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NSF fees (non-sufficient funds fees) are bank fees that are assessed when you don’t have enough money in your account to cover a check or online payment. The bank returns the check (or denies the electronic payment), and charges you an NSF fee.

Read on to learn more about what NSF fees are and how you can avoid paying them.

What Is a Non-Sufficient Funds (NSF) Fee?

A non-sufficient fund or NSF fee is a fee charged by banks when individuals don’t have enough money in their checking account to cover a paper check, e-check, or electronic payment.

These fees may be assessed because the bank has to put forth additional work, such as processing, to deal with the situation. NSF fees also serve as a way for banks to make money. The average NSF fee is $16.82.

In addition to being assessed with an NSF fee from the bank, bounced checks and rejected electronic payments may result in other common bank fees, including returned check fees and late fees. There may also be charges from the service provider or company the individual was attempting to pay.

How Do Non-Sufficient Fund Fees Work?

Here’s a basic example. Let’s say that someone has $500 in a checking account. They withdraw $100 from an ATM and forget to record that transaction. Then, they write a check for $425, believing that those funds are available:

•   Original balance: $500

•   ATM withdrawal: $100

•   New actual balance: $400

•   Check amount: $425

•   Problem: The check is for $25 more than what is currently available.

The financial institution could refuse to honor this check (in other words, the check would “bounce” or be considered a “bad check”) and charge an NSF fee to the account holder. This is not the same thing as an overdraft fee.

An overdraft fee comes into play when you sign up for overdraft protection. Overdraft protection is an agreement with the bank to cover overdrafts on a checking account. This service typically involves a fee (called an overdraft fee) and is generally limited to a preset maximum amount.

Recommended: Issuing a Stop Payment on a Check

What Is a Returned Check Fee?

While some banks may use the terms “returned check fee” and “NSF fee” interchangeably, they are not necessarily the same thing. A returned check fee can also be a fee charged to an individual by the company or service provider they were trying to pay. If a check bounces or an electronic payment doesn’t go through because there were insufficient funds in the individual’s bank account, the merchant may charge them for it. Returned check fees typically range from $20 to $40.

Are NSF Fees Legal?

Yes, NSF or returned item fees are legal on bounced checks and returned electronic bill payments. However, they should not be charged on debit card transactions or ATM withdrawals.

If you don’t opt in to overdraft coverage (when you agree to pay overdraft fees for certain transactions), then the financial institution cannot legally charge overdraft (or NSF) fees for debit card transactions or ATM withdrawals. Instead, the institution would simply decline the transaction when you try to make it.

No federal law states a maximum NSF fee. But The Truth in Savings Act does require banks to disclose their fees to customers when they open an account.

The Consumer Financial Protection Bureau had pushed banks to eliminate NSF fees. Many banks have done away with these fees.

Are NSF Fees Refundable?

Possibly. If you’ve been with a financial institution for a while and this is your first NSF fee, you could contact the bank and ask for a refund. The financial institution may see you as a loyal customer that they don’t want to lose, so they may agree to the refund. That said, it’s entirely up to them — and, even if they agree the first time, they may be less willing if it becomes a pattern.

Do NSF Fees Affect Your Credit?

NSF fees do not directly impact credit. Banking history isn’t reported to the consumer credit bureaus. Indirectly, however, NSF fees may negatively impact credit. For example, if a check for a payment bounces, this may cause that payment to be late. If payments are at least 30 days late, loans and credit cards can be reported as delinquent, which may negatively impact your credit.

If a payment bounces more than once, a company might send the bill to a collections agency. This information could appear on a credit report and may damage your credit. And if you don’t pay NSF fees, the bank may send your debt to a collection agency, which could be reported to the credit bureaus.

Also, keep in mind that any bounced checks or overdrafts may be reported to ChexSystems, a banking reporting agency that works in a way that’s similar to the credit bureaus. Too many bounced checks or overdrafts might make it hard to open a bank account in the future.

What Happens if You Don’t Pay Your NSF Fees?

If you don’t pay your NSF fees, the bank might suspend or close your account and report your negative banking history to ChexSystems. This could make it difficult for you to open a checking or savings account at another bank or credit union in the future. In addition, the bank may send your debt to a collection agency, which can be reported to the credit bureaus.

How Much Are NSF Fees?

NSF fees were once as high as $35 per incident but have come down in recent years. The average NSF fee is now $16.82.

When Might I Get an NSF Fee?

NSF fees can be charged when there are insufficient funds in a bank account to cover a check or electronic payment as long as the bank’s policy includes those fees. It’s a good idea to know the current balance vs available balance of your bank account before you make a payment to avoid having insufficient funds.

What’s the Difference Between an NSF and an Overdraft Fee?

An NSF fee can be charged if there aren’t enough funds in your account to cover a transaction and no overdraft protection exists. The check or transaction will not go through, and the NSF fee may be charged.

Some financial institutions provide overdraft protection. If you opt in to overdraft protection and you have insufficient funds in your account to cover a payment, the bank would cover the amount (which means there is no bounced check or rejected payment), and then the financial institution may charge you an overdraft fee.

With overdraft, the transaction you initiated does go through; with an NSF, the transaction does not go through and you need to redo it. Fees may be assessed in both scenarios.

Recommended: Guide to Overdraft Lines of Credit

How to Avoid NSF Fees

It’s possible to avoid NSF fees. Here are some strategies to try.

Closely Watch Your Balances

Knowing your bank balance, including what’s outstanding in checks, withdrawals, and transfers, can help prevent an NSF situation from happening. Using your bank’s mobile app or web portal is one way to streamline the process of reconciling your bank account. Aim to look at your account balances every few days or at least once a week.

Keep a Cushion Amount

This strategy involves always keeping a certain dollar amount in your account that’s above and beyond what you spend. For example, you might use an automated savings feature to automatically deposit money into your account regularly to help maintain your cushion. A healthy cushion of funds may help keep a minor slip-up from triggering an NSF scenario.

Set Up Automatic Alerts

Many financial institutions allow you to sign up for customized banking alerts, either online or via your banking app. It’s generally a good idea to set up an alert for whenever your balance dips below a certain threshold. That way, you can transfer funds into the account to prevent getting hit with an NSF fee.

Link to a Backup Account

Your financial institution may allow you to link your savings account to your checking account. Then, if the checking balance goes below zero, funds would typically be transferred from your savings account to cover the difference.

Use Debit Cards Strategically

If you use your debit card to rent a car or check into a hotel, the car rental agency or hotel may place a hold on a certain dollar amount in your bank account to ensure payment. The amount of the hold may even be bigger than your actual bill. Depending upon your account balance, this could cause a check to bounce. Be aware of this when using your debit cards.

Look for No-Fee Overdraft Coverage

You can avoid NSF fees by shopping around for a bank that offers no-fee overdraft coverage.

The Takeaway

NSF fees can be charged when there are insufficient funds in an individual’s account to cover their checks and electronic payments. Getting an NSF fee essentially means that you’re being charged money for not having enough money in your account. Ways to avoid these fees include keeping an eye on your balance, knowing when automatic bill payments go through, and looking for a bank that does not charge NSF fees.

Interested in opening an online bank account? When you sign up for a SoFi Checking and Savings account with eligible direct deposit, you’ll get a competitive annual percentage yield (APY), pay zero account fees, and enjoy an array of rewards, such as access to the Allpoint Network of 55,000+ fee-free ATMs globally. Qualifying accounts can even access their paycheck up to two days early.

FAQ

What is the average NSF fee amount?

The average NSF fee is approximately $16.82. NSF fees used to be much higher but they have come down in recent years.

Can I get an NSF fee waived?

It may be possible to get an NSF fee waived. If you’ve been a customer of the bank for a while and this is your first NSF fee, you could contact the bank and ask them to waive the fee. The bank may agree if they see you as a loyal customer they want to keep, but it’s up to them. Banks will typically waive NSF fees only once or twice.

Is a returned check fee the same as an NSF fee?

While a bank may use the terms “returned check fee” and “NSF fee” interchangeably, they are not necessarily the same thing. A returned check fee can also be a fee charged to an individual by the company or service provider they were trying to pay. If the person’s check bounces or their payment doesn’t go through due to insufficient funds, the merchant may charge them for it. Returned check fees in this instance typically range from $20 to $40.

How long does an NSF stay on my bank record?

NSF fees will generally remain on your bank account history permanently, but paying the fee and replenishing your bank account balance will prevent more fees and penalties from that specific event. However, if you don’t pay NSF fees, the bank might suspend or close your account and report it to ChexSystems, a banking reporting agency. This may make it difficult for you to open a checking or savings account at another bank or credit union in the future.

Do all banks charge NSF fees?

No. Many banks no longer charge NSF fees, including many online banks and credit unions. However, policies vary among banks. You can shop around for a bank that no longer charges these fees.

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SOBNK-Q326-112

Getting mortgage preapproval can give you an edge in the home-buying process, especially when the housing market is tight. A mortgage preapproval from a lender lets sellers know that you have tentatively been approved for a specific loan type and amount. Not only does this show them that you’re a serious home shopper, it also helps give you a good sense of your budget as you go house-hunting.

Here, you’ll learn the ins and outs of how to get preapproved for a home loan.

What Is Mortgage Preapproval?

Mortgage preapproval involves a thorough review of your credit and financial history. If you look like a good candidate for a mortgage, a lender will issue a letter stating that you qualify for a loan of a certain amount at a certain interest rate. The letter is an offer — but not a commitment — to lend you a specific amount. It’s good for up to 90 days, depending on the lender.

You’ll want to shop for homes within the price range of your preapproved mortgage. Armed with your preapproval for a home loan, you can show sellers that you are a serious buyer with the means to purchase a property. In the eyes of the seller, preapproval can often push you ahead of other potential buyers who have not yet been approved for a mortgage and make it easier to compete when there are multiple offers on a house.

Once you find a house that you want to buy, you can make an offer immediately based on the loan amount for which you are preapproved. And if the seller accepts, it will be time to finalize your mortgage application. At this point, a loan underwriter will review your application and conduct other due diligence measures, such as having the house appraised to make sure it is valued at the price it’s selling for. If all goes well, the lender will issue another letter called a commitment letter, which officially seals the deal on your loan, and you can schedule a closing date.

When Should I Get Preapproved for a Home Loan?

Preapproval typically lasts for 90 days, at most, so you want to seek it when you are actively in the market for a new home. Maybe you’ve done some initial online research into available properties. Ideally, you’ve also had a good look at your finances and thought about how much you have available to spend on a down payment as well as what monthly mortgage payments you can afford long-term. It takes around 10 days after you submit a request to be preapproved, so factor that timing into your house search as well.

Mortgage Preapproval vs. Prequalification

If you are house hunting, you will likely hear two different terms regarding early mortgage moves: prequalification vs. preapproval. Prequalification is a simple, less involved look at your financial qualifications for a mortgage. Preapproval for a home loan is a more in-depth review of your finances and an indicator that your loan application will likely move forward smoothly. Each has its advantages — and its moment.

Mortgage Prequalification

Getting prequalified for a home loan involves a review of a few financial details — usually self-reported — such as income, assets, and debt. The lender will then estimate what size mortgage you can afford.

Pros of Mortgage Prequalification

•   It’s fast. The process can often be done in minutes, by phone or online.

•   You’ll zero in on house prices. Prequalifying for a home loan quickly gives you an idea of what your monthly payment might be and how much house you can afford.

•   You can shop around. You can prequalify with multiple lenders to see what types of terms and interest rates they offer.

•   It’s easy on your credit score. Prequalification will not affect your credit score because it only requires a “soft inquiry” into your credit record.

Cons of Mortgage Prequalification

•   It’s no guarantee. Because it is an unverified, high-level look at your finances, prequalification doesn’t ensure that you will actually qualify for a mortgage.

•   It won’t help you bargain. Being prequalified won’t help you negotiate a lower price with a seller or compete against other bidders in a competitive market.

Mortgage Preapproval

Requesting a mortgage preapproval is a more complicated process than getting prequalified. You’ll have to fill out an application with your chosen lender and agree to a credit check. The credit check will be a “hard pull” which will ding your credit score by a few points. You’ll also provide information about your income and assets. The evaluation process can take 10 days or more. Again, preapproval doesn’t mean it’s a done deal that you’ll get the loan, but it is a solid indication of your financial situation and ability to purchase a home.

There are a number of advantages to getting preapproval for a home loan, especially if you’re shopping in a fast-moving market.

Pros of Mortgage Preapproval:

•   It gives you an edge. Sellers will see that you are a serious buyer and have assurance that your financing won’t fall through and sink the deal.

•   It helps you get loan shopping done. When you’ve found your dream house, you don’t want to delay putting in an offer because you have to spend time getting your documents together and pursuing a loan. Going through the preapproval process helps you take care of these details before you’re in a fast-moving situation.

Cons of Mortgage Preapproval:

•   A mortgage preapproval expires. How long does a mortgage preapproval last? As noted above, the letter is only good for a certain period of time, usually 90 days, so you’ll want to make sure you’re seriously ready to start shopping once you have your mortgage preapproval in hand.

•   The application is time-consuming. You’ll need to provide a lot of documentation to get a mortgage preapproval and agree to a hard credit inquiry, which can drag down your credit score, though usually only by a bit.

•   Nothing is guaranteed. Even though your home loan preapproval letter likely has details on your loan amount and type, it is only a tentative approval — you still can’t be 100% sure that you will get the loan.

Here are the basic comparison points of prequalification vs. preapproval:

Steps to Get Preapproved for a Home Loan Process

Getting preapproved for a home loan will take some time, so it’s good to get the process started before you are ready to make an offer on a home. Here are some important steps along the way.

Check Your Credit Score

If you’ve established a credit history, a first step before applying for a mortgage is to check your credit reports, which are a history of your credit compiled from sources like banks, credit card companies, collection agencies, and the government.

The information is collected by the three main credit reporting bureaus: TransUnion®, Equifax®, and Experian®. You’ll want to make sure that the information on your credit reports is correct. Ordering the reports is free once a week through AnnualCreditReport.com.

If you find any mistakes in your credit reports, contact the credit reporting agencies immediately to let them know. You don’t want any incorrect information weighing down your credit score, putting your chances for preapproval at risk.

The free credit reports provided by the nationwide credit reporting agencies do not include your credit score, a number typically between 300 and 850. You can purchase your score directly from the credit reporting agencies, or from FICO®. Your credit card company also may provide your credit score for free, or you could try a money tracker app that updates your credit score weekly and tracks your spending at no cost.

Calculate Your Potential Mortgage

To help with the prequalification and preapproval process, use the mortgage calculator below to see what your estimated monthly mortgage would be based on down payment, interest rate, and loan terms.

Gather Documentation

Your credit score is only one of many factors a potential lender will consider when deciding on your mortgage qualification. So collect the many other documents you will need to paint a full picture of your financial life. Ask the lender what is needed, specifically. The list will likely include:

•   Recent pay stubs

•   Recent bank and investment account statements

•   Two years of tax returns and/or W2s, possibly more if you are self-employed

•   Verification of alimony or child support payments received and the court documents spelling out the terms of the payments

•   Social Security award letter, if you derive income from Social Security

•   Certificate of Eligibility from the VA, if you are applying for a VA loan

•   Gift letter documenting any money you are receiving from family or other sources toward a down payment

Receive Your Mortgage Preapproval Letter

Your first instinct when you receive preapproval will likely be to jump for joy. But next, take a moment to ask the lender if they made any assumptions about your finances in order to issue the letter, or if they flagged anything that could lead to you being denied a mortgage later on or that could increase your costs. Doing this could help you head off future problems that might scuttle a deal.

💡 Recommended: Getting Preapproved for a VA Home Loan

Upping Your Odds of Mortgage Preapproval

There are a number of steps you can take to improve your chances of preapproval or to increase the amount your lender may approve you for.

Build Your Credit

When you apply for any type of loan, lenders want to see that you have a history of properly managing your debt before they offer you credit themselves.

You can build your credit history by opening and using a credit card and paying your bills on time. Or you could consider having regular payments, such as your rent, tracked and added to your credit score.

Recommended: What Credit Score Is Needed to Buy a House?

Stay on Top of Debt

Your ability to pay your bills on time has a big impact on your credit score. If your budget allows, you should aim to make payments in full.

If you have any debts that are dragging down your credit score — for example, debts that are in collection — it’s smart to work on paying them off first, as this could help build your score.

“Really look at your budget and work your way backwards,” explains Brian Walsh, CFP® at SoFi, on planning for a home mortgage.

Recommended: Fixed-Rate vs. Adjustable-Rate Mortgages

Watch Your Debt-to-Income Ratio

Your debt-to-income (DTI) ratio is your monthly debt payments divided by your monthly gross income. If you have $1,000 a month in debt payments and make $5,000 a month, your DTI ratio is $1,000 divided by $5,000, or 20%.

Mortgage lenders typically like to see a DTI ratio of 36% or less. Some may qualify borrowers with a higher DTI, up to 43%. Lenders may assume that borrowers with a high DTI ratio will have a harder time making their mortgage payments.

If you’re seeking preapproval for a mortgage, it may be beneficial to keep the ratio in check by avoiding large purchases. For example, you may want to hold off on buying a new car until you’ve been preapproved.

Prove Consistent Income

Your lender will want to know that you have enough money coming in each month to cover a potential mortgage payment, so the lender will likely want proof of consistent income for at least two years (that means pay stubs, W-2s, etc.).

For some potential borrowers, such as freelancers, this may be a tricky process since they may have income from various sources. Keep all pay stubs, tax returns, and other proof of income, and be prepared to show those to your lender.

What Happens If Your Mortgage Preapproval is Rejected?

Rejection hurts. But if you aren’t preapproved or you aren’t approved for a large enough mortgage to buy the house you want, you also aren’t powerless. You can ask the lender why it said “no.” This will give you an idea about what you might need to work on in order to secure the mortgage you want.

Then you may want to work on the factors that your lender saw as a sticking point to preapproval. You can continue to work to build your credit score, lower your DTI ratio, or save for a higher down payment.

If you’re able to pay more upfront, you will typically lower your monthly mortgage payments. Once you’ve worked to make yourself a better candidate for a mortgage, you can apply for preapproval again.

Dream Home Quiz

The Takeaway

In a competitive market, having a mortgage preapproval letter in hand may give a house hunter an edge. After all, the letter states that the would-be buyer tentatively qualifies for a home loan of a certain amount.

Looking for an affordable option for a home mortgage loan? SoFi can help: We offer low down payments (as little as 3% - 5%*) with our competitive and flexible home mortgage loans. Plus, applying is extra convenient: It's online, with access to one-on-one help.

FAQ

What happens during the preapproval process?

During the mortgage preapproval process, you’ll provide lots of background information on your finances. A potential lender will also check your credit score. If the lender feels you’re a suitable candidate for a loan, you’ll receive a letter that you can show a seller to potentially better your chances when making an offer on a home.

Do preapprovals hurt your credit score?

The lender will do a “hard pull” to obtain your credit score prior to a preapproval. This may cause your rating to drop by a few points, but it should rebound quickly if you pay your bills on time.

How far in advance should I get preapproved for a mortgage?

Get preapproved for a mortgage when you have a sense of the housing costs where you are shopping for a home, and you are ready to start looking in earnest.

Which is better: preapproval or prequalification?

Prequalification and preapproval each have a place in the homebuying process. Prequalification is helpful when you are trying to get a sense of what you can afford and which lender might offer the best terms. It’s time for preapproval when you are serious about searching for a home and have researched possible lenders.

Is it OK to get multiple preapprovals?

You only need one preapproval, but it is fine to get a few if you want to see what loan amounts and rates you might qualify for. Make all applications within a 45-day window — the time frame during which multiple lenders can check your credit without each check having an additional impact on your score.

*SoFi requires Private Mortgage Insurance (PMI) for conforming home loans with a loan-to-value (LTV) ratio greater than 80%. As little as 3% down payments are for qualifying first-time homebuyers only. 5% minimum applies to other borrowers. Other loan types may require different fees or insurance (e.g., VA funding fee, FHA Mortgage Insurance Premiums, etc.). Loan requirements may vary depending on your down payment amount, and minimum down payment varies by loan type.

^†Veterans, Service members, and members of the National Guard or Reserve may be eligible for a loan guaranteed by the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs. VA loans are subject to unique terms and conditions established by VA and SoFi. Ask your SoFi loan officer for details about eligibility, documentation, and other requirements. VA loans typically require a one-time funding fee except as may be exempted by VA guidelines. The fee may be financed or paid at closing. The amount of the fee depends on the type of loan, the total amount of the loan, and, depending on loan type, prior use of VA eligibility and down payment amount. The VA funding fee is typically non-refundable. SoFi is not affiliated with any government agency.

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SoFi loans are originated by SoFi Bank, N.A., NMLS #696891 (Member FDIC). For additional product-specific legal and licensing information, see SoFi.com/legal. Equal Housing Lender.

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SOHL-Q225-048

Mortgage rates increased from 4.72% for a 30-year fixed-rate loan in early April 2022 to 6.64% in early April 2025 and remained elevated, averaging 6.58% in late July 2026. But despite it being more expensive to borrow money for a home, refinancing is still an attractive option for many homeowners. It allows you to replace your current mortgage with a new, potentially more advantageous one.

Perhaps you decided that you’d like to change your loan term, or you received a windfall you’d like to put toward lowering your mortgage ASAP. Another possibility is that you’ve built up equity and would like to tap it in a cash-out refinance.

Whatever your situation may be, here’s what you need to know about refinancing a home mortgage loan, from whether it’s right for you to what steps are involved to how much it will cost.

What Is Mortgage Refinancing?

Mortgage refinancing occurs when you replace one home loan with a new one. You might do so for such reasons as:

•   To get a different loan term (say, 15 years instead of 30 or vice versa)

•   To get a better interest rate

•   To tap your home equity

•   To make a switch between a fixed- and adjustable-rate loan

•   To get rid of mortgage insurance on an FHA loan

You need to go through the loan application process, underwriting, and closing again and pay the related costs. The new loan will pay off the old one. Then, going forward, you pay the new lender every month instead of your previous one.

Mortgage Refinancing Costs

Refinancing will generally cost from 2%-5% of your loan’s principal value in closing costs. That’s a significant range, so it can be wise to shop around to make sure you’re getting the best deal.

Since you’re essentially applying for a new loan, you will likely need a chunk of cash at the ready if you choose to refinance. For this reason, it’s important to consider those refinancing costs compared to the potential savings. A good rule of thumb is to be certain you can recoup the cost of the refinance in about three years — which means you shouldn’t have immediate plans to move.

There are helpful online calculators for determining approximate costs for a mortgage refinance. Of course, this will only be an estimate, and each lender will be different. As you do your research, lenders can provide final closing cost information alongside a quote for your new mortgage rate.

When you refinance, you also have to consider closing costs. Some lenders may not have origination fees but instead charge the borrower a higher interest rate.

If you have a history of managing credit well and a strong financial position, there are some mortgage refinancing lenders that will probably reward you by offering a better rate than they would charge those with lesser credentials.

Recommended: Home Affordability Calculator

How Long Does a Mortgage Refinance Take?

The process can take anywhere from 30-45 days or longer to complete. Factors that impact timing include the complexity of the loan, your ability to submit materials in a timely fashion, and the efficiency of the lender and/or broker.

If you want the process to move quickly, you may want to look for mortgage lenders who offer more streamlined service and a better customer experience. This may mean working with an online lender versus, say, a brick-and-mortar bank.

How to Refinance a Home Mortgage Loan

When you refinance a home mortgage, you are essentially repeating the same process as when you originally bought your property. This time, however, instead of the loan going to the homeowner you are buying a house from, funds will first go to the financial institution that holds your current mortgage. Once that loan is paid off, your newly refinanced loan kicks in. You start making payments to the new lender.

Because you are replacing one mortgage with another, you can expect the steps to be similar to those you took when you got your original loan, from shopping around for the best loan for your situation to providing the necessary documentation to closing.

Steps in the Mortgage Refinancing Process

Here’s a closer look at the process:

1.   Determine your goal. The first (and arguably most important) step is to decide what you want to get out of your mortgage loan refinance. There are several mortgage refinance types, but “rate and term” and “cash-out” are the two most common.

Just as the name implies, a “rate and term” refinance updates the interest rate, the term (or duration) of the loan, or both. You can also switch between an adjustable- vs. a fixed-rate loan.

It is important to understand that not every refinance will save you money on interest. For example, if you extend the loan term from 15 to 30 years, you may lower your monthly payment, but you could end up paying more money in interest over the course of your loan.

Once you decide on your goal, your primary focus will be determining whether the fees are worth what you’ll gain.

With a cash-out refinance, you are using increased equity in your home to take out additional money on your mortgage.

This is usually done to fund common home repairs or pay off other higher-interest debt. While this kind of loan can be an excellent tool if you use it wisely, as with all loans, it’s rarely advisable to take out more than you absolutely need.

2.   Check your credit score and credit history for errors. Your credit score is an important factor in determining the rate you’re offered. Make sure you take time to clear up anything that’s been reported erroneously on your credit report. You might also want to remedy, say, an unpaid bill that was forwarded to a collection agency. These are factors that can lower your score.

3.   Research your home’s approximate value. Check comparable sale prices — not just listing prices — in your neighborhood to get an idea of what your house is worth. If the value of your home has gone up significantly and improves your loan-to-value ratio (LTV), this will be helpful in securing the best refinancing rate.

4.   Compare refinance rates online. It’s wise to shop around and see what at least a few lenders offer. Don’t forget to ask about all costs involved. Most financial institutions should be able to give you an estimate, but the accuracy can depend on how well you know your credit score and LTV ratio.

5.   Get your paperwork together. The process will move faster if you have your pay stubs, bank statements, tax filings, and other pertinent financial information ready to go.

6.   Have cash on hand. Refinancing brings charges, and at closing, such items as overdue property taxes might need to be paid, too. Make sure you can cover these costs.

7.   Track the lender’s progress. Once the process is underway, keep an eye on how well things are moving ahead. What typically happens: The lender will likely send an appraiser for a home inspection. After the loan documentation and appraisal are submitted, loan officers determine the interest rate and create the loan closing documents. The closing is then scheduled with the refinancing company, mortgage broker, and your attorney.

Reasons to Refinance

As mentioned above, there are several typical reasons to refinance:

•   Reducing your monthly payment

•   Paying off your loan sooner

•   Changing the loan terms or type (fixed- vs. adjustable-rate)

•   Tapping your home equity

•   Eliminating mortgage insurance on an FHA loan

Benefits of Refinancing

By refinancing your home loan, your monthly mortgage payments might be reduced. This in turn could free up money in your budget to go toward other goals, such as paying down credit card debt or pumping up your emergency fund.

Alternatively, you might pay off your loan sooner, which could save you a considerable amount in interest over the life of the loan.

Refinancing your mortgage might also allow you to tap equity in your home. This could be useful if, say, you need those funds for educational or other expenses coming your way.

Also, some people who switch from an adjustable- to a fixed-rate loan may feel more secure with a set, unwavering payment schedule.

Recommended: First-Time Homebuyer Programs

Tips to Refinance a Mortgage

Beyond the tips mentioned above, you may also benefit from keeping these points in mind:

•   Think carefully about no-closing-cost loans. Yes, not paying closing costs can sound appealing, but there’s a good chance you will wind up with a higher interest rate and pay more over the life of the loan.

•   Make your appraisal a success. It can be distressing to have an appraisal come in low and throw a wrench into the works as you try to refinance. If there’s a glaring issue (rotting porch posts, for instance), it might be wise to fix it before the appraiser visits.

•   Prioritize requests for paperwork and documentation when your file is moving through underwriting. Not doing so can cause the process to drag on for longer than anyone might want.

The Takeaway

Depending on your financial situation and goals, refinancing your home loan can be a smart move. You may be able to lower your monthly payments, or you might shorten your loan term, thereby saving a considerable amount in interest. Another reason to refinance: To tap the equity you have built up in your home and use that cash elsewhere. The process is very similar to the one you followed when shopping for, applying for, and closing on your current mortgage. It will involve doing your research, providing documentation, and paying closing costs.

SoFi can help you save money when you refinance your mortgage. Plus, we make sure the process is as stress-free and transparent as possible. SoFi offers competitive fixed rates on a traditional mortgage refinance or cash-out refinance.

FAQ

What is the average refinance fee?

Typically, you can expect to pay 2%-5% of the loan’s principal in closing costs when refinancing a mortgage. These costs may include lender fees, appraisal fees, title fees, and other closing expenses.

Is it expensive to refinance?

The cost of refinancing will typically vary with the amount of the loan you are seeking. If closing costs are, say, 3.5% of the loan principal, that will be $3,500 on a $100,000 loan and $35,000 on a $1,000,000 loan. It can also be helpful to compare these closing costs to the benefits of refinancing, such as freeing up more money every month to pay down pricey credit card debt or shortening your loan term and paying less interest over the life of the loan.

Why is it so expensive to refinance a mortgage?

When you refinance a loan, you are replacing your current loan with a new one. Closing costs are assessed to cover the expenses involved, including appraisal fees and other charges.

SoFi Mortgages
Terms, conditions, and state restrictions apply. Not all products are available in all states. See SoFi.com/eligibility-criteria for more information.

SoFi Loan Products
SoFi loans are originated by SoFi Bank, N.A., NMLS #696891 (Member FDIC). For additional product-specific legal and licensing information, see SoFi.com/legal. Equal Housing Lender.

SOHL-Q326-075

For about 74% of homebuyers, purchasing a home means taking out a mortgage — and a conventional 30-year fixed-rate mortgage is the most popular kind of financing. So what is a conventional mortgage loan?

Conventional mortgages are those that are not insured or guaranteed by the government.

But the fact that conventional mortgages are so popular doesn’t mean that a conventional home loan is right for everyone. Here, learn more about what a conventional home loan is and how it compares to other options, including:

How Conventional Mortgages Work

How does a conventional mortgage work? Conventional mortgages are home loans that are not backed by a government agency. Provided by private lenders, they are the most common type of home loan. A few points to note:

•   Conventional loans are offered by banks, credit unions, and mortgage companies, as well as by two government-sponsored enterprises, known as Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac. (Note: Government-sponsored and government-backed loans are two different things.)

•   Conventional mortgages tend to have a higher barrier to entry than government-guaranteed home loans. Because of what a conventional mortgage loan is – a loan that you are personally responsible for repaying – lenders want to feel secure that you’ll be able to make good. You might need a better credit score and pay more in interest, for example. Government-backed FHA loans, VA loans, and USDA loans, on the other hand, are designed for certain kinds of homebuyers or homes and are often easier to qualify for. You’ll learn more about them below.

•   Conventional loans offer substantial variety. You’ll have a choice of term length (how long you have to pay off the loan with installments), and you’ll probably have a choice between fixed-rate and adjustable-rate products. Keep reading for more detail on these options.

•   The government isn’t offering any assurances to the lender that you will pay back that loan, so you’ll need to prove you are a good risk. That’s why lenders look at things such as your credit score and down payment amount when deciding whether to offer you a conventional mortgage and at what rate.

Conventional vs Conforming Loans

As you pursue a home loan, you’ll likely hear the phrases “conventional loan” and “conforming loan.” Are they the same thing? Not exactly. Here’s the difference:

•   A conforming loan is one in which the underlying terms and conditions adhere to the funding criteria of Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae. There’s a limit to how big the loan can be, and this figure is determined each year by the Federal Housing Finance Agency, or FHFA. For 2026, that ceiling is set at $832,750 for a one-family home in most of the United States. (It is a higher number for those purchasing in certain high-cost areas. You can see the limit for your specific location on the FHFA website.)

So all conforming loans are conventional loans. But what is a conventional mortgage may not be conforming. If, for instance, you apply for a jumbo mortgage (meaning one that’s more than $832,750 in 2026), you’d be hoping to be approved for a conventional loan. It would not, however, be a conforming mortgage because the amount is over the limit that Freddie Mac or Fannie Mae would back.

Types of Conventional Loans

When you’re researching, “What is a conventional loan?” you’ll learn that it’s not just one single product. There are many options, such as the term length (you may look at 15- and 30-year periods, as well as other time frames). Perhaps one of the most important decisions is whether you want to opt for a fixed or adjustable rate.

Fixed-Rate Conventional Loans

A conventional loan with a fixed interest rate is one in which the rate won’t change over the life of the loan. If you have one of these “fully amortized conventional loans,” as they are sometimes called, your monthly principal and interest payment will stay the same each month.

Although fixed-rate loans can provide predictability when it comes to payments, they may have higher interest rates than the initial ones offered by adjustable-rate mortgages.

Fixed-rate conventional loans can be a great option for homebuyers during periods of lower rates because they can lock in a rate and it won’t rise, even decades from now.

Adjustable-Rate Conventional Loans

Adjustable-rate mortgages (sometimes called variable rate loans) have the same interest rate for a set period of time, and then the rate will adjust for the rest of the loan term.

The major upside to choosing an ARM is that the initial rate is often lower than fixed-rate mortgage rates and remains constant for a specific amount of time, such as months, one year, or a few years.

There’s a bit of lingo to learn with these loans. A 7/6 ARM of 30 years will have a fixed rate for the first seven years, and then the rate will adjust once every six months over the remaining 23 years based on the loan’s index and margin. A 5/1 ARM will have a fixed rate for five years, followed by a variable rate that adjusts once a year for the remainder of the loan term.

An ARM may be a good option if you’re not planning on staying in the home that long. The downside, of course, is that if you do stay put, your interest rate could end up higher than you want it to be.

Most adjustable-rate conventional mortgages have limits on how much the interest rate can increase over time. These caps protect a borrower from facing an unexpectedly steep rate hike.

Also, read the fine print and see if your introductory rate will adjust downward if rates shift lower over the course of the loan. Don’t assume they will.

Recommended: Fixed-Rate vs Adjustable-Rate Mortgages

How Are Conventional Home Loans Different From Other Loans?

Wondering how a conventional loan works vs. government-backed loans? Keep reading to learn more.

Conventional Loans vs. FHA Loans

Not sure if a conventional or FHA loan is better for you? FHA loans are geared toward lower- and middle-income buyers. These mortgages can offer a more affordable way to join the ranks of homeowners. Unlike conventional loans, FHA loans are insured by the Federal Housing Administration, so lenders take on less risk. If a borrower defaults, the FHA will help the lender recoup some of the lost costs.

But are FHA loans right for you, the borrower? Here are some of the key differences between FHA loans and conventional ones:

•   FHA loans are usually easier to qualify for. Conventional loans typically need a credit score of at least 620 and at least 3% down. With an FHA loan, you may get approved with a credit score as low as 500 with 10% down or 580 if you put down 3.5%.

•   Unlike conventional loans, FHA loans are limited to a certain amount of money, depending on the geographic location of the house you’re buying. The lender administering the FHA loan can impose its own requirements as well.

•   An FHA loan can be a good option for a buyer with a lower credit score, but it also will require a more rigorous home appraisal and possibly a longer approval process than a conventional loan.

•   Conventional loans require private mortgage insurance (PMI) if the down payment is less than 20%, but PMI will terminate once you reach 22% equity. FHA loans, however, require mortgage insurance for the life of the loan if you put less than 10% down.

Recommended: Private Mortgage Insurance (PMI) vs Mortgage Insurance Premium (MIP)

Conventional Loans vs VA Loans

Not everyone has the choice between conventional and VA loans, which are backed by the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs. Conventional loans are available to all who qualify, but VA loans are accessible to eligible veterans, active-duty military, National Guard or Reserve members, or surviving spouses of those who served.

VA loans offer a number of perks that conventional loans don’t:

•   No down payment is needed.

•   No PMI is required, which is a good thing because it’s typically anywhere from 0.46% to 1.5% of the original loan amount per year.

There are a couple of potential drawbacks to be aware of:

•   Most VA loans demand that you pay what’s known as a funding fee. This is typically 1.25% to 3.3% of the loan amount.

•   A VA loan must be used for a primary residence, meaning it cannot be used to purchase a second home for investment purposes or as a vacation home.

Conventional Loans vs USDA Loans

Curious if you should apply for a USDA loan vs. a conventional loan? Consider this: No matter where in America your dream house is, you can likely apply for a conventional loan. Loans backed by the U.S. Department of Agriculture, however, are only available for use when buying a property in a qualifying rural area. The goal is to encourage people to move into certain areas and help them with accessible loans. (Note: SoFi does not offer USDA loans, but we do offer FHA and VA loans.)

Beyond this stipulation, consider these upsides of USDA loans vs. conventional loans:

•   USDA loans can offer a very affordable interest rate versus other loans.

•   USDA loans are available without a down payment.

•   These loans don’t require PMI.

But to provide full disclosure, there are some downsides beyond limited geographic availability:

•   USDA loans have income-based eligibility requirements. The loans are designed for lower- and middle-income potential home buyers, but the exact cap on income will depend on your geographic area and how many household members you have.

•   This program requires that the borrower pay a guarantee fee, which is typically 1% of the loan’s total amount.

Pros and Cons of Conventional Mortgage Loans

Now that you’ve learned what a conventional home loan is and how it compares to some other options, it’s time to do a quick recap of the pros and cons of conventional loans.

Benefits of Conventional Loans

The upsides are:

•   Competitive rates: Rates may seem high, but they are still far from their high point of 16.63% for 30-year fixed mortgage rates in 1981. Plus, lenders want your business, and you may be able to find attractive offers. You can use a mortgage calculator to see how even a small adjustment in interest rates can impact your monthly payments and interest payments over the life of the loan.

•   Low down payment options: Some conventional mortgages can be had with as little as 3% down for first-time homebuyers.

•   Limited PMI duration: Once you have achieved 22% equity in your property, your PMI is generally automatically terminated.

•   Flexibility: There are different conventional mortgages to suit your needs, such as fixed- and variable-rate home loans. Also, these mortgages can be used for primary residences (whether single- or multi-family), second homes, and other variations.

Drawbacks of Conventional Loans

Now the downsides of conventional loans:

•   PMI requirement: If your mortgage involves a small down payment, you do have to pay that PMI until you reach a target number, such as 20% equity.

•   Tougher qualification requirements vs. government programs: You’ll usually need a credit score of 620, and with that number, your rate will likely be higher than it would be if you had a higher score.

•   Stricter debt-to-income (DTI) ratio requirements: It’s likely that lenders will want to see a DTI ratio of 45% or lower. (DTI is your total monthly recurring payments divided by your monthly gross income.) Government programs may have less rigorous qualifications.

The Takeaway

A conventional home loan — meaning a loan not guaranteed by the government — is a very popular option for homebuyers, so it’s important to understand how conventional loans work. These mortgages have their pros and cons as well as variations. It’s also important to know how they differ from government-backed loans so that you can choose the right product to suit your needs. Buying a home is a major step and a big investment, so you want to get the mortgage that suits you best.

Looking for an affordable option for a home mortgage loan? SoFi can help: We offer low down payments (as little as 3% - 5%*) with our competitive and flexible home mortgage loans. Plus, applying is extra convenient: It's online, with access to one-on-one help.

FAQ

What is the minimum down payment for a conventional loan?

In most cases, 3% of the purchase price is the lowest amount possible. That minimum is usually reserved for first-time homebuyers — a group that can include people who have not purchased a primary residence in the last three years.

How many conventional loans can you have?

A lot! The Federal National Mortgage Association (FNMA, aka Fannie Mae) allows a person to have up to 10 properties with conventional financing. Just remember, you’ll have to convince a lender that you are a good risk for each and every loan.

Do all conventional loans require PMI?

Most lenders require private mortgage insurance (PMI) if you are putting less than 20% down when purchasing a property. However, you may find some PMI-free loans available. They typically have a higher interest rate, though, so make sure they are worthwhile given your particular situation.

What is required to apply for a conventional home loan?

Different conventional mortgage lenders may have different requirements. Typically, they like borrowers who can put down a substantial down payment (though not necessarily as much as 20%), have a credit rating of 620 or more, and can show that they’ll be able to afford their monthly mortgage payments.

Can you buy a foreclosed home with a conventional loan?

You can buy many kinds of foreclosed homes with a conventional mortgage, but if you purchase a foreclosure at auction, you will probably need to pay for it in cash. Depending on your eligibility, you may also be able to use an FHA loan, a VA loan, or a USDA loan. If you’re planning to get financing for a foreclosure, it may be a good idea to get preapproved in advance so that you’ll be ready when you find a property you like.

Is a home inspection required for a conventional loan?

Typically, home inspections are not required for conventional loans. However, individual lenders may require or suggest a home inspection at their discretion. They may also want an appraisal to determine the fair market value of the house, but that will not generally check for the kind of issues a home inspection should find, such as structural problems or systems that aren’t working well.

What is the maximum loan amount for a conventional loan?

Technically, there is no maximum loan amount for a conventional loan. However, mortgages acquired by Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac must be for no more than the conforming loan limits, which are issued every year. For 2026, the conforming loan limit on a one-family residence mortgage in most parts of the United States is $832,750.

SoFi Loan Products
SoFi loans are originated by SoFi Bank, N.A., NMLS #696891 (Member FDIC). For additional product-specific legal and licensing information, see SoFi.com/legal. Equal Housing Lender.

SoFi Mortgages
Terms, conditions, and state restrictions apply. Not all products are available in all states. See SoFi.com/eligibility-criteria for more information.

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The cost of housing is the biggest living expense for most people, and lately, it’s been rising fast. If you’re struggling to make ends meet, finding cheaper housing alternatives could be the solution to mending your money woes. There are less expensive ways to live that don’t involve selling your worldly possessions and couch-surfing indefinitely. With a little creativity, and a willingness to simplify your life, you may be able to find affordable, comfortable housing.

What Is Considered Affordable Housing?

The average American spends $2,189 per month on living accommodations. A sound financial goal is to allot 30% of your gross monthly income toward your housing budget, including electricity, heat, and water.

The cost of living by state can vary tremendously, but with rents and utilities rising across the country, the suggested 30% rule can be unrealistic. In certain cities and areas with a high cost of living, housing can eat up 50% of a person’s budget, straining their ability to save and meet financial goals.

13 Cheap Housing Alternatives

When thinking about the cheapest ways to live and trying to open up some breathing room in your budget, ask yourself, “Is my housing situation affordable?” If you are living paycheck to paycheck and not saving, your living situation may have to change. Fortunately, there are a range of possibilities when it comes to seeking cheap housing.

Here are 13 housing alternatives to help cut the cost of living and bring balance to your budget.

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1. Moving to a Cheaper Area

When looking for cheaper accommodations, one of the biggest moves you can make is a literal one: Move to a place with lower housing costs.

For instance, costs in the Los Angeles housing market are typically far higher than in rural Idaho. Your choice of locale can add hundreds, sometimes even thousands, of dollars to your monthly bill.

If your job and life situation permit, you could look for a less pricey neighborhood nearby or something more affordable that is within commuting distance of your work. If that doesn’t help make ends meet, it might be wise to consider relocating to another state where the rents are cheaper.

Unfortunately, relocating can be expensive. It can be difficult to calculate how much money you’d need to move. Resettling in another state may involve the cost of typical moving expenses and supplies, getting a new license and vehicle registration, and other costs.

2. Living in a Recreational Vehicle (RV)

The use of recreational vehicles surged during the pandemic, with people itching to escape their quarantines and get onto the open road. Having an RV can do more than just satiate your wanderlust. It can be an affordable housing option.

While a new RV is not cheap, you can find used ones for around the price of a used car. Despite its somewhat restrictive quarters and the constant need for parking, the sense of freedom, including financial, could be worth it, especially if you’re a nature lover. While it may not be a forever move, it can give your budget a break for a while.

3. School Bus Homes

Here’s a quirky way to live more cheaply for a period of time: Get a bus. A converted school bus is cheaper than an RV. A used school bus, for example, can run between $5,000 and $25,000.

The interior renovations are the biggest cost factor. A school bus conversion, complete with hookups for electricity and water, can range from $25,000-$67,500.

Parking can be an issue, so do your homework first on everything from national forests to a friend’s roomy property in terms of where to pull up.

💡 Quick Tip: Want a simple way to save more each month? Grow your personal savings by opening an online savings account. SoFi offers high-interest savings accounts with no account fees. Open your savings account today!

4. Living on a Boat

Perhaps you prefer life on the water vs. life on the road. In that case, choosing a boat as your primary residence could satisfy your inner sea captain and your financial needs.

Not including the cost of a boat, maintaining your nautical lifestyle can run an average of $1,000-$2,500 monthly for a family of four. But you can reduce your costs by spending more time at sea and less on marina fees. Of course, if you have kids and a Monday-to-Friday office job, this will be a challenge. For couples with flexible or work-from-home schedules, it could work.

5. Living Abroad

With the cost of living rising in the U.S., some people are looking beyond the borders for affordable housing. Your dollar can go far in places such as Vietnam, Costa Rica, and Thailand, as long as you can work and procure the proper visas.

However, establishing a permanent residency in a foreign country can be tricky, and shipping your stuff internationally can be a hefty expense. You’ll want to do the research and the math before making a move, but it could be an option — and an adventure — for some.

6. Renting a Guest House

You can lower your housing costs by moving into a garage apartment or a mother-in-law suite in someone’s home. What you sacrifice in space and privacy can be made up in savings on rent and utilities. If a friend or acquaintance has one to let, great. Also, look at the usual rental listings for options on this front.

Recommended: How Much Should I Spend on Rent?

7. Living in a Mobile Home

What else is among the cheapest ways to live? Purchasing or renting a mobile home can be way more affordable than an apartment or a house. Utilities are sometimes included, but be sure to factor in the lot fees, community fees, and any other charges imposed by the trailer park landlord.

8. Moving Into a Tiny Home

Tiny houses have exploded in popularity, popping up on TV shows and social media feeds. The term describes compact dwellings of no more than 400 square feet or so, with many of them being just 225 square feet. If you don’t have enough of a down payment for a traditional house, a tiny home offers a more budget-friendly alternative and hip design options. The cost of a 200- to 300-square-foot prefab tiny home runs between $30,000 and $60,000, a fraction of the figure for a full-sized home.

Not ready to commit to close quarters? Renting a tiny house can run between $700 and $1,600, which is still cheaper than a lot of apartment rentals. But you may have to pay for storage for all your oversized belongings.

9. Living in a Shipping Container Home

Believe it or not, one of the newest cheap ways of living can involve cutting-edge high design. Repurposing shipping containers into industrial-chic small homes has become a trend lately. These containers are way cheaper than a house and can be configured in unique ways, combining multiple containers for more square footage.

In terms of how much you’ll spend, converting a container to a livable space with one bedroom and a bath could cost you $25,000-$82,000.

10. Living as a Live-In Caretaker

If you’re looking for employment as well as more affordable housing, being a live-in caregiver can be an ideal situation. You could look after an elderly or disabled person in exchange for a free room and a monthly salary. Another option is being an au pair or a nanny, which can work well if you love kids.

11. Being an On-Site Property Manager

In terms of finding cheap ways to live, you might explore becoming an on-site property manager if you’re handy. You’d be responsible for carrying out superintendent-type duties such as garbage removal, cleaning common areas, and the basic upkeep of the building in exchange for no or low-cost rent.

12. Renting Out a Room in Your Home

Here’s a way to save on housing costs that flips the script. If you’re fortunate enough to have a spare room in your house or apartment and don’t mind having a roommate, renting out your extra space can cut your expenses significantly. Just be sure to properly vet the renter before agreeing to an arrangement.

Recommended: 39 Passive Income Ideas to Build Wealth in 2026

13. Move in With Friends or Family

If you need to cut housing costs to the bare bones (perhaps you’re trying to financially survive a layoff), think about family members or close friends who could make room for you. In some cases, you may be able to pay no rent but contribute to the household via cooking, cleaning, and other chores.

While likely a temporary move, it can give you time to save some funds and, if necessary, break free of habits that make you bad with money so you can prepare to get your own place again.

The Takeaway

Housing costs can take a big bite out of your budget. If you want to save money or stop living beyond your means, reevaluating your housing situation is a great place to start.

If you’re willing to be flexible and a little unconventional, you can secure an affordable home that suits your lifestyle and your bank account.

Interested in opening an online bank account? When you sign up for a SoFi Checking and Savings account with eligible direct deposit, you’ll get a competitive annual percentage yield (APY), pay zero account fees, and enjoy an array of rewards, such as access to the Allpoint Network of 55,000+ fee-free ATMs globally. Qualifying accounts can even access their paycheck up to two days early.

FAQ

Is living cheaply worth it mentally?

Living cheaply and within your means can typically bring financial peace of mind and allow you to save for the future. However, if taken to an extreme, frugality can cause some people a high level of stress.

What are the hidden costs of living in affordable housing?

While affordable housing can save you money down the line, there are expenses such as down payments, first and last month’s rent, security deposits, and the costs of moving or storage units to consider. Also, look out for broker’s fees when renting if cheap ways to live is your goal.

Are there monthly rent payments at mobile homes?

Yes, you can rent a mobile home by the month. Be sure to ask the landlord about common fees, who covers utilities, and other potential additional costs. Different properties have different policies, and you don’t want any surprises if you move in.

Photo credit: iStock/Marje

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