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On a salary of $100,000 per year, as long as you have minimal debt, you can afford a house priced at around $311,000 with a monthly payment of $2,333. This number assumes a 6.5% interest rate and a down payment of around $30,000.

The 28/36 rule is often used as a guide when deciding how much house you can afford. The rule stipulates that you should not spend more than 28 percent of your salary on overall housing costs and no more than 36 percent on housing costs and your debt. On a salary of $100K with debts of about $250 per month, a house costing $311,000 just fits in your budget.

However, how much home you can afford depends on other factors also, such as where you intend to live and how much you have saved as a down payment.

This article looks at how all of these factors affect your home purchase and gives some examples of how much home you can realistically afford on a salary of $100,000.

What Kind of House Can I Afford With $100K a Year?

Another rule of thumb often applied when buying a home is to not spend more than three times your annual income on a home. If you earn $100,000 a year, that would be $300,000.

A salary of $100,000 is well above the national median income (according to Census data, the national median income was $74,580 in 2022). That puts you in a good position if you want to buy a home, particularly if the cost of living is low in the area that you are targeting. If you have substantial savings for a down payment and little debt, you’re even better positioned. Debt is important because lenders look at how much debt you have when they qualify you for a mortgage.

Your Debt-to-Income Ratio

Your debt-to-income (DTI) ratio is the amount of income you receive relative to the amount of payments you make each month to cover your debt. You’ll get better loan terms, and your monthly mortgage loan payments will be less, if you have less debt.

That’s why many experts also recommend the 28/36 rule. So, if you earn $100K, your housing costs should be less than $28,000, $2,333 a month, and your debt and housing costs should not exceed $36,000, or $3,000 a month.

Your Down Payment

Unless you qualify for a zero-down USDA or VA loan, most lenders will expect a down payment of between 3% and 20%. The more you put down, the more house you can afford, but as you think about your down payment amount, make sure you reserve funds for closing costs, moving costs, and an emergency fund for unexpected expenses.

Home Affordability

Homes are more affordable in certain areas. Some areas have a higher cost of living and higher property taxes.

Your credit score will also affect how much home you can afford. If you have a high credit score, you will qualify for a lower interest rate loan. If you pay less interest, you can borrow more and still meet your monthly payments.

Depending on where you want to live, the housing market might dictate how big a home you can afford. House prices are affected by the economic conditions, and low unemployment rates and healthy economic growth gives buyers more purchasing power. If buyers have more purchasing power, they can afford bigger loans, and this will push up house prices.

💡 Quick Tip: When house hunting, don’t forget to lock in your home mortgage loan rate so there are no surprises if your offer is accepted.

How to Afford More House with Down Payment Assistance

Some people, such as first-time buyers or certain professionals like nurses and teachers, can qualify for down payment assistance from federal, state, and local government, private entities, and charitable organizations. Assistance might be in the form of a low-rate loan, cash grant, tax credit, or a reduced interest rate.

Applying for down payment assistance can add weeks or months to your home buying timeline, but for more information, the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) keeps a list of programs listed by state, county, and city.

Here are typical down payment amounts for various types of mortgages.

•   Conventional mortgages require a 3% down payment for first-time buyers

•   FHA mortgages require 3.5% down

•   VA mortgages require 0% down

•   USDA: These zero down payment loans serve low-income borrowers in rural areas.

Home Affordability Examples

Let’s take a look at some hypothetical examples for those wondering, “If I make $100K how much home can I afford?” These examples assume an interest rate of 6.5% and average property taxes.

Example #1: Low Down Payment and Significant Debt

Gross annual income: $100,000
Down payment: $10,000
Monthly debt: $1000

Home budget: $238,441

Monthly mortgage payment: $2,000

Payment breakdown:

•   Principal and interest: $1,444

•   Property taxes: $208

•   Private mortgage insurance: $264

•   Homeowner’s insurance: $83

Example #2: Bigger Down Payment, Less Debt

Gross annual income: $100,000
Down payment: $40,000
Monthly debt: $300

Home budget: $333,212

Monthly mortgage payment: $2,333

Payment breakdown:

•   Principal and interest: $1,853

•   Property taxes: $208

•   Private mortgage insurance: $188

•   Homeowner’s insurance: $83

How to Calculate How Much House You Can Afford

You need a budget to find out how much house you can afford. Keeping a budget will show you how much you are spending each month versus how much income you have. Whatever you have leftover after paying essentials like food, clothing, and utilities is how much you can afford to spend on housing.

You can also use a mortgage calculator to help you. Just plug in your own numbers to find out what your monthly payments would be.


💡 Quick Tip: Not to be confused with prequalification, preapproval involves a longer application, documentation, and hard credit pulls. Ideally, you want to keep your applications for preapproval to within the same 14- to 45-day period, since many hard credit pulls outside the given time period can adversely affect your credit score, which in turn affects the mortgage terms you’ll be offered.

How Your Monthly Payment Affects Your Price Range

The more you can afford to pay each month for your mortgage and other housing expenses, the more house you can afford. However if you have significant debt payments each month, or you have a poor credit score that results in a higher interest rate for your loan, that will reduce the amount of loan you can afford and the price range.

Types of Home Loans Available to $100K Households

Four types of loans are the most common. These are conventional loans, FHA loans, USDA, and VA loans.

Conventional loans typically require a credit score of 620 or more, but the down payment can be as low as 3 percent. Remember that a lower down payment means higher monthly payments because you will have to borrow more.

FHA loans. With an FHA loan, home buyers with a credit score over 580 can borrow up to 96.5% of a home’s value. Home buyers with a lower credit score, between 500 to 579, can still qualify for a loan as long as they have a 10% down payment.

USDA: USDA loans are zero down payment financing for low-income borrowers in designated rural areas.

VA: VA loans also require no down payment and are available to qualified military service members, veterans, and their spouses.

The Takeaway

If you are looking to buy a home and would like a more realistic idea of what you can afford, first find out how much you are spending on necessities like food, clothing, transportation, and, most importantly, debt. What you have leftover is how much you can spend each month on housing expenses.

Once you have a grasp on your finances, you can use an affordability calculator to see how much of a house you can afford. The size of home that the amount will buy depends on the local housing market and the cost of living where you want to live.

Looking for an affordable option for a home mortgage loan? SoFi can help: We offer low down payments (as little as 3% - 5%*) with our competitive and flexible home mortgage loans. Plus, applying is extra convenient: It's online, with access to one-on-one help.

FAQ

Is $100K a good salary for a single person?

A salary of $100k is above the national median income (according to Census data, the national median income was $74,580 in 2022). This is a good salary, but you still might struggle to buy a home in areas with a high cost of living. The larger down payment you have, and the better your credit score, the bigger house you can buy.

What is a comfortable income for a single person?

A comfortable income for a single person is dependent upon where that person lives. The findings from a study using data from the Bureau of Labor Statistics to calculate the cost of necessities to determine a living wage shows wide variance existing among states. According to the study, Hawaii is the most expensive state, and singles require an annual salary of $112,411 to live comfortably. In Mississippi, you can live comfortably on $45,906 a year.

What is a liveable wage in 2023?

A liveable wage will vary depending on where you live. However, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology determined that $104,07 per year was a liveable wage before taxes in 2022. This was for a family of four with two working adults and two children.

What salary is considered rich for a single person?

According to Internal Revenue Service data, an income of $540,009 per year puts a person in the top 1% earnings category.

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SOHL0124051

A central counterparty clearing house (CCP), or Central Counterparty, is a financial institution that facilitates trading activities in European equity and derivative markets. Regional banks typically operate CCPs which are an important part of the international financial system.

CCPs maintain stability and efficiency across financial markets and reduce risks including counterparty, default, and market risks. In the United States, CCPs are called Derivatives Clearing Organizations (DCO) and are regulated by the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC).

Defining Central Counterparty Clearing Houses

The Bank for International Settlements (BIS) defines a CCP as “a clearing house that interposes itself between counterparties to contracts traded in one or more financial markets, becoming the buyer to every seller and the seller to every buyer and thereby ensuring the future performance of open contracts.” The Eurex is a well known CCP.

Central Counterparty Clearing Houses act as intermediaries between buyers and sellers in financial transactions. They handle clearing and settlements in various types of securities and derivatives transactions to reduce credit risk in the markets. Clearinghouses have existed for more than a century, and act as a way to reduce the risk of OTC derivative transactions.

💡 Quick Tip: How do you decide if a certain trading platform or app is right for you? Ideally, the investment platform you choose offers the features that you need for your investment goals or strategy, e.g., an easy-to-use interface, data analysis, educational tools.

How Central Counterparty Clearing Houses Work

Central Counterparty Clearing Houses guarantee trade terms for buyers and sellers. They help reduce risk for investors by taking on credit risk involved in transactions, so even if a buyer or seller defaults on a transaction the other party doesn’t have as much loss as they might have without the CCP.

When buyers and sellers enter into transactions, they each deposit money with the CCP to cover the amount of the transaction. All CCP users must have a margin account.

In a process called “novation,” the CCP enters into two different contracts, one with the buyer and one with the seller. This provides a guarantee to the other party that if one side doesn’t follow through with the agreement the other side will still receive payment. CCPs typically use margin calls to settle trades if one party does not have the funds in their account.

If the trade falls through, the CCP completes the trade at the current market price. CCPs are for-profit businesses that generate revenue from their members and their transactions. They also work with parent exchanges that require them to remain profitable. Just like other types of businesses, CCPs each operate differently and have different business strategies to attract customers and earn revenue.

For instance, there are different types of derivative products that a CCP might choose to offer. One common business model for CCPs is to cross-margin products in a single netting pool. Parent exchanges place obligations on CCPs, so they need to earn enough revenue to meet those.

The specific financial products offered by a CCP, as well as its risk level, fee structure, and other features lead to different types of members, organizational structure, regulations, and rules for margin balances.

CCPs continue to evolve, offer new products, and become more sophisticated over time. Regulations are also evolving for CCPs which may change how they operate in the future.

Uses of a Central Counterparty Clearing House

CCPs maintain the anonymity of investors’ identities to protect their privacy. They also maintain the privacy of trading firms from buyers and sellers by using electronic order books and protect brokerage firms from the risk of buyers and sellers defaulting on their end of options such as calls or puts.

Another use of CCPs is to lower the number of transactions settled in order to move funds efficiently between investors.

💡 Quick Tip: How to manage potential risk factors in a self-directed investment account? Doing your research and employing strategies like dollar-cost averaging and diversification may help mitigate financial risk when trading stocks.

CCP Members

Financial institutions that want to clear trades through a central counterparty can become members of a particular CCP. Membership allows them to reduce credit risk for their customers and themselves. There are CCPs for different types of financial transactions, so financial institutions can choose the appropriate CCP to apply to for their needs.

CCPs want members that have a significant transaction volume, are creditworthy, and have a trading operation that works efficiently with the system run by the CCP. CCPs also want members to contribute funds to their default fund and secure collateral for their transactions. Each CCP has somewhat different criteria and requirements for membership, and membership information is not always publicly available.

Pros and Cons of CCPs

There are benefits and drawbacks to CCPs. Here are a few important ones to understand:

Pros

CCPs benefit investors in the following ways:

•   Reduce counterparty risk

•   Maintain stability in financial markets

•   Increase efficiency of transactions

•   Maintains privacy of customers

Cons

There are also some drawbacks to CCPs for investors, including the following:

•   Participation fees

•   May not be able to process non-standard transactions

•   Some CCPs may not have adequate scale

CCPs and Blockchain

CCPs are now being used with blockchain technology, made popular in cryptocurrency markets, to further reduce risk and costs. An international group of clearing houses launched the Post Trade Distributed Ledger Group launched in 2015. The group studies ways to use blockchain technology for transactions.

Since its formation, the group has expanded to include about 40 global financial institutions collaborating to bring CCPs together with blockchain. The goal of using blockchain technology with CCPs is to reduce margin requirements and risk, reduce operational costs, improve regulatory oversight, and increase the efficiency of trade settlements. Ideally blockchain can help support better settlements, clearing processes, and reporting.

Decentralized exchanges already operate similarly to CCPs as a third party that handles transactions.

The Takeaway

Central counterparty clearing houses help reduce the risk of trading derivatives and securities. They became more popular after the financial crisis as a way for investors to minimize counterparty risk.

While CCPs may help maintain stability in financial markets and increase efficiency, they may also involve participation fees, or may not be able to process non-standard transactions. Understanding the ins and outs of CCPs can be helpful to investors as they learn to navigate the markets.

Invest in what matters most to you with SoFi Active Invest. In a self-directed account provided by SoFi Securities, you can trade stocks, exchange-traded funds (ETFs), mutual funds, alternative funds, options, and more — all while paying $0 commission on every trade. Other fees may apply. Whether you want to trade after-hours or manage your portfolio using real-time stock insights and analyst ratings, you can invest your way in SoFi's easy-to-use mobile app.

FAQ

What is the difference between a clearing house and a central counterparty?

While a CCP acts as a clearing house for transactions, it has an additional step involved before doing so. The two parties involved in a transaction agree upon transaction terms, then the CCP must agree to the terms before they clear the transaction.

What is the CCP margin?

CCPs require customers to make collateral deposits, known as margin deposits, before entering into transactions. This provides them with funds they can use to guarantee trades in the event that one party defaults on an agreement. The initial margin required depends on the customer, the type of financial product, and the particular trade agreement.

Does central clearing reduce counterparty risk?

Central clearing reduces counterparty risk by guaranteeing trades for buyers and sellers. They take on the credit risk involved in transactions by becoming the buyer to every seller and the seller to every buyer.

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