The Show Must Go On

We are quite literally witnessing history.

In 2025, the level of excitement around AI’s potential to transform businesses and drive productivity propelled nearly $400 billion in capital expenditures from the hyperscalers, helping boost the S&P 500’s market cap up by $9 trillion year-to-date.

With markets driven by the power of the AI theme since late 2022, it cannot be overstated how important this technology revolution has been (and is expected to continue to be) for economic activity, business productivity, and investor sentiment.

Investors have grappled with the growing risks of high valuations, whether or not the bubble is about to burst, and who the ultimate winners will be. But despite these worries, markets have continued to forge ahead, and seem to be taunting investors as if to say, “doubt me at your own peril.”

Looking ahead to 2026, market behavior is still expected to be highly reliant on the messages sent by the technology behemoths. But we do see potential for some new corners of the market to step into the limelight. Similarly, we expect to see the economy reaccelerate across a broader swath of sectors as AI begins to result in productivity gains. As such, the degree of AI spending as well as future earnings expectations have the power to make or break this market, and the show must go on in AI in order to support stocks.

The Music Kept Playing in 2025

Despite finishing the year with handsome returns on major stock indices, 2025 was fraught with fits and starts. Tariff news pummeled markets in late winter and early spring, contributing to the S&P 500’s first 20% drawdown since 2022. The resumption of rate cuts by the Federal Reserve gave markets something to cheer about, but a lack of certainty around how far and how fast rates would come down made for more bumps, albeit smaller, in the second half. Plus, the longest government shutdown in U.S. history delayed or cancelled some economic data.

Through it all, investors’ buying appetite remained relatively steady, and upside momentum carried markets. In fact, when we look at market performance through the lens of factors, high liquidity and strong momentum stocks were by far the best performers in 2025, while low volatility stocks were the worst, clearly illustrating a healthy appetite for risk that couldn’t be scared off easily.

Year-to-Date Factor Performance

Perhaps not surprisingly, Technology and Communications were the best performing sectors for the year, even with strong showings from other sectors such as Industrials, Utilities, and Health Care.

One of the most covered stories in 2025 was the interconnectedness of funding among AI companies, with most of the major players committing some level of investment to others in the game. This raised questions about fragility and an overdependence on just a few key players.

In the background of major market headlines, the U.S. economy slowed but certainly didn’t stop. Growth expectations remained strong, inflation remained contained (albeit still above the Fed’s target), and the labor market stayed out of real trouble.

As the end of 2025 approaches, there is a general sense of optimism about an economic reacceleration in 2026, particularly as a result of fiscal stimulus and loosening monetary policy, which has kept volatility at bay. A question that remains on investors’ minds is how much positivity has already been priced in? We hope to answer that and more as we walk through the specifics of our outlook for the year ahead.

Befriend the Bubble

As markets stand on the doorstep of what could be the fourth year of AI-driven optimism, it’s natural to be on the lookout for obvious signs of stress or fatigue in the rally. For what it’s worth, we toiled over the same thing at the end of 2024, only to watch 2025 produce strong earnings growth, improved guidance, and another year of healthy returns.

Inevitably, in any period that feels like it has the characteristics of a bubble, one wonders if and when it might burst, and which warnings should be heeded. There have certainly been indicators that give investors pause: extended valuations, signs of intense speculation, a weakening labor market, and inflation that remains stuck above the Fed’s 2% target. Yet companies continue to commit to spending eye-popping amounts on CapEx, and investor buying appetite seems unstoppable.

For our 2026 outlook, we tackle the major topics that are causing a lot of investor handwringing to determine if there is real reason to worry… yet. In other words, we acknowledge that there is a bear case building, but can it be staved off for another year?

The reality is at some point this uptrend is likely to end, and it could end in very dramatic fashion. Until it does, however, we’re better off befriending the bubble.

Markets: A Manageable Fever

One of the most overdiscussed elements of today’s market environment is valuations. The nice thing about valuations is they allow us to compare current prices to history and to other assets to arrive at a logical conclusion about whether something looks cheap, expensive, or just right. The not-so-nice thing about valuations is that they tell us very little about when to buy or sell.

This has been a frustrating topic for investors as the price-to-earnings ratio (P/E) on the S&P 500 has remained above its long-term average for nearly two years. Even if we isolate the 11 stocks that are most heavily tied to the current tech revolution (let’s call them the “Big 11”), because of their higher valuations, the rest of the index still looks elevated.

Valuation Premium for Big 11

Based solely on this, investors have reason to be concerned. Valuations are high on a relative basis, but are also approaching levels seen during the dotcom bubble. In 1998, the forward P/E on the S&P 500 hit 23.2x; Today it sits at 22.4x — just a whisker off.

History doesn’t repeat, though it often rhymes. Even if valuations on broad indices do reach the same levels they did in 1998, those don’t serve as limits. As investors, we are constantly weighing the tradeoffs between how much potential we think the market has with how much we’re willing to pay for that potential.

Not to mention that investor sentiment can’t be fully captured by financial ratios, and it’s a stronger force than people give it credit for. Over short-term periods investor sentiment tends to prevail even when the numbers send warnings. It has remained resilient through a variety of headwinds, scares, and rising valuations.

What’s more, when we consider the potential that remains, high valuations today may be more defensible and perhaps more palatable than some historical periods.

Cash Cows

One of the concerns into the end of 2025 was the increased amount of borrowing taken on by the hyperscalers (Alphabet, Amazon, Meta, Microsoft, Oracle). Rising debt levels can be important cautionary notes, but not all debt is bad. It’s worth noting that in a bull market or period of cyclical expansion, leverage generally increases as companies raise capital to focus on growth opportunities.

Despite recent borrowing activity by some of the Tech behemoths, and those companies’ massive influence on market-cap weighted indices such as the S&P 500, the debt-to-EBITDA ratio remains historically low, and perhaps more importantly, is a far cry from levels seen in the late 90s. Moreover, when we look at the debt-to-EBITDA ratio of the Big 11, the level is even lower.

Net Debt/EBITDA Ratio

This is thanks to the high amounts of cash these companies had before the debt was raised, and is further supported by the strong cash flow they’re generating. For context, although these 11 companies have seen their net debt levels rise by $142 billion in 2025 (compared to only $16 billion for 2023 and 2024 combined), their collective free cash flow amounts to $449 billion.

When debt is issued because a company is short on cash to cover operating expenses, that’s undoubtedly a concern. In the case of the recent debt raised by most of these big tech companies, the health of their balance sheets and the strength of their cash flow provides comfort. It can also be seen as an encouraging sign that companies see more future opportunities to invest.

Spending Bender

In keeping with future opportunities, another major theme and growing concern in this market is the vast amount of CapEx that has already been spent, and the amount that companies have committed to spending in years to come. The numbers are staggering and by most relative metrics, higher than what was seen during the dotcom bubble.

The chart below shows CapEx by the Big 11 vs. the major Telecom companies that were front-and-center during the late 90s and early 2000s. We looked at this as a percent of private investment, a component of GDP, in order to illustrate the increased influence AI CapEx spending has on GDP growth.

Dot-Com Era and Now: CapEx as a % of Private Investment

The risk here is obvious: If CapEx by these big companies slows down, it could act as a real drag on growth. That is a valid concern and very well may come to fruition.

What it doesn’t consider, however, are the benefits that may arise from this CapEx. Forces such as productivity gains across industries, lower costs (and therefore higher margins), as well as major innovation advancement for consumers and businesses alike could all boost the economy in the future.

To be fair, the transition from where we are now to where the potential of AI could take us will likely come with growing pains – a re-orienting of the labor force, a changing of the guard on who the “winners” are, and perhaps some boom-and-bust cycles in markets as businesses work toward profitability and revenue generation. But the ultimate path is forward, and the ultimate goal is productivity and innovation.

Thus far, markets have generally rewarded companies that are willing to keep investing in the AI opportunity set, and we’d expect this to continue in 2026 given consensus expectations for CapEx growth.

As the AI theme matures, this spending will need to result in increased revenue and profit margin for the companies engaging in most of the spending. There is no way of knowing for sure if or when that will happen, nor if it will be enough to satisfy investors and support these valuations. For now, the anecdotal productivity gains have been promising and investors have given the theme more runway.

An important litmus test will be if sectors outside of technology and communications can begin to benefit from the innovation, which is something we expect to see glimmers of in 2026.

Concerning Concentration

Market concentration has also given investors something to worry about. The largest 10 stocks in the S&P 500 now account for 46.5% of the index, up from 28.5% at the end of 2022, when this rally began.

The increased influence of tech stocks is even more dramatic, with the technology sector plus the names in the Magnificent Seven that don’t fall in the tech sector (Alphabet, Amazon, Meta, Tesla) accounting for 49.5% of S&P 500 market cap.

But the concern isn’t just about the weight, it’s about how much of the index’s total return and earnings growth these companies represent, and as you can see in the chart below, it’s a lot.

Tech Returns & Earnings Since December 2022

There are a couple ways to look at this: The more pessimistic view would be that the economy is far too dependent on a small group of companies to carry the weight of the entire market. A more optimistic view would be that these are the companies producing the strongest earnings so they should be producing commensurate returns. In other words, may the best stocks win.

Both of those would be true statements, and it’s worth pointing out that in previous bubble-like periods, there was similarly a growing influence of the largest stocks in the index as the bubble inflated. Point being, this is a metric that’s in line with what we’d expect to see in a period with bubble-like characteristics.

But again, the real question is: Do we think it means we’re nearing the end? No, we do not. Among the Big 11 collectively, there was very little multiple expansion in 2025. Earnings expectations grew faster than price, keeping the P/E ratio contained and valuations from getting any more frothy than they already were.

Even before this rally began, technology plus the other Mag 7 stocks already made up 33.7% of the index. And since the economy is much more tech-dependent today than it was in the late 90s (technology made up less than 6% of the S&P 500 then), it’s natural that markets would be too.

When it comes down to the numbers, Tech and Communications were the top two producers of earnings growth in 2025, and they’ve been rewarded with the strongest returns. That’s how it should work. As a result, their weight and influence in the overall market grew, but for good reason.

In 2026, technology is still expected to be the top producer of earnings growth, which is why you’ll read later that we believe sticking with some of your winners is a solid strategy. But a couple other sectors quietly rise to the top of earnings expectations, with Materials in the #2 spot and Industrials #3. A lot could change before the end of 2026, but even the earnings picture suggests that perhaps this is a year of new leaders stepping onto the stage.

S&P 500 2026 Consensus Expectations

Steady Drumbeat of Support

Having tackled the big front-of-mind concerns, we’ll now turn to a few other elements that are shaping up to make 2026 a friendly environment for markets. Let’s be clear though, it’s been a good run. And although we believe there is a steady drumbeat of support to keep an uptrend moving forward, the longer stocks go without a mediocre or down year, the more muted forward expectations should be.

Average S&P 500 Performance in Different Scenarios

Tax Relief

Perhaps the most clear-cut support for the economy and markets is the fiscal and monetary stimulus that’s expected to arrive. As a result of the One Big Beautiful Bill Act (OBBBA) consumers are set to receive aid of $150 billion, with the majority of that coming between February and April in the form of tax refunds. These refunds will primarily benefit lower and middle-income consumers, and come at a time when some consumer sentiment readings have been showing notable weakness.

According to the University of Michigan Consumer Sentiment survey, consumers have become increasingly pessimistic about current economic conditions. However, sentiment hasn’t been the best barometer of future activity, and other surveys paint a more rosy picture. For example, the Conference Board’s Consumer Confidence Index and the San Francisco Fed’s Daily News Sentiment Index indicate more positivity.

Sentiment Measures Have Been Unreliable

The divergences we see above make it difficult to conclude that consumers are feeling pervasively bad, although there has been weakness and frustration over sticky inflation. Stimulus targeted toward consumers in the first half should help bolster these readings, as long as inflation doesn’t surprise to the upside.

Additionally, more than $230 bil of business tax cuts for investing in CapEx, property, and research & development are on their way, further incentivizing the spending bender we ran through earlier, and broadening it out to encourage more businesses to take part.

It may seem odd to be receiving so much stimulus during a period of strong market gains and economic durability; The macro backdrop is an atypical one, no doubt. Some of the intention of the OBBBA was to offset at least a portion of the potential stress and uncertainty that tariff increases could put on businesses and consumers. So despite the seemingly delayed onset of stimulus, now that tariff news has been largely digested, this should act as a buffer in 2026.

Fed Firepower

The reasons to focus on the Fed have morphed over the past few years. First we needed the Fed to try to tame inflation, then we needed it to support the labor market as it weakened, then we needed it to reduce the size of its balance sheet and avoid juicing inflation back up. Now, markets are looking to the Fed for rate cuts to support market liquidity, stimulate more housing activity, and justify higher valuations.

The power of the Fed and almost obsessive focus on it in financial markets is a topic that would take me on an unnecessary tangent. To put it plainly: It’s too much, in our opinion, but it’s the world we’re living in.

In any event, liquidity became a concern toward the end of 2025 as quantitative tightening (QT) needed to be absorbed by markets, the reverse repo facility was drained and no longer able to sterilize QT, and bank reserves fell to “ample” territory (or possibly knocked on the door of “scarce.”)

Reserve Management Purchases Begin

The liquidity picture becomes slightly concerning when you add this to the fact that overnight funding markets started to show signs of stress (e.g. use of the standing repo facility, an increase in overnight rates such as SOFR, etc.).

As such, the Fed announced at its December meeting that it would start expanding its balance sheet again by $40 billion per month until April. The news was met with mixed reviews given that inflation is still running above target and they had just finished shrinking their balance sheet. Nevertheless, healthy liquidity during a stable economic period is generally a positive tailwind for risk assets.

Economic Reacceleration

Given the above supporting elements, there is a general sense of economic optimism heading into 2026. Survey data shows small business optimism has improved and, despite inflationary pressures, consumer spending patterns during the holiday season have remained resilient.

As we know, stimulus is positive for economic activity, but the boost tends to last for only a limited amount of time. A more durable boost for the economy would be an improvement in productivity, which is expected to be one of the main benefits of AI. Although it’s difficult to calculate the direct impacts from AI at this point, we are watching the productivity data closely in hopes that the trend of above-average productivity in late 2023 and 2024 can find renewed footing.

Productivity Running Mostly Above Trend

There are a number of other moving parts that can make or break economic durability in 2026, namely inflation, labor data, geopolitical forces, and consumer spending. But as of now, the environment looks to be one of further expansion and stability.

No Such Thing as Risk-Free

Although we believe the environment is friendly enough for markets to continue enjoying upside (albeit more muted upside), and for the economy to benefit from stimulus and see further productivity gains, there are some real risks out there to keep a close eye on.

First, the labor market drove a decent amount of anxiety throughout 2025 as fewer jobs were added, the unemployment rate rose slightly, and layoff announcements increased (as tracked by Challenger, Gray and Christmas) in the fall.

To be clear, the labor market is still stable, unemployment remains below historical norms at 4.6% (the non-recessionary average is 5.6% since 1948), and as of the most recent data available, the economy is still adding jobs each month. However, there have been notable reductions in the strength of the data, and October’s data was never collected because of the government shutdown.

Slower Job Growth, Higher Unemployment

In Fed Chair Jerome Powell’s words, the labor market is in a “curious kind of balance,” which loosely translates to, “it’s weakened but we’re still OK.” Perhaps the most concerning data has been from the Challenger survey, which showed a 175% y/y increase in job cuts in October, and a 23% y/y increase in November.

More concerning though were the reasons behind the increase in cuts. For October and November, the number of companies citing cost-cutting as the reason for job cuts increased considerably compared to the first nine months of the year. It’s impossible to know the exact reasons behind the cost-cutting, but we are of the belief that companies avoid cutting jobs as long as possible. In other words, if they’ve resorted to that measure, it’s because they had to.

Reasons for Job Cuts by Percent Share

The second real risk that we see is in leverage, as measured by margin debt. Margin debt as a percent of M2 Money Supply has risen quite dramatically in recent months, which is emblematic of investors’ healthy risk appetite and optimism for future stock prices. The concern is that it is approaching levels not seen since the financial crisis of 2008/2009 or the dotcom bubble of the early 2000s.

Margin Debt as a % of M2

The main takeaway here is that investors have levered their balance sheets in order to take on more risk. This can be a sign of a strong outlook, but it can also be an early warning sign of excessive risk-taking that tends to inflate a speculative bubble.

Perhaps that makes sense right now given where we are in the technology supercycle. And given that it has not yet hit prior crisis levels, we still have more room to go before this is a true warning sign. Not to mention that margin debt may peak in this cycle at levels higher than ever before, which would also suggest we have more room to run.

Not Over Yet

There are reasons to worry and indicators to keep a close eye on, but given the aforementioned technology themes, supportive elements, and lack of major alarm bells, we believe the show can go on in 2026. We are not the authority on declaring whether we’re in the midst of a bubble inflating, but it does seem like there is enough speculation and risk appetite in markets to suggest something of that variety. If it is in fact a bubble, we believe it can get much more bubblicious before its ultimate end.

The next phase of this cycle is likely to result in some new leadership in markets, and a renewed interest in high quality fundamentals. Here is a summary of what we find interesting for the year to come.

What Else To Do?

Given the theme of befriending the bubble, it’s hopefully obvious by now that we think there’s more room to run in large-cap technology and communications stocks. To diversify the growth exposure, however, we believe a value investing orientation is not only prudent but offers attractive potential. And as this rally ages, it may allow for new corners of the market to shine. Here is a list of investment ideas besides technology stocks in 2026.

Winners we believe can keep winning:

•  Gold

◦  Institutional and international central bank appetite for gold remains strong, and retail investors add further support.

◦  Economic nationalism is a theme of this global political regime. As countries continue to protect their assets against political volatility, gold can be a lasting beneficiary.

◦  Investment ideas: IAU, GLD, GDX

•  China

◦  Despite ongoing political tension between the U.S. and China, much of the tariff volatility has been digested by markets. China remains a powerful economy and continues to advance its own technology at a rapid pace.

◦  The Chinese economy is still rather anemic, but the government appears committed to supporting the sectors feeling the most pain. Consumers can benefit from this support and see increased spending in 2026.

◦  Investment Ideas: KWEB, FXI

Potential new entrants to the winner’s circle:

•  Cash-Rich Companies

◦  Cash-flow generation is a metric that could get more attention as investors hone in on companies with strong fundamentals and valuations worth the price tag.

◦  Indexes that track strong cash flow-generating companies tend to result in more of a value characteristic, with P/E ratios that are lower than the broad technology-heavy indices. Value stocks can produce strong results in 2026.

◦  Investment idea: COWZ

•  Health Care

◦  Signs of life toward the end of 2025 can continue into 2026 as health care productivity benefits from AI innovation.

◦  The growthy groups of pharma and biotech have been recent beneficiaries of investors who are diversifying their growth exposure, and we believe they have more room to run.

◦  Mid-term election years tend to be bumpy for markets, but health care has historically been a strong performer.

◦  Investment ideas: XLV, XBI

•  Materials

◦  This is a cyclically sensitive sector that is expected to produce the second-best earnings growth in the S&P 500.

◦  Economic nationalism has contributed to volatility in the Materials sector as countries realign trade agreements, but it can also push prices of materials stocks higher.

◦  If inflation picks up again, this sector is likely to follow suit.

◦  Investment idea: XLB

•  Consumer Staples

◦  One of the poorest performing sectors of 2025 could be the beneficiary of the consumer stimulus expected in 2026.

◦  The sector is a likely candidate for potential rotations to lower risk, higher-yielding assets during mid-term election volatility or other geopolitical strife.

◦  Investment ideas: XLP, PBJ

Conclusion

We are generally optimistic about 2026, but recognize that investors are starting to cover their eyes as stocks continue to rise. After three solid years of a strong technology cycle in markets, it’s natural to seek opportunities that offer more attractive valuations than the recent winners. Rotation into other asset classes has the potential to strengthen markets and give the economy a sense of confirmation that there is life outside of the Big 11.

The reality of today’s environment, however, is that it does rely on AI to continue pushing forward, and it does rely on continued AI spending and future revenue generation. Our base case is that this will carry on in 2026, bringing some other sectors and parts of the market with it. Of course we are always watching, and remain agile if or when the environment shifts.

It’s bound to be another exciting year around the globe, and we are ready and eager to invest with you through it.

Want more insights from Liz? The Important Part: Investing With Liz Thomas, a podcast from SoFi, takes listeners through today’s top-of-mind themes in investing and breaks them down into digestible and actionable pieces.

photo credit: iStock/MicroStockHub

SoFi can’t guarantee future financial performance, and past performance is no indication of future success. This information isn’t financial advice. Investment decisions should be based on specific financial needs, goals and risk appetite.

Communication of SoFi Wealth LLC an SEC Registered Investment Adviser. Information about SoFi Wealth’s advisory operations, services, and fees is set forth in SoFi Wealth’s current Form ADV Part 2 (Brochure), a copy of which is available upon request and at www.adviserinfo.sec.gov. Liz Thomas is a Registered Representative of SoFi Securities and Investment Advisor Representative of SoFi Wealth. Form ADV 2A is available at www.sofi.com/legal/adv.

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You might say the hectic holiday season is the ultimate gift for cybercriminals — after artificial intelligence, that is.

Between the mental overload, the money we dish out, and how convincing fake shopping sites and delivery alerts have gotten, Americans are extra vulnerable this time of year.

“Scammers thrive on pressure, distraction, and emotional decision-making,” Leyla Bilge, director of Scam Research at Norton, wrote in a report on holiday scams. “They’re counting on you to be busy, stressed, and in a rush.”

Scammers can infiltrate our holidays in a bunch of different ways. They pose as:

Online deals. Sixty-two percent of people surveyed by Norton said they jump on holiday deals immediately. But you’re better off taking a breath and researching before clicking “buy.” Scammers can use AI impersonate popular brands like Amazon and Temu, sending phishing emails that are almost indistinguishable from the legitimate ones. Avoid websites you haven’t heard of before and be especially wary of ads for beauty products, sneakers, and hard-to-find items that have gone viral on social media.

Celebrity endorsements. In early 2024, an AI-generated Taylor Swift “deepfake” pushed a scam for Le Creuset cookware, according to press reports. Since then, AI video tools have become better and more accessible. In other words, be wary of any celeb endorsements that pop up in your feed.

Delivery services. Scammers pose as UPS, FedEx, or the Postal Service by sharing a “tracking link” for information about a delivery problem. Even though you may be getting a ton of packages right now, the FCC warns to never click on those links.

Charities. Like the Grinch, criminals can be ruthless during the holidays. They’ll pull at your heart strings with scam phone calls and emails asking you to donate to charity, or even asking you to be an Instagram brand ambassador for their fake cause. Always donate through a charity’s official website — not over the phone or via forms sent over email or social media.

Toll reminders. Planning a roadtrip to see the fam? Be skeptical of text messages claiming you owe money for unpaid tolls. They can send you to convincing websites meant to steal your money and information.

So what?

Even the internet savvy can fall prey to modern holiday scams. Take these steps to protect yourself:

•   Leverage the intel. Check the Better Business Bureau’s Scam Tracker to know for sure if a business, email, or ad is a scam.

•   Beware of the newest signs of AI fakery. Look/listen for subtle imperfections like strange lighting, watermarks, or flat voices.

•   Use a credit card rather than a debit card or payment app. They give you more protection against fraudulent charges.

•   Don’t rush. Impulse buys are not your friend. They leave you less time to look for signs of fraud — and may bust your budget.

•   Go to the source. Don’t trust that a social media ad is from who it says it’s from. Instead, go directly to the trusted website and search for the product yourself.

•   Report scams. If you discover a scam, pay it forward by reporting it to the Better Business Bureau, the Federal Trade Commission, or the FBI’s Internet Crime Complaint Center.

Related Reading

Think That Party Invite Is Real? Fake E-Vite Scams Are the New Phishing Trap | McAfee Blog (McAfee)

The New Face of Fraud. How AI Is Changing the Game (Stacker via Yahoo Finance)

Shopping for Holiday Gifts Online? Here Are Tips for Avoiding Scams (PBS)

Please understand that this information provided is general in nature and shouldn’t be construed as a recommendation or solicitation of any products offered by SoFi’s affiliates and subsidiaries. In addition, this information is by no means meant to provide investment or financial advice, nor is it intended to serve as the basis for any investment decision or recommendation to buy or sell any asset. Keep in mind that investing involves risk, and past performance of an asset never guarantees future results or returns. It’s important for investors to consider their specific financial needs, goals, and risk profile before making an investment decision.

The information and analysis provided through hyperlinks to third party websites, while believed to be accurate, cannot be guaranteed by SoFi. These links are provided for informational purposes and should not be viewed as an endorsement. No brands or products mentioned are affiliated with SoFi, nor do they endorse or sponsor this content.

SoFi isn't recommending and is not affiliated with the brands or companies displayed. Brands displayed neither endorse or sponsor this article. Third party trademarks and service marks referenced are property of their respective owners.

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Young savers are loving Roth IRAs.

New data from Fidelity Investments shows younger Americans are the biggest fans of the more versatile retirement savings account, overwhelmingly choosing it over the traditional IRA. In the third quarter, Gen Zs with Fidelity IRAs funneled 95% of their contributions to Roths, while millennials contributed 75% to Roths, and Gen X, 66%.

What exactly is the draw? Roth IRAs are especially useful when you’re in a lower tax bracket than you expect to be in once you retire — or if you might need to access your money sooner. Here’s how they work and how to decide if they’re right for you.

The Appeal of a Roth IRA

You get the taxes out of the way

Some people immediately think of pretax money when they think of a retirement savings account. With a traditional IRA or 401(k), you often don’t pay taxes until you withdraw the money, usually in retirement.

But with Roth IRAs, you invest money you’ve already paid taxes on, which can benefit young people more likely to be in a lower tax bracket. Then your money is able to grow tax-free, and once you’re ready to retire, everything in your account is yours to keep — no strings (aka potentially higher tax rate) attached.

In other words, Roth IRAs align with how most people’s careers actually unfold. They let you get the taxes out of the way when you’re earning less so you can maximize the potential of tax-free compound growth.

Your compound growth is tax-free, too

For any retirement account, the longer you invest, the more opportunity there is for compound growth: Any capital gains, interest, or dividends you earn can be reinvested to potentially earn even more money, giving contributions you make in your 20s and 30s the chance to grow significantly by the time you retire.

With a Roth IRA, this benefit is amplified because whatever you earn won’t be taxed, unlike with a traditional IRA or 401(k).

You have access to your money

In contrast to most retirement accounts, Roth IRAs let you withdraw your contributions anytime, with no penalties or additional taxes. Any investment earnings are a different story, but this flexibility on the amount you contributed makes a Roth IRA especially versatile. Think of it as part long-term investment vehicle, part emergency fund. (Though you’ll miss out on compounding your gains if you dip in to cover an unexpected expense.)

Plus, even earnings aren’t completely locked up in a Roth. While you’ll typically have to pay early-withdrawal penalties of 10% before age 59½, there are some exceptions. You can spend the money on qualified higher education expenses or use up to $10,000 for a first-time home purchase, for instance.

You can leave your money in a Roth

Unlike a pretax retirement vehicle, there’s no requirement to withdraw your money at a certain age. (If you’re wondering why you’d ever want to wait, here’s more on the Required Minimum Distributions, or RMDs, that apply to traditional IRAs.)

What You May Not Like About a Roth IRA

Here are some reasons to choose a traditional IRA or 401(k) over a Roth IRA.

•   You don’t get a tax deduction. Contributing to a Roth IRA doesn’t lower your taxable income because the whole point is to pay the taxes first. A traditional IRA or 401(k), in contrast, can lower your tax burden and potentially your tax bracket now.

   (Not surprisingly, while Gen Zs are more than twice as likely to have a Roth over a traditional IRA, almost the reverse is true of Baby Boomers, according to a mid-2024 analysis by the Investment Company Institute.)

•   High earners aren’t eligible to use a Roth IRA. You can’t contribute to a Roth IRA if you earn over a certain amount (the threshold next year for a single taxpayer is $168,000 in modified adjusted gross income). There is a completely legal loophole, however. Often termed the backdoor option, it essentially involves making a contribution to a traditional IRA that’s not tax-deductible (yes, that’s allowed) and then rolling the funds over into a Roth IRA.

•   There’s no borrowing against your account like some 401(k) plans allow.

•   You can’t contribute as much to an IRA (either Roth or traditional). Next year the contribution limit is $7,500 for either type of IRA versus $24,500 for a 401(k).

Also, while you can withdraw earnings without any penalty once you’re 59 1/2, there’s a catch: It has to be at least five years after you made your first contribution.

*SoFi Plus 2% match on recurring IRA deposits: Active SoFi Plus members are eligible for a 2% match offer on qualifying recurring IRA contributions, up to their Internal Revenue Service (IRS) contribution limit, into their eligible new or existing SoFI IRA account. The match requires the funds and match to be maintained in the account that received the match for five (5) years from the settlement date. Matches are paid in cash within five (5) business days. For complete eligibility and terms, please see the SoFi Plus terms and SoFi 1% Rollover and IRA Deposit Match terms.

SoFi Plus: SoFi Plus is a premium membership that gives members access to our best rewards, benefits, and more when they pay the SoFi Plus Subscription Fee. Between 12/9/25–3/30/26, members with Eligible Direct Deposit or Qualifying Deposits will receive complimentary access to SoFi Plus. Benefits are subject to change and may not be available to everyone. All terms and conditions applicable to the use of SoFi Plus apply. To learn more about SoFi Plus and available benefits and terms, please see the SoFi Plus page.

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