Mar
15
2023
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Guide to Choosing Where to Retire

By | Growing Wealth, invest, Investing, Preparing for Retirement | Comments Off on Guide to Choosing Where to Retire

Perhaps retirement is years or even decades away or something you are planning right this very moment. Regardless of your timeline, your dream lifestyle is likely to be something very specific to your lifestyle and dreams. Maybe you imagine living by the shore and walking on the sand every morning. Or perhaps you see yourself in a college town, spending afternoons at bookstores and cafes. Or you might think of moving within an hour of your grandkids for frequent multigenerational gatherings.

There’s a good chance that your vision of retirement isn’t just about location. Some people may think of downsizing to a smaller home in a low-cost area so they can free up funds to travel the world. Others might want, after decades of hard work, revel in their dream home with a view of a lake or mountains.

Where to live in retirement depends on several factors but is a uniquely personal choice. If you could use some help deciding where to spend that chapter of your life, read on. You can take a quiz to help you zero in on good options, and after that, you’ll learn more about such topics as:

•   What factors can help you decide where to retire?

•   What are some great places to retire?

•   What are some affordable ideas for retirement?

•   When should you start saving for retirement?

Where to Retire Quiz

First, here is a “where to retire quiz” to help you to create your plans.

Factors to Consider When Choosing Where to Retire

Next, here are four factors to keep in mind while choosing where to live in retirement years.

Climate and Topography

When you picture yourself in your ideal location, what is the weather like? Are you the type who wants to live the “70-plus degrees and sunny” lifestyle year-round? Or do you want to experience the full array of season, with fall leaf-peeping and some wintertime snow to delight in?

As you think about your surroundings, it can be smart to daydream a bit and envision where you’d like your retirement to be. One person might want to be in the mountains, another in a small city with loads of easy walking trails but no hills, thank you.

As you contemplate these options, it can be worthwhile to delve into climate reports for each of the states in the United States and check out the “past weather” tabs to see what patterns you may observe. Which sounds most appealing to you? And, here’s a U.S. geographic website that allows you to explore the counties and rivers in a state, elevation, topography, and more.

Friends and Family

When thinking about retirement, don’t overlook the value of having loved ones and their social support nearby. Your dream may be to live where your children or your grandchildren do. If that sounds like you, consider whether these family members are rooted in their communities or if they frequently move (say, for work).

If the first is true, then the situation is probably simpler than if there’s a good chance that your family would move, leaving you in a community that you chose because they were living there.

Do you have close friends that have decided where they want to retire? If so, you might want to consider the area they have in mind. Having the continuity of their friendship could add to your quality of life and help you transition into retirement.

Peace and Quiet? Or Action?

You might love the peace and quiet of small towns, rural areas, and the like, where you can fish, stroll through the woods, and otherwise appreciate the beauty of nature. Or you may want to retire right where the most action is, living in a big city with everything you need within a block or two of your place, plus an array of restaurants, shows, museums, and other attractions to keep you busy. Or you might prefer a suburb that offers the best of both worlds.

Also worth thinking about: Do you want to be in a place where there’s always something going on that you can join? For some people, a 55+ community with ongoing planned activities can be most appealing.

Career Plans

Do you envision saying a permanent goodbye to the workplace in the future, or do you plan to keep working after retirement — perhaps part-time or as a consultant — through your 60s and 70s, and maybe beyond? Or maybe you’re looking forward to having a second act in a field of great interest.

You may have pursued your original career because you needed to earn a certain income, but now you can work in an area that brings you joy, perhaps in animal rescue. Or maybe you want to volunteer for an organization you feel passionate about. There are lots of buzzwords describing the new ways people may work as they reach retirement age, such as semi-retirement and unretirement. Regardless of what you call it, some retirement locations may offer more opportunity than others, depending on the path you envision.

Taxes

There’s no ignoring the impact of finances on where you choose to retire. Some states are more tax-friendly than others. There can be income tax, property tax, sales tax, and other taxes in the mix, so it can be wise to consider the best places to retire for tax purposes before you commit. For some people, where they choose to live in retirement can wind up making a difference of tens of thousands of dollars in taxes.

As you think about your options of where to live when retired, it can be wise to research the potential tax burden of a move (you can find information via some online searching) or meet with a professional who can advise you.

On the subject of taxes and affordability, another facet to keep in mind when thinking about retirement is cost of living. If you imagine retiring to, say, Austin, Texas, you are likely going to need to spend more for that in-demand city life than to live in a small town a couple of hours away from it.

Great Places to Retire

USNews.com provides in-depth information about the best places to retire in 2022-2023. U.S. News & World Report surveys people in pre-retirement and those of retirement age to determine what’s most important to them, and then they use the following formula to come up with their conclusions:

•   Quality of Life Index, 32.5%, which includes such variables as healthcare affordability, air quality, and crime rates, among others.

•   Value Index, 25%, which incorporates factors like housing costs and median household income.

•   Job Market Index, 20%, which reflects the area’s average salary and unemployment rate.

•   Desirability Index, at 17.5%, which reports on the results of a survey of 3,500 people about which metro areas are most appealing to them.

•   Net Migration, 5%, which determines if people are actually moving into or out of the area.

Top 5 Place to Retire

Here are the top five results for 2022-2023:

•   Lancaster, Pennsylvania, which can offer the best of a small city, suburbs, and rolling farmland in one location.

•   Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, a state capital where one can walk, run, or bike along the Susquehanna River.

•   Pensacola, Florida, which offers beaches, boating, and fishing in a warm climate and career opportunities as well.

•   Tampa, Florida, combines the best of city life (concerts, major-league sports) with beautiful weather and access to the water.

•   York, Pennsylvania, has loads of history to explore as well as a lively downtown area with an arts community, shopping, and more.

What’s best for you, of course, depends upon what’s most important to you, so it makes sense to visit places of interest, ideally for enough time that you get a sense of what it would be like to live there, rather than just visit.

For example, before you decide whether to rent or buy a home for retirement in a particular area, you might test-drive living there for a number of months to see what you really think of the climate, activities in the area, cost of living, and so forth.

And, at least in some cases, after people getting ready to retire visit locations that once seemed like the ideal place to live, they find that they’re really happier right where they are. If that’s the case, good for you.

You’ll be retiring in a place you already know well, able to maintain your circle of friends.

Helpful Resources

Beyond the U.S. News resource mentioned above, there is an array of information online, whether you want to research housing prices in a given area on a real-estate listing site or read a blog about what it’s like to retire in a foreign country. Certainly, there are books on these and additional topics as well. AARP magazine is also full of information about retirement locations.

Don’t forget about the value of word-of-mouth. Talking to friends, neighbors, colleagues, and family members about their plans and those of members of their circle can help you learn about what like-minded people are thinking.

Affordable Places to Retire

According to U.S. News, the five most affordable places to retire for 2022-2023 are:

1.    Fort Wayne, Indiana

2.    Ocala, Florida

3.    Scranton, Pennsylvania

4.    Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

5.    Youngstown, Ohio.

And, no matter where you want to live, funding your retirement in the style you want is crucial.

When to Start Saving

As far as when to start saving for retirement, the answer is likely to be ASAP. In terms of how to save, you may have such options as:

•   401(k) Retirement Plans: These are employer-sponsored plans and can be a convenient way to start saving for retirement.

•   IRAs (Individual Retirement Accounts): Whether or not your employer offers a retirement plan, you can open this type of retirement account yourself. There are two types — traditional and Roth — which are treated differently, tax-wise.

•   Self-Employment Retirement Plans: Contribution limits are higher, because you’re both the employer and the employee. There are several types, the most common being SEP IRAs, Simple IRAs and a Solo 401(k).

•   Pension Plans: If you work for the government or military (or possibly for a large company), you may also benefit from a pension plan. These are less common than they used to be, but still exist.

And, besides asking yourself “Where should I retire?” you’re probably also wondering about choosing a retirement date. To cut to the chase, if you’re looking to live on $40,000 a year in your retirement, you need to save $1 million. Double that if you’re hoping to live on $80,000.

As you save, it can be wise to frequently check in on how your savings are performing. This can help you monitor whether you’re on track, regardless of which of the different types of retirement plans you are utilizing, and make any necessary adjustments.

If you aren’t heading towards your targets at a good rate, you may want to rebalance your portfolio to help meet your goals.

Recommended: Understanding Portfolio Diversification

What If I Want to Retire Early?

Some people want to retire before they reach 65 or 70. If you are among that group, consider the Rule of 25, which says that someone should save 25 times their annual expenses to retire — not annual earnings, but annual retirement expenses.

So if you are calculating how to retire early with annual expenses of $75,000, that means that someone would need to save $1,875,000 to stop working (at a minimum).

Important note: As you do the math, remember that this figure can’t include Social Security benefits because those aren’t available until the designated time (meaning, not during early retirement).

It can also make sense to spend less and save more now to maximize what you’ll have saved for retirement. This can have a doubly good impact. First, spending less can lower the amount needed to save for early retirement, because you’ll have fewer expenses. In addition, the money not being spent today can be invested.

Here’s another way to calculate what may be needed. Take a look at the current budget, cut out what you reasonably can, and then figure out how this budget may change in retirement years. What may require more funds (healthcare, for instance)? Less (like money spent on one’s kids)? This can help you forecast what your line item budget may look like in the years ahead.

Open a Retirement Account With SoFi

When you open a retirement account at SoFi, we can help put your money to work. We first provide you with the educational tools to help you with goal planning, with a focus on mapping out a plan to help you achieve your goals more quickly, and to also help you stick with that plan. We can help diversify your portfolio, aiming to reduce some of your risk. In fact, we invest in hundreds of assets.

And it’s simple to get started: Setting up an investment account with SoFi can take just minutes.

Easily manage your retirement savings with a SoFi IRA.

FAQ

What are the safest places to retire?

Different sources list different locations, but according to U.S. News, the safest places to live in the U.S. are Naples, FL; Port St. Lucie, FL; Fort Myers, FL; Portland, ME; and Lakeland, FL. Once you have an approximate idea of where you want to retire, you can then research crime rates in that zone.

What are the best places to retire financially?

According to one recent report, the best places to retire financially and enjoy an affordable lifestyle are Fort Wayne, IN; Ocala, FL; Scranton, PA; Pittsburgh, PA; and Youngstown, OH.

What are the warmest places to retire?

Among the places where one can retire with good weather year-round are Florida, California, and North Carolina.

SoFi Invest®
The information provided is not meant to provide investment or financial advice. Also, past performance is no guarantee of future results.
Investment decisions should be based on an individual’s specific financial needs, goals, and risk profile. SoFi can’t guarantee future financial performance. Advisory services offered through SoFi Wealth, LLC. SoFi Securities, LLC, member FINRA / SIPC . SoFi Invest refers to the three investment and trading platforms operated by Social Finance, Inc. and its affiliates (described below). Individual customer accounts may be subject to the terms applicable to one or more of the platforms below.
1) Automated Investing—The Automated Investing platform is owned by SoFi Wealth LLC, an SEC registered investment advisor (“Sofi Wealth“). Brokerage services are provided to SoFi Wealth LLC by SoFi Securities LLC, an affiliated SEC registered broker dealer and member FINRA/SIPC, (“Sofi Securities).
2) Active Investing—The Active Investing platform is owned by SoFi Securities LLC. Clearing and custody of all securities are provided by APEX Clearing Corporation.
3) Cryptocurrency is offered by SoFi Digital Assets, LLC, a FinCEN registered Money Service Business.
For additional disclosures related to the SoFi Invest platforms described above, including state licensure of Sofi Digital Assets, LLC, please visit www.sofi.com/legal. Neither the Investment Advisor Representatives of SoFi Wealth, nor the Registered Representatives of SoFi Securities are compensated for the sale of any product or service sold through any SoFi Invest platform. Information related to lending products contained herein should not be construed as an offer or prequalification for any loan product offered by SoFi Bank, N.A.
Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.
Third-Party Brand Mentions: No brands, products, or companies mentioned are affiliated with SoFi, nor do they endorse or sponsor this article. Third-party trademarks referenced herein are property of their respective owners.
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Tax Information: This article provides general background information only and is not intended to serve as legal or tax advice or as a substitute for legal counsel. You should consult your own attorney and/or tax advisor if you have a question requiring legal or tax advice.
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Mar
14
2023
Understanding Highly Compensated Employees (HCEs)

Understanding Highly Compensated Employees (HCEs)

By | invest, Investing, Preparing for Retirement | Comments Off on Understanding Highly Compensated Employees (HCEs)

Internal Revenue Service (IRS) rules require companies with 401(k) retirement plans to identify highly compensated employees (HCEs). An HCE, according to the IRS, passes either an ownership test or a compensation test. Someone owning more than 5% of the company would qualify as an HCE, as would someone who was compensated more than $135,000 for the 2022 tax year.

The IRS uses this information to help all employees receive fair treatment when participating in their 401(k). As a result, your HCE status can affect the amount you can contribute to your 401(k).

What Does It Mean to Be an HCE?

A highly compensated employee’s 401(k) contributions will be subject to additional scrutiny by the IRS. Again, you’re identified as an HCE if you either:

•   Owned more than 5% of the business this year or last year, regardless of how much compensation you earned or received, or

•   Received at least $135,000 in compensation for the 2022 tax year ($150,000 for 2023) and, if your employer so chooses, you were in the top 20% of employees ranked by compensation.

If you meet either of these criteria, you’re considered an HCE, though that doesn’t necessarily mean that you earn a higher salary.

For example, someone could own 6% of a business while also drawing a salary of less than $100,000 a year. Because they meet the ownership test, they would still be classified as an HCE.

It’s also possible for you to be on the higher end of your company’s salary range and yet not qualify as an HCE. This can happen if your company chooses to rank employees by pay. If your income is above the IRS’s HCE threshold but you still earn less than the highest-paid 20% of employees (while not owning 5% of the company), you don’t meet the definition of an HCE.

Highly Compensated Employee vs Key Employee

Highly compensated employees may or may not also be key employees. Under IRS rules, a key employee meets one of the following criteria:

•   An officer making over $200,000 for 2022 ($215,000 for 2023)

•   Someone who owns more than 5% of the business

•   A person who owns more than 1% of the business and also makes more than $150,000 a year

•   Someone who meets none of these conditions is a non-key employee.

In order for a highly compensated employee to be a key employee, they must pass the ownership or officer tests. For IRS purposes, ownership is determined on an aggregate basis. For example, if you and your spouse work for the same company and each own a 2.51% share, then you’d collectively pass the ownership test.

Benefits of Being a Highly Compensated Employee

Being a highly compensated employee can offer certain advantages. Here are some of the chief benefits of being an HCE:

•   Having an ownership stake in the company you work for may entail additional employee benefits or privileges, such as bonuses or the potential to purchase company stock at a discount.

•   Even with a high salary, you can still contribute to your 401(k) retirement plan, possibly with matching contributions from your employer.

•   You may be able to supplement 401(k) contributions with contributions to an individual retirement account (IRA) or health savings account (HSA).

There are, however, some downsides to consider if you’re under the HCE umbrella.

Disadvantages of Being a Highly Compensated Employee

Highly compensated employees are subject to additional oversight when making 401(k) contributions. If you’re an HCE, here are a few disadvantages to be aware of:

•   You may not be able to max out your 401(k) contributions each year.

•   Lower contribution rates could potentially result in a shortfall in your retirement savings goal.

•   Earning a higher income could make you ineligible to contribute to a Roth IRA for retirement.

•   Any excess contributions that get refunded to you will count as taxable income when you file your return.

Benefits

 Disadvantages
HCEs may get certain perks or bonuses. 401(k) contributions may be limited.
Can still contribute to a company retirement plan. Limits may make it more difficult to reach retirement goals.
Can still contribute to an IRA. High earnings may make you ineligible to contribute to a Roth IRA.
Refunds of excess contributions could raise employee’s taxable income.

Recommended: Rollover IRA vs. Regular IRA: What’s the Difference?

Nondiscrimination Regulatory Testing

The IRS requires employers to conduct 401(k) plan nondiscrimination compliance testing each year. The purpose of this testing is to ensure that highly compensated employees and non-highly compensated employees have a more level playing field when it comes to 401(k) contributions.

Employers calculate the average contributions of non-highly compensated employees when testing for nondiscrimination. Depending on the findings, highly compensated employees may have their contributions restricted in certain ways. If you aren’t sure, it’s best to ask someone in your HR department, or the plan sponsor.

If an employer reviews the plan and finds that it’s overweighted in favor of HCEs, the employer must take steps to correct the error. The IRS allows companies to do that by either making additional contributions to the plans of non-HCEs or refunding excess contributions back to HCEs.

401(k) Contribution Limits for HCEs

In theory, highly compensated employees’ 401(k) limits are the same as retirement contribution limits for other employees. For 2022, the limit is $20,500; it’s $22,500 for 2023. Employees age 50 and older can make an additional $6,500 in catch-up contributions for 2022, and $7,500 for 2023.

But, as noted above, these plans may be restricted for HCEs, so it’s wise to know the terms before you begin contributing.

Other Retirement Plan Considerations

For example, one thing to watch out for if you’re a highly compensated employee is the possibility of overfunding your 401(k). If your employer determines that you, as an HCE, have contributed more than the rules allow, the employer may need to refund some of that money back to you.

As mentioned earlier, refunded money would be treated as taxable income. Depending on the refunded amount, you could find yourself in a higher tax bracket and facing a larger tax bill. So it’s important to keep track of your contributions throughout the year so the money doesn’t have to be refunded to you.

Recommended: Should You Retire at 62?

401(k) vs IRAs for HCEs

A highly compensated employee might consider a traditional or Roth IRA to supplement their 401(k) savings. Either kind of IRA lets you contribute money up to the annual limit and make qualified withdrawals after age 59 ½ without penalty.

However, income-related rules could constrain highly compensated employees in terms of funding both a 401(k) and a traditional or Roth IRA.

•   An HCE’s contributions to a traditional IRA may not be fully tax-deductible if they or their spouse are covered by a workplace retirement plan. Phaseouts depend on income and filing status.

•   Highly compensated employees may be barred from contributing to a Roth IRA. Eligibility phases out as income rises. For the 2023 tax year, people become ineligible when their MAGI exceeds $153,000 (if single) or $228,000 (if married, filing jointly).

The Takeaway

A highly compensated employee is generally someone who owns more than 5% of the company that employs them, or who received compensation of more than $135,000 in 2022 ($150,000 in 2023).

Being an HCE can restrict how much you’re able to save in your company’s 401(k); under certain circumstances the IRS may require the employer to refund some of your contributions, with potential tax consequences for you. Even so, HCEs may still be able to save and invest through other retirement accounts.

SoFi offers traditional and Roth IRAs to help you grow your retirement savings. You can open an account online in minutes and build a diversified portfolio that suits your goals. It’s a hassle-free way to work toward a secure financial future.

Help grow your nest egg with a SoFi IRA.

FAQ

Does HCE income include bonuses?

The IRS treats bonuses as compensation for determining which employees are highly compensated. Overtime, commissions, and salary deferrals to a 401(k) account are also counted as compensation.

What is the difference between a key employee and a highly compensated employee?

A highly compensated employee is someone who passes the IRS’s ownership test or compensation test. A key employee is someone who is an officer or meets ownership criteria. Highly compensated employees can also be key employees.

Can you be a key employee and not an HCE?

It is possible to be a key employee and not a highly compensated employee in certain situations. For example, you might own 1.5% of the business and make between $150,000 and $200,000 per year, while not ranking in the top 20% of employees by compensation.

Photo credit: iStock/nensuria

SoFi Invest®
The information provided is not meant to provide investment or financial advice. Also, past performance is no guarantee of future results.
Investment decisions should be based on an individual’s specific financial needs, goals, and risk profile. SoFi can’t guarantee future financial performance. Advisory services offered through SoFi Wealth, LLC. SoFi Securities, LLC, member FINRA / SIPC . SoFi Invest refers to the three investment and trading platforms operated by Social Finance, Inc. and its affiliates (described below). Individual customer accounts may be subject to the terms applicable to one or more of the platforms below.
1) Automated Investing—The Automated Investing platform is owned by SoFi Wealth LLC, an SEC registered investment advisor (“Sofi Wealth“). Brokerage services are provided to SoFi Wealth LLC by SoFi Securities LLC, an affiliated SEC registered broker dealer and member FINRA/SIPC, (“Sofi Securities).
2) Active Investing—The Active Investing platform is owned by SoFi Securities LLC. Clearing and custody of all securities are provided by APEX Clearing Corporation.
3) Cryptocurrency is offered by SoFi Digital Assets, LLC, a FinCEN registered Money Service Business.
For additional disclosures related to the SoFi Invest platforms described above, including state licensure of Sofi Digital Assets, LLC, please visit www.sofi.com/legal. Neither the Investment Advisor Representatives of SoFi Wealth, nor the Registered Representatives of SoFi Securities are compensated for the sale of any product or service sold through any SoFi Invest platform. Information related to lending products contained herein should not be construed as an offer or prequalification for any loan product offered by SoFi Bank, N.A.
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Mar
13
2023
The 401(k) Force-out Explained

The 401(k) Force-out Explained

By | Growing Wealth, invest, Investing, Preparing for Retirement | Comments Off on The 401(k) Force-out Explained

If you change jobs and leave a balance of $5,000 or less in your old 401(k), IRS regulations permit your former employer to distribute all of those funds to you in what’s known as a 401(k) force-out.

This move could potentially lower your former employer’s plan costs and lessen their administrative duties — but it also can affect your retirement planning. Here’s what you should know about the 401(k) force-out process.

What Is a 401(k) Force-out?

As noted above, a 401(k) plan is a type of qualified retirement plan offered by employers to help employees save money and build wealth. Once an employee moves to a new job, their former employer can impose a 401(k) force-out — a distribution from the retirement plan that the IRS allows when an ex-employee’s plan balance is $5,000 or less.

The distribution does not require the ex-employee’s consent.

That doesn’t mean your former employer can do whatever they like with your 401(k) money. The IRS requires employers to observe certain 401(k) force-out rules. The rules specify:

•   When an employer must notify you about your 401(k) forced distribution

•   What happens to the money in your account if you’re forced out

Not every former employee is subject to a 401(k) force-out. If your 401(k) balance is greater than $5,000, your former employer can’t force you out unless you give consent. Your spouse may also need to consent.

The 401(k) Force-out Process

How 401(k) force-outs are handled can depend on the employer and the terms of your plan. It’s important to note that your plan documents must include a provision for force-outs; your former employer can’t just impose the policy on a whim.

When force-outs take place, they generally begin with an employer’s review of their 401(k) retirement plan’s account balances, including those of ex-employees. Again, if you are an ex-employee with a balance over $5,000, the IRS requires your consent before your ex-employer can do anything with the money in your account.

If the vested balance is between $1,000 and $5,000, the former employer can:

•   Cut you a check for the amount

•   Give you the option to roll the money over to an eligible retirement plan

•   Transfer the money to an individual retirement account (IRA) on your behalf

When the balance is below $1,000 the employer can send you a check or transfer the money to an IRA.

Before the employer can do any of those things, however, they’re required to give you at least 30 days’ notice so you can decide for yourself what happens to the money. Whatever resolution you choose, you’ll no longer be investing in the 401(k) at your old employer.

Recommended: How to Open Your First IRA

Why Do Force-outs Happen?

Why do employers force 401(k) distributions on former employees? Cost is one reason. A plan with fewer enrolled employees can be less expensive to administer. Removing inactive participants can also streamline recordkeeping and potentially reduce the plan’s regulatory compliance obligations.

What Happens to a 401(k) After You Leave Your Job?

When you leave a job your 401(k) doesn’t follow you. The money stays where it is. You can’t make new contributions, but your balance may continue to grow if your investments appreciate in value.

Generally, when you leave a job, there are four things you can do with your account:

•   Roll the money from your former employer’s 401(k) into your new employer’s retirement plan

•   Rollover your 401(k) money into an IRA

•   Leave it where it is

•   Withdraw it

Keep in mind that a 401(k) cash distribution is subject to ordinary income tax — including in the case of a force-out, where it’s required by your ex-employer. You may also face a 10% early withdrawal penalty if you’re younger than age 59 ½.

Ways to Cope With a 401(k) Force-Out

What can you do to prevent the additional tax and potential penalty? Rolling over a 401(k) to your new employer’s retirement plan or to an IRA within 60 days can prevent you from owing taxes on the amount (or the 10% penalty).

A rollover may also allow you to preserve some tax benefits. For example, if you’re rolling money from one 401(k) to another or to a traditional IRA, it can continue to grow on a tax-deferred basis until you’re ready to retire. And you can keep saving for retirement in your new employer’s plan if one is offered.

Leaving the money in your former employer’s plan could make sense if you’re comfortable with the investment options offered and the fees you’re paying. Of course, that may not be possible if that employer has 401(k) force-out rules that require you to either cash out or move the money elsewhere.

Withdrawing money from a 401(k) when you leave a job is usually the least preferable option for people below the age of 59 ½. Barring exceptions, any 401(k) cash distribution before you reach that age is treated as taxable income. The IRS can also assess an early withdrawal penalty.

Keep in mind that if you’ve taken out a loan against that 401(k) account, you’ll need to pay the loan’s full outstanding balance at the time of separation. Otherwise, the IRS views the entire loan as a taxable distribution.

Can a Company Refuse to Give You Your 401(k) Money?

A company can’t refuse to give you your 401(k) funds, but there may be restrictions on when you can access those funds. If you’ve borrowed from your 401(k), for instance, an employer may require you to repay the rest of the loan before permitting you to roll over or withdraw your balance.

Starting a New 401(k)

Having left an old employer behind, you may find that starting a new 401(k) account can be as simple as opting into automatic enrollment in your new company’s plan. You may need to work a certain number of months before you’re eligible for automatic enrollment; that will depend on the plan rules.

Regardless, contributing to a 401(k) is one way to ensure that you’re on track for retirement.

For the new 401(k) plan, it’s important to consider the amount you’re deferring into the account and the fees you’ll be paying. It’s a good idea to at least contribute enough to get the full employer match (if one is offered).

You can also ask your plan administrator about scheduling annual contribution increases to coincide with yearly raises you might receive (some companies offer this as an automatic feature). Making regular adjustments to contributions and asset allocation can help you make the most of every dollar when saving for retirement.

The Takeaway

If you participated in the 401(k) plan at a past job and left less than $5,000 in the account, your former employer has the option of cashing you out of their plan. The account balance determines whether they can do this by distributing the money as cash or rolling it over into a retirement account.

In any event, you will be notified at least 30 days in advance of the company’s action. You can generally inform them of your preference at that time.

With the funds from that old account, you could open a traditional or Roth IRA to add to your savings. Or do a direct 401(k) rollover. SoFi makes the direct rollover process streamlined and simple.

Help grow your nest egg with a SoFi IRA.

FAQ

Can your employer force you to cash out your 401(k)?

Yes. If you leave your job and your 401(k) balance is less than $1,000, your ex-employer can cut you a check for that amount. Keep in mind that a 401(k) cash distribution is subject to ordinary income tax; you may also pay a 10% early withdrawal penalty if you’re younger than age 59 ½. For larger balances, you’ll likely have a rollover option, even if your consent isn’t required. If your balance is more than $5,000, the IRS requires your ex-employer to get your consent before doing anything with the funds in your account.

What happens when your company no longer offers a 401(k)?

When an employer opts to terminate a 401(k) plan, they’re required to make sure employees are able to access the full amount of their 401(k) savings. Assets are usually distributed within a year or so. You may be given the option to withdraw the balance in cash or put it into a rollover IRA in order to avoid negative tax consequences.

Can your company kick you out of the 401(k) plan?

A company can cull its 401(k) plan enrollment by forcing out ex-employees who are no longer active plan participants. If you’re forced out of a former employer’s 401(k), you may opt to receive a cash distribution, or you may wish to roll the money over to your current employer’s retirement plan. Your former employer may also have the ability to transfer your 401(k) funds to an IRA for you.

Photo credit: iStock/AJ_Watt

SoFi Invest®
The information provided is not meant to provide investment or financial advice. Also, past performance is no guarantee of future results.
Investment decisions should be based on an individual’s specific financial needs, goals, and risk profile. SoFi can’t guarantee future financial performance. Advisory services offered through SoFi Wealth, LLC. SoFi Securities, LLC, member FINRA / SIPC . SoFi Invest refers to the three investment and trading platforms operated by Social Finance, Inc. and its affiliates (described below). Individual customer accounts may be subject to the terms applicable to one or more of the platforms below.
1) Automated Investing—The Automated Investing platform is owned by SoFi Wealth LLC, an SEC registered investment advisor (“Sofi Wealth“). Brokerage services are provided to SoFi Wealth LLC by SoFi Securities LLC, an affiliated SEC registered broker dealer and member FINRA/SIPC, (“Sofi Securities).
2) Active Investing—The Active Investing platform is owned by SoFi Securities LLC. Clearing and custody of all securities are provided by APEX Clearing Corporation.
3) Cryptocurrency is offered by SoFi Digital Assets, LLC, a FinCEN registered Money Service Business.
For additional disclosures related to the SoFi Invest platforms described above, including state licensure of Sofi Digital Assets, LLC, please visit www.sofi.com/legal. Neither the Investment Advisor Representatives of SoFi Wealth, nor the Registered Representatives of SoFi Securities are compensated for the sale of any product or service sold through any SoFi Invest platform. Information related to lending products contained herein should not be construed as an offer or prequalification for any loan product offered by SoFi Bank, N.A.
Tax Information: This article provides general background information only and is not intended to serve as legal or tax advice or as a substitute for legal counsel. You should consult your own attorney and/or tax advisor if you have a question requiring legal or tax advice.
Disclaimer: The projections or other information regarding the likelihood of various investment outcomes are hypothetical in nature, do not reflect actual investment results, and are not guarantees of future results.
Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.
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Mar
13
2023
Can You Have Multiple IRAs?

Can You Have Multiple IRAs?

By | Growing Wealth, invest, Investing, Preparing for Retirement | Comments Off on Can You Have Multiple IRAs?

In theory, there’s no limit to how many individual retirement accounts (IRAs) one person can have. A retirement saver could potentially maintain more than one traditional IRA, Roth IRA, rollover IRA, or simplified employee pension (SEP) IRA in order to gain certain tax advantages now, and potentially down the road.

That said, the rules governing these different IRA accounts vary considerably, and combining many IRAs — without running afoul of contribution limits or creating tax issues — can be difficult.

How Many IRAs Can You Have?

As mentioned above, you may open any number of individual retirement accounts (IRAs). The Internal Revenue Service (IRS) does not limit the number of IRAs you can have and will not penalize you for having multiple IRAs in your name, as long as you follow the rules and contribution limits for each account.

One or more IRAs could work in tandem with a 401(k) workplace retirement plan. For instance, you might put part of each paycheck into a 401(k) plan at work while also maxing out your traditional IRA contributions every year. There might be restrictions, though, about the amount you can deduct.

An individual’s annual contribution limit — for traditional and Roth IRAs combined — is $6,500 for the 2023 tax year. The limit is $7,500 for savers age 50 or older.

Recommended: What is an IRA?

Types of IRA

The two main account types are the traditional IRA and the Roth IRA. Again, your traditional IRA withdrawals are taxed at your ordinary income tax rate in retirement while Roth IRA money can be withdrawn tax-free.

With a traditional IRA, contributions can provide tax deductions when the money is deposited. Qualified distributions are taxed as ordinary income in retirement. Funds distributed before the account holder reaches age 59 ½ are usually subject to an added 10% tax.

Roth IRA contributions do not qualify for a deduction when deposited. However, when the account holder reaches age 59 ½, the money may be withdrawn tax-free. As with traditional IRAs, you can have multiple Roth IRAs.

There is a third type of IRA, the SEP IRA. These IRAs have higher contribution limits: up to $66,000 or 25% of compensation, whichever is less. But because these are employer-funded plans, they follow a different set of rules.

If you are self-employed and contributing to a SEP IRA on your own behalf, or if you work for a company with a SEP plan, you may or may not have the option of making traditional IRA contributions — but you could likely contribute to a Roth in addition to the SEP.

You may want to consult with a professional so you don’t over-contribute — or contribute less than you could have — or miss out on any of the potential tax benefits.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Multiple IRAs

Whether it makes sense for you to have multiple IRAs can depend on many factors, including your investment goals, financial situation, marital status, and career plans.

Advantages

Here are some of the chief advantages of maintaining more than one IRA:

•   Tax management. Traditional IRAs and Roth IRAs are taxed differently, as mentioned above. Also, traditional IRAs are subject to required minimum distributions (RMDs), which can increase your taxable income in retirement, while Roth IRAs are not. Having money in both types of IRA could make your retirement investing more tax-efficient.

•   Diversification. Diversification can help manage investment risk. Holding money in multiple IRAs, each with a different investment strategy, could help you create a diversified portfolio.

   Diversification may also benefit you from a tax perspective if you keep less tax-efficient investments in a traditional IRA and more tax-efficient ones in a Roth IRA.

•   Access. Traditional IRAs do not permit early withdrawals before age 59 ½ without triggering a tax penalty. You can, however, withdraw your original contributions from a Roth IRA at any time without owing income tax or penalties on those distributions. Having one IRA of each type could make it less expensive for you to withdraw money early if needed. This is possible whether investing online or not.

•   Avoiding RMDs. Traditional IRAs are subject to RMD rules, which dictate that you must begin taking minimum IRA distributions at age 72. If you don’t, the IRS can levy a steep tax penalty. Roth IRAs aren’t subject to RMD rules, so they could help you hang on to more assets as you age.

Disadvantages

Opening and funding multiple IRAs isn’t always an optimal strategy. Here are some disadvantages that may make you reconsider having several IRAs:

•   Contribution limits. The IRS caps the amount you can contribute in a given year. For 2023, your total contributions to all your IRAs cannot exceed $6,500 (or $7,500 if you’re 50 or older). So having multiple IRAs doesn’t give you an edge in saving up for retirement.

•   Overweighting. When a significant share of your asset allocation is dedicated to a single stock, security, or sector, your portfolio is overweight. This overexposure can heighten your risk profile, such that a downturn in that investment could drag down your entire portfolio. Having multiple IRAs may put you at risk of being overweight if you’re not careful about reviewing the holdings in each account.

•   Fees. Brokerages often charge various fees to maintain IRAs. Plus, within each IRA, you may have to pay additional fees for specific investments. For example, a mutual fund has an annual ownership cost signified by its expense ratio. If you’re not paying attention to each IRA’s fees, it’s possible that you could overpay and shrink your investment returns.

•   Organization. Having multiple IRAs could present an organizational burden in the form of additional paperwork or, if you manage your IRAs online, logging in to multiple brokerages or robo-advisor platforms. You may also worry about increased risk for cybercrime.

Reasons You Might Want More Than One IRA

Evaluating your investment goals can help you decide if having more than one IRA makes sense for you. But you may need extra accounts if you’re:

•   Rolling over a 401(k). When separating from your employer, you could leave your 401(k) money where it is or roll it into a traditional IRA instead. If you open a rollover IRA and already have a Roth account too, you may end up with multiple IRAs.

•   Planning a backdoor Roth. Roth IRAs offer tax-free distributions but there’s a catch: To fund one, you have to meet eligibility requirements pertaining to your income and filing status. People who are over the income limit sometimes work around it by setting up a traditional IRA and later transferring some of that money to a Roth IRA. Taxes are levied on the transferred amount. This arrangement is known as a Roth conversion or backdoor Roth.

•   Married and the sole income-earner. The IRS allows married couples who file a joint tax return to each contribute to IRAs, even when one spouse does not have taxable compensation. So if you’re the breadwinner in your relationship, you could set up an IRA for yourself and open a spousal IRA to make contributions on behalf of your spouse.

•   Self-employed or plan to be. People who are self-employed can use traditional, Roth, or SEP IRAs to save for retirement. You might end up with multiple IRAs if you were an employee who had a traditional or Roth IRA, then later went out on your own as an entrepreneur. You could then open a SEP IRA, which allows for tax-deductible contributions and a higher annual contribution limit ($66,000 in 2023).

Reasons You Might Want Your IRAs With Different Companies

Whether you’re planning to open your first IRA or your fifth, it’s important to choose the right place to keep your retirement savings. You can open an IRA with a traditional broker, an online brokerage, or sometimes at your bank or credit union.

So why would you want to have your IRAs in different places? Two big reasons for that center on investment options and insurance.

Setting up IRAs at different brokerages could offer you greater exposure to a wider variety of investments. Every brokerage has its own policies on IRA assets. One brokerage might lean almost exclusively toward investing in exchange-traded funds (ETFs) or index funds, for example, while another might allow you to purchase individual stocks or bonds through your IRA.

You can also benefit from increased insurance coverage. The Securities Investor Protection Corporation (SIPC) insures Roth IRAs and other eligible investment accounts up to $500,000 per person. Under those rules, you could have a traditional IRA at one brokerage and a Roth IRA at another and they’d both be covered up to $500,000.

Note: SIPC coverage only protects you against the possibility of your brokerage failing, not against any financial losses associated with changes in the value of your investments.

How to Transfer an IRA to Another Investment Company

It’s fairly straightforward to move an IRA from one brokerage to another. First you need to set up an IRA at the new brokerage. Then you’d contact your current brokerage to initiate the transfer of some or all of your IRA funds.

You can request a trustee-to-trustee transfer, which allows your current IRA company to move the money to the new IRA on your behalf. No taxes are withheld on the transfer amount and you also avoid the risk of triggering a tax penalty.

The IRS also allows 60-day rollovers, in which you get a distribution from your existing IRA then redeposit it into your new retirement account. Taxes are withheld, so you’ll have to make that amount up when you deposit the money to your new IRA. If you fail to complete the rollover within 60 days, the IRS treats the deal as a taxable distribution.

The Takeaway

Investing in multiple IRAs is perfectly legal and, in theory, you can have an unlimited number of them. The IRS’s annual limits on contributions apply across all your accounts, however. Traditional and Roth IRAs have different tax rules and can sometimes be useful to offset each other. SEP IRAs offer the potential to save more, thanks to their higher contribution limits. Wage earners can often contribute to separate accounts for their non-working spouses, potentially doubling the amount of allowable contributions.

If you have yet to set up an IRA, getting started is easier than you might think. With SoFi Invest, you can open a traditional or Roth IRA. And you may want to consider doing a rollover IRA, where you roll over old 401(k) funds so that you can better manage all your retirement money.

SoFi makes the rollover process seamless and simple, so you don’t have to worry about transferring funds yourself, or potentially incurring a penalty. There are no rollover fees, and you can complete your 401(k) rollover without a lot of time or hassle.

Help grow your nest egg with a SoFi IRA.

FAQ

Does it make sense to have multiple IRAs?

Having more than one IRA could make sense for some people, depending on their investment strategies. When maintaining multiple IRAs, the most important thing to keep in mind are the limits on annual contributions. It’s also helpful to weigh the investment options offered and the fees you might pay to own multiple IRAs.

Can I have both a traditional and a Roth IRA?

Yes, you can have both a traditional IRA and a Roth IRA. However, your total contribution to all your IRAs cannot exceed the annual limits allowed by the IRS.

How many Roth IRAs can I have?

A person can have any number of Roth IRAs. The IRS does, however, set guidelines on who can contribute to a Roth IRA and the maximum amount you can contribute each year.

Photo credit: iStock/Prostock-Studio

SoFi Invest®
The information provided is not meant to provide investment or financial advice. Also, past performance is no guarantee of future results.
Investment decisions should be based on an individual’s specific financial needs, goals, and risk profile. SoFi can’t guarantee future financial performance. Advisory services offered through SoFi Wealth, LLC. SoFi Securities, LLC, member FINRA / SIPC . SoFi Invest refers to the three investment and trading platforms operated by Social Finance, Inc. and its affiliates (described below). Individual customer accounts may be subject to the terms applicable to one or more of the platforms below.
1) Automated Investing—The Automated Investing platform is owned by SoFi Wealth LLC, an SEC registered investment advisor (“Sofi Wealth“). Brokerage services are provided to SoFi Wealth LLC by SoFi Securities LLC, an affiliated SEC registered broker dealer and member FINRA/SIPC, (“Sofi Securities).
2) Active Investing—The Active Investing platform is owned by SoFi Securities LLC. Clearing and custody of all securities are provided by APEX Clearing Corporation.
3) Cryptocurrency is offered by SoFi Digital Assets, LLC, a FinCEN registered Money Service Business.
For additional disclosures related to the SoFi Invest platforms described above, including state licensure of Sofi Digital Assets, LLC, please visit www.sofi.com/legal. Neither the Investment Advisor Representatives of SoFi Wealth, nor the Registered Representatives of SoFi Securities are compensated for the sale of any product or service sold through any SoFi Invest platform. Information related to lending products contained herein should not be construed as an offer or prequalification for any loan product offered by SoFi Bank, N.A.
Investment Risk: Diversification can help reduce some investment risk. It cannot guarantee profit, or fully protect in a down market.
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Mar
01
2023

Rollover IRA vs. Traditional IRA: What’s the Difference?

By | Growing Wealth, invest, Investing, Preparing for Retirement | Comments Off on Rollover IRA vs. Traditional IRA: What’s the Difference?

Employees leaving a job have the option of moving their retirement savings from their employer-sponsored 401(k) plan to an individual retirement account, or IRA at another financial institution. This IRA, where they transfer their 401(k) savings to, is called a rollover IRA. If the 401(k) plan was not a Roth 401(k), you’ll like want to open what’s called a traditional IRA.

In this scenario, a rollover IRA is also a traditional IRA. But they aren’t always the same. You can have a traditional IRA that is not a rollover IRA. Read on for the differences worth noting between a rollover IRA and a traditional IRA.

What Is a Traditional IRA?

To understand the difference between a rollover IRA vs. traditional IRA, it helps to know some IRA basics.

From the moment you open a traditional IRA, your contributions to the account are typically tax deductible, so your savings will grow tax-free until you make withdrawals in retirement. This is advantageous to some retirees: Upon retiring, it’s likely one might be in a lower income tax bracket than when they were employed. Given that, the money they withdraw will be taxed at a lower rate than it would have when they contributed.

What Is a Rollover IRA?

A rollover IRA is an IRA account created with money that’s being rolled over from a qualified retirement plan. Generally, rollover IRAs happen when someone leaves a job with an employer-sponsored plan, such as a 401(k) or 403(b), and they roll the assets from that plan into a rollover IRA.

In a rollover IRA, like a traditional IRA, your savings grow tax-free until you withdraw the money in retirement. There are several advantages to rolling your employer-sponsored retirement plan into an IRA, vs. into a 401(k) with a new employer:

•  IRAs may charge lower fees than 401(k) providers.
•  IRAs may offer more investment options than an employer-sponsored retirement account.
•  You may be able to consolidate several retirement accounts into one rollover IRA, simplifying management of your investments.
•  IRAs offer the ability to withdraw money early for certain eligible expenses, such as purchasing your first home or paying for higher education. In these cases, while you’ll pay income taxes on the money you withdraw, you won’t owe any early withdrawal penalty.

There are also some rollover IRA rules that may feel like disadvantages to putting your money into an IRA instead of leaving it in an employer-sponsored plan:

•  While you can borrow money from your 401(k) and pay it back over time, you cannot take a loan from an IRA account.
•  Certain investments that were offered in your 401(k) plan may not be available in the IRA account.
•  There may be negative tax implications to rolling over company stock.
•  An IRA requires that you start taking Required Minimum Distributions (RMDs) from the account at age 73, even if you’re still working, whereas you may be able to delay your RMDs from an employer-sponsored account if you’re still working.
•  The money in an employer plan is protected from creditors and judgments, whereas the money in an IRA may not be, depending on your state.

A Side-by-Side Comparison of Rollover IRA vs. Traditional IRA

  Rollover IRA Traditional IRA
Source of contributions Created by “rolling over” money from another account, most typically an employer-sponsored retirement plan, such as 401(k) or 403(b). For rollover amount, annual contribution limits do not apply. Created by regular contributions to the account, not in excess of the annual contribution limit, although rolled-over money can also be contributed to a traditional IRA.
Contribution limits There is no limit on the funds you roll over from another account. If you’re contributing outside of a rollover, the limit is $6,500 for tax year 2023 (and $6,000 for tax year 2022), plus an additional $1,000 if you’re 50 or older. Up to $6,500 for tax year 2023 (and $6,000 for tax year 2022), plus an additional $1,000 if you’re 50 or older.
Withdrawal rules Withdrawals before age 59½ are subject to both income taxes and an early withdrawal penalty (with certain exceptions , like for higher education expenses or the purchase of a first home). Withdrawals before age 59½ are subject to both income taxes and an early withdrawal penalty (with certain exceptions , like for higher education expenses or the purchase of a first home).
Required minimum distributions (RMDs) You’re required to withdraw a certain amount of money from this account each year once you reach age 73 (thanks to the SECURE 2.0 Act of 2022). You’re required to withdraw a certain amount of money from this account each year once you reach age 73 (again, thanks to the SECURE 2.0 Act).
Taxes Since contributions are from a pre-tax account, all withdrawals from this account in retirement will be taxed at ordinary income rates. If contributions are tax deductible, all withdrawals from this account in retirement will be taxed at ordinary income rates. (If contributions were non-deductible, you’ll pay taxes on only the earnings in retirement.)
Future rollover options As long as no other (non-rollover) funds have been added to the account, this money can be rolled into a future employer’s retirement plan, if the plan allows it. The money in a traditional IRA cannot be rolled into a future employer’s retirement plan.
Convertible to a Roth IRA Yes Yes

Is There a Difference Between a Traditional IRA and a Rollover IRA?

The money you roll over to a rollover IRA can later be rolled over into an employer-sponsored retirement plan, if the plan allows it. This is not true of money in a traditional IRA.

When it comes to a rollover IRA vs. traditional IRA, the only real difference is that the money in a rollover IRA was rolled over from an employer-sponsored retirement plan. Otherwise, the accounts share the same tax rules on withdrawals, required minimum distributions, and conversions to Roth IRAs.

💡 Here’s a complete list of retirement plans to compare.

Can You Contribute to a Rollover IRA?

You can make contributions to a rollover IRA, up to IRA contribution limits. For tax year 2023, individuals can contribute up to $6,500 (with an additional catch-up contribution of $1,000 if you’re 50 or older). If you do add money to your rollover IRA, however, you may not be able to roll the account into another employer’s retirement plan at a later date.

Can You Combine a Traditional IRA With a Rollover IRA?

A rollover IRA is essentially a traditional IRA that was created when money was rolled into it. Hence, you can combine two IRAs by having a direct transfer done from one account to another, or by rolling money from one IRA to the other IRA.

There’s one important aspect of the transfer or rollover process that will help prevent the money from counting as an early withdrawal or distribution to you—and that’s being timely with any transfers. With an indirect rollover, you typically have 60 days to deposit the money from the now-closed fund into the new one.

A few other key points to remember: As mentioned above, if you add non-rollover money to a rollover account, you may lose the ability to roll funds into a future employer’s retirement plan. Also keep in mind that there’s a limit of one rollover between IRAs in any 12-month period. This is strictly an IRA-to-IRA limit and does not apply to rollovers from a retirement plan to an IRA.

How to Open a Traditional or Rollover IRA Account

Opening a traditional IRA and a rollover IRA are identical processes—the only difference is the funding. Open a traditional or rollover IRA by doing the following:

•  Decide where to open your IRA. For instance, you can choose an online brokerage firm where you can choose your own investments, or you can select a robo-advisor that will offer automated recommendations based on your answers to a few basic investing questions. (There’s a small fee associated with most robo-advisors.)
•  Open an account. From the provider’s website, select the type of IRA you’d like to open—traditional or rollover, in this case—and provide a few pieces of personal information. You’ll likely need to supply your date of birth, Social Security number, and contact and employment information.
•  Fund the account. You can fund the account with a direct contribution via check or a transfer from your bank account, transferring money from another IRA, or rolling over the money from an employer-sponsored retirement plan. Contact your company plan administrator for information on how to do the latter.

Is your retirement piggy bank feeling light?

Start saving today with a Roth or Traditional IRA.

The Takeaway

Both a rollover IRA and a traditional IRA allow investors to put money away for retirement in a tax-advantaged way, with very little difference between the two accounts.

One of the primary questions anyone considering a rollover IRA should consider is, will you keep contributing to it? If so, that would prevent you from rolling the rollover IRA back into an employer-sponsored retirement account in the future.

Whether it’s a rollover IRA you’ve created by rolling over an employer-sponsored retirement account or a traditional IRA you’ve opened with regular contributions, either account can play a key role in your retirement game plan.

Interested in learning more about growing your savings with an IRA? Explore IRA accounts at SoFi and read about the broad range of investment options, member services and investment tools available.

Find out how to save for retirement with SoFi.

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.
External Websites: The information and analysis provided through hyperlinks to third-party websites, while believed to be accurate, cannot be guaranteed by SoFi. Links are provided for informational purposes and should not be viewed as an endorsement.
SoFi Invest®
The information provided is not meant to provide investment or financial advice. Also, past performance is no guarantee of future results.
Investment decisions should be based on an individual’s specific financial needs, goals, and risk profile. SoFi can’t guarantee future financial performance. Advisory services offered through SoFi Wealth, LLC. SoFi Securities, LLC, member FINRA / SIPC . SoFi Invest refers to the three investment and trading platforms operated by Social Finance, Inc. and its affiliates (described below). Individual customer accounts may be subject to the terms applicable to one or more of the platforms below.
1) Automated Investing—The Automated Investing platform is owned by SoFi Wealth LLC, an SEC registered investment advisor (“Sofi Wealth“). Brokerage services are provided to SoFi Wealth LLC by SoFi Securities LLC, an affiliated SEC registered broker dealer and member FINRA/SIPC, (“Sofi Securities).
2) Active Investing—The Active Investing platform is owned by SoFi Securities LLC. Clearing and custody of all securities are provided by APEX Clearing Corporation.
3) Cryptocurrency is offered by SoFi Digital Assets, LLC, a FinCEN registered Money Service Business.
For additional disclosures related to the SoFi Invest platforms described above, including state licensure of Sofi Digital Assets, LLC, please visit www.sofi.com/legal. Neither the Investment Advisor Representatives of SoFi Wealth, nor the Registered Representatives of SoFi Securities are compensated for the sale of any product or service sold through any SoFi Invest platform. Information related to lending products contained herein should not be construed as an offer or prequalification for any loan product offered by SoFi Bank, N.A.

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