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Q: What Does It Mean to 'Buy Low, Sell High'?

'Buy low, sell high' is an investment philosophy that advocates buying stocks or other securities at a lower price than you can later sell them. This is the opposite of buying high and selling low, which effectively results in investors selling stocks at a loss.

Nov

2023

Understanding the Buy Low, Sell High Strategy

Buy Low, Sell High Strategy: An Investor’s Guide

By Rebecca Lake | Growing Wealth, invest, Investing | Comments Off

When it comes to investing, there are certain rules of thumb that investors are often encouraged to follow. One of the most-repeated adages in investing is to “buy low, sell high.”

Buying low and selling high simply means purchasing securities at one price, then selling them later at a higher price. This bit of investing wisdom offers a relatively straightforward take on how to realize profits in the market. But figuring out how to buy low and sell high — and make this strategy work — is a bit more complicated. Timing the market is not a perfect science, and understanding that implementing a buy low, sell high strategy is more complicated than it sounds is critical to investor success.

Key Points

• Buy low, sell high is an investment strategy that involves purchasing securities at a lower price and selling them later at a higher price.

• Timing the market and implementing this strategy can be challenging, as market movements are unpredictable.

• Understanding stock market cycles and trends can help determine when to buy low and sell high.

• Technical indicators and moving averages can assist in identifying pricing trends and points of resistance.

• Investor biases and herd mentality can impact decision-making, so it’s important to make rational choices based on research and analysis.

What Does It Mean to “Buy Low, Sell High”?

“Buy low, sell high” is an investment philosophy that advocates buying stocks or other securities at a lower price than you can later sell them. This is the opposite of buying high and selling low, which effectively results in investors selling stocks at a loss.

When investors buy low and sell high, they may do so to maximize profits. For example, a day trader may purchase shares of XYZ stock at $10 in the morning, then turn around and sell them for $30 per share in the afternoon if the stock’s price increases. The result is a $20 profit per share, less trading fees or commissions.

Likewise, a buy and hold investor may purchase stocks, exchange-traded funds (ETFs), or mutual funds and hold onto them for years or even decades. The payoff comes if they sell those securities later for more than what they paid for them.

💡 Recommended: How to Know When to Sell a Stock

4 Tips on How to Buy Low and Sell High

The following tips may help investors develop a buy low, sell high strategy (or avoid the buy high, sell low trap).

1. Investing with the Business Cycle

Understanding stock market cycles and their correlation to the business cycle can help when determining how to buy low and sell high.

The business cycle is the rise and fall in economic activity that an economy experiences over time. If the business cycle is in an expansion phase and the economy is growing, for instance, then stock prices may be on the upswing as well. On the other hand, if it’s become apparent that economic growth has peaked, that could be a signal for stock price drops to come as an economy slows or enters into a recession.

But like most strategies that aim to buy low and sell high, investing with the business cycle can be challenging.

It’s also important to remember that security prices typically don’t move in a straight line up or down in lockstep with a specific phase of the business cycle. Instead, most securities experience a level of volatility, where prices move up or down (or both) in the short term before reverting to the mean.

2. Look at Stock Pricing Trends

Investors who want to buy low may find it helpful to pay attention to pricing trends or technical indicators. Tracking trends for individual securities, for a particular stock market sector, or the market as a whole can help investors get a sense of what kind of momentum is driving prices.

For instance, an investor wondering how low a stock price can go can look at technical indicator trends to identify significant pricing dips or rises in the stock’s history. This can make it easier to determine when a stock or security has reached its bottom, opening the door for buying opportunities. Conversely, investors can also use trends to evaluate when a stock has likely reached its high point, indicating that it’s prime time to sell.

3. Use Moving Averages

Moving averages are a commonly used indicator for technical analysis. A moving average represents the average price of a security over a set time period. So to find a simple moving average, for example, an investor would choose a time period to measure. Then they’d add up the stock’s closing price each day for that time period and divide it by the number of days.

The moving average formula can help compare stock pricing and determine points of resistance. In other words, they can tell investors where stock prices have topped out or bottomed out over time. Moving averages can smooth out occasional pricing blips that temporarily push stock prices up or down.

Comparing one moving average to another, such as the 50-day moving average to the 200-day moving average, can also help investors to spot sustainable up or down pricing trends. All this can help when deciding when to buy low or sell high.

4. Beware of Investor Bias

An investor bias is a pattern of behavior that influences reactions to a changing market. For example, noise trading happens when an investor makes a trade without considering the state of the market or timing. The investor may follow pricing trends but make trades without considering whether the time is right to buy or sell.

Investors who give in to biases may find themselves following a herd mentality when it comes to making trades. If news of a pending interest rate hike sparks fear in the markets, investors may start panic selling in droves. This can, in turn, cause stock prices to drop. On the other hand, irrational exuberance for a specific stock or type of security can push prices up, causing an unsustainable market bubble.

Investors who can refrain from being influenced by the crowd stand a better chance of making rational decisions about when to buy or when to sell to either maximize profits or minimize losses.

Pros and Cons of Buy Low, Sell High

A buy low, sell high strategy can work for investors, but while it’s a worthy goal, the implementation can be difficult. Investors who are too focused on timing the stock market can run into difficulties.

Benefits of Buy Low, Sell High

Buying low and selling high can yield these advantages to investors.

• Bargain-buying opportunities. If investor sentiment is causing fear and panic to take over the market and push stock prices down, that could open a door for buy low, sell high investors as they buy the dip. Individuals who ignore market panic could purchase stocks and other securities at a discount, only to benefit later once the market rebounds and prices begin to rise again.

• Potential for high returns. An investor skilled at spotting trendings and reading the market cycle could reap sizable profits using a buy low, sell high strategy. The wider the gap between a stock’s purchase and sale price, the higher the profit margin.

• Beat the market. A buy low, sell high approach could also help investors to beat the market if their portfolio performs better than expected. This might be preferable for active traders who forgo a passive or indexing approach to investing.

Disadvantages of Buy Low, Sell High

Attempting to buy low and sell high also holds some risks for investors.

• Timing the market is imperfect. There’s no way to time the market and which way stock prices will go at any given moment with 100% accuracy. So there’s still some risk for investors who jump the gun on when to buy or sell if stocks have yet to reach their respective lowest or highest points.

• Being left out of the market. Investors who want to buy low and sell high would not want to buy securities when the market is up. That practice, however, could lead to substantial time out of the market entirely, especially during bull markets.

• Biases can influence decision-making. Investment biases and herd mentality can wreak havoc in a portfolio if an investor allows it. Instead of buying low and selling at a profit later, investors may find themselves in a buy high, sell low cycle where they lose money on investments.

• Pricing doesn’t tell the whole story. While tracking stock pricing trends and moving averages can be useful, they don’t offer a complete picture of what drives pricing changes. For that reason, it’s important for investors also to consider other factors, such as consumer sentiment, the possibility of a merger, or geopolitical events, influencing stock prices.

Alternatives to Buy Low, Sell High

Buying low and selling high is not a foolproof way to match or beat the market’s performance. It’s easy to make mistakes and lose money when attempting to time the market unless, of course, you possess a crystal ball or psychic abilities.

There are, however, other ways to invest successfully without trying to get market timing right. Take dollar-cost averaging, for example. This strategy involves staying invested in the market continuously through its changing cycles. Instead of trying to time when to buy or sell, investors continue making new investments. Over time, the highs and lows in stock pricing average out.

A dividend reinvestment plan (DRIP) is another option. Investors who own dividend-paying stocks may have the opportunity to enroll in a DRIP. Instead of receiving dividend payouts as cash, they’re reinvesting into additional shares of the same stock. Similar to dollar-cost averaging, this approach could make it easier to ride out the ups and downs of the market over time and eliminate the stress of deciding when to buy or sell.

Investing with SoFi

While buying high and selling low may be a good investment strategy, it can be challenging to implement. Executing a buy low, sell high plan successfully means researching and doing due diligence to understand how the market works.

For investors who prefer a more hands-off investing approach, automated investing may be a better option. One way to get started is by opening an online brokerage account with SoFi Invest®. With SoFi automated investing, you can build wealth automatically with competitive fees.

Open an automated investing account and start investing for your future with as little as $1.

FAQ

Is buying low and selling high a good strategy?

Buying low and selling high is generally a good strategy as it allows you to take advantage of price movements in the market. However, there is no guarantee that this strategy will always be successful, and you may end up losing money if the market conditions are not favorable.

Is it illegal to buy low and sell high?

There is no law against buying low and selling high. Most investors make money by buying a security at a low price and then selling it later at a higher price.

Why do you sell high and buy low?

Many investors sell high and buy low because they want to take advantage of market conditions to realize a positive return. When the market is high, investors may sell an investment they purchased at a lower price to make a profit.

Photo credit: iStock/katleho Seisa

Nov

2023

What Is an ACH Routing Number? And Where Can I Find It?

Guide to ACH Routing Numbers

By Alice Garbarini Hurley | Credit, Financial Independence, lantern | Comments Off

You’ve probably seen the phrase “ACH routing number” on your bank statement, and wondered what exactly it is anyway. It shouldn’t be as hard to figure out as Wordle, so let us explain: An ACH number is a nine-digit number sequence that banks and credit unions use to move funds electronically within their financial network.
Since ACH numbers play a vital role in banking, let’s take a closer look.

Key Points

• An ACH routing number is a nine-digit code used by banks to electronically transfer funds within their financial network.

• ACH numbers are like GPS coordinates for money, ensuring it reaches the right destination quickly and securely.

• ACH routing numbers can be found on checks, bank websites or apps, or by conducting an internet search.

• ACH numbers are different from ABA routing numbers, which are used for processing paper checks.

• ACH transfers are usually faster than paper checks and can be used for various transactions like autopay and direct deposits.

What is an ACH Routing Number?

An ACH number is an ID code that banks use. It’s an important bit of data that directs funds being sent electronically between financial institutions. You might think of it as akin to GPS coordinates that get money where it needs to go.

The acronym ACH stands for the Automated Clearing House network and enables money to move across a network of thousands of institutions, quickly and securely. ACH numbers were developed in the 1970s, when the volume of checks threatened to slow down the banking system. This was the beginning of a big shift towards electronic banking. Today, the ACH network is a major financial hub, akin to the Grand Central Station or LAX of money transfers.

Note the word “clearing” in “automated clearing house.” An ACH routing number helps clear funds for quicker transfer. How fast is an ACH transfer? It often happens the same or the next business day. That tops paper checks, which can take longer to mail, deposit, and clear.

Here are a couple of examples of how ACH numbers ease your daily life: A bank uses an ACH routing number when you authorize autopay for a loan or service provider; that’s an ACH debit. When your employer puts your pay directly into your bank, that’s an ACH credit. Both of these can be seamless, speedy transactions.

Recommended: What is ACH and How Does it Work?

How to Find Your ACH Routing Number

Let’s say you want to sign up to pay your homeowner’s insurance automatically every month, or you need to enroll in a P2P app to send the money. You may not be certain about what those required ACH digits are. To find your bank’s ACH number, you have a couple of options, which we’ll share with you here. It’s actually quite easy to find them once you know where to look.

Checkbook

Banks typically print the ACH routing number right on your check. You may be used to simply calling it your bank’s routing number. It’s the nine-digit number sequence at the bottom, next to your account number.

Bank Phone App or Bank Website

Many banks provide account details, including routing numbers, right on their phone apps and websites. Log in with your user ID and password, click on your bank account, and search for details. (But please, don’t do this at, say, a bustling coffee shop, where your connection may be public.)

Internet

Another simple way to find your ACH routing number is to use your search skills. Put “ACH number” and the name of your bank into a search engine, and you should be able to find it. Keep in mind that some large banks may have multiple regional ACH numbers; make sure you are snagging the one associated with your location.

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What is an ABA Routing Number?

An ABA (American Bankers Association) routing number is the first number sequence that appears on the bottom left of your paper checks. It identifies your bank, which likely holds very many accounts, while your account number indicates your personal financial product. ABA numbers have been around for over 100 years, facilitating check processing.

Given that your ABA routing number identifies your bank, you may find that it’s the same if you have both checking and savings accounts at a single financial institution. Your account numbers will differ, but that routing number is constant.

ABA vs. ACH Routing Numbers: The Differences

So, you may ask, how are ABA and ACH routing numbers different? The truth is they are likely the very same number. Strictly speaking, the ABA number is used in processing transactions with paper checks, while ACH digits are used in electronic funds transfers. It’s a vital code as money is moved electronically (often in batches) among financial institutions. But today, by and large, ABA and ACH numbers are one and the same.

Use Cases

Let’s look at how the ABA vs ACH routing number might be used in your typical banking life. Yes, they are probably the same string of digits, but here’s how it may help to think of them:

• To set up a payroll direct deposit or, for instance, a monthly automatic debit of your mortgage payment, you will need to provide the ACH number, because these are electronic transactions.

• If you were making a one-time payment to, say, a doctor’s office, and they asked you the account and routing number of the check, you would look at the bottom of your paper check and read them off those digits.

History

ABA numbers have been in use since 1910, which was quite a different era. These digits allow for checks to draw funds from one account and deposit them in another. More than a half century later, in the late 1960s, a group of California banks banded together to find a speedier alternative to check payments. They launched the first ACH in the U.S. in 1972; that was a key milestone in the evolution of electronic banking.

Numerical Differences

In the past, ABA and ACH numbers were slightly different, with the first two digits varying. Today, they are typically identical. Your bank’s ABA routing number and ACH routing number are likely to be the same.

The Takeaway

An ACH (automated clearing house) number is a routing code: nine digits a bank uses to transfer funds electronically in a fast-paced web of banks. The ACH system has been used for decades and makes life easier by keeping transactions safe and speedy. While ACH numbers used to be different from ABA routing codes (the kind traditionally used on checks), today these two strings of digits are usually exactly the same. To find your ACH number, just look at your checks, your bank’s app or website, or use a search engine. It’s that easy!

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FAQ

Which routing number do I use to transfer money?

To transfer funds domestically, you’ll use the ACH routing number and your account number. International wire transfers, however, may require different codes.

What is the difference between ACH and direct deposit?

ACH is a system of moving funds electronically between banks. Direct deposit is a specific kind of transaction that uses this ACH network. It allows your employer to send your paycheck directly into your bank account.

Should I use ACH or the wire routing number?

Which routing number you use will depend on the kind of transaction you are conducting. If you are moving money around domestically, the ACH and wire routing number may be the same; check with your bank. If, however, you are wiring money to a foreign account, you will probably need to use SWIFT codes instead to complete the money transfer.

Do I use my ACH number for direct deposit?

Yes, you need to provide your employer with your ACH number as well as your bank account number to set up direct deposit.

What is ABA on a wire transfer?

When you arrange a wire transfer, the banks involved will need to use a routing number. If this is a domestic transfer of money, your ABA/ACH routing number may or may not be used; check with your bank to be sure. A different wire routing number might be required. If you are sending or receiving money internationally, a SWIFT code will be used instead. These codes help ensure the funds get to the right account.

What does ABA stand for?

ABA stands for the American Bankers Association, an industry organization.

What is the difference between the ABA and wire routing number?

These may be the same nine-digit number. The ABA code is the series of numerals on your check, next to your account number. You can check with your bank representative or with its app to see if the wire routing number is the same or if you need a different series of numbers. A wire routing number will usually be different when you are sending funds internationally; in that instance, you’ll need your bank’s SWIFT code.

Photo credit: iStock/fizkes

SoFi members with direct deposit activity can earn 4.60% annual percentage yield (APY) on savings balances (including Vaults) and 0.50% APY on checking balances. Direct Deposit means a deposit to an account holder’s SoFi Checking or Savings account, including payroll, pension, or government payments (e.g., Social Security), made by the account holder’s employer, payroll or benefits provider or government agency (“Direct Deposit”) via the Automated Clearing House (“ACH”) Network during a 30-day Evaluation Period (as defined below). Deposits that are not from an employer or government agency, including but not limited to check deposits, peer-to-peer transfers (e.g., transfers from PayPal, Venmo, etc.), merchant transactions (e.g., transactions from PayPal, Stripe, Square, etc.), and bank ACH funds transfers and wire transfers from external accounts, do not constitute Direct Deposit activity. There is no minimum Direct Deposit amount required to qualify for the stated interest rate.

SoFi members with Qualifying Deposits can earn 4.60% APY on savings balances (including Vaults) and 0.50% APY on checking balances. Qualifying Deposits means one or more deposits that, in the aggregate, are equal to or greater than $5,000 to an account holder’s SoFi Checking and Savings account (“Qualifying Deposits”) during a 30-day Evaluation Period (as defined below). Qualifying Deposits only include those deposits from the following eligible sources: (i) ACH transfers, (ii) inbound wire transfers, (iii) peer-to-peer transfers (i.e., external transfers from PayPal, Venmo, etc. and internal peer-to-peer transfers from a SoFi account belonging to another account holder), (iv) check deposits, (v) instant funding to your SoFi Bank Debit Card, (vi) push payments to your SoFi Bank Debit Card, and (vii) cash deposits. Qualifying Deposits do not include: (i) transfers between an account holder’s Checking account, Savings account, and/or Vaults; (ii) interest payments; (iii) bonuses issued by SoFi Bank or its affiliates; or (iv) credits, reversals, and refunds from SoFi Bank, N.A. (“SoFi Bank”) or from a merchant.

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Oct

2023

How Are IPO Prices Set?

By Michael Flannelly | Growing Wealth, invest, Investing | Comments Off

Before listing a stock for sale on a public exchange, companies undergo a rigorous process of preparation and compliance — which includes a suggested starting price for the shares they plan to sell in their initial public offering (IPO).

This price then creates an IPO valuation for the company.

Companies and their bankers use a variety of factors and steps to determine the IPO price. Here’s a closer look at the IPO valuation process.

What Is IPO Price?

An IPO price is the price at which a company’s stock is sold to accredited and institutional investors right before the stock trades on a public exchange. The purpose of the public offering price is to attract investors to buy the shares.

IPO stocks are considered high-risk investments, and while some companies may present an opportunity for growth, there are no guarantees. Like investing in any other type of stock, it’s essential for investors to do their due diligence.

The investment banks that underwrite a company’s public offering set the IPO price, using several variables including an analysis of the company’s growth potential, a comparison to related firms, and a determination of market demand conditions.

💡 Quick Tip: Keen to invest in an initial public offering, or IPO? Be sure to check with your brokerage about what’s required. Typically IPO stock is available only to eligible investors.

Initial Public Offerings 101

When privately owned companies, such as unicorn companies, begin to sell shares of stock to the public, they hold an initial public offering, or IPO. Before an IPO, companies are usually owned by the founders, employees, and early investors, such as venture capital firms and angel investors. The process of selling shares to investors is called going public. Typically the initial offering is limited, and there are a number of people eligible for those shares first.

For this reason, it can be difficult for individual investors to buy IPO stock when it’s first issued. In most cases, individuals can trade IPO shares on the secondary market through their brokerage. In some cases, a brokerage may set certain requirements in order for individual investors to buy shares.

An IPO can help a company raise significant capital. It can also be a source of publicity. However, the IPO process is also time-consuming and expensive. Once a company has gone public, it faces new challenges such as regulatory scrutiny and an increased need to please shareholders.

Recommended: What Is an IPO and How Does it Work?

Why Do Companies Go Public?

The main reason companies choose to go public is to raise money. Holding an IPO can create significant value for a company and its management. In some cases, IPOs raise millions and even billions of dollars for the company, but some companies also face losses after an IPO.

Bringing in public investment benefits the business, but it also benefits early investors. These initial investors, who have invested time and money in a company, can sell their shares following an IPO, unlocking shareholder value.

An IPO can also benefit employees of the company. That’s because when an individual joins a company, sometimes they are granted employee stock options. Companies will often give early employees the options over several months or years — a process called vesting. Usually, employees must wait to sell their vested stock until the end of a lock-up period — a period after an IPO during which employees have to wait before selling their shares.

Other reasons companies go public are to gain media attention, grow a broad base of financial supporters, and create a windfall for venture capital firms that helped fund the company in its early stages.

The number of publicly traded, exchange-listed companies in the U.S. has decreased from the peak in the mid-to-late 1990s when it reached about 8,000. In 2021, the figure was closer to 6,000 companies that traded on different stock exchanges, such as the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) and Nasdaq.

Steps in IPO Valuation

When a company decides to hold an IPO, they work with an investment bank to determine the company’s IPO valuation. The process of investment bankers handling an IPO is called underwriting.

How Underwriting Works in IPOs

Each underwriting process can be slightly different, but investment bankers’ factors in determining IPO prices and valuations are essentially the same. Some questions include:

• Why has the company decided to go public?

• What is the current status of the market?

• Who are the company’s competitors?

• What are the company’s assets?

• How much has been invested in the company and by whom?

• What is the history of the company and its team?

• What are the company’s prospects for growth?

Recommended: What Is IPO Due Diligence?

Process of Determining IPO Prices

The rules of supply and demand apply to how the company and its underwriters will set an IPO price. Essentially, the underwriters must determine the demand for the shares based on the supply of shares that will be offered and sold to investors. These underwriters try to figure out what investors are willing to pay for each share of a company when it decides to go public.

To create a balance in this tradeoff that makes both existing and new investors happy, the company must decide how many new shares to issue and the estimated IPO price they plan to sell each share. The company’s executives and their investment bank determine the number of new shares by deciding how much money they hope to raise and how much ownership they are willing to give up.

Institutional Investors in IPO Process

Once executives and bankers decide on the number of new shares to issue, they reach out to institutional investors to start asking them how many shares they are interested in buying. Institutional investors include hedge funds, mutual funds, high net worth individuals, and pension funds in good standing with the investment bank.

Days before the IPO, the institutional investors place requests for how many shares they actually want to purchase. The company and its investment bankers then set the price for the IPO, and they know how much money they will raise.

The underwriting investment bank goes through the complex process of selling and allocating all the newly public shares to the institutional investors. They want to create a balance of different types of investors.

Retail Investors in IPO Process

Unfortunately for the at-home retail investor, it can be difficult to buy a stock at its IPO price. However, some brokerage platforms, like SoFi, have started to offer IPO Investing services that allow individuals to buy closer to the IPO price.

Determining Opening Price Point

Before the first day of trading, the stock exchanges on which the company decides to list look at all the incoming orders for the newly issued stock, which may be either buy or sell orders, and report the predominant price.

They then go through a process of price discovery to determine what the opening price will be. The goal is to have the maximum number of trades be executed from all the placed orders. At Nasdaq, this is done electronically, while human traders are involved at the NYSE.

Following this price discovery period, the opening price point is set, and the trading day continues. The stock is open for public trading.

💡 Quick Tip: The best stock trading app? That’s a personal preference, of course. Generally speaking, though, a great app is one with an intuitive interface and powerful features to help make trades quickly and easily.

Post-IPO Trading

In an ideal situation for the company and the underwriters, the stock’s closing price is relatively close to the opening price on opening day. This means the shares were priced accurately for what investors are willing to pay and the company had an appropriate valuation.

However, the IPO price isn’t necessarily a good indicator of the value of a stock. Broader market interest in the stock is impossible to plan for, and IPO conditions differ from the company’s long-term presence in the market.

IPO Price vs Opening Price: Similarities & Differences

Many analysts use the terms IPO price and opening price interchangeably when discussing a newly public company. However, there is a distinction between the two price points.

The IPO price is the price at which a company’s shares are first offered to institutional and accredited investors. The underwriters of the IPO sell the newly issued public share to these investors and clients at the initial public offering price.

In contrast, the opening price is the price at which the stock trades when it first begins trading on the stock market. The two prices are usually very close, but the opening price may be higher or lower than the IPO price.

Do IPO Stocks Always Rise?

IPO stocks don’t always rise in price once they are available for public trading. Many highly talked-about IPOs have disappointed in their opening weeks. This may be because investors feel these companies are overvalued and don’t want to risk putting money into them when they haven’t yet shown a profit.

It can take time for a stock to increase following an IPO, so the initial sale isn’t necessarily an indicator of long-term success or failure. The initial stock offering doesn’t always result in an immediate rise, but the influx of new capital can allow the company to grow.

Many stocks experienced tumultuous action for months before seeing a steadier climb. As an investor, looking for companies with a solid team and business plan, rather than just hype and a high valuation, can result in long-term portfolio growth.

How to Invest in IPOs

You can expose yourself to IPO stocks through an exchange-traded fund (ETF). Certain ETFs offer a weighted balance of newly public stocks and are adjusted over time. By diversifying your portfolio, you benefit from any gains while avoiding steep losses.

Also, some online brokerages, like SoFi, offer IPO investing for retail investors.

But, as mentioned above, IPOs can be very volatile. Although there is potential for significant returns, investors can also see severe losses in the weeks and months after a company goes public.

Rather than investing immediately, you can wait a quarter or six months to see how a company’s stock fluctuates following the IPO and then decide whether to invest. Stocks can often fall to form a base price before beginning to rise again.

The Takeaway

It’s exciting when a company opens up to public investment. Although the IPO price is set as part of the lengthy IPO process, once the stock goes public all bets are off. Now the market determines the stock price, and the valuation of the company itself.

That’s one reason it can be challenging for most investors to know when and how to add new IPO stocks to their portfolios. Ultimately, investing in newly public stocks can be risky; the decision should be based on financial goals, time horizon, and risk tolerance.

Whether you’re curious about exploring IPOs, or interested in traditional stocks and exchange-traded funds (ETFs), you can get started by opening an account on the SoFi Invest® brokerage platform. On SoFi Invest, eligible SoFi members have the opportunity to trade IPO shares, and there are no account minimums for those with an Active Investing account. As with any investment, it's wise to consider your overall portfolio goals in order to assess whether IPO investing is right for you, given the risks of volatility and loss.

Invest with as little as $5 with a SoFi Active Investing account.

FAQ

Is it good to buy at IPO price?

Like all investments, there is risk in buying a stock when it goes public. IPOs can be suitable investments if the stock price increases after the IPO, but there is also a risk that the stock price could decrease. When buying a stock at an IPO price, investors don’t have the benefit of history to help analyze the stock.

How is an IPO price determined?

The IPO price is the initial public offering price of a stock. The IPO price is the price the underwriters will sell stock to institutional and accredited investors. The investment bank that works with the company going public determines the IPO price.

Can you lose money on an IPO?

Yes. An investor can lose money on an IPO if the company’s stock price falls below the price at which the investor bought the shares.

SoFi Invest®
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Investing in an Initial Public Offering (IPO) involves substantial risk, including the risk of loss. Further, there are a variety of risk factors to consider when investing in an IPO, including but not limited to, unproven management, significant debt, and lack of operating history. For a comprehensive discussion of these risks please refer to SoFi Securities’ IPO Risk Disclosure Statement. IPOs offered through SoFi Securities are not a recommendation and investors should carefully read the offering prospectus to determine whether an offering is consistent with their investment objectives, risk tolerance, and financial situation.

New offerings generally have high demand and there are a limited number of shares available for distribution to participants. Many customers may not be allocated shares and share allocations may be significantly smaller than the shares requested in the customer’s initial offer (Indication of Interest). For SoFi’s allocation procedures please refer to IPO Allocation Procedures.
Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

SOIN0623083

Oct

2023

What Is Yield?

By SoFi | Growing Wealth, Investing, Terminology | No Comments

Yield is the income generated by an investment over a period of time. Yield is typically calculated by taking the dividend, coupon or net income earned, dividing the figures by the value of the investment, then calculating the result as a percentage.

Yield is not the same as return or the rate of return. Yield is a way to track how much income was earned over a set period, relative to the initial cost of the investment or the market value of the asset. Return is the total loss or gain on an investment. Returns often include money made from dividends and interest. While all investments have some kind of rate of return, not all investments have a yield, because not all investments produce interest or dividends.

How Do You Calculate Yield?

Yield is typically calculated annually, but it can also be calculated quarterly or monthly.

Yield is calculated as the net realized income divided by the principal invested amount. Another way to think about yield is as the investment’s annual payments divided by the cost of that investment.

Here are formulas depending on the asset:

= Dividends Per Share/Share Price X 100%
= Coupon/Bond Price X 100%
= Net Income From Rent/Real Estate Value X 100%

For example, if a $100 stock pays out a $2 dividend for the year, then the yield for that year is 2 ÷ 100 X 100%, or a 2% yield.

Cost Yield vs. Current Yield

One important thing to think about when doing yield calculations is whether you’re looking at the original price of the stock or the current market price. (That can also be referred to as the current market value or face value.)

For example, in the above example, you have a $100 stock that pays a $2 dividend. If you divide that by the original purchase price, then you have a 2% yield. This is also known as the cost yield, because it’s based on the cost of the original investment.

However, if that $100 stock has gone up in price to $120, but still pays a $2 dividend, then if someone bought the stock right now at $120, it would be a 1.67% yield, because it’s based on the current price of the stock. That’s also known as the current yield.

Rate of Return vs. Yield

Calculating rate of return, by comparison, is done differently. Yield is simply a portion of the total return.

For example, if that same $100 stock has risen in market price to $120, then the return includes the change in stock price and the paid out dividend: [(120-100) + 2] ÷ 100, so 0.22, or a 22% total return.

The reason this matters is because the rate of return can change if the stock price changes, but often the yield on an investment is established in advance and generally doesn’t fluctuate too much.

💡 Quick Tip: Before opening an investment account, know your investment objectives, time horizon, and risk tolerance. These fundamentals will help keep your strategy on track and with the aim of meeting your goals.

Definition of Yield for Different Investments

Yield in Stock Investing

When you make money on stocks it often comes in two forms: as a dividend or as an increase in the stock price. If a stock pays out a dividend in cash to stockholders, the annual amount of those payments can be expressed as a percentage of the value of the security. This is the yield.

Many stocks actually pay out dividends quarterly. In order to calculate the annual yield, simply add up all the dividends paid out for the year and then do the calculation. If a stock doesn’t pay a dividend, then it doesn’t have a dividend yield.

Note that real estate investment trusts (REITs) are required to pay out 90% of their taxable income to existing shareholders in order to maintain their status as a pass-through entity. That means the yield on REITs is typically higher than for other stocks, which is one of the pros for REIT investing.

Sometimes investors also calculate a stock’s earnings yield, which is the earnings over a year, dividend by the share price. It’s one method an investor may use to try to value a stock.

Yield in Bond Investing

When it comes to bonds vs. stocks, the yield on a bond is the interest paid—which is typically stated on the bond itself. Bond interest payments are usually determined at the beginning of the bond’s life and remain constant until that bond matures.

However, if you buy a bond on the secondary market, then the yield might be different than the stated interest rate because the price you paid for the bond was different from the original price.

For bonds, yield is calculated by dividing the yearly interest payments by the payment value of the bond. For example, a $1,000 bond that pays $50 interest has a yield of 5%. This is the nominal yield. Yield to maturity calculates the average return for the bond if you hold it until it matures based on your purchase price.

Some bonds have variable interest rates, which means the yield might change over the bond’s life. Often variable interest rates are based on the set U.S. Treasury yield.

Is There a Market Yield?

Treasury yields are the yields on U.S. Treasury bonds and notes. When there is a lot of demand for bonds, prices generally rise, which causes yields to go down.

The Department of the Treasury sets a fixed face value for the bond and determines the interest rate it will pay on that bond. The bonds are then sold at auction. If there’s a lot of demand, then the bonds will sell for above face value also known as a premium.

That lowers the yield on the bond, since the government only pays back the face value plus the stated interest. (If there’s lower demand, then the bonds may sell for below face value, which increases the yield.)

When Treasury yields rise, interest rates on business and personal loans generally rise too. That’s because investors know they can make a set yield on government issued products, so other investment products have to offer a better return in order to be competitive. This affects the market in that it affects the rates on mortgages, loans, and in turn, market growth.

There isn’t a set market yield, since the yield on each stock and bond varies. But there is a yield curve that investors track, which is a good reference. The yield curve plots Treasury yields across maturities—i.e., how long it takes for a bond to mature. Typically, the curve plots upward, since it takes more of a yield to convince an investor to hold a bond for a longer amount of time.

An inverted yield curve can be a sign of an oncoming recession and can cause concern among investors. While you don’t necessarily need to track 10-year Treasury yields or worry about the yield curve, it is good to know what the general yield meaning is for investors so you can stay informed about your investments.

💡 Quick Tip: Before opening any investment account, consider what level of risk you are comfortable with. If you’re not sure, start with more conservative investments, and then adjust your portfolio as you learn more.

The Takeaway

A high yield means more cash flow and a higher income. But a yield that is too high isn’t necessarily a good thing. It could mean the market value of the investment is going down or that dividends being paid out are too high for the company’s earnings.

Of course, yield isn’t the only thing you’re probably looking for in your investments. Even when investing in the stock market, you may want to consider other aspects of the stocks you’re choosing: the history of the company’s growth and dividends paid out, potential for future growth or profit, the ratio of profit to dividend paid out. You may also want a diversified portfolio made up of different kinds of assets to balance return and risk.

Ready to invest in your goals? It’s easy to get started when you open an investment account with SoFi Invest. You can invest in stocks, exchange-traded funds (ETFs), and more. SoFi doesn’t charge commissions, but other fees apply (full fee disclosure here).

For a limited time, opening and funding an Active Invest account gives you the opportunity to get up to $1,000 in the stock of your choice.

SOIN0723027

Oct

2023

Dow Theory: 6 Principles Explained

By Laurel Tincher | Growing Wealth, invest, Investing | Comments Off

The Dow Theory is a framework for technical analysis of the market. It comprises several market concepts that attempt to explain how the stock market tends to behave.

The original financial theory posited that if the Dow Jones Industrial Average or the Dow Jones Transportation Average (then known as the Dow Jones Rail Average) advances significantly above a previous important average, the other average will do the same in the near future. Conversely, if one index begins to fall, Dow Theory forecasts that the other will likely follow suit.

Using this theory, investors can form a strategy to buy when the market is low and rising, and sell when it is high and going down.

The History of Dow Theory

Although created more than a century ago, Dow Theory remains popular with traders who commonly use it today. Charles H. Dow, founder of Dow Jones & Company, developed the financial theory in 1896 and created the first stock index, the Dow Jones Industrial Average. Dow, along with Charles Bergstresse and Edward Jones, also co-founded The Wall Street Journal, where Dow published portions of the Dow Theory.

Although Charles Dow died before he could publish the entirety of the ideas that make up the theory, others have published contributions to the theory over the years. Some of these publications include:

• The Stock Market Barometer by William P. Hamilton (1922)

• The Dow Theory by Robert Rhea (1932)

• How I Helped More than 10,000 Investors Profit in Stocks, by E. George Schaefer

• The Dow Theory Today, by Richard Russell (1961)

What Is Dow Theory?

The Dow Theory suggests that traders can use stock market trends to assess the overall economy and the state of various industries and then use it to form an investment strategy. Using the Dow theory, one could understand current market conditions and make predictions about the direction the market would take and, therefore, the direction individual stocks might take.

As the economy has changed over the years, parts of the theory have also shifted. For instance, originally, the theory centered around transportation stocks since the railroad industry was such a significant contributor to the economy at that time. While transportation stocks are still a crucial part of the economy, the Dow theory can apply to all types of industries, including newer ones, and forms the basis of many tools in technical analysis such as the Elliott Wave and accumulation and distribution (A/D).

There are six main principles that make up the Dow Theory. They are:

1. The market discounts everything.

2. There are three kinds of market trends.

3. Primary trends occur in three phases.

4. Indices must confirm each other.

5. Volume should confirm price.

6. Trends persist until there is a clear reversal.

💡 Quick Tip: How do you decide if a certain trading platform or app is right for you? Ideally, the investment platform you choose offers the features that you need for your investment goals or strategy, e.g., an easy-to-use interface, data analysis, educational tools.

What Are the Six Tenets of Dow Theory?

Here’s more about each of the six principles and how they apply to both institutional and retail investors.

1. The Market Discounts Everything

Like the efficient markets hypothesis, this theory holds that market prices already reflect all available information, so only future events could affect stock prices. Since stocks are always trading at fair market value and are not under or overvalued, investors should make decisions based on market trends.

For instance, if investors believe a particular company will report positive earnings, the market will already reflect this before the announcement, with demand for shares going up before the release of the report.

Those who rely on technical analysis tend to believe in this theory, but investors who use fundamental analysis don’t agree that market value reflects a stock’s intrinsic value.

2. There Are Three Kinds of Market Trends

The second principle of Dow Theory is that there are three kinds of market trends, delineated by their duration.

Primary Trends

These last at least one year and are major market trends including bull trends, bear trends, or sideways trends. They are the most important trends for long term traders to look at, but the secondary and tertiary trends can help identify a specific opportunity such as a reversal in the market.

Secondary trends

These trends only last a few weeks or months. They generally include trends where the price moves in the opposite direction of the primary market trend.

Minor trends or Tertiary trends

Used primarily by day traders, these trends last less than three weeks.

3. Primary Trends are Split into Three Phases

The phases of trends depend on what happened to the price prior to the trend as well as market sentiment. The phase names are ordered differently in a bull and bear market. In a bull market, the phases are: accumulation, public participation, excess and distribution. In a bear market the order reverses.

Accumulation

Assets are low, so smart investors start to buy at this time before the market goes back up.

Public Participation

After the accumulation period and as the market starts to go up, a broader number of investors start to see the trend and begin buying assets, so prices increase significantly and quickly.

Excess and Distribution

In this phase, the general public buys, but informed investors see that the market is at a high and begin selling or shorting the market before it starts to decrease.

4. Indices Must Confirm Each Other

This principle claims that primary trends observed in one market index need to be the same as trends observed in another market index. Originally, the two important indices were the transportation index and the industrial average, but this has changed with the economy over the years. The same principle now applies to other indices. Although industry and transportation are still linked, today, many goods are digital so there can be an increase in the sale of goods without the same increase in transportation.

💡 Quick Tip: How to manage potential risk factors in a self directed investment account? Doing your research and employing strategies like dollar-cost averaging and diversification may help mitigate financial risk when trading stocks.

5. Volume Should Confirm the Price

This principle states that a strong market trend should correspond with a high trading volume. If there isn’t a large volume in trading, then a trend is not as strong of an indicator of market direction. A low volume trend may not be an indicator of a larger market move.

6. Trends Persist Until there is a Clear Reversal

Another principle is that a market trend will continue until there is a strong indicator of a reversal. Essentially, the market will continue to rise or fall until a primary trend reversal occurs, so investors should not consider secondary and tertiary trend reversals as larger market trends.

Of course, it can be difficult to spot the difference between a primary and secondary trend, so sometimes a secondary trend may actually show a reversal in the market, and a primary trend may turn out to be a misleading secondary trend.

The Takeaway

The Dow Theory consists of six principles that may be used to help explain how the stock market behaves. Although the Dow Theory is over 100 years old, it is still popular and still widely used today for a reason.

Investors often use the Dow as they’re putting together an investment strategy. The Dow and other trading theories may be helpful as you build an online investment portfolio.

Invest with as little as $5 with a SoFi Active Investing account.

Photo credit: iStock/mapodile

SOIN0723053

Buy Low, Sell High Strategy: An Investor’s Guide

What Does It Mean to “Buy Low, Sell High”?

4 Tips on How to Buy Low and Sell High

1. Investing with the Business Cycle

2. Look at Stock Pricing Trends

3. Use Moving Averages

4. Beware of Investor Bias

Pros and Cons of Buy Low, Sell High

Benefits of Buy Low, Sell High

Disadvantages of Buy Low, Sell High

Alternatives to Buy Low, Sell High

Investing with SoFi

FAQ

Is buying low and selling high a good strategy?

Is it illegal to buy low and sell high?

Why do you sell high and buy low?

Guide to ACH Routing Numbers

What is an ACH Routing Number?

How to Find Your ACH Routing Number

Checkbook

Bank Phone App or Bank Website

Internet

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What is an ABA Routing Number?

ABA vs. ACH Routing Numbers: The Differences

Use Cases

History

Numerical Differences

The Takeaway

FAQ

Which routing number do I use to transfer money?

What is the difference between ACH and direct deposit?

Should I use ACH or the wire routing number?

Do I use my ACH number for direct deposit?

What is ABA on a wire transfer?

What does ABA stand for?

What is the difference between the ABA and wire routing number?

How Are IPO Prices Set?

What Is IPO Price?

Initial Public Offerings 101

Why Do Companies Go Public?

Steps in IPO Valuation

How Underwriting Works in IPOs

Process of Determining IPO Prices

Institutional Investors in IPO Process

Retail Investors in IPO Process

Determining Opening Price Point

Post-IPO Trading

IPO Price vs Opening Price: Similarities & Differences

Do IPO Stocks Always Rise?

How to Invest in IPOs

The Takeaway

FAQ

Is it good to buy at IPO price?

How is an IPO price determined?

Can you lose money on an IPO?

What Is Yield?

How Do You Calculate Yield?

Cost Yield vs. Current Yield

Rate of Return vs. Yield

Definition of Yield for Different Investments

Yield in Stock Investing

Yield in Bond Investing

Is There a Market Yield?

The Takeaway

Dow Theory: 6 Principles Explained

The History of Dow Theory

What Is Dow Theory?

What Are the Six Tenets of Dow Theory?

1. The Market Discounts Everything

2. There Are Three Kinds of Market Trends

Primary Trends

Secondary trends

Minor trends or Tertiary trends

3. Primary Trends are Split into Three Phases

Accumulation

Public Participation

Excess and Distribution

4. Indices Must Confirm Each Other

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