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Lately, it’s been hard to avoid the news that inflation is rising and fast. It’s been equally hard to not feel the sting when paying for groceries or other basics. Those are ka-ching moments, but not in a good way.

One option for dealing with high prices, whether now or during a period of less intense inflation, is to buy food and household items in bulk. It can help reduce your monthly spending.

How much money you can potentially save will vary depending on the item, but some experts estimate that bulk buying can cut your bills by 20%, and sometimes significantly more.

Keep in mind, though, that buying in bulk doesn’t always save. Indeed, buying multiples or large quantities of some items can be a losing proposition if much of it ends up going unused or entices you to consume more than you normally would.

To help you avoid the potential downsides, here are some smart shopping strategies for buying in bulk, including:

•   The pros and cons of buying in bulk.

•   What to stock up on?

•   What you may want to skip?

•   What tips to try when buying in bulk?

•   Where to buy in bulk.

Why Buy in Bulk?

As mentioned above, inflation can be intense; it soared to 9.1% in June of 2022. Food prices are heading upwards, too. The average cost of groceries to feed a family of four in the United States runs between $682 to $1,361 a month.

Families, as well as individuals, may be able to reduce spending on food and other household goods and improve their financial health by buying in bulk, since the cost per unit (or ounce) is generally lower. Here are some of the key benefits of shopping this way:

•   Lower costs, as noted above. A benefit of buying in bulk is saving cash.

•   Convenience, since your home will be well-stocked. You’ll save time since you won’t have to run out and purchase items as often.

•   Lower gas costs. Fewer trips to the store, in turn, saves on gas.

•   Eco-friendliness. Driving to the store less often reduces your carbon footprint. What’s more, buying one, say, 10-pound bag of rice is likely to involve less packaging than 10 one-pound containers.

•   An easier time managing emergencies. Another reason why stockpiling can be a smart buying habit is that if there’s a bad storm or heatwave, you’ll be well-supplied and won’t have to brave the elements.

Drawbacks of Buying in Bulk

Despite all the great reasons above to opt for jumbo sizes of toilet paper and family packs of drumsticks, buying in bulk isn’t always a smart money rule to follow. There are few downsides to consider. These include:

•   Having to pay upfront, rather than spacing out the purchases. For instance, a grocery run with a mega-pack of burgers and loads of juice boxes will cost more than a small-scale supermarket visit.

•   When you have a large quantity of something on hand, you might be tempted to overuse it or overeat it.

•   Buying in bulk requires storage space (plus a large enough car to transport purchases).

•   Buying in bulk means less variety in the products you use.

•   Items bought in bulk can sit around past their expiration or “best by” dates. It can be hard to use up a large container of, say, fresh fruit before they go bad.

•   Bulk buying for many products requires a warehouse club membership or other additional cost.

Things To Buy in Bulk

Bulk buying can be a great way to save on household items and foods that you use or consume daily or have a long shelf life. These include:

•   Household supplies (e.g., toilet paper, paper towels, napkins, tissues, trash bags)

•   Cleaning supplies

•   Laundry detergent

•   Pet food (though keep in mind that some pet food is perishable)

•   Pasta

•   Rice

•   Dry beans

•   Toiletries (e.g., shampoo, conditioner, toothpaste, moisturizer, soap)

•   Canned goods

•   Peanut butter

•   Cereal

•   Flour

•   Vitamins

•   Diapers/wipes

•   Beverages that are safe to store at room temperature

•   Batteries

•   School and office supplies

•   Lightbulbs

Recommended: 15 Creative Ways to Save Money

What Not to Buy in Bulk

While there’s often lots of temptation when buying in bulk, hit the pause button in some cases, or you may be wasting your hard-earned money. In general, buying perishables in bulk may not make good economic sense. For instance:

•   Fruits and vegetables. While the jumbo packages of strawberries or avocados may be cheaper per unit than your grocery store, that’s only a good deal if you actually eat them all.

•   Buying meat in bulk may only make sense if you have a large freezer where you can store it (keeping in mind that some meats should not be frozen for more than six months).

•   Avoid stocking snack foods and treats in bulk if you think that you or other members of the household might overindulge.

Recommended: How to Protect Yourself from Inflation

Tips for Buying in Bulk

Buying in bulk can be an easy way to save money. To get the most out of it, you may want to keep some of these shopping strategies in mind.

Shop With a List

Write a shopping list before going to buy in bulk. Otherwise, you might be tempted to buy more than you need or can afford. For instance, products you sample in store or see at the end of the aisle, as you make your way to the registers, can cause you to blow your weekly budget.

Keep a Calculator Handy

When buying in bulk, it’s wise to keep in mind that it’s not the price of the item, but rather the price per unit (or ounce) that matters. If the unit price isn’t listed, using the calculator on your phone (or bringing a separate one) when bulk shopping can help ensure you are getting a good deal.

Recommended: The 50/30/20 Budget Rule, Demystified

Consider Quality

Typically, buying generic and store-brand versions of products is going to be cheaper than buying brand-name items. But before you go totally in that direction, remember that quality can count too. If a cheaper paper towel isn’t very absorbent, you may end up using more each time you use it, and erasing that savings. Buying a 12-pack of store-brand peanut butter, only to discover you don’t care for the taste at all is another example of why this is an important consideration.

Keep an Eye on Expiration Dates

Before purchasing something in bulk, it’s a good idea to check the expiration date and then calculate how long it will likely take you to consume the product.

If you won’t go through it before the expiration date arrives, any savings could be wiped out when you toss it in the garbage.

Protect Bulk Items From Pests

Because moths, roaches, and other pests may go after food, it’s a good idea to seal food products well when they are not being used.

Keeping flour, pasta, and other bulk food items in airtight containers can help with pest control.

Go in on Bulk Purchase With Friends

If you want to get the savings from buying in bulk but don’t have the storage or a large enough household for it to make sense, why not buddy up? You might want to ask some friends or neighbors if they want to split the product and the costs. Maybe you buy bulk meat, bread, snacks, and cereal, and a friend takes care of the produce and beverages. Then you each swap half to the other, and settle up costs as needed. That way, everyone can save money.

Where to Buy in Bulk

You can generally buy in bulk at any grocery store or mass market retailer, simply by buying larger than usual sizes. That said, there are certain stores that are specifically designed for it.

Popular bulk stores include Costco, BJ’s Wholesale Club, Sam’s Club, Smart & Final, and Big Lots.

Costco, BJ’s, and Sam’s Club all require a membership fee, which can range from $45 to $60 per year.

Along with being able to buy food and household products in bulk, these stores may also have perks, like convenient on-premises tire centers and pharmacies, plus discounts on entertainment and travel expenses, which can help defray that annual membership charge.

In addition to these locations, there are also a growing number of environmentally-friendly bulk food stores that may ask you to bring your own containers or sell reusable ones. Stocked with items like grains, nuts, dried fruits, coffee, tea, soaps, and more, they may describe themselves as “zero-waste.” You can find a directory in your area on Litterless .

The Takeaway

Buying in bulk can be a great way to save cash if the product bought is something you use regularly, won’t go bad before you can use it all, is cheaper per unit at a bulk store, and is not lower in quality than what you typically buy. While not appropriate for every item on your shopping list, it can help you make a dent in the costs of some basics and stay on budget.

Now, what to do with all that money you’re going to save by buying in bulk?

If you put it into an high-yield bank account, like SoFi Checking and Savings, you can start earning a competitive interest rate on that money right away, plus you won’t pay any account fees. Additionally, withdrawing cash is fee-free at 55,000+ Allpoint network ATMs worldwide.

SoFi® Checking and Savings is offered through SoFi Bank, N.A. ©2023 SoFi Bank, N.A. All rights reserved. Member FDIC. Equal Housing Lender.
The SoFi Bank Debit Mastercard® is issued by SoFi Bank, N.A., pursuant to license by Mastercard International Incorporated and can be used everywhere Mastercard is accepted. Mastercard is a registered trademark, and the circles design is a trademark of Mastercard International Incorporated.

SoFi members with direct deposit activity can earn 4.60% annual percentage yield (APY) on savings balances (including Vaults) and 0.50% APY on checking balances. Direct Deposit means a deposit to an account holder’s SoFi Checking or Savings account, including payroll, pension, or government payments (e.g., Social Security), made by the account holder’s employer, payroll or benefits provider or government agency (“Direct Deposit”) via the Automated Clearing House (“ACH”) Network during a 30-day Evaluation Period (as defined below). Deposits that are not from an employer or government agency, including but not limited to check deposits, peer-to-peer transfers (e.g., transfers from PayPal, Venmo, etc.), merchant transactions (e.g., transactions from PayPal, Stripe, Square, etc.), and bank ACH funds transfers and wire transfers from external accounts, do not constitute Direct Deposit activity. There is no minimum Direct Deposit amount required to qualify for the stated interest rate.

SoFi members with Qualifying Deposits can earn 4.60% APY on savings balances (including Vaults) and 0.50% APY on checking balances. Qualifying Deposits means one or more deposits that, in the aggregate, are equal to or greater than $5,000 to an account holder’s SoFi Checking and Savings account (“Qualifying Deposits”) during a 30-day Evaluation Period (as defined below). Qualifying Deposits only include those deposits from the following eligible sources: (i) ACH transfers, (ii) inbound wire transfers, (iii) peer-to-peer transfers (i.e., external transfers from PayPal, Venmo, etc. and internal peer-to-peer transfers from a SoFi account belonging to another account holder), (iv) check deposits, (v) instant funding to your SoFi Bank Debit Card, (vi) push payments to your SoFi Bank Debit Card, and (vii) cash deposits. Qualifying Deposits do not include: (i) transfers between an account holder’s Checking account, Savings account, and/or Vaults; (ii) interest payments; (iii) bonuses issued by SoFi Bank or its affiliates; or (iv) credits, reversals, and refunds from SoFi Bank, N.A. (“SoFi Bank”) or from a merchant.

SoFi Bank shall, in its sole discretion, assess each account holder’s Direct Deposit activity and Qualifying Deposits throughout each 30-Day Evaluation Period to determine the applicability of rates and may request additional documentation for verification of eligibility. The 30-Day Evaluation Period refers to the “Start Date” and “End Date” set forth on the APY Details page of your account, which comprises a period of 30 calendar days (the “30-Day Evaluation Period”). You can access the APY Details page at any time by logging into your SoFi account on the SoFi mobile app or SoFi website and selecting either (i) Banking > Savings > Current APY or (ii) Banking > Checking > Current APY. Upon receiving a Direct Deposit or $5,000 in Qualifying Deposits to your account, you will begin earning 4.60% APY on savings balances (including Vaults) and 0.50% on checking balances on or before the following calendar day. You will continue to earn these APYs for (i) the remainder of the current 30-Day Evaluation Period and through the end of the subsequent 30-Day Evaluation Period and (ii) any following 30-day Evaluation Periods during which SoFi Bank determines you to have Direct Deposit activity or $5,000 in Qualifying Deposits without interruption.

SoFi Bank reserves the right to grant a grace period to account holders following a change in Direct Deposit activity or Qualifying Deposits activity before adjusting rates. If SoFi Bank grants you a grace period, the dates for such grace period will be reflected on the APY Details page of your account. If SoFi Bank determines that you did not have Direct Deposit activity or $5,000 in Qualifying Deposits during the current 30-day Evaluation Period and, if applicable, the grace period, then you will begin earning the rates earned by account holders without either Direct Deposit or Qualifying Deposits until you have Direct Deposit activity or $5,000 in Qualifying Deposits in a subsequent 30-Day Evaluation Period. For the avoidance of doubt, an account holder with both Direct Deposit activity and Qualifying Deposits will earn the rates earned by account holders with Direct Deposit.

Members without either Direct Deposit activity or Qualifying Deposits, as determined by SoFi Bank, during a 30-Day Evaluation Period and, if applicable, the grace period, will earn 1.20% APY on savings balances (including Vaults) and 0.50% APY on checking balances.

Interest rates are variable and subject to change at any time. These rates are current as of 10/24/2023. There is no minimum balance requirement. Additional information can be found at https://www.sofi.com/legal/banking-rate-sheet.

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

Third-Party Brand Mentions: No brands, products, or companies mentioned are affiliated with SoFi, nor do they endorse or sponsor this article. Third-party trademarks referenced herein are property of their respective owners.

External Websites: The information and analysis provided through hyperlinks to third-party websites, while believed to be accurate, cannot be guaranteed by SoFi. Links are provided for informational purposes and should not be viewed as an endorsement.

SOMN21004

Recession warnings are everywhere. With interest rates rising, inflation hitting the highest levels in 40 years, and stocks plunging into bear market territory, most people are more than a little worried. Let’s face it, many of us are feeling the pain of the current economy every time we fill the tank, stock the fridge, or check our 401(k) balance.

But the reality is that, whether or not they fit the technical definition of a recession, these types of downturns are a normal (albeit painful) reality of economic cycles. When they happen, one of the most productive responses is to turn worry into action. Building a fortress around your finances can protect against tough times and put you in a better position when the economy bounces back.

So exactly what to do in a recession? These five steps can help you prepare for any type of economic slowdown, now and in the future.

💡 Recommended: What is a Recession and Why Do They Happen?

How to Prepare Yourself For a Recession

Step 1: Cut Expenses

Dramatic price increases across the board have already forced many consumers to cut back on their budget for basic living expenses such as groceries and travel. Now is also a good time to review bank and credit card statements to find other cost-cutting opportunities.

Maybe those streaming services that were a lifeline during COVID aren’t necessary any more. Or, it might make sense to put off some of those home improvements you were considering, keeping the equity in your home intact should you need it during the slowdown.

Revamping your budget can help you handle today’s higher prices and also help free up a few dollars for steps 2 and 3 below.

Step 2: Boost Emergency Savings

Hard as it may be to find extra cash right now, it’s important to make sure you are putting something aside for unexpected expenses. Don’t feel overwhelmed by the advice saying you should aim for three to six months’ worth of living expenses. Saving that much right now may sound more discouraging than helpful, especially for people who saw their emergency funds dwindle during the pandemic. Keep in mind, anything you can save (even $25 a month) is good, and even small weekly deposits add up over time. Whatever you can afford, know that it’s worthwhile to prioritize emergency funds.

With emergency savings, you may get to take advantage of one of the few benefits of rising interest rates. Savings accounts may begin to pay more interest soon. What kind of savings account should you get? You might look for high-interest accounts offered by online banks as they often pay more than bricks-and-mortar financial institutions. Your goal, of course, is to get the best rate. If you are employed full time, check with your benefits department to see if any emergency savings programs are available through your work. Having some cash in the bank can be a key step when you are wondering how to handle a recession. It can be a hugely helpful safety net.

💡 Recommended: Different Types of Savings Accounts

Step 3: Pay Down Debt

Here’s the bad news about higher interest rates. The national average credit card rate rose above 17% for the first time in more than two years, according to a recent weekly rate report . The jump happened after the Federal Reserve increased interest rates. More rate hikes are expected throughout the year.

Check rates on all of your credit cards and other debts. Any variable rates may have already gone up. Next step? Pay as much as you can on your highest interest rate balances first to whittle down that debt; it’s the kind that can unfortunately snowball during tough economic times.

You might also look into balance transfer credit card offers. They can offer a period of no or low interest, during which you can pay down that debt. Another option is finding out how debt consolidation programs work.

Review Any Student Debt

The current economic turmoil hits just as federal student loan repayments are set to begin again in September, after a more than two-year reprieve during the COVID-19 pandemic. Another extension is expected (and hoped for by many) but has not been announced. Nonetheless, payments are likely to start again sometime.

If you’ve taken advantage of the pause, this is the time to get ready for repayment, whenever it comes. Contact the servicers of your federal student loans to make sure you know the monthly payment due date and other details that you may have forgotten or that may have changed during the pause.

If you’re worried about affording repayments, look into alternatives. Forbearance, for example, allows a qualified borrower to suspend federal student debt payments for a period of time, although interest continues to accrue. Government-sponsored income-driven repayment programs are another option. They cap monthly loan payments at a percentage of what is defined as discretionary income. Still other borrowers may find refinancing student loans through a private lender can be an affordable option. It can be worthwhile to do the research to find out what exactly your options are to stay current on your loans.

Step 4: Stay on Your Investment Course

When it comes to your long-term investments such as 401(k)s and other retirement accounts, the key to surviving a down market is simple: Hold tight. Nothing good is likely to happen when you sell in a panic. Not only do you risk selling at a loss, but you’ll miss out when the market rebounds, as it inevitably does.

Take a look at the most recent downturn. The Standard & Poor’s stock market index plunged almost 31% in March 2020 when Covid first hit. Then the index almost doubled just a year later. Investors who sold in a panic didn’t see any of those record-breaking returns.

If rising expenses are making it impossible for you to keep up with 401(k) contributions, you may want to try to deposit the minimum necessary to get any matching funds your employer offers. That’s free money, and you don’t want to miss out.

Also try to avoid making any withdrawals from your retirement accounts. In most cases, if you’re younger than 59 ½, you’ll pay a 10% penalty plus taxes. Even more important, a chunk of your money won’t be there to see the growth in your long-term savings account when the market rebounds.

Step 5: Recession-proof Your Career

Most recessions include high unemployment and mass layoffs. This slowdown is a little different. So far, the unusually strong labor market has protected the U.S. from rising unemployment, contributing to the one bright spot in the U.S. economy. Wages have also increased, but generally not enough to offset the current record inflation.

Economists warn the strong employment market may not last. That’s something to be ready for, especially if you work in an industry that typically suffers downturns in a recession. And employees who may be counting on finding a higher-paying position in this strong job market may find their window for doing so is closing. What’s more, in a worst case scenario, some people could find themselves figuring out how to apply for unemployment.

Reducing debt and building emergency savings, as mentioned above, are two important steps you can take to prepare for the financial shock of a layoff. In addition, this is a good time to work to recession-proof your career: Update your resume, boost your network, and get the extra education, skills or training you may need to protect your livelihood.

💡 Check out our Recession Survival Guide to learn more about living through a recession.

The Takeaway

Economic downturns are never pleasant and often painful. But with some thoughtful planning and the steps outlined above, you can protect your finances and better position yourself when the economy bounces back.

Better banking at SoFi can help. When you open an online bank account with direct deposit, your money can grow faster thanks to competitive rates and no account fees.

Photo credit: iStock/tolgart

SoFi® Checking and Savings is offered through SoFi Bank, N.A. ©2023 SoFi Bank, N.A. All rights reserved. Member FDIC. Equal Housing Lender.
The SoFi Bank Debit Mastercard® is issued by SoFi Bank, N.A., pursuant to license by Mastercard International Incorporated and can be used everywhere Mastercard is accepted. Mastercard is a registered trademark, and the circles design is a trademark of Mastercard International Incorporated.

SoFi members with direct deposit activity can earn 4.60% annual percentage yield (APY) on savings balances (including Vaults) and 0.50% APY on checking balances. Direct Deposit means a deposit to an account holder’s SoFi Checking or Savings account, including payroll, pension, or government payments (e.g., Social Security), made by the account holder’s employer, payroll or benefits provider or government agency (“Direct Deposit”) via the Automated Clearing House (“ACH”) Network during a 30-day Evaluation Period (as defined below). Deposits that are not from an employer or government agency, including but not limited to check deposits, peer-to-peer transfers (e.g., transfers from PayPal, Venmo, etc.), merchant transactions (e.g., transactions from PayPal, Stripe, Square, etc.), and bank ACH funds transfers and wire transfers from external accounts, do not constitute Direct Deposit activity. There is no minimum Direct Deposit amount required to qualify for the stated interest rate.

SoFi members with Qualifying Deposits can earn 4.60% APY on savings balances (including Vaults) and 0.50% APY on checking balances. Qualifying Deposits means one or more deposits that, in the aggregate, are equal to or greater than $5,000 to an account holder’s SoFi Checking and Savings account (“Qualifying Deposits”) during a 30-day Evaluation Period (as defined below). Qualifying Deposits only include those deposits from the following eligible sources: (i) ACH transfers, (ii) inbound wire transfers, (iii) peer-to-peer transfers (i.e., external transfers from PayPal, Venmo, etc. and internal peer-to-peer transfers from a SoFi account belonging to another account holder), (iv) check deposits, (v) instant funding to your SoFi Bank Debit Card, (vi) push payments to your SoFi Bank Debit Card, and (vii) cash deposits. Qualifying Deposits do not include: (i) transfers between an account holder’s Checking account, Savings account, and/or Vaults; (ii) interest payments; (iii) bonuses issued by SoFi Bank or its affiliates; or (iv) credits, reversals, and refunds from SoFi Bank, N.A. (“SoFi Bank”) or from a merchant.

SoFi Bank shall, in its sole discretion, assess each account holder’s Direct Deposit activity and Qualifying Deposits throughout each 30-Day Evaluation Period to determine the applicability of rates and may request additional documentation for verification of eligibility. The 30-Day Evaluation Period refers to the “Start Date” and “End Date” set forth on the APY Details page of your account, which comprises a period of 30 calendar days (the “30-Day Evaluation Period”). You can access the APY Details page at any time by logging into your SoFi account on the SoFi mobile app or SoFi website and selecting either (i) Banking > Savings > Current APY or (ii) Banking > Checking > Current APY. Upon receiving a Direct Deposit or $5,000 in Qualifying Deposits to your account, you will begin earning 4.60% APY on savings balances (including Vaults) and 0.50% on checking balances on or before the following calendar day. You will continue to earn these APYs for (i) the remainder of the current 30-Day Evaluation Period and through the end of the subsequent 30-Day Evaluation Period and (ii) any following 30-day Evaluation Periods during which SoFi Bank determines you to have Direct Deposit activity or $5,000 in Qualifying Deposits without interruption.

SoFi Bank reserves the right to grant a grace period to account holders following a change in Direct Deposit activity or Qualifying Deposits activity before adjusting rates. If SoFi Bank grants you a grace period, the dates for such grace period will be reflected on the APY Details page of your account. If SoFi Bank determines that you did not have Direct Deposit activity or $5,000 in Qualifying Deposits during the current 30-day Evaluation Period and, if applicable, the grace period, then you will begin earning the rates earned by account holders without either Direct Deposit or Qualifying Deposits until you have Direct Deposit activity or $5,000 in Qualifying Deposits in a subsequent 30-Day Evaluation Period. For the avoidance of doubt, an account holder with both Direct Deposit activity and Qualifying Deposits will earn the rates earned by account holders with Direct Deposit.

Members without either Direct Deposit activity or Qualifying Deposits, as determined by SoFi Bank, during a 30-Day Evaluation Period and, if applicable, the grace period, will earn 1.20% APY on savings balances (including Vaults) and 0.50% APY on checking balances.

Interest rates are variable and subject to change at any time. These rates are current as of 10/24/2023. There is no minimum balance requirement. Additional information can be found at https://www.sofi.com/legal/banking-rate-sheet.

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

SoFi Relay offers users the ability to connect both SoFi accounts and external accounts using Plaid, Inc.’s service. When you use the service to connect an account, you authorize SoFi to obtain account information from any external accounts as set forth in SoFi’s Terms of Use. Based on your consent SoFi will also automatically provide some financial data received from the credit bureau for your visibility, without the need of you connecting additional accounts. SoFi assumes no responsibility for the timeliness, accuracy, deletion, non-delivery or failure to store any user data, loss of user data, communications, or personalization settings. You shall confirm the accuracy of Plaid data through sources independent of SoFi. The credit score is a VantageScore® based on TransUnion® (the “Processing Agent”) data.

External Websites: The information and analysis provided through hyperlinks to third-party websites, while believed to be accurate, cannot be guaranteed by SoFi. Links are provided for informational purposes and should not be viewed as an endorsement.

SOBK0722039

A variable-rate certificate of deposit (CD) is a financial product that locks up your money for a set period of time (or term) and has a fluctuating interest rate. This varying rate of return is what sets it apart from traditional CDs, which pay a fixed rate, so you know exactly how much money your money will earn.

When interest rates are high, a variable-rate CD can help pump up your returns, but the opposite holds true, too. Depending on your financial goals, style, and comfort level, a variable-rate CD may be a good option for you.

Let’s take a closer look. We’ll dig into:

•   What a variable-rate CD is

•   What to know if you are considering investing in one

•   Pros and cons of a variable-rate CD

What Is a Variable-Rate Certificate of Deposit?

Let’s start by answering the question, “What is a variable-rate CD?” A variable-rate certificate of deposit, or CD, is a financial product that you can purchase from a banking institution, broker, or credit union. All types of CDs are a savings account that have fixed investing terms. That means they hold your money for a certain amount of time, be it six months or several years.

You pick a term that suits you best. During that time, your money earns interest, but you are not supposed to withdraw any funds or you are likely to be assessed a penalty fee. When the term ends, your CD is said to have matured, and you may withdraw the funds plus interest or roll them over into a new CD. Usually the total amount of interest is also received at the end of the investment term.

Traditional CDs pay a consistent rate of interest that you are informed of at the start of the term. In the case of variable-rate CDs, however, the interest rate fluctuates throughout the term. This means, you, the investor can potentially earn more on your deposit when interest rates go up. As you might guess, the opposite is also true: You could earn less if interest rates go down. Several market factors influence interest rates. These include the prime rate, treasury bills, a market index, and the consumer price index (CPI); we’ll go into those more in a moment.

One last note: Yes, CDs are insured. Certificates of deposit are time deposits protected by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC). If the bank holding the CD were to fail, you’d be insured up to $250,000.

Recommended: How Can I Invest in CDs?

Special Considerations of a Variable-Rate CD

The info above gives you an overview of how variable-rate certificates of deposit work. Beyond those broad strokes, there are a few key things to consider when looking into investing in variable-rate CDs. This type of CD is generally most profitable if purchased when interest rates are low, because it’s more likely that the interest rate will increase during the investment term. For this reason, there is a higher demand for these CDs when interest rates are low.

About those interest rates: There are four main factors that influence them. These are:

•   Consumer Price Index (CPI): The federal government uses the Consumer Price Index to calculate changes in the amount that consumers pay for certain products and services. Whatever the current CPI is can affect how interest rates fluctuate.

•   Market Index Levels: Another factor that affects interest rates is the performance of investment portfolios, such as major market indices. Some indices that are often analyzed include the S&P 500, the Dow Jones Industrial Average, and the Nasdaq Composite Index.

•   Prime Rate: The prime rate is the interest rate that banks charge customers who have the highest credit ratings. These customers are the least likely to default on loans, so they get the best interest rates.

•   Treasury Bill Yields: The U.S. Treasury sells Treasury bonds in order to raise money, and they also pay interest on those bonds. The interest rate associated with Treasury bonds depends on the amount and time period of the bond.

Now that you have a little more insight onto the factors that determine a CD’s variable rate, let’s look at the big picture. It’s worth noting that, during times of high inflation, CDs may not be your best option. If inflation surges, even a variable-rate CD may not be able to keep pace. At the end of your term, you may find that your investment has lost ground versus inflation.

Another factor to consider before you lock in on a variable-rate CD is the fee for early withdrawals. Some variable-rate CDs have higher fees than others. If there’s a good chance you may end up withdrawing funds early, before a CD’s maturity date, you should check those penalties and make sure they aren’t too steep.

Recommended: How Can I Buy a Bond?

Pros of a Variable-Rate CD

All CDs are known to be very safe investments since they are federally insured up to $250,000. In addition to that security, there are several benefits to investing in variable-rate CDs. Let’s take a closer look:

High Yield on Investments

Variable-rate CDs are secure, insured accounts that can provide a higher rate of return than other types of savings accounts. For instance, when you buy a fixed-rate CD, you might miss out on the opportunity to earn a higher interest rate if the market ticks upward. Variable-rate CDs, however, can respond to market conditions. If you buy a variable-rate CD when interest rates are low, you can potentially earn more as rates increase.

Profitable When Interest Rates Are Low

When interest rates are low, demand for variable-rate CDs increases, as does the profit potential. That’s because it is more likely that interest rates will increase after you purchase one. The interest rate can tick upwards and earn you more money on your money.

Lower Withdrawal Fee

Generally, variable-rate CDs come with lower penalties on early withdrawals than other types of CDs.

Cons of a Variable-Rate CD

While there are several reasons variable-rate CDs make good investments, they do come with a few downsides to consider before you invest.

Low Interest Rates

Although a variable-rate CD provides the opportunity to snag higher interest rates, it also creates a significant risk of earning a lower rate if market rates go down. If you buy a variable-rate CD when interest rates are low with the hopes that they will increase, there is no guarantee that this will happen. This means they will continue to earn a low interest rate for some or all of the duration of the CD term. In this case, you’re stuck! You may have lost out on the possibility of earning a higher return elsewhere.

Paying Extra for “Bump-Up” Feature

Although interest rates can increase or decrease with most variable-rate CDs, there are some kinds that have a “bump-up” feature. This allows for a one-time rate boost (or possibly a few rate hikes) during the CD’s term, but you may well have to pay extra for this “bump-up.” This is because the initial interest rates is typically lower than it would be on a fixed-rate CD.

Inflation Can Outpace Your Rate and Wipe Away Profit

There is a chance that inflation will increase during the term of a variable-rate CD. If this happens, inflation could end up being higher than the interest rate you’re earning. Let’s spell out what that means: Your earnings would be canceled out.

Variable-Rate CD: Real World Example

All this talk of varying interest rates can be hard to get a handle on without a concrete example. So let’s consider a CD that has a three-year term and a guaranteed repayment of the principal deposit. The starting rate is based on the prime rate, which is 4% at press time. During the term of the investment, let’s suppose that the prime rate drops from 4% down to 2%. To determine the amount of interest you’d receive, you’d take the difference between the initial prime rate and the final prime rate, which is 2%. So at the end of the term the investor would receive their initial deposit plus 2% interest. That’s half what it was when you started. Obviously, you, the CD account owner, would be happier if the reverse were true, which it could be!

What Happens if I Redeem a CD Before It Matures?

Most CDs have fees for early withdrawal; these typically involve losing interest that’s been earned, and occasionally a bit of the principal. (Generally speaking, you don’t receive earned interest until a CD matures). However, some variable-rate CDs do offer early withdrawals with no penalties for fees. These CDs usually have a lower interest rate, so you are paying for this flexibility.

The Takeaway

If you’re looking for safe, reliable, and flexible financial securities, you may want to consider adding variable-rate CDs to your portfolio. CDs provide choices in terms of how long money is invested and can provide strong returns. But, that said, they do come with some risks. It’s important to understand the factors that affect interest rates when considering buying variable-rate CDs. Time things right, and you could earn a healthy return on your investment. But if rates don’t head in a positive direction, you may not even be able to keep up with inflation.

CDs aren’t the only game in town for earning interest. Come take a look at the turbocharged APY you can earn when you open SoFi’s online banking platform with direct deposit. And these accounts have no overdraft or account fees to gnaw away at your money, either. They’re a great way to help your money grow.

FAQ

Are variable-rate CDs issued by the government?

Variable-rate CDs are not issued by the government, but the FDIC insures them up to $250,000. They are issued by FDIC-insured financial institutions.

What determines the rate on a variable-rate CD?

Several factors affect the interest rate of variable-rate CDs. These include the prime rate, market indices, treasury bills, and the consumer price index.

Do CDs have fixed interest rates?

Many CDs have fixed interest rates, but variable-rate CDs have interest rates that fluctuate throughout their term.

SoFi® Checking and Savings is offered through SoFi Bank, N.A. ©2023 SoFi Bank, N.A. All rights reserved. Member FDIC. Equal Housing Lender.
The SoFi Bank Debit Mastercard® is issued by SoFi Bank, N.A., pursuant to license by Mastercard International Incorporated and can be used everywhere Mastercard is accepted. Mastercard is a registered trademark, and the circles design is a trademark of Mastercard International Incorporated.

SoFi members with direct deposit activity can earn 4.60% annual percentage yield (APY) on savings balances (including Vaults) and 0.50% APY on checking balances. Direct Deposit means a deposit to an account holder’s SoFi Checking or Savings account, including payroll, pension, or government payments (e.g., Social Security), made by the account holder’s employer, payroll or benefits provider or government agency (“Direct Deposit”) via the Automated Clearing House (“ACH”) Network during a 30-day Evaluation Period (as defined below). Deposits that are not from an employer or government agency, including but not limited to check deposits, peer-to-peer transfers (e.g., transfers from PayPal, Venmo, etc.), merchant transactions (e.g., transactions from PayPal, Stripe, Square, etc.), and bank ACH funds transfers and wire transfers from external accounts, do not constitute Direct Deposit activity. There is no minimum Direct Deposit amount required to qualify for the stated interest rate.

SoFi members with Qualifying Deposits can earn 4.60% APY on savings balances (including Vaults) and 0.50% APY on checking balances. Qualifying Deposits means one or more deposits that, in the aggregate, are equal to or greater than $5,000 to an account holder’s SoFi Checking and Savings account (“Qualifying Deposits”) during a 30-day Evaluation Period (as defined below). Qualifying Deposits only include those deposits from the following eligible sources: (i) ACH transfers, (ii) inbound wire transfers, (iii) peer-to-peer transfers (i.e., external transfers from PayPal, Venmo, etc. and internal peer-to-peer transfers from a SoFi account belonging to another account holder), (iv) check deposits, (v) instant funding to your SoFi Bank Debit Card, (vi) push payments to your SoFi Bank Debit Card, and (vii) cash deposits. Qualifying Deposits do not include: (i) transfers between an account holder’s Checking account, Savings account, and/or Vaults; (ii) interest payments; (iii) bonuses issued by SoFi Bank or its affiliates; or (iv) credits, reversals, and refunds from SoFi Bank, N.A. (“SoFi Bank”) or from a merchant.

SoFi Bank shall, in its sole discretion, assess each account holder’s Direct Deposit activity and Qualifying Deposits throughout each 30-Day Evaluation Period to determine the applicability of rates and may request additional documentation for verification of eligibility. The 30-Day Evaluation Period refers to the “Start Date” and “End Date” set forth on the APY Details page of your account, which comprises a period of 30 calendar days (the “30-Day Evaluation Period”). You can access the APY Details page at any time by logging into your SoFi account on the SoFi mobile app or SoFi website and selecting either (i) Banking > Savings > Current APY or (ii) Banking > Checking > Current APY. Upon receiving a Direct Deposit or $5,000 in Qualifying Deposits to your account, you will begin earning 4.60% APY on savings balances (including Vaults) and 0.50% on checking balances on or before the following calendar day. You will continue to earn these APYs for (i) the remainder of the current 30-Day Evaluation Period and through the end of the subsequent 30-Day Evaluation Period and (ii) any following 30-day Evaluation Periods during which SoFi Bank determines you to have Direct Deposit activity or $5,000 in Qualifying Deposits without interruption.

SoFi Bank reserves the right to grant a grace period to account holders following a change in Direct Deposit activity or Qualifying Deposits activity before adjusting rates. If SoFi Bank grants you a grace period, the dates for such grace period will be reflected on the APY Details page of your account. If SoFi Bank determines that you did not have Direct Deposit activity or $5,000 in Qualifying Deposits during the current 30-day Evaluation Period and, if applicable, the grace period, then you will begin earning the rates earned by account holders without either Direct Deposit or Qualifying Deposits until you have Direct Deposit activity or $5,000 in Qualifying Deposits in a subsequent 30-Day Evaluation Period. For the avoidance of doubt, an account holder with both Direct Deposit activity and Qualifying Deposits will earn the rates earned by account holders with Direct Deposit.

Members without either Direct Deposit activity or Qualifying Deposits, as determined by SoFi Bank, during a 30-Day Evaluation Period and, if applicable, the grace period, will earn 1.20% APY on savings balances (including Vaults) and 0.50% APY on checking balances.

Interest rates are variable and subject to change at any time. These rates are current as of 10/24/2023. There is no minimum balance requirement. Additional information can be found at https://www.sofi.com/legal/banking-rate-sheet.

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

Photo credit: iStock/Vladimir Sukhachev
SOBK0322029

There are a lot of financial terms that are important to understand when managing one’s money. Knowing banking vocabulary can boost our financial savviness, smooth the learning curve, and ease transactions.

For example, what are depositories? A depository institution, to put it most simply, is a financial institution into which consumers can deposit funds and where they will be safely held.

Keep reading for more insight into what depository institutions are, including:

•   What is a depository institution?

•   How do depository institutions work?

•   What are the pros and cons of depository institutions?

•   What are depositories vs. repositories?

•   What are depositories vs. non-depositories?

What Is a Depository Institution?

A depository institution is a place or entity — such as a bank — that allows consumers and businesses to deposit money, securities, and/or other types of assets. There, the deposit is kept safely and may earn interest.

To share a bit more detail, depository institutions are financial institutions that:

•   Engage in banking activities

•   Are recognized as a bank by either the bank supervisory or monetary authorities of the country it is incorporated in

•   Receive substantial deposits as a part of their regular course of business

•   Can accept demand deposits

In the U.S., all federally insured offices of the following are considered to be depository institutions:

•   Commercial banks

•   Mutual and stock savings banks

•   Savings or building and loan associations

•   Cooperative banks

•   Credit unions

•   International banking facilities of domestic depository institutions

Recommended: What Is a Community Development Financial Institution?

How Do Depository Institutions Work?

A depository can receive funds from consumers and businesses via such means as:

•   Cash

•   Direct deposit

•   Teller or ATM deposits

•   Checks

•   Electronic transfers

The depository institution holds these funds, and they are insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) for up to $250,000 per depositor, per type of account, per financial institution. If the institution is a credit union, funds will be similarly protected by the National Credit Union Administration, or NCUA.

Funds are accessible on demand (aka demand deposits rather than time deposits), and the depository institution is required to keep a certain amount of cash in its vault to ensure it has funds available for clients.

Customers are able to earn interest on different types of deposits. The depository institution also earns interest; it’s one of the ways financial institutions make money. It does so by lending money on deposit to their customers in the form of different types of loans. (For instance, some of the money on deposit might earn the account holder 1% interest, while the bank then uses the funds for a mortgage that charges 5% interest. There’s a good profit margin there for the depository institution.)

Types of Depository Institutions

What are depositories? To better understand the purpose depository institutions serve, let’s look at some examples.

Credit Unions

Credit unions may offer many of the same services as banks, but they are owned by account holders, who are also sometimes called members. These institutions are not non-profits. The profits that the credit union earns are paid to members in the form of dividends or are reinvested into the credit union. To put it another way, the depositors are partial owners of the credit union.

Commercial Banks

Commercial banks are what many of us visualize when we hear the term “bank,” whether we are thinking of a major bank with hundreds of bricks-and-mortar branches or an online-only entity. They are usually owned by private investors and are for-profit organizations.

Commercial banks tend to offer the most diverse services of all depository institutions, from personal banking to global banking services such as foreign exchange-related services, money management, and investment banking. The offerings may depend on how large the institution is and which customer segments it serves (say, consumers and different types of businesses).

Savings Institutions

Savings institutions are the banks that serve local communities and loan institutions. Local residents deposit their money in these institutions, and in return, they can access credit cards, consumer loans, mortgages, and small business loans.

It’s possible to set up a savings institution as a corporation or as a financial cooperative. The latter makes it possible for depositors to have an ownership share in the saving institution.

Recommended: What Is an Intermediary Bank?

Depository Institutions vs Repositories

Repositories and depositories are two different things despite the fact that their names sound almost the same. Here’s some of the key differences.

•   Depositories hold cash and other assets, but repositories hold abstract things such as intellectual knowledge, files, and data.

•   Depositories are usually credit unions, banks, and savings institutions, while repositories are typically libraries, data-storage facilities, and information-based websites.

Depository Institutions vs Non-Depositories

Unlike depository institutions, non-depository institutions don’t accept demand deposits. These are some of the differences between these two types of institutions:

•   Depository institutions accept deposits and store them for safekeeping. Non-depository institutions, on the other hand, provide financial services but can’t accept demand deposits for safekeeping.

•   Depository institutions are FDIC- or NCUA-insured, while non-depository institutions can be SEC-insured or have another type of insurance.

•   Credit unions and banks are commonly depository institutions. Non-depository institutions are often brokerage firms and insurance companies.

Pros of Depository Institutions

Depository institutions have a few benefits to note:

•   Money is safe and FDIC- or NCUA-insured

•   Accounts can earn interest on time deposits such as certificates of deposit (CDs) and possibly other deposits

•   Helps keep the economy healthy by allowing depository institution to lend out deposits and earn interest

•   Reduced risk of assets being lost or stolen

Cons of Depository Institutions

There are a few downsides to depository institutions. Consider these points:

•   Limited growth potential of deposited funds compared to investments, money market accounts, and CDs

•   Banks, credit unions, and savings institutions may charge fees for holding funds

•   Minimum account balance may be required

Tips for Choosing a Depository Institution

When it comes time to choose a depository institution, it can help to keep the following things in mind when comparing different options.

•   Type. Carefully consider if a credit union, saving institution, or commercial bank is the right fit. Some commercial banks have bricks-and-mortar locations, while others offer all of their services online. Online banks usually pay higher interest rates on savings and charge fewer and/or lower fees, since they don’t have the overhead associated with operating branch locations. Credit unions also tend to offer higher interest rates and lower fees as they are not-for-profit as commercial banks are.

•   Features. Look for a depository institution that offers perks and services that suit your needs. Special features may include high interest rates, early access to direct-deposit paychecks, cash-back deals, fee-free ATMs, and free access to credit scores.

•   Fees. Shop around to see which depository institution has the lowest and/or fewest fees, such as account maintenance fees and overdraft fees. As noted above, credit unions tend to charge lower and/or fewer fees than commercial banks, as do online banks.

•   Convenience. If you like to bank locally and know your bank tellers and officers, choosing an institution that has branches in your neighborhood is a wise move. If you prefer the seamlessness of banking 24/7 by app, however, you might opt to open an online savings account.

💡 Recommended: What Is an Online Savings Account?

Banking With SoFi

Commercial banks, credit unions, and savings institutions are all examples of depository institutions. Depository institutions safely store funds that can then easily be accessed. Funds will be insured by either the FDIC or NCUA up to their usual limits of $250,000 per depositor, per account type, per institution.

Looking for a place to deposit your money that pays a great APY? Consider opening a SoFi bank account online with direct deposit. With our Checking and Savings, you’ll earn a competitive APY, and you don’t have to pay any account fees.

FAQ

What is the difference between a bank and a depository?

There is no difference between a bank and a depository. A bank is a type of depository institution. Credit unions and saving institutions can also be depositories.

What are the types of depository institutions?

There are three main types of depository institutions. Commercial banks, credit unions, and savings institutions are all types of depository institutions.

Are commercial banks depositories?

Yes, commercial banks are one kind of depository institution where consumers can securely stash their money.

Photo credit: iStock/Mikhail Bogdanov
SoFi members with direct deposit activity can earn 4.60% annual percentage yield (APY) on savings balances (including Vaults) and 0.50% APY on checking balances. Direct Deposit means a deposit to an account holder’s SoFi Checking or Savings account, including payroll, pension, or government payments (e.g., Social Security), made by the account holder’s employer, payroll or benefits provider or government agency (“Direct Deposit”) via the Automated Clearing House (“ACH”) Network during a 30-day Evaluation Period (as defined below). Deposits that are not from an employer or government agency, including but not limited to check deposits, peer-to-peer transfers (e.g., transfers from PayPal, Venmo, etc.), merchant transactions (e.g., transactions from PayPal, Stripe, Square, etc.), and bank ACH funds transfers and wire transfers from external accounts, do not constitute Direct Deposit activity. There is no minimum Direct Deposit amount required to qualify for the stated interest rate.

SoFi members with Qualifying Deposits can earn 4.60% APY on savings balances (including Vaults) and 0.50% APY on checking balances. Qualifying Deposits means one or more deposits that, in the aggregate, are equal to or greater than $5,000 to an account holder’s SoFi Checking and Savings account (“Qualifying Deposits”) during a 30-day Evaluation Period (as defined below). Qualifying Deposits only include those deposits from the following eligible sources: (i) ACH transfers, (ii) inbound wire transfers, (iii) peer-to-peer transfers (i.e., external transfers from PayPal, Venmo, etc. and internal peer-to-peer transfers from a SoFi account belonging to another account holder), (iv) check deposits, (v) instant funding to your SoFi Bank Debit Card, (vi) push payments to your SoFi Bank Debit Card, and (vii) cash deposits. Qualifying Deposits do not include: (i) transfers between an account holder’s Checking account, Savings account, and/or Vaults; (ii) interest payments; (iii) bonuses issued by SoFi Bank or its affiliates; or (iv) credits, reversals, and refunds from SoFi Bank, N.A. (“SoFi Bank”) or from a merchant.

SoFi Bank shall, in its sole discretion, assess each account holder’s Direct Deposit activity and Qualifying Deposits throughout each 30-Day Evaluation Period to determine the applicability of rates and may request additional documentation for verification of eligibility. The 30-Day Evaluation Period refers to the “Start Date” and “End Date” set forth on the APY Details page of your account, which comprises a period of 30 calendar days (the “30-Day Evaluation Period”). You can access the APY Details page at any time by logging into your SoFi account on the SoFi mobile app or SoFi website and selecting either (i) Banking > Savings > Current APY or (ii) Banking > Checking > Current APY. Upon receiving a Direct Deposit or $5,000 in Qualifying Deposits to your account, you will begin earning 4.60% APY on savings balances (including Vaults) and 0.50% on checking balances on or before the following calendar day. You will continue to earn these APYs for (i) the remainder of the current 30-Day Evaluation Period and through the end of the subsequent 30-Day Evaluation Period and (ii) any following 30-day Evaluation Periods during which SoFi Bank determines you to have Direct Deposit activity or $5,000 in Qualifying Deposits without interruption.

SoFi Bank reserves the right to grant a grace period to account holders following a change in Direct Deposit activity or Qualifying Deposits activity before adjusting rates. If SoFi Bank grants you a grace period, the dates for such grace period will be reflected on the APY Details page of your account. If SoFi Bank determines that you did not have Direct Deposit activity or $5,000 in Qualifying Deposits during the current 30-day Evaluation Period and, if applicable, the grace period, then you will begin earning the rates earned by account holders without either Direct Deposit or Qualifying Deposits until you have Direct Deposit activity or $5,000 in Qualifying Deposits in a subsequent 30-Day Evaluation Period. For the avoidance of doubt, an account holder with both Direct Deposit activity and Qualifying Deposits will earn the rates earned by account holders with Direct Deposit.

Members without either Direct Deposit activity or Qualifying Deposits, as determined by SoFi Bank, during a 30-Day Evaluation Period and, if applicable, the grace period, will earn 1.20% APY on savings balances (including Vaults) and 0.50% APY on checking balances.

Interest rates are variable and subject to change at any time. These rates are current as of 10/24/2023. There is no minimum balance requirement. Additional information can be found at https://www.sofi.com/legal/banking-rate-sheet.

SoFi® Checking and Savings is offered through SoFi Bank, N.A. ©2023 SoFi Bank, N.A. All rights reserved. Member FDIC. Equal Housing Lender.
The SoFi Bank Debit Mastercard® is issued by SoFi Bank, N.A., pursuant to license by Mastercard International Incorporated and can be used everywhere Mastercard is accepted. Mastercard is a registered trademark, and the circles design is a trademark of Mastercard International Incorporated.

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

SOBK0622009