator has places to account for both federal and state (as well as local) taxes when determining your net pay.
Can I use the calculator to see the impact of overtime pay or a bonus on my paycheck?
Yes, you can use the net pay calculator to play out different scenarios, such as how much overtime or a bonus would alter your take-home pay. (Note that employers are typically obligated to deduct taxes from bonuses, which are considered a form of supplemental pay.)
Is the estimated net pay from the calculator the exact amount I will receive on my paycheck?
Typically, a net pay calculator can provide a very good estimate of your take-home pay, but it is not 100% accurate. That is because a calculator may not account for every single deduction or garnishment of your pay. You can check your paystub for precise, detailed insights.
SoFi Relay offers users the ability to connect both SoFi accounts and external accounts using Plaid, Inc.’s service. When you use the service to connect an account, you authorize SoFi to obtain account information from any external accounts as set forth in SoFi’s Terms of Use. Based on your consent SoFi will also automatically provide some financial data received from the credit bureau for your visibility, without the need of you connecting additional accounts. SoFi assumes no responsibility for the timeliness, accuracy, deletion, non-delivery or failure to store any user data, loss of user data, communications, or personalization settings. You shall confirm the accuracy of Plaid data through sources independent of SoFi. The credit score is a VantageScore® based on TransUnion® (the “Processing Agent”) data.
Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.
Tax Information: This article provides general background information only and is not intended to serve as legal or tax advice or as a substitute for legal counsel. You should consult your own attorney and/or tax advisor if you have a question requiring legal or tax advice.
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What accounts can I link on SoFi?
You can link a variety of accounts to view your full financial picture. This includes checking and savings accounts, investment and retirement accounts, credit cards, student loans, mortgages, and other liabilities. Linking accounts allows you to see your net worth and track your financial progress all in one place.
Will checking my credit hurt my credit score?
No, checking your own credit, often called a “soft inquiry” or “soft pull,” will not hurt your credit score. You can check your own credit report and score as often as you like to monitor your financial health.
Your credit score is a numerical representation of your creditworthiness. Lenders use it to determine the likelihood of you repaying borrowed money. A higher credit score can help you get approved for loans, credit cards, and mortgages, and often leads to lower interest rates and better terms. It can also be used by landlords, employers, and insurance companies.
What is a good credit score?
While the definition of a “good” credit score can vary depending on the score model used by each credit bureau, a VantageScore® 3.0 Score of 661 to 780 is generally considered good. Scores of 781 to 850 are considered “excellent.” A good score increases your chances of getting approved for credit and securing favorable terms.
What is the difference between a credit report and a credit score?
A credit report is a detailed history of your credit activity, including accounts, payment history, and public records. A credit score is a three-digit number calculated based on the information in your credit report. The report is the data, while the score is the summary of that data that lenders use to assess your risk.
What factors are used to calculate my credit score?
The primary factors used to calculate your credit score include your payment history, the amount of debt you owe (credit utilization), the length of your credit history, the types of credit you use (credit mix), and new credit inquiries. Payment history is the most important factor, as it shows whether you’ve paid past credit accounts on time.
How can a free credit check help me with identity theft?
Regularly checking your free credit report is a key way to spot signs of identity theft. You can review the report for any accounts or inquiries you don’t recognize, which could indicate that someone has opened a fraudulent account in your name. If you find suspicious activity, you can take steps to report it and protect your credit.
What’s the difference between a soft inquiry and a hard inquiry?
A soft inquiry (or “soft pull”) occurs when you check your own credit or when a lender pre-approves you for an offer. It does not affect your credit score. A hard inquiry (or “hard pull”) happens when a lender checks your credit after you formally apply for a new loan or credit card. Hard inquiries can cause a small, temporary drop in your score.
Which credit bureau do free credit score services like SoFi use?
SoFi uses TransUnion to provide your credit score and related information. Specifically, it uses the VantageScore 3.0 model. While your free score is an excellent educational tool for monitoring your credit health, it may not perfectly match the score a lender pulls, as different models weigh factors differently.
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Student Loan Refinance Discount: Terms and conditions apply. This offer is extended only to eligible SoFi applicants and is exclusive to SoFi Student Loan Refinance <application ID>. Offer good for new and returning student loan refinance customers and subject to lender approval. To claim the discount, you must: (1) have received an extended offer from SoFi; (2) complete and sign the application that you started with SoFi with the following application ID: <application ID> before your rate expires; (3) and meet SoFi’s underwriting criteria. Once conditions are met and the loan has been disbursed, the interest rate shown in the Final Disclosure Statement will include an additional 0.25% rate discount. SoFi reserves the right to change or terminate the Signing Discount Program to unenrolled participants at any time with or without notice.