InvestZ Archives | Page 27 of 183

Feb

2024

What Are the Different Types of Stocks?

By Amanda Holden | Growing Wealth, invest, Investing | Comments Off

There are numerous types of stocks, categorized by company characteristics, size, region, sector, and more. Equipped with an understanding of different stock types, an investor can start building a diversified portfolio. Though all stocks can experience volatility and potentially lose value, holding a mix of different types of shares can mitigate the risk of being too heavily invested in any one category.

An Overview Of Stocks

A stock represents a percentage of ownership in a publicly traded company. So essentially, investors can own small pieces or “shares” of companies.

Generating returns via the stock market can usually happen in one of two ways. First, the value of the stock can increase over time, something known as capital appreciation. The second is through dividend payments, where companies make cash payouts periodically to all owners of that company’s stock. Some people make investments based on a company’s ability to pay consistent dividends, or “income.” Utility and telephone companies often fit into this bucket.

When you own a stock, you hold equity (or ownership) in that company. That’s why stocks are sometimes referred to as equities. Each individual share represents an equal proportion of ownership. Owners of stocks are often referred to as stockholders or shareholders.

💡 Quick Tip: Are self-directed brokerage accounts cost efficient? They can be, because they offer the convenience of being able to buy stocks online without using a traditional full-service broker (and the typical broker fees).

Categories of Stocks

There are several ways that different stocks are categorized, which is important to know if you’re brushing up on the stock market basics. Stocks are also sometimes classified by styles of investing. These categories often have to do with how that company makes money and how the stock is valued. You may often hear this associated when discussing value vs. growth stocks.

Value Stocks

Value stocks are stocks that are considered to be trading below their actual worth, and are a key component in value investing. Investors hope that by buying companies that are priced below their “true” value, they can profit as the gap narrows over time.

Growth Stocks

Growth stocks are companies that are growing at a fast pace or those that are expected to continue growing at a faster rate than other stocks or competitors. Investors can encounter higher valuations in growth investing.

Common Stock

Common stock represents shares of ownership in a corporation. When an investor receives common shares, they are typically also granted voting rights to the company and can participate in shareholder voting processes — usually one vote for each share. For investors, it can be helpful to understand the differences between common versus preferred stock.

Preferred Stocks

Preferred stocks make regular dividend payments, but holders of preferred shares often have zero or limited voting rights. If a company becomes financially insolvent however, preferred stockholders have a claim on assets before common shareholders do.

Exchange-traded Funds (ETFs)

Exchange-traded funds, or ETFs, group multiple securities into a single share. For instance, a stock ETF will hold numerous companies, while a bond ETF can hold many individual bonds, whether it’s a collection of Treasurys or high-yield debt. ETFs are popular because of the cheap, instant diversification they offer.

There are many types of ETFs, too, including low cost ETFs, and ETFs with their holdings concentrated in certain sectors.

Initial Public Offerings (IPOs)

An initial public offering (IPO) is the process of a private company listing and debuting on a public stock exchange. Investors can buy IPO shares on their first day of trading.

Special Purpose Acquisition Companies (SPACs)

SPACs are shell companies that go public on the stock exchange, and then try to find a private operating business to purchase.

Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITs)

REITs are companies that own and operate real estate, usually focusing on one type of property, such as warehouses, hotels or office buildings. There are pros & cons to investing in REITs. For example, one pro is that they tend to pay consistent dividends. Cons include sensitivity to interest rates, and taxed dividends.

Blue-Chip Stocks

Blue-chip stocks are stocks that large, well-established companies issue and usually have a long-standing history of growth. They’re generally considered to be financially sound, and may be considered lower-risk than other stocks.

Cyclical and Non-Cyclical Stocks

Cyclical investing concerns making stock selections surrounding economic changes, and cyclical stocks are those that may see their performance closely align with larger economic shifts. Non-cyclical stocks, on the other hand, do not see their performance tied to larger economic changes.

Defensive Stocks

Defensive stocks may be used as a part of a defensive investing strategy, and usually involves investing in stocks that may be seen as lower-risk. This can include blue-chip stocks, or stocks from sectories like utilities and consumer staples.

Penny Stocks

Penny stocks are low-priced stocks that generally trade for less than $5 per share, and many trade for less than $1. They’re usually risky, and highly-speculative stocks.

Income Stocks

Income stocks are a category of stocks that tend to offer regular, steady income to investors. That income generally comes in the form of dividends.

Environmental, Social, and Corporate Governance (ESG)

ESG stocks are those that may have certain non-financial criteria that appeal to certain investors. ESG stocks are shares of companies that are socially and environmentally responsible, though there is no universally-shared or accepted set of ESG criteria.

Different Market Caps

The sizes of stocks are classified by the market capitalization of the company’s publicly traded stock. Market cap is calculated by multiplying the stock price by the total number of outstanding shares.

Generally speaking, larger companies tend to be older, more established, and have greater international exposure — so a higher percentage of a large-cap company’s revenue comes from overseas. Meanwhile, smaller-cap stocks tend to be newer, less established and more domestically oriented. Smaller-cap companies can be riskier but also offer more growth potential.

Similarly, if you’re interested in buying mid-cap stocks, that means you’re investing in mid-sized companies — generally speaking.

stock market caps

While the market-caps that determine which companies are small or large can shift, here’s a breakdown that gives some rough parameters.

Micro-Cap: $50 million to $300 million

Small-Cap: $300 million to $2 billion

Mid-Cap: $2 billion to $10 billion

Large-Cap: $10 billion or higher

Mega-Cap: $200 billion or higher

Types of Stock Classes

There are also stock classes that investors should be aware of, and those generally involve Class A, Class B, and Class C shares, which all may be issued by the same company. The specifics of each category will vary from company to company, too.

For some rough guidelines, though, Class A shares tend to have more voting power and higher priority for dividends. Class B shares may have lesser voting power than Class A shares, but no preferential treatment for dividends. Class C shares are often given to employees as a part of a compensation package, and may have associated trading restrictions.

💡 Quick Tip: What makes a robo advisor effective? Typically these automated investing services offer automatic deposits, a diversified portfolio of low-cost ETFs, and automatic rebalancing — all of which are designed to help you reach a specific goal. They can be less flexible and cost more than some other options, however.

Stocks By Sector

stock sectors

Additionally, stocks are often grouped by the industry that that company works within. According to the Global Industry Classification Standard (GICS), there are 11 recognized sectors, with numerous industries within those sectors. They include (but are not limited to):

Energy: Energy equipment and services, oil, gas, and consumable fuels. If you want to invest in energy stocks, this is the category to look at.

Materials: Chemicals, construction materials, containers and packaging, metals and mining

Industrials: Aerospace and defense, building products, machinery, construction and engineering, electrical equipment, industrial conglomerates

Consumer Discretionary: Automobiles, automobile components, household durables, leisure products

Consumer Staples: Food products, beverage, tobacco, household products

Health Care: Health care equipment and services, pharmaceuticals, biotechnology, life sciences

Financials: Banks, insurance, consumer finance, capital markets, financial services

Information Technology: IT services, software, communications equipment

Communication Services: Diversified telecommunication services, media, entertainment

Utilities: Electric utilities, gas utilities, water utilities, independent power and renewable electricity producers

Real Estate: Real estate management and development, various REITs (retail, residential, office, etc.)

Again, these categories can be helpful to investors looking to diversify their portfolios. If you want to add some real estate stocks, or even invest in tech stocks, sector investing may be something to research further.

Note, too, that there may be other categories or sectors of stocks not listed above, such as retail stocks.

Stocks by Country

Different overseas stocks can be classified by the country or region in which they’re headquartered, even if the company’s operations are global. Individuals looking to invest in international stocks have found that they can do so easily with ETFs, which hold numerous foreign companies within a single share.

Regions that are commonly used in the world of stock investing are:

EAFE is an acronym which stands for Europe, Australasia, and the Far East. Investors may see this used when making investment choices, as the MSCI EAFE is a common index used for international stock funds. These countries are all “developed” nations, which means they have established financial markets, stable political climates, and mature economies.

Emerging-market stocks, which stocks with companies based out of countries whose economies are described as developing. Brazil, Russia, Mexico, China, and India are just a few emerging markets. Emerging markets may be riskier to invest in but may pose an opportunity for high rates of growth.

The Takeaway

There are numerous types of stocks on the market, and it can be important for investors to understand the differences between them. The stock market can be volatile and prone to dramatic declines, but in order to shield themselves from the risks, investors often create diversified portfolios by stocking their holdings through various different stock types.

Diversification is easier to do if an investor understands the different types of stocks that exist in the U.S. equity market. From mega-cap stocks to ETFs to emerging-market companies, there are a myriad of investing opportunities in the equity market.

Ready to invest in your goals? It’s easy to get started when you open an investment account with SoFi Invest. You can invest in stocks, exchange-traded funds (ETFs), mutual funds, alternative funds, and more. SoFi doesn’t charge commissions, but other fees apply (full fee disclosure here).

For a limited time, opening and funding an Active Invest account gives you the opportunity to get up to $1,000 in the stock of your choice.

FAQ

What are the benefits of investing in different types of stocks?

Investing in different types of stocks can be beneficial to investors as it can diversify their portfolio, which may help reduce investing risk as the market fluctuates.

What is the riskiest type of stock?

Penny stocks are likely the riskiest type of stock, as they are shares of companies that are new, unproven, and highly volatile. While there’s a big potential upside to investing in penny stocks, the risks are significant.

What stocks are best for beginners?

While it’ll depend on the individual investor, beginner investors may want to look at investing in blue chip stocks, ETFs, or other stocks that have either built-in diversification, or a long track record of viability, which can be a sign of lower associated risks.

What are the risks and opportunities of investing in emerging markets?

Emerging markets can be volatile or unstable, and there may be political, monetary, and economic risks that investors are unaware of in those markets.

Feb

2024

What Is a Salary Reduction Contribution Plan?

By Mike Zaccardi, CMT, CFA | Growing Wealth, invest, Investing, Preparing for Retirement | Comments Off

A salary reduction contribution plan allows employees to reduce their taxable income by investing for retirement. With this type of plan, an employee’s salary isn’t really reduced; rather the employer deducts a percentage of their salary and deposits the funds in a retirement savings plan where the money can grow tax deferred.

Common employer-sponsored retirement plans include 401(k)s, 403(b)s, and SIMPLE IRAs. Employee contributions — also called elective deferral contributions — are typically made with pre-tax money, effectively reducing the participant’s taxable income and often lowering their tax bill. Some plans feature an after-tax Roth contribution option, too.

You may already be contributing to a salary reduction contribution plan, although your company may not call it that. These plans can be a valuable way to boost your retirement savings, and offer you a tax break. Here’s what you need to know.

Salary Reduction Contribution Plans Explained

A salary reduction contribution plan helps workers save and invest for retirement through their employer via several types of retirement accounts. Money is typically deposited in a retirement account such as a 401(k), 403(b), or SIMPLE IRA on a pre-tax basis through recurring deferrals (aka contributions) on behalf of the employee.

Employees typically select the percentage they wish to deposit, e.g. 3%, 10%, or more. That percentage is deducted from an employee’s paycheck automatically, and deposited in their retirement account. Sometimes a specific dollar amount is established as the salary reduction contribution amount.

The upshot for the worker is that they can delay paying taxes on the amount of the salary reduction for many years, until they withdraw money from the account during retirement. Like a traditional 401(k) or 403(b), these accounts can be tax deferred; Roth options are considered after tax (because you deposit after-tax funds, but pay no tax on withdrawals). Retirement contributions may offer decades of compounded investment returns without taxation. Essentially, retirement contributions through an employer’s plan means saving money from your salary.

There are also SIMPLE IRA salary reduction agreements sometimes offered by small businesses with 100 or fewer employees: “SIMPLE” is short for “Savings Incentive Match Plan for Employees.”

A Salary Reduction Simplified Employee Pension Plan (SARSEP), on the other hand, is a simplified employee pension plan established before 1997.

💡 Quick Tip: The advantage of opening a Roth IRA and a tax-deferred account like a 401(k) or traditional IRA is that by the time you retire, you’ll have tax-free income from your Roth, and taxable income from the tax-deferred account. This can help with tax planning.

How Salary Reduction Contribution Plans Work

Salary reduction contribution plans are established between a worker and their employer. The two parties agree to have a set percentage or a dollar amount taken from the employee’s salary and deposited into a tax-advantaged retirement plan. That money can then be invested in stock or bond mutual funds, or other investments offered by the plan.

With pre-tax contributions, the employee has a reduced paycheck but gets current-year tax savings. With after-tax contributions, as in a Roth account, taxes are paid today while the account can potentially grow tax-free through retirement; withdrawals from a Roth account are tax free.

Example of a Salary Reduction Contribution Plan

Here’s an example of how a salary reduction contribution plan agreement might work:

Let’s say an employee at a university has a $100,000 salary and wishes to save 10% of their pay in a pre-tax retirement account. The school has a 403(b) plan in place. The worker contacts their Human Resources department to ask about submitting a salary reduction agreement form. On the form, the worker chooses an amount of their salary to defer into the 403(b) plan (10%).

Typically they also select investments from a lineup of mutual funds or exchange-traded funds (ETFs).

Come payday, the employee’s paycheck will look different. If the usual biweekly gross earnings amount is $3,846 ($100,000 salary divided by 26 pay periods, per year), then $384.60, or 10% of earnings, is deducted from the employee’s paycheck and deposited into the 403(b) and invested, assuming the employee has selected their desired investment options.

Depending on other deductions, the employee’s new taxable income might be $3,461.40. The contribution effectively reduced the worker’s salary, potentially lowering their tax bill at the end of the year.

If the worker is in the 22% marginal income tax bracket, the $10,000 annual deferral amounts to an annual federal income tax savings of $2,200 per year.

Bear in mind that withdrawals from the 403(b) plan are taxable with pre-tax salary reductions. We’ll look at salary reduction plan withdrawal rules later.

Pros & Cons of Salary Reduction Contribution Plans

Although your employer may offer a salary reduction contribution plan like a 401(k) or SIMPLE IRA salary reduction agreement for retirement, it’s not required to participate. Before deciding whether you want to join your organization’s plan, here are some advantages and disadvantages to consider.

Pros

A salary reduction contribution offers employees the chance to reduce their current-year taxable income. A lower salary defers taxation on the money you save, until retirement. For young workers, that could mean decades of compounding returns without having to pay taxes along the way.

For those who have the option of choosing a Roth account, taxes are paid in the current year, but withdrawals are tax free (as long as certain criteria are met). Also, contributions to a Roth 401(k) or Roth 403(b) plan can grow tax-free through retirement.

What’s more, the employer might offer their own contribution such as a matching contribution. Typically, an employer might match employees’ contributions up to a certain amount: e.g. they’ll match 50 cents for every dollar an employee saves, up to 6% of their salary.

Another upside is that lowering one’s salary through automated savings can help an individual live on less money and avoid spending beyond their means — which may help establish long-term savings habits. Thus, contributing to a salary reduction plan can be a step toward creating a financial plan.

Cons

Like many aspects of personal finance, salary reduction contributions can be a balancing act between meeting your obligations today and providing for your future self.

Saving for the future can mean forgoing some pleasure in the present, similar to the concept of delayed gratification. Maybe you decide to postpone a vacation or purchase of a new car in exchange for a more robust retirement account balance.

Employees should also weigh the likelihood of needing money in the event of an emergency. Taking early withdrawals or borrowing from your 401(k) account can be costly, or may come with penalties, versus having extra cash in a checking or savings account. In most cases if you take out a loan from an employer-sponsored plan, you would have to repay the loan in full if you left your job.

💡 Quick Tip: Did you know that opening a brokerage account typically doesn’t come with any setup costs? Often, the only requirement to open a brokerage account — aside from providing personal details — is making an initial deposit.

Salary Reduction Contribution Limits

Annual salary reduction contribution limits can change each year. The Internal Revenue Service (IRS) determines the yearly maximum contribution amount. For 2024, the most a worker can contribute to a 401(k) or 403(b) is $23,000. For those age 50 and older, an additional $7,500 contribution is permitted.

In 2023, a worker can contribute up to $22,500 to a 401(k) or 403(b), and those 50 and older can contribute an additional $7,500 in catch-up contributions.

A SIMPLE IRA salary reduction agreement has different limits. For 2024, a SIMPLE IRA’s annual maximum contribution is $16,000 with a catch-up contribution of up to $3,500 for those age 50 and older. For 2023, the annual maximum SIMPLE IRA contribution limit is $15,500 and $3,500 for those 50 and up.

Salary Reduction Contribution Plan Withdrawal Rules

There are many rules regarding salary reduction contribution plan withdrawals.

At a high level, when an employee withdraws money from a tax-deferred retirement account, they will owe income tax on the money. If you withdraw money before age 59 ½, a 10% early-withdrawal tax might be applied.

There can be some exceptions to these rules, but it’s best to consult with a professional.

Should you withdraw money when you leave your employer? While taking a lump sum is possible under those circumstances, it may not be your best choice: You’d owe taxes on the full amount, and you’d risk spending money that’s meant to support you when you’re older.

The standard rule of thumb is that individuals who are leaving one employer should consider rolling over their retirement account to an IRA, or their new employer’s plan. In that case there are no penalties or taxes owed, and the money is once again secured for the future.

The Takeaway

Salary reduction contribution plans can help workers save money for retirement on a pre-tax or after-tax basis. Steadily putting money to work for your future is a major step toward building a solid long-term financial plan. And in many cases you will reap a tax advantage in the present — or in the future.

That said, there are important pros and cons to weigh when deciding whether you should contribute via a salary reduction plan. You may have another strategy. But if you don’t, you might want to consider opting into your employer’s plan for the benefits it can provide.

An important point to know: Even when you join a salary reduction plan, you can still open up an IRA to boost your savings. And if you leave your job, you can roll over your salary reduction retirement account to an IRA without paying taxes or penalties.

Ready to invest for your retirement? It’s easy to get started when you open a traditional or Roth IRA with SoFi. SoFi doesn’t charge commissions, but other fees apply (full fee disclosure here).

Easily manage your retirement savings with a SoFi IRA.

FAQ

Does a 401(k) reduce salary?

Not really. Contributions toward a traditional 401(k) retirement plan are a tax-deductible form of savings that effectively reduce an individual’s taxable income. In that regard, making retirement contributions on a pre-tax basis can reduce someone’s salary (but you still have the money in your retirement account).

Also, some plans allow for after-tax contributions which also reduce the size of your paycheck, but are not tax deductible.

What does employee salary reduction mean?

Employee salary reduction means that money is automatically deducted from an employee’s paycheck and contributed to a retirement plan. Money moves into a plan such as a 401(k), 403(b), or a SIMPLE IRA. The account is in the employee’s name, and they decide how to invest the funds.

What is the difference between SEP and SARSEP?

A SEP is known as a Simplified Employee Pension Plan. A SEP plan allows employers to contribute to traditional IRAs (called SEP IRAs) for their employees. The IRS states that a business of any size, even self-employed, can establish a SEP. These plans are common in the small business world.

A SARSEP, on the other hand, is a simplified employee pension plan established before 1997. A SARSEP includes a salary reduction arrangement. The employee can choose to have the employer contribute a portion of their salary to an IRA or annuity. Per the IRS, a SARSEP may not be established after 1996.

Photo credit: iStock/visualspace

SoFi Invest®
INVESTMENTS ARE NOT FDIC INSURED • ARE NOT BANK GUARANTEED • MAY LOSE VALUE
SoFi Invest encompasses two distinct companies, with various products and services offered to investors as described below: Individual customer accounts may be subject to the terms applicable to one or more of these platforms.
1) Automated Investing and advisory services are provided by SoFi Wealth LLC, an SEC-registered investment adviser (“SoFi Wealth“). Brokerage services are provided to SoFi Wealth LLC by SoFi Securities LLC.
2) Active Investing and brokerage services are provided by SoFi Securities LLC, Member FINRA (www.finra.org)/SIPC(www.sipc.org). Clearing and custody of all securities are provided by APEX Clearing Corporation.
For additional disclosures related to the SoFi Invest platforms described above please visit SoFi.com/legal.
Neither the Investment Advisor Representatives of SoFi Wealth, nor the Registered Representatives of SoFi Securities are compensated for the sale of any product or service sold through any SoFi Invest platform.

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

Tax Information: This article provides general background information only and is not intended to serve as legal or tax advice or as a substitute for legal counsel. You should consult your own attorney and/or tax advisor if you have a question requiring legal or tax advice.

Third-Party Brand Mentions: No brands, products, or companies mentioned are affiliated with SoFi, nor do they endorse or sponsor this article. Third-party trademarks referenced herein are property of their respective owners.

SOIN0124065

Feb

2024

How to Manage Your 401(k): Tips for All Investors

By Pam O’Brien | Growing Wealth, invest, Investing | No Comments

A 401(k) plan is an employer-sponsored retirement plan that you fund with pre-tax dollars deducted from your paycheck.

Understanding the nuances of a 401(k) plan may help individuals maximize their savings.

While financial and retirement situations differ, there are some 401(k) tips that could be helpful to many using this popular investment plan. Consider these eight strategies to help you save for retirement.

1. Take Advantage of Your Employer Match

2. Consider Your Circumstances Before Contributing the Match

3. Understand Your 401(k) Investment Options

4. Stay the Course

5. Change Your Investments Over Time

6. Find—and Keep—Your Balance

7. Diversify

8. Beware Early Withdrawals

8 Tips for Managing Your 401(k)

1. Take Advantage of Your Employer Match

Understanding an employer match is important to making the most of your 401(k).

Also called a company match, an employer match is an employee benefit that allows an employer to contribute a certain amount to an employee’s 401(k). Depending on the plan, the amount of the match might be a percentage of the employee’s contribution up to a specific dollar amount, or a set dollar amount.

Some employers may require that employees make a certain minimum contribution to be eligible for matching funds. For example, an employer might match 3% when you contribute 6%. Your employer may do something different, so be sure to check with your HR or benefits representative.

Even if you don’t contribute the maximum allowable amount to your 401(k), you still may want to take advantage of the match. In other words, in the example above, if the maximum contribution limit for your 401(k) is 10% and you aren’t contributing that much, it might make sense to at least contribute 6% to get the employer match of 3%.

An employer match is sometimes referred to as “free money,” as in, “don’t leave this free money on the table.” An employer match is money that is part of your compensation and benefits package. Claiming it could be your first step in wealth building.

💡 Quick Tip: Investment fees are assessed in different ways, including trading costs, account management fees, and possibly broker commissions. When you set up an investment account, be sure to get the exact breakdown of your “all-in costs” so you know what you’re paying.

2. Consider Your Circumstances Before Contributing the Max

Contributing the maximum amount allowed to a 401(k) may make sense for some individuals, particularly if contributing the max isn’t a financial stretch for them. But if you’re struggling to reach that maximum contribution number, or if you have other pressing financial obligations, it may not be the best use of your money.

For 2024, the maximum amount you can contribute to a 401(k) is $23,000 if you’re under age 50, and $30,500, including catch-up contributions, if you’re 50 or older. (These limits don’t include matching funds from your employer.)

If you are living paycheck to paycheck, or you don’t have an emergency savings fund for unexpected expenses, you may want to prioritize those financial situations first. Also, if you have a lot of high-interest debt like credit card debt, it may be in your best interest to pay that debt down before contributing the full amount to your 401(k).

In addition, you may want to think about whether you’re going to need any of the money you might contribute to your 401(k) prior to retirement. Withdrawing money early from a 401(k) can result in a hefty penalty.

There are some exceptions, depending on what you’ll use the withdrawn funds for. For example, qualified first-time home buyers may be exempt from the early distribution penalty. But for the most part, if you know you need to save for some big pre-retirement expenses, it may be better to do so in a non-qualified account.

You might also want to consider whether it makes sense to contribute to another type of retirement account as well, rather than putting all of your eggs in your 401(k) basket. While a 401(k) can offer benefits in terms of tax deferral and a matching contribution from your employer, individuals who are eligible to contribute to a Roth IRA, may want to think about splitting contributions between the two accounts.

While 401(k) contributions are made with pre-tax dollars and you pay taxes on the withdrawals you make in retirement, Roth IRA contributions are made with after-tax dollars and typically withdrawn tax-free in retirement.

If you’re concerned about being in a higher tax bracket at retirement than you are now, a Roth IRA can make sense as a complement to your 401(k). A caveat is that these accounts are only available to people below a certain income level.

3. Understand Your 401(k) Investment Options

Once you start contributing to a 401(k); the second step is directing that money into particular investments. Typically, plan participants choose from a list of investment options, many of which may be mutual funds.

When picking funds, consider what they consist of. For example, a mutual fund that is invested in stocks means that you will be invested in the stock market.

With each option, think about this: Does the underlying investment make sense for your goals and risk tolerance?

4. Stay the Course

At least part of your 401(k) money may be invested in the stock market through the funds or other investment options you choose.

If you’re not used to investing, it can be tempting to panic over small losses. Getting spooked by a dip in the market and pulling your money out is generally a poor strategy, because you are locking in what could possibly amount to be temporary losses. The thinking goes, if you wait long enough, the market might rebound. (Though, as always, past performance is no predictor of future success.)

It may help to know that stock market fluctuations are generally a normal part of the cycle. However, some investors may find it helpful to only check their 401(k) balance occasionally, rather than obsess over day-to-day fluctuations.

5. Change Your Investments Over Time

Lots of things change as we get older, and one important 401(k) tip is to change your investing along with it.

While everyone’s situation is different and economic conditions can be unique, one rule of thumb is that as you get closer to retirement, it makes sense to shift the composition of your investments away from higher risk but potentially higher growth assets like stocks, and towards lower risk, lower return assets like bonds.

There are types of funds and investments that manage this change over time, like target date funds. Some investors choose to make these changes themselves as part of a quarterly or annual rebalancing.

6. Find — And Keep — Your Balance

While you may want your 401(k) investments to change depending on what life stage you’re in, at any given time, you should also have a certain goal of how your investments should be allocated: for instance, a certain portion in bonds, stocks, international stocks, American stocks, large companies, small companies, and so on.

These targets and goals for allocation can change, however, even if your allocations and investment choices don’t change. That’s because certain investments may grow faster than others and thus, they end up taking up a bigger portion of your portfolio over time.

Rebalancing is a process where, every year or every few months, you buy and sell shares in the investments you have in order to keep your asset allocation where it was at the beginning of the year.

For example, if you have 80% of your assets in a diversified stock market fund and 20% of your assets in a diversified bond fund, over the course of a year, those allocations may end up at 83% and 17%.

To address that, you might either sell shares in the stock fund and buy shares in the bond fund in order to return to the original 80/20 mix, or adjust your allocations going forward to hit the target in the next year.

7. Diversify

By diversifying your investments, you put your money into a range of different asset classes rather than concentrating them in one area. The idea is that this may help to lower your risk (though there are still risks involved in investing).

There are several ways to diversify a 401(k), and one of the most important 401(k) investing tips is to recognize how diversification can work both between and within asset classes.

Diversification applies to your overall asset allocation as well as the assets you allocate into. While every situation is different, you may want to be exposed to both stocks and fixed-income assets, like bonds.

Within stocks, diversification can mean investing in U.S. stocks, international stocks, big companies, and small companies. It might make sense to choose diversified funds in all these categories that are diversified within themselves — thus offering exposure to the whole sector without being at the risk of any given company collapsing.

8. Beware Early Withdrawals

An important 401(k) tip is to remember that the 401(k) is designed for retirement, with funds withdrawn only after a certain age. The system works by letting you invest income that isn’t taxed until distribution. But if you withdraw from your 401(k) early, some of this advantage can disappear.

With a few exceptions, the IRS imposes a 10% penalty on withdrawals made before age 59 ½. That 10% penalty is on top of any regular income taxes a plan holder would pay on 401(k) withdrawals. While withdrawals are sometimes unavoidable, the steep cost of withdrawing funds early should be a strong reason not to, if possible.

If you would like to buy a house, for instance, there are other options to explore. First consider pulling money from any accounts that don’t have an early withdrawal penalty, such as a Roth IRA (contributions can typically be withdrawn penalty-free as long as they’ve met the 5-year rule).

The Takeaway

If you have a 401(k) through your employer, consider taking advantage of it. Not only might your employer offer a match, but automatic contributions taken directly from your paycheck and deposited into your 401(k) may keep you from forgetting to contribute.

Also be aware that a 401(k) is not the only option for saving and investing money for the long-term. One alternative option is to open an IRA account online. While there are income limitations to who can use a Roth IRA, these accounts also tend to have a bit more flexibility when withdrawing funds than 401(k) plans.

Another option is to open an investment account. These accounts don’t have the special tax treatment of retirement-specific accounts, but may still be viable ways to save money for individuals who have maxed out their 401(k) contributions or are looking for an alternative way to invest.

Ready to invest for your retirement? It’s easy to get started when you open a traditional or Roth IRA with SoFi. SoFi doesn’t charge commissions, but other fees apply (full fee disclosure here).

Help grow your nest egg with a SoFi IRA.

SoFi Invest®
INVESTMENTS ARE NOT FDIC INSURED • ARE NOT BANK GUARANTEED • MAY LOSE VALUE
SoFi Invest encompasses two distinct companies, with various products and services offered to investors as described below: Individual customer accounts may be subject to the terms applicable to one or more of these platforms.
1) Automated Investing and advisory services are provided by SoFi Wealth LLC, an SEC-registered investment adviser (“SoFi Wealth“). Brokerage services are provided to SoFi Wealth LLC by SoFi Securities LLC.
2) Active Investing and brokerage services are provided by SoFi Securities LLC, Member FINRA (www.finra.org)/SIPC(www.sipc.org). Clearing and custody of all securities are provided by APEX Clearing Corporation.
For additional disclosures related to the SoFi Invest platforms described above please visit SoFi.com/legal.
Neither the Investment Advisor Representatives of SoFi Wealth, nor the Registered Representatives of SoFi Securities are compensated for the sale of any product or service sold through any SoFi Invest platform.

External Websites: The information and analysis provided through hyperlinks to third-party websites, while believed to be accurate, cannot be guaranteed by SoFi. Links are provided for informational purposes and should not be viewed as an endorsement.

Investment Risk: Diversification can help reduce some investment risk. It cannot guarantee profit, or fully protect in a down market.

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

Third-Party Brand Mentions: No brands, products, or companies mentioned are affiliated with SoFi, nor do they endorse or sponsor this article. Third-party trademarks referenced herein are property of their respective owners.

Tax Information: This article provides general background information only and is not intended to serve as legal or tax advice or as a substitute for legal counsel. You should consult your own attorney and/or tax advisor if you have a question requiring legal or tax advice.

SOIN0124125

Feb

2024

403(b) vs Roth IRA: Key Differences and How to Choose

By AJ Smith | Growing Wealth, invest, Investing, Preparing for Retirement | Comments Off

What’s the Difference Between a 403(b) and a Roth IRA?

A 403(b) and a Roth IRA account are both tax-advantaged retirement plans, but they are quite different — especially regarding the amount you can contribute annually, and the tax implications for each.

Generally speaking, a 403(b) allows you to save more, and your taxable income is reduced by the amount you contribute to the plan (potentially lowering your tax bill). A Roth IRA has much lower contribution limits, but because you’re saving after-tax money, it grows tax free — and you don’t pay taxes on the withdrawals.

In some cases, you may not need to choose between a Roth IRA vs. a 403(b) — the best choice may be to contribute to both types of accounts. In order to decide, it’s important to consider how these accounts are structured and what the rules are for each.

Comparing How a 403(b) and a Roth IRA Work

When it comes to a 403(b) vs Roth IRA, the two are very different.

A 403(b) account is quite similar to a 401(k), as both are tax-deferred types of retirement plans and have similar contribution limits. A Roth IRA, though, follows a very different set of rules.

403(b) Overview

Similar to a 401(k), a 403(b) retirement plan is a tax-deferred account sponsored by an individual’s employer. An individual may contribute a portion of their salary and also receive matching contributions from their employer.

An employee’s contributions are deducted — this is known as a salary reduction contribution and deposited in the 403(b) pre-tax, where they grow tax-free, until retirement (which is why these accounts are called “tax deferred”). Individuals then withdraw the funds, and pay ordinary income tax at their current rate.

Although 403(b) accounts share some features with 401(k)s, there are some distinctions.

Eligibility

The main difference between 403(b) and 401(k) accounts is that 401(k)s are offered by for-profit businesses and 403(b)s are only available to employees of:

• Public schools, including public colleges and universities

• hurches or associations of churches

• Tax-exempt 501(c)(3) charitable organizations

Early Withdrawals

Typically, individuals face a 10% penalty if they withdraw their money before age 59 ½. Exceptions apply in some circumstances. Be sure to consult with your plan sponsor about the rules.

Contribution Limits and Rules

There are also some different contribution rules for 403(b) accounts. The cap for a 403(b) is the same as it is for a 401(k): $23,000 in 2024 and $22,500 in 2023. And if you’re 50 or older you can also make an additional catch-up contribution of up to $7,500 in 2024 and 2023.

In the case of a 403(b), though, if it’s permitted by the 403(b) plan, participants with at least 15 years of service with their employer can make another catch-up contribution above the annual limit, as long as it’s the lesser of the following options:

• $15,000, reduced by the amount of employee contributions made in prior years because of this rule

• $5,000, times the number of years of service, minus the employee’s total contributions from previous years

• $3,000

The wrinkle here is that if you’re over 50, and you have at least 15 years of service, you must do the 15-year catch-up contribution first, before you can take advantage of the 50-plus catch-up contribution of up to $7,500.

Roth IRA Overview

Roth IRAs are different from tax-deferred accounts like 403(b)s, 401(k)s, and other types of retirement accounts. With all types of Roth accounts — including a Roth 401(k) and a Roth 403(b) — you contribute after-tax money. And when you withdraw the money in retirement, it’s tax free.

Eligibility

Unlike employer-sponsored retirement plans, Roth IRAs fall under the IRS category of “Individual Retirement Arrangements,” and thus are set up and managed by the individual. Thus, anyone with earned income can open a Roth IRA through a bank, brokerage, or other financial institution that offers them.

Contribution Limits and Rules

Your ability to contribute to a Roth, however, is limited by your income level.

• For 2024, if you’re married filing jointly, you can contribute the maximum to a Roth if your modified adjusted gross income (MAGI) is less than $230,000. If your income is between $230,000 and $240,000 you can contribute a reduced amount.

• For single filers in 2024, your income must be less than $146,000 to contribute the maximum to a Roth, with reduced contributions up to $161,000.

• For 2023, if you’re married filing jointly, you can contribute the maximum to a Roth if your modified adjusted gross income (MAGI) is less than $218,000. If your income is between $218,000 and $228,000 you can contribute a reduced amount.

• For single filers in 2023, your income must be less than $138,000 to contribute the maximum to a Roth, with reduced contributions up to $153,000.

Roth 403(b) vs Roth IRA: Are They the Same?

No. A Roth 403(b) does adhere to the familiar Roth structure — the individual makes after-tax contributions, and withdraws their money tax free in retirement — but otherwise these accounts are similar to regular 403(b)s.

• The annual contribution limits are the same: $23,000 with a catch-up contribution of $7,500 for those 50 and older for 2024; $22,500 with a catch-up contribution of $7,500 for those 50 and older for 2023.

• There are no income limits for Roth 403(b) accounts.

Also, a Roth 403(b) is like a Roth 401(k) in that both these accounts are subject to required minimum distribution rules (RMDs), whereas a regular Roth IRA does not have RMDs.

One possible workaround: You may be able to rollover a Roth 403(b)/401(k) to a Roth IRA — similar to the process of rolling over a regular 401(k) to a traditional IRA when you leave your job or retire.

That way, your nest egg wouldn’t be subject to 401(k) RMD rules.

Finally, another similarity between Roth 403(b) and 401(k) accounts: Even though the money you deposit is after tax, any employer matching contributions are not; they’re typically made on a pre-tax basis. So, you must pay taxes on those matching contributions and earnings when taking retirement withdrawals. (It sounds like a headache, but your employer deposits those contributions in a separate account, so it’s relatively straightforward to know which withdrawals are tax free and which require you to pay taxes.)

💡 Quick Tip: Investment fees are assessed in different ways, including trading costs, account management fees, and possibly broker commissions. When you set up an investment account, be sure to get the exact breakdown of your “all-in costs” so you know what you’re paying.

Which Is Better, a 403(b) or Roth IRA?

It’s not a matter of which is “better” — as discussed above, the accounts are quite different. Deciding which one to use, or whether to combine both as part of your plan, boils down to your tax and withdrawal strategies for your retirement.

To make an informed decision about which retirement plan is right for you, it can be helpful to conduct a side-by-side comparison of both plans. This chart breaks down some of the main differences, giving you a better understanding of these types of retirement plans, so that you can weigh the pros and cons of a Roth IRA vs. 403(b).

	403(b)	Roth IRA
Who can participate?	Employees of the following types of organizations: • Public school systems, if involved in day-to-day operations • Public schools operated by Indian tribal governments • Cooperative hospitals and • Civilian employees of the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences • Certain ministers and chaplains • Tax-exempt charities established under IRC Section 501(c)(3)	Individuals earning less than the following amounts: • Single filers earning less than $146,000 for 2024 (those earning $146,000 or more but less than $161,000 may contribute a reduced amount) • Married joint filers earning less than $230,000 for 2024 (those earning $230,000 or more but less than $240,000 may contribute a reduced amount) • Single filers earning less than $138,000 for 2023 (those earning $138,000 or more but less than $153,000 may contribute a reduced amount) • Married joint filers earning less than $218,000 for 2023 (those earning $218,000 or more but less than $228,000 may contribute a reduced amount)
Are contributions tax deductible?	Yes	No
Are qualified distributions taxed?	Yes	No (if not qualified, distribution may be taxable in part)
Annual individual contribution limit	$23,000 for 2024 (plus catch-up contributions of $7,500 for those 50 and older) $22,500 for 2023 (plus catch-up contributions up to $7,500 for those age 50 and older)	$7,000 for 2024 (individuals 50 and older may contribute $8,000) $6,500 for 2023 (individuals 50 and older may contribute $7,500)
Are early withdrawals allowed?	Depends on individual plan terms and may be subject to a 10% penalty	Yes, though account earnings may be subject to a 10% penalty if funds are withdrawn before account owner is 59 ½
Plan administered by	Employer	The individual’s chosen financial institution
Investment options	Employee chooses based on investments available through the plan	Up to the individual, though certain types of investments (collectibles, life insurance) are prohibited
Fees	Varies depending on plan terms and investments	Varies depending on financial institution and investments
Portability	As with other employee-sponsored plans, individual must roll their account into another fund or cash out when switching employers	Yes
Subject to RMD rules	Yes	No

Pros and Cons of a 403(b) and a Roth IRA

There are positives to both a 403(b) and a Roth IRA — and because it’s possible for qualified individuals to open a Roth IRA and a 403(b), some people may decide that their best strategy is to use both. Here’s a side-by-side comparison of a 403(b) vs. a Roth IRA:

	403(b)	Roth IRA
Pros	• Contributions are automatically deducted from your paycheck • Earning less during retirement may mean an individual pays less in taxes • Employer may offer matching contributions • Higher annual contribution limit than a Roth IRA	• More investment options to choose from • Withdrawal of contributions are not taxed; withdrawal of earnings are not taxed under certain conditions and/or after age 59 ½ • Account belongs to the owner
Cons	• May have limited investment options • May charge high fees • There may be a 10% penalty on funds withdrawn before age 59 ½	• Has an income limit • Maximum contribution amount is low • Contributions aren’t tax deductible

403(b)

Roth IRA

Pros

• Contributions are automatically deducted from your paycheck

• Earning less during retirement may mean an individual pays less in taxes

• Employer may offer matching contributions

• Higher annual contribution limit than a Roth IRA

• More investment options to choose from

• Withdrawal of contributions are not taxed; withdrawal of earnings are not taxed under certain conditions and/or after age 59 ½

• Account belongs to the owner

Cons

• May have limited investment options

• May charge high fees

• There may be a 10% penalty on funds withdrawn before age 59 ½

• Has an income limit

• Maximum contribution amount is low

• Contributions aren’t tax deductible

Pros of 403(b)

• Contributions are automatically deducted by an employer from the individual’s paycheck, which can make it easier to save.

• If an individual earns less money annually in retirement than during their working years, deferring taxes may mean they ultimately pay less in taxes.

• Some employers offer matching contributions, meaning for every dollar an employee contributes, the employer may match some or all of it, up to a certain percentage.

• Higher annual contribution limit than a Roth IRA.

Pros of Roth IRAs

• Individuals can invest with any financial institution and thus will likely have many more investment options when opening up their Roth IRA.

• Withdrawal of contributions are not taxed; withdrawal of earnings are not taxed under certain conditions and/or after age 59 ½.

• Account belongs to the owner and is not affected if the individual changes jobs.

There are also some disadvantages to both types of accounts, however.

💡 Quick Tip: How much does it cost to set up an IRA? Often there are no fees to open an IRA, but you typically pay investment costs for the securities in your portfolio.

Cons of 403(b)s

• There are limited investment options with 403(b)s.

• Some 403(b) plans charge high fees.

• Individuals typically pay a 10% penalty on funds withdrawn before age 59 ½. However, there may be some exceptions under the rule of 55 for retirement.

Cons of Roth IRAs

• There’s an income limit to a Roth IRA, as discussed above.

• The maximum contribution amount is fairly low.

• Contributions are not tax deductible.

Choosing Between a Roth IRA and 403(b)

When considering whether to fund a 403(b) account or a Roth IRA, there’s no right choice, per se — the correct answer boils down to which approach works for you. You might prefer the automatic payroll deductions, the ability to save more, and, if it applies, the employer match of a 403(b).

Or you might gravitate toward the more independent setup of your own Roth IRA, where you have a wider array of investment options and greater flexibility around withdrawals (Roth contributions can be withdrawn at any time, although earnings can’t).

Or it might come down to your tax strategy: It may be more important for you to save in a 403(b), and reduce your taxable income in the present. Conversely, you may want to contribute to a Roth IRA, despite the lower contribution limit, because withdrawals are tax free in retirement.

Really, though, it’s possible to have the best of both worlds by investing in both types of accounts, as long as you don’t exceed the annual contribution limits.

Investing With SoFi

Because 403(b)s and Roth IRAs are complementary in some ways (one being tax-deferred, the other not), it’s possible to fund both a 403(b) and a Roth IRA.

Ready to invest for your retirement? It’s easy to get started when you open a traditional or Roth IRA with SoFi. SoFi doesn’t charge commissions, but other fees apply (full fee disclosure here.)

Easily manage your retirement savings with a SoFi IRA.

FAQ

Which is better: a 403(b) or a Roth IRA?

Neither plan is necessarily better. A 403(b) and a Roth IRA are very different types of accounts. A 403(b) has automatic payroll deductions, the possibility of an employer match, and your contributions are tax deductible. A Roth IRA gives you more control, a greater choice of investment options, and the ability to withdraw contributions (but not earnings) now, plus tax free withdrawals in retirement. It can actually be beneficial to have both types of accounts, as long as you don’t exceed the annual contribution limits.

Should you open a Roth IRA if you have a 403(b)?

You can open a Roth IRA if you have a 403(b). In fact it may make sense to have both, since each plan has different advantages. You may get an employer match with a 403(b), for instance, and your contributions are tax deductible. A Roth IRA gives you more investment options to choose from and tax-free withdrawals in retirement. In the end, it really depends on your personal financial situation and preference. Be sure to weigh all the pros and cons of each plan.

When should you convert your 403(b) to a Roth IRA?

If you are leaving your job or you’re at least 59 ½ years old, you may want to convert your 403(b) to a Roth IRA to avoid taking the required minimum distributions (RMDs) that come with pre-tax plans starting at age 73. However, because you are moving pre-tax dollars to a post-tax account, you’ll be required to pay taxes on the money. Speak to a financial advisor to determine whether converting to a Roth IRA makes sense for you and ways you may be able to minimize your tax bill.

SoFi Invest®
INVESTMENTS ARE NOT FDIC INSURED • ARE NOT BANK GUARANTEED • MAY LOSE VALUE
SoFi Invest encompasses two distinct companies, with various products and services offered to investors as described below: Individual customer accounts may be subject to the terms applicable to one or more of these platforms.
1) Automated Investing and advisory services are provided by SoFi Wealth LLC, an SEC-registered investment adviser (“SoFi Wealth“). Brokerage services are provided to SoFi Wealth LLC by SoFi Securities LLC.
2) Active Investing and brokerage services are provided by SoFi Securities LLC, Member FINRA (www.finra.org)/SIPC(www.sipc.org). Clearing and custody of all securities are provided by APEX Clearing Corporation.
For additional disclosures related to the SoFi Invest platforms described above please visit SoFi.com/legal.
Neither the Investment Advisor Representatives of SoFi Wealth, nor the Registered Representatives of SoFi Securities are compensated for the sale of any product or service sold through any SoFi Invest platform.

Third-Party Brand Mentions: No brands, products, or companies mentioned are affiliated with SoFi, nor do they endorse or sponsor this article. Third-party trademarks referenced herein are property of their respective owners.

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

Tax Information: This article provides general background information only and is not intended to serve as legal or tax advice or as a substitute for legal counsel. You should consult your own attorney and/or tax advisor if you have a question requiring legal or tax advice.

SOIN0224006

Feb

2024

5 Ways to Send Money Online to Family and Friends

By Kim Franke-Folstad | Budgeting & Goals, money | Comments Off

Situations can crop up all the time where you want to send money to someone you know. Perhaps your coworker brought you back a cold brew (nice) or you need to pay your roommate for your share of the utility bill. Fortunately, there are plenty of ways to move cash from your account to theirs, from using mobile payment apps to traditional money transfer services like Western Union.

Which method you choose to transfer funds will depend on to whom you are sending the money, where the recipient is located, how much money you need to send, and how fast the money needs to get there.

Read on to learn all about several safe, quick, and easy ways to send someone money. You’ll discover:

• How to send money instantly

• How the different money-transfer methods compare

• What are ways to send money online internationally

• How to stay safe when sending money online

1. Money Transfer Services

Money transfer companies have been around for decades, and some — like Western Union and MoneyGram — still have locations all around the world where you can send money to a person so they can go and pick it up. In some cases, you may be able to send money directly into a person’s bank account or mobile wallet.

• What you need: The recipient’s full name, phone number, address, bank name and account details for electronic transfers to them. For a recipient who will pick up the money in person, you may just need the person’s full name and address.

• Fees: The fees for money transfer services can vary based on how you’re paying (with a credit or debit card, or directly from your bank account), where you’re sending the money, and how much you’re sending.

• Timing: Depending on the delivery and payment methods, the money may arrive within a few minutes or in a few days.

• Reach: Unlike many other money transfer options, these services typically offer both domestic and international transfers. Western Union, for example, specializes in the ability to send or receive cash quickly overseas.

Worth noting about these services: Since they allow you to send money via money orders and other methods, they can be a good way to transfer funds to or from someone without a bank account.

💡 Quick Tip: Help your money earn more money! Opening a bank account online often gets you higher-than-average rates.

2. Bank-to-Bank Transfers

Knowing how to transfer money from one bank to another can be valuable when you want to move funds.

• What you need: You will likely need the routing number and account number where you are sending funds to, and you may have to verify your identity before completing the transfer.

• Fees: Many banks allow you to click on their transfer feature and send money to a bank account at another bank, often with no fees involved.

• Timing: It usually takes just a day or two to move the funds.

• Reach: These are typically done domestically. If you want to send funds internationally, you may need to complete an international wire transfer.

3. Send a Check Via Your Bank

Although they may not be as popular as they once were, checks are still a reliable way to send money to someone.

• What you need: You will need the name of the person receiving the check (the payee) and possibly their mailing address if you are sending a check.

• Fees: Checks are typically included at no charge when you open a bank account. If you don’t have any checks handy, you can order checks from your bank or retailers. This can be done online, and check prices can range from five cents to more than 20 cents per check.

• Timing: Once deposited, the money should move into the recipient’s bank account and be available in a couple of days or possibly up to a week, depending on such factors as when it is deposited and how.

• Reach: In the US, it should be no problem to deposit a check (even if it’s from an international account). However, if you are planning to mail a check to someone in a foreign country, you may want to check with them to make sure they can deposit it at their bank without any issues.

4. Wire Transfers

Wire transfers offer another way to send money to someone. They can be a good option for sending a large amount of money that is needed extremely quickly, for both domestic and international transactions.

• What you need: In terms of how to wire money, you can call, visit, or go online with your bank or a wire transfer company. For a domestic transfer, you will need the recipient’s name, address, and bank account and routing number.

For international transfers, you will also need the bank’s SWIFT code plus possibly the International Payments System Routing Code.

• Fees: Domestic wire transfers may be free for some banking customers, but the median charges tend to be $25 for outgoing wire transfers and $15 for incoming wire transfers (meaning your recipient may be assessed a fee for receiving funds this way).

Internationally, the figures are a median of $15 for incoming international wire transfers and $45 for outgoing international wire transfers.

• Timing: Typically, domestic wire transfers can be completed in one day (perhaps even within hours or sooner), and international ones can take up to a few days.

• Reach: Bank policies vary; some may offer only domestic wire transfers, others also do international transfers, and some offer neither service.

5. Third Party Person-to-Person (P2P) Apps

A growing number of P2P services (also known as person-to-person or peer-to-peer services) allow customers to use an app or website to send money from a bank account, a credit card, or a debit card to someone else.

You are probably familiar with these apps. If you went out with friends for dinner but didn’t have money on you, your pal might pay for the whole meal. You could then pay your friend without cash by using Zelle or another app to send them what you owe. These services can possibly provide an answer to the questions, “How to send money instantly to a friend or family member?”

The set-up, services, and transaction times can vary somewhat from one app to the next. Generally, however, they’re easy to use and are typically free, although there may be fees involved (say, to expedite the transfer of funds to a bank account, or when paying using a linked credit card).

Some, though not all, providers may require both the sender and receiver to set up an account within the same transfer service.

Here are some popular P2P providers to consider:

Zelle

You can make a money transfer using the Zelle app or, if your financial institution partners with Zelle (and many do), you can use your mobile banking app or your bank’s website.

• Zelle works with traditional and online banks, as well as credit unions.

• Money moves directly from your bank account to your recipient’s bank account. So, if you’re both already registered with Zelle, the company says it takes just minutes to complete a transfer. That’s one path to instantly send money to a person or retailer.

• Zelle doesn’t charge any fees to send or receive money. However, you may want to check with your financial institution to be sure it doesn’t add a fee for the service.

• You can’t cancel or reverse a payment made in error.

PayPal

PayPal is the grandaddy of money transferring apps. It remains popular because it’s so ubiquitous, tends to be easy to use, and offers a variety of payment methods.

• It’s free to register for an account, and when you send money to another PayPal account holder, the money can be transferred to that person’s bank account as soon as the next day.

• Sending money to someone in the US through a PayPal account balance or linked bank account is free, but there may be extra costs if you use a credit or a debit card, or if the money is going overseas.

Cash App

Cash App is another P2P money transfer app that’s used in the US and the United Kingdom.

• Both parties involved in a transaction must download the app and log in.

• There are no extra charges to send funds, although your bank might assess a fee if you move money internationally, and you’ll be assessed a fee if you use a credit card to fund your transaction.

• There are limits to how much you can send at first: $250 during the first seven days after you sign up, but after a month, you can send up to $1,000 at a time.

Venmo

Venmo is a subsidiary of PayPal, and the process and costs for sending money to someone work in much the same way.

• There’s also a social aspect to Venmo that has made it popular. You can add friends, share posts, and use emojis. Or you can change your settings to keep things a bit more private.

• Transfers between Venmo accounts are instantaneous.

• If you realize you made a mistake, the transfer cannot be undone.

Facebook

Facebook allows users to send and receive money free of charge through both the Messenger app and Meta Pay (previously known as Facebook Pay).

• Both the person sending and the person receiving the money need to live in the U.S. and link a debit card or PayPal account to Facebook or Messenger.

• Meta Pay works similarly to Messenger, but unlike Messenger, it allows users to send and receive money across its platforms (Facebook, Messenger, Instagram, and WhatsApp).

• Meta Pay also enables users to purchase things, such as games and items for sale on Facebook Marketplace and Instagram, and to link a major credit card, in addition to a debit card or PayPal account.

• As with other services listed here, you can’t cancel a payment after you send it.

Apple Cash

Apple Cash is a digital card that is built into the wallet of iPhones. It allows you to spend in stores and online and in apps with Apple Pay.

• You can load the card with cash and use it where Apple Pay (the technology behind it) is accepted.

• You can send and receive Apple Cash from friends and family with iPhones through Messages or your Apple Wallet.

• You can use Siri to send money using spoken instructions.

• Within a seven-day period, you can send or receive a maximum of $10,000.

• Children with iPhones can send and receive cash this way.

• There’s no fee to send, receive, or request funds with Apple Cash.

• You may be able to cancel an Apple Cash transaction if the recipient hasn’t yet accepted the payment.

Google Pay

Google Pay is another service you can use to send money. You’ll need either the Google Pay or Google Wallet app, plus at least one form of payment, such as a debit card or a credit card. Not all cards are compatible yet with Google Pay so do a bit of research to see if yours are.

• You can use Google Pay in stores and online.

• Within a seven-day period, you can send up to $5,000 if you’re verified (or $500 if your identity hasn’t been verified).

• It’s a free service to pay for goods and services.

• Google Wallet is currently available in dozens of locations globally.

• It may be possible to cancel some Google Pay transactions.

Get up to $300 when you bank with SoFi.

Open a SoFi Checking and Savings Account with direct deposit and get up to a $300 cash bonus. Plus, get up to 4.60% APY on your cash!

Is It Safe to Transfer Money Online?

You may wonder, “Are mobile payment apps safe?” Overall yes, but remember: Any time your personal information is online, the possibility exists that someone could access it and use it to steal your money.

So even though banks and other major money transfer networks are taking state-of-the-art steps to prevent hacking and cybertheft, no financial site or mobile app is entirely without risk. Bank account fraud and similar crimes can happen when scammers get a hold of your financial details.

Fortunately, there are some simple steps you can take to help safeguard your money:

Only Do Business with a Secure Network

If you’re making a transfer using a website, it’s a good idea to make sure the URL starts with (https://) and there’s a little padlock in front of the web address in the search bar. This shows that the site is secure and the data you enter will be encrypted.

If you don’t see these signs of a secure transaction, there is a chance that your personal and banking details could be visible to others during the transaction. This can in turn lead to fraud and identity theft.

Make Sure Your Device Is Protected

Even if you believe you’re dealing with a secure site, it’s wise to make sure you have the most up-to-date antivirus and antimalware programs enabled on your devices and run regular scans.

Yes, this may seem like a hassle, but the trouble caused by malware can be devastating. Malware can be downloaded onto your device, say, when you plug in to charge your phone at an airport or other public venue or when you click on a fraudulent link. It can then pull highly personal data off your phone and lead to you having to report identity theft.

Don’t Download Any App You Haven’t Vetted

Before you download a financial app, make sure that it’s the one intended. There are plenty of lookalike, sound-alike apps out there.

Then, make sure that you feel confident in the security protocols it has in place. Most financial apps list their security measures somewhere on their description in the app store (it might be under the privacy policy). You’ll also find reviews there.

Use a Strong Password

Here’s another important security protocol for financial apps or any app that involves your personal information. It’s a good idea to make your password as long and complicated as possible. Consider using a mix of numbers, upper- and lowercase letters, and throw in a symbol or two. Don’t use the obvious “password123” option, nor your birthdate, which could easily be available on social media sites.

Also, it’s best not to use the same password for every account you have. Use a well-reviewed password manager if you could use some help handling your passwords.

Vet People and Companies Before You Send Them Money

Do your research before hitting “send.” On some payment apps, you can friend people before you send any funds. This can help you make sure that you are sending money to the person you intend to vs. someone else with a very similar name or handle.

Also, because it’s so easy to transfer money to someone, it’s also easy to get scammed. And often there’s no going back on a transfer once the money is in the other person’s account. So be wary when using these apps to make purchases online.

Double-check All Your Info

Making sure you have the right name, address, account information, and other details for the person you’re sending money to. That can help keep your money from going to the wrong place. It’s easy to make a typo on mobile devices (and actually anytime you’re typing), especially when multitasking or transferring funds while on the go.

If you’re sending a large sum, you may want to send a small test amount first to confirm you have everything correct.

Keep a Record of the Transaction

Consider holding onto the proof of transfer until your recipient confirms that he or she has access to the money. The transfer might take a few minutes or a few days.

Typically, with wire transfers, you have hard copies from a brick-and-mortar bank or downloaded receipts via your banking app or website that you can keep on hand. With checks, the canceled check (or an image of it) can serve as proof that funds were accessed.

Recommended: Guide to ACH Routing Numbers

The Takeaway

Transferring funds to another person has become increasingly quick and easy as technology and financial services have evolved, with such alternatives as a payment app, a wire transfer, a bank transfer, or money transfer service. Depending on the particulars of your transaction, whether you’re repaying a friend for the sushi they got you or making a purchase, there’s likely an affordable and reliable option or two.

Having the right banking partner can help make money transfers as well as all your other everyday financial transactions fast, simple, and safe.

Interested in opening an online bank account? When you sign up for a SoFi Checking and Savings account with direct deposit, you’ll get a competitive annual percentage yield (APY), pay zero account fees, and enjoy an array of rewards, such as access to the Allpoint Network of 55,000+ fee-free ATMs globally. Qualifying accounts can even access their paycheck up to two days early.

Better banking is here with SoFi, NerdWallet’s 2024 winner for Best Checking Account Overall. Enjoy up to 4.60% APY on SoFi Checking and Savings.

FAQ

Can someone send me money if I don’t have a bank account?

If you don’t have a bank account, you can still receive money via services like Western Union (which can give you cash), and Cash App, PayPal, and Venmo (which can likely give you prepaid debit cards).

Can you send money by text?

Apple Cash and Google Pay (and possibly other services) make it possible to send money by text.

What is the fastest way to send money electronically?

If you want to start sending money instantly online, services like Zelle and Google Pay can be very quick ways to transfer money electronically. The money can be delivered within minutes. Wire transfers are also regarded as a fast way to move large sums or make international transfers.

How can I send money to someone instantly with routing and account numbers?

You can likely use your financial institution’s transfer feature as a way to transfer money to another account if you have the routing and account numbers. However, you will usually also need the recipient’s name and address, as well as their bank’s name.

How can I send money to someone instantly without a bank account?

If you don’t have a bank account, you can use a money transfer service (such as Western Union or Moneygram) and pay in cash. The funds will be then forwarded as you direct them. Services like Venmo and Cash App may be another good way to move money; you can link them to a prepaid debit card or a credit card.

SoFi® Checking and Savings is offered through SoFi Bank, N.A. ©2023 SoFi Bank, N.A. All rights reserved. Member FDIC. Equal Housing Lender.
The SoFi Bank Debit Mastercard® is issued by SoFi Bank, N.A., pursuant to license by Mastercard International Incorporated and can be used everywhere Mastercard is accepted. Mastercard is a registered trademark, and the circles design is a trademark of Mastercard International Incorporated.

SoFi members with direct deposit activity can earn 4.60% annual percentage yield (APY) on savings balances (including Vaults) and 0.50% APY on checking balances. Direct Deposit means a deposit to an account holder’s SoFi Checking or Savings account, including payroll, pension, or government payments (e.g., Social Security), made by the account holder’s employer, payroll or benefits provider or government agency (“Direct Deposit”) via the Automated Clearing House (“ACH”) Network during a 30-day Evaluation Period (as defined below). Deposits that are not from an employer or government agency, including but not limited to check deposits, peer-to-peer transfers (e.g., transfers from PayPal, Venmo, etc.), merchant transactions (e.g., transactions from PayPal, Stripe, Square, etc.), and bank ACH funds transfers and wire transfers from external accounts, do not constitute Direct Deposit activity. There is no minimum Direct Deposit amount required to qualify for the stated interest rate.

SoFi members with Qualifying Deposits can earn 4.60% APY on savings balances (including Vaults) and 0.50% APY on checking balances. Qualifying Deposits means one or more deposits that, in the aggregate, are equal to or greater than $5,000 to an account holder’s SoFi Checking and Savings account (“Qualifying Deposits”) during a 30-day Evaluation Period (as defined below). Qualifying Deposits only include those deposits from the following eligible sources: (i) ACH transfers, (ii) inbound wire transfers, (iii) peer-to-peer transfers (i.e., external transfers from PayPal, Venmo, etc. and internal peer-to-peer transfers from a SoFi account belonging to another account holder), (iv) check deposits, (v) instant funding to your SoFi Bank Debit Card, (vi) push payments to your SoFi Bank Debit Card, and (vii) cash deposits. Qualifying Deposits do not include: (i) transfers between an account holder’s Checking account, Savings account, and/or Vaults; (ii) interest payments; (iii) bonuses issued by SoFi Bank or its affiliates; or (iv) credits, reversals, and refunds from SoFi Bank, N.A. (“SoFi Bank”) or from a merchant.

SoFi Bank shall, in its sole discretion, assess each account holder’s Direct Deposit activity and Qualifying Deposits throughout each 30-Day Evaluation Period to determine the applicability of rates and may request additional documentation for verification of eligibility. The 30-Day Evaluation Period refers to the “Start Date” and “End Date” set forth on the APY Details page of your account, which comprises a period of 30 calendar days (the “30-Day Evaluation Period”). You can access the APY Details page at any time by logging into your SoFi account on the SoFi mobile app or SoFi website and selecting either (i) Banking > Savings > Current APY or (ii) Banking > Checking > Current APY. Upon receiving a Direct Deposit or $5,000 in Qualifying Deposits to your account, you will begin earning 4.60% APY on savings balances (including Vaults) and 0.50% on checking balances on or before the following calendar day. You will continue to earn these APYs for (i) the remainder of the current 30-Day Evaluation Period and through the end of the subsequent 30-Day Evaluation Period and (ii) any following 30-day Evaluation Periods during which SoFi Bank determines you to have Direct Deposit activity or $5,000 in Qualifying Deposits without interruption.

SoFi Bank reserves the right to grant a grace period to account holders following a change in Direct Deposit activity or Qualifying Deposits activity before adjusting rates. If SoFi Bank grants you a grace period, the dates for such grace period will be reflected on the APY Details page of your account. If SoFi Bank determines that you did not have Direct Deposit activity or $5,000 in Qualifying Deposits during the current 30-day Evaluation Period and, if applicable, the grace period, then you will begin earning the rates earned by account holders without either Direct Deposit or Qualifying Deposits until you have Direct Deposit activity or $5,000 in Qualifying Deposits in a subsequent 30-Day Evaluation Period. For the avoidance of doubt, an account holder with both Direct Deposit activity and Qualifying Deposits will earn the rates earned by account holders with Direct Deposit.

Members without either Direct Deposit activity or Qualifying Deposits, as determined by SoFi Bank, during a 30-Day Evaluation Period and, if applicable, the grace period, will earn 1.20% APY on savings balances (including Vaults) and 0.50% APY on checking balances.

Interest rates are variable and subject to change at any time. These rates are current as of 10/24/2023. There is no minimum balance requirement. Additional information can be found at https://www.sofi.com/legal/banking-rate-sheet.

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

Third-Party Brand Mentions: No brands, products, or companies mentioned are affiliated with SoFi, nor do they endorse or sponsor this article. Third-party trademarks referenced herein are property of their respective owners.

SOBK0124069