Mortgage Backed Securities, Explained

Mortgage-Backed Securities, Explained

Mortgage-backed securities are bond-like investments made up of a pool of mortgages. When you purchase a mortgage-backed security, you’re buying a small portion of a collection of loans that a government-sponsored entity or a financial institution has packaged together for sale.

Investors may refer to these loans as MBS, which stands for mortgage-backed securities. Investing in mortgage-backed securities allows investors to get exposure to the real estate market without taking direct ownership of properties or making direct loans to borrowers. Mortgage-backed securities offer benefits to other stakeholders as well, namely loan-issuing banks, private lenders, and investment banks who issue them.

Mortgage-backed securities have a stained reputation due to their role in the housing market collapse in 2008. However, that crisis led to increased regulation, and depending on your investment goals, there may be a case for including mortgage-backed securities in a diversified portfolio.

What Is a Mortgage-Backed Security?

Mortgage-backed securities are asset-backed investments, in which the underlying assets are mortgages.

Government entities and some financial institutions issue mortgage-backed securities by purchasing mortgages from banks, mortgage companies, and other loan originators and combining them into pools, which they sell to investors.

The financial institution then securitizes the pool, by selling shares to investors who then receive a monthly distribution of income and principal payments, similar to bond coupon payments, as the mortgage borrowers pay off their loans.


💡 Quick Tip: Investment fees are assessed in different ways, including trading costs, account management fees, and possibly broker commissions. When you set up an investment account, be sure to get the exact breakdown of your “all-in costs” so you know what you’re paying.

How a Mortgage-Backed Security Works

When dealing with mortgage-backed securities, banks essentially become middlemen between the homebuyer and the investment industry.

The process works as follows:

1.    A bank or mortgage company originates a home loan.

2.    The bank or mortgage company sells that new loan to an investment bank or government-sponsored entity, and uses the sale money to create new loans.

3.    The investment bank or government-sponsored entity combines the newly purchased loan into a bundle of mortgages with similar interest rates.

4.    This investment bank assigns the loan bundle to a Special Purpose Vehicle (SPV) or Special Investment Vehicle (SIV) which securitizes the bundles of loans. This creates a separation between the mortgage-backed securities and the investment bank’s primary services.

5.    Credit rating agencies review the security and rate its riskiness for investors. The SPV or SIV then issues the mortgage-backed securities on the trading markets.

When the process operates as intended, the bank that creates the loan maintains reasonable credit standards and makes a profit by selling the loan. They also have more liquidity to make additional loans to others. The homeowner pays their mortgage on time and the mortgage-backed securities holders receive their portion of the principal and interest payments.

Recommended: Investing 101 Guide

Who Sells Mortgage-Backed Securities?

While some private financial institutions issue mortgage-backed securities, the majority come from government-sponsored entities. Those include Ginnie Mae, the Government National Mortgage Association; Fannie Mae, the Federal National Mortgage Association; and Freddie Mac, the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation.

The U.S. government backs and secures Ginnie Mae’s mortgage-backed securities, guaranteeing that investors will receive timely payments. Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac do not have the same guaranteed backing, but they can borrow directly from the Treasury when needed.

What Are the Risks of Investing in Mortgage-Backed Securities?

Like all alternative investments, mortgage-backed securities carry some risks that investors must understand. One such risk is prepayment risk, in which mortgage borrowers pay off their mortgages (often because they move or refinances), reducing the yield for the holder of the MBS. Mortgage defaults could further decrease the value of mortgage-backed securities.

Other risks include housing market fluctuations and liquidity risk.

Recommended: Opportunity Cost and Investments

Types of Mortgage-Backed Securities

There are several different types of mortgage-backed securities.

Pass-Through

A Pass-Through Participation Certificate or Pass-Through is the simplest type of MBS. They are structured as trusts, in which a servicer collects mortgage payments for the underlying loans and distributes them to investors.

Pass-through mortgage-backed securities typically have stated maturities of five, 15, or 30 years, though the term of a pass-through may be lower. With pass-throughs, holders receive a pro-rata share of both principal and interest payments earned on the mortgage pool.

Residential Mortgage-Backed Securities (RMBS)

Residential mortgage-backed securities are mortgage-backed securities based on loans for residential homes.

Commercial Mortgage-Backed Securities (CMBS)

Commercial mortgage-backed securities are mortgage-backed securities based on loans for commercial properties, such as apartment buildings, offices, or retail spaces or industrial properties.

Collateralized Debt Obligations (CDOs)

These securities are similar to mortgage-backed securities in that CDOs are also asset-backed and may contain mortgages, but they may also include other types of debt, such as business, student, and personal loans.

Collateralized Mortgage Obligations (CMO)

CMOs or Real Estate Mortgage Investment Conduits (REMICs) is a more complex form of mortgage-backed securities. A CMO is a pool of mortgages with similar risk categories known as tranches. Tranches are unique and can have different principal balances, coupon rates, prepayment risks, and maturity rates.

Less-risky tranches tend to have more reliable cash flows and a lower probability of being exposed to default risk and thus are considered a safer investment. Conversely, higher-risk tranches have more uncertain cash flows and a higher risk of default. However, higher-risk tranches are compensated with higher interest rates, which can be attractive to some investors with higher risk tolerance.

Recommended: Exploring Different Types of Investments

Mortgage-Backed Securities and the 2008 Financial Crisis

Mortgage-backed securities played a large role in the financial crisis and housing market collapse that began in 2008. By 2008, trillions of dollars in wealth evaporated, prominent companies like Lehman Brothers and Bear Stearns went bankrupt, and the global financial markets crashed.

At the time, banks had gotten increasingly lenient in their credit standards making risky loans to borrowers. One reason that they became more lenient was because they were able to sell the loans to be packaged into mortgage-backed securities, meaning that the banks faced fewer financial consequences if borrowers defaulted.

When home values fell and millions of homes went into foreclosure, the value of all those mortgage-backed securities and CDOs plummeted, indicating that they had been riskier assets than their ratings indicated. Many investors lost money; many homeowners foreclosed on their homes.

An important lesson from that time is that mortgage-backed securities have risks associated with the underlying mortgage borrower’s ability to pay their mortgage.


đź’ˇ Quick Tip: How to manage potential risk factors in a self directed investment account? Doing your research and employing strategies like dollar-cost averaging and diversification may help mitigate financial risk when trading stocks.

MBS Today

Residential mortgage-backed securities now face far more government scrutiny than they did prior to the financial crisis. MBS mortgages must now come from a regulated and authorized financial institution and receive an investment-grade rating from an accredited rating agency. Issuers must also provide investors with disclosures including sharing information about their risks.

Investors who want exposure to mortgage-backed securities but don’t want to do the research or purchases themselves might consider buying an exchange-traded fund (ETF) that focuses on mortgage-backed securities.

The Takeaway

Mortgage-backed securities are complex investment products, but they have benefits for investors looking for exposure to the real estate debt without making direct loans. While they do have risks, they may have a place as part of a diversified portfolio for some investors.

Ready to invest in your goals? It’s easy to get started when you open an investment account with SoFi Invest. You can invest in stocks, exchange-traded funds (ETFs), mutual funds, alternative funds, and more. SoFi doesn’t charge commissions, but other fees apply (full fee disclosure here).

For a limited time, opening and funding an Active Invest account gives you the opportunity to get up to $1,000 in the stock of your choice.


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Getting Private Student Loans Without a Cosigner

With the average cost of tuition at a private college close to $40,000 per year, it’s no surprise that many students will take out student loans to pay for their education. These student loans come in all shapes and sizes: federal or private, subsidized or unsubsidized, cosigned or not.

Most federal student loans do not require a credit check and can be borrowed without a cosigner. While the majority of students who take out private loans have a cosigner to guarantee the loan, that’s not an option for everyone. A cosigner — generally a family member or close friend — is someone who guarantees they will pay back your student loan if, for some reason, you can’t.

If you don’t have enough established credit to qualify for a private student loan on your own, turning to a cosigner, if possible, may also help you get approved at a better interest rate. However, not everyone has someone to cosign their student loans, and that’s okay too. There are plenty of ways to potentially qualify for both private and federal student loans without a cosigner. Here’s what you need to know.

Purpose of Adding a Cosigner

There are two main reasons why adding a cosigner to a private student loan may make sense — one is to improve your chances of being approved for a loan and the other is to potentially help secure a more competitive interest rate.

If you’re applying for student loans, you may not have a long credit history yet. To lenders, a lack of credit history can be seen as risky because you haven’t proved how well you can manage your financial obligations. You might need a cosigner to convince a lender to give you a student loan, since having a cosigner with more financial security or a better credit history reduces risk to the lender.

A cosigner with a strong credit history may also help you get approved for a loan with a lower interest rate, which could help reduce the amount of money you pay in interest over the life of the loan.

A cosigner will need to share their financial information with the lender, so it’s a good idea to make sure that your cosigner has plenty of time to get their documents in order and discuss loan applications with you.

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Can You Get a Federal Student Loan Without a Cosigner?

The short answer is yes. The first step in qualifying for a federal financial aid package is to fill out the Free Application for Federal Student Aid (FAFSA) .

You’ll submit your financial information and, if you’re a dependent student, your parents’ information too. Depending on your financial need, you’ll then be offered a combination of federal student loans — including subsidized and unsubsidized Direct or PLUS Loans — and work-study programs.

Federal student loans typically do not require a cosigner, nor a credit check, and they often have competitive interest rates. Direct PLUS Loans , which are primarily offered to parents and graduate or professional students, however, do require a credit check.

You’ll want to keep in mind that there are limits on how much you can take out in federal loans. For example, dependent students whose parents are unable to obtain PLUS Loans cannot take out more than $9,500 as a first-year undergrad. And, no more than $3,500 of this amount may be in subsidized loans. For more information on loan limits, check here . Because of these limits, students may look for additional sources of funding.

💡 Quick Tip: You’ll make no payments on some private student loans for six months after graduation.

Can You Get a Private Student Loan Without a Cosigner?

Yes, it is possible to get a private student loan without a cosigner, but you will likely need to have an established credit history or be willing to pay a higher interest rate.

To qualify for a private student loan, which are available from banks, credit unions, and online lenders, you generally have to be age 18 or older, a U.S. resident, and enrolled in school at least part time. Additionally, certain lenders may only approve loans if you are enrolled at schools that meet their criteria, which can vary from lender to lender.

To qualify for a private student loan without a cosigner, you typically must meet certain credit requirements. This often includes at least two years of established credit history, a credit score in the “good” range (670-739), and a certain minimum amount of income.

Some private lenders will provide student loans without a cosigner even if you have a limited credit history or income. However, you will almost definitely pay a higher interest rate.

If you know you’re going to need a student loan without a cosigner, one option is to start building your credit as early as you can. There are several ways to begin building credit. One is to be added as an authorized user on a credit card held by someone (usually a parent) with good credit. If you’re over 21, you might consider applying for a low-limit credit card. This type of credit card can help keep you from going overboard on spending, while still allowing you to establish credit.

💡 Quick Tip: It’s a good idea to understand the pros and cons of private student loans and federal student loans before committing to them.

Why It Can Help to Have a Cosigner on a Private Student Loan

Having a cosigner on a private student loan can help you qualify for a loan you might not otherwise be able to get. In addition, it can help you get approved for a larger loan amount, as well as lower rates and fees.

You’ll also want to keep in mind that having a cosigner is not necessarily a permanent situation. Some lenders will “release” a cosigner from a loan after the primary borrower meets certain requirements, like a certain number of payments and a credit check.

You also may consider refinancing your loan once you’re out of school, which will then be a way to have the loan in your own name. It can be a good idea to talk through what your cosigner expects and anticipates for the life of the loan, so that you’re both on the same page.

What is the Minimum Credit Score for a Student Loan?

If you apply for a federal student loan, your credit score won’t be a factor, since a credit check is not even part of the application process. However, private student loans often require a credit score of at least 670 to get a loan without a cosigner.

The exact qualification criteria will vary from lender to lender but, generally, the higher your credit score, the more likely you are to qualify and obtain a competitive interest rate for a private student loan.

Before you apply for a private student loan, you may want to get copies of your credit reports (available free at AnnualCreditReport.com ) and check your credit score to get a sense of where you may stand in the eyes of a lender. You also can check your credit report for any errors, which could bring down your score.

Who is Eligible for Student Loans That Don’t Require Cosigners?

Federal student loans don’t require a cosigner. There are also some private student loans that don’t require a cosigner, though you typically need to meet certain credit and income requirements.

You may be able to check your private student loan eligibility before you apply for a loan without a cosigner. This triggers what’s known as a “soft” credit check. A soft credit check does not affect your credit score, but can give you an approximate idea of whether or not you’ll be approved for a loan and what the interest rate on the loan may be.

Keep in mind, though, that your loan won’t be finalized until you apply for the loan. At this point, a hard credit check will be performed and final approval decisions will come through. But checking loan eligibility is one way to know whether or not a lender may consider your application without a cosigner.

What are Your Options If You Can’t Get a Student Loan Without a Cosigner?

If you can’t get a student loan without a cosigner and you don’t have someone who can be your cosigner, don’t panic. There are other potential paths forward depending on your goals and your circumstances:

•   Take a gap year. Some students take a year off to build credit, grow their income, and reapply once they feel their finances are on more secure footing.

•   Consider a less expensive school. Some students who can’t get a cosigner decide to go to a community college and take core credit courses. They may also work during this time. Then, when they feel their finances are on more secure footing, they transfer to their intended school to finish their degree.

•   Rethink your education priorities. If you can’t get a cosigner and are having trouble shouldering loans on your loan, you may recalibrate your educational goals and consider different degree programs or institutions that may have a less expensive price tag. It can be helpful to talk to people who work in your future career field — they may have thoughts on how you can save money on education or may have tips for alternate paths toward the job you want.

•   Talk with your financial aid office. Chances are, your financial aid office has seen similar situations and may have ideas. They may also be able to connect you with other funding opportunities, as well as students who have independently financed their education.

Other Ways to Help Finance Your Education

Besides taking out federal student loans or private student loans without a cosigner, there are a few other options to help finance your education.

There are many grants and scholarships available, including need-based grants and merit-based grants (grants available for students who reach a certain level of academic excellence) that you do not need to repay. You can search for scholarships online to see if there are any you might qualify for. You might also ask your high school’s college counselor or selected college’s financial aid office for information on any scholarships or grants you may be eligible for.

You might also consider working while you’re in school. Some students find they can manage a job alongside their studies, while others find that it’s challenging to find a balance. There is no “right” way to pay for your education. Some students may take a year or more off to save up for school, and then focus full-time on school. Talking to graduates can help you see different pathways and that there is no “one size fits all” when it comes to financing an education.

The Takeaway

Applying for a private student loan with a cosigner can help a potential borrower secure a more competitive interest rate or preferable loan terms. This is because the cosigner provides additional security for the lender — if the primary borrower runs into any issues repaying the loan, the cosigner is responsible.

Federal student loans, aside from Direct PLUS loans, do not require a credit check or cosigner. If you find that your federal loans aren’t going to cover your education, a private student loan may help. And, some private lenders will offer student loans without a cosigner. Just keep in mind that private student loans lack the borrower protections offered by federal student loans.

If you’ve exhausted all federal student aid options, no-fee private student loans from SoFi can help you pay for school. The online application process is easy, and you can see rates and terms in just minutes. Repayment plans are flexible, so you can find an option that works for your financial plan and budget.


Cover up to 100% of school-certified costs including tuition, books, supplies, room and board, and transportation with a private student loan from SoFi.


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SoFi loans are originated by SoFi Bank, N.A., NMLS #696891 (Member FDIC). For additional product-specific legal and licensing information, see SoFi.com/legal. Equal Housing Lender.


SoFi Private Student Loans
Please borrow responsibly. SoFi Private Student Loans are not a substitute for federal loans, grants, and work-study programs. You should exhaust all your federal student aid options before you consider any private loans, including ours. Read our FAQs. SoFi Private Student Loans are subject to program terms and restrictions, and applicants must meet SoFi’s eligibility and underwriting requirements. See SoFi.com/eligibility-criteria for more information. To view payment examples, click here. SoFi reserves the right to modify eligibility criteria at any time. This information is subject to change.


Disclaimer: Many factors affect your credit scores and the interest rates you may receive. SoFi is not a Credit Repair Organization as defined under federal or state law, including the Credit Repair Organizations Act. SoFi does not provide “credit repair” services or advice or assistance regarding “rebuilding” or “improving” your credit record, credit history, or credit rating. For details, see the FTC’s website .

External Websites: The information and analysis provided through hyperlinks to third-party websites, while believed to be accurate, cannot be guaranteed by SoFi. Links are provided for informational purposes and should not be viewed as an endorsement.

Third-Party Brand Mentions: No brands, products, or companies mentioned are affiliated with SoFi, nor do they endorse or sponsor this article. Third-party trademarks referenced herein are property of their respective owners.

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

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Engagement Ring Financing: Personal Loans & Other Ideas

Engagement Ring Financing Options

A ring can be a significant investment. And often it’s only the beginning of wedding expenses as you consider a future as a couple. That’s why it can be a good idea to consider your options if engagement ring financing is in your future.

Some people may save in advance and therefore won’t need wedding ring financing. But if you’re not among them, you might be looking at how to finance an engagement ring. There are definitely options, but an important thought to keep in mind is staying within an affordable — for you — range and not comparing how much other people may feel comfortable spending on an engagement ring.

Why Not Pay for an Engagement Ring Upfront?

If you’ve just begun browsing engagement rings, you will likely see they come at a variety of price points. The best price for an engagement ring? One you can actually afford.

In the past, there’s been a rule of thumb that an engagement ring should cost the equivalent of three months’ salary. But that “rule of thumb” is likely rooted in industry advertising from the 1930s and it doesn’t reflect the current reality.

In fact, Americans spend just a fraction of that amount on an engagement ring — $5,225 on average in 2022. Considering that the average monthly U.S. income is also about $4,880, abiding by the three-months rule would mean spending $14,640 on the ring. Increasingly, young Millennials and Gen Zers think engagement rings should cost no more than $2,500.

Can you finance an engagement ring? Yes, and there are several avenues available to you. But no matter what the average engagement ring cost is, it’s a good idea to buy a ring you can comfortably afford without financing. But even if you have cash ready to buy a ring, you may still consider financing options. People typically finance a ring because:

•   They want liquid cash available for upcoming wedding expenses.

•   They may not be able to pay cash for a ring without significantly dipping into their emergency savings, which could become problematic if an unexpected expense crops up.

•   They may want to spread the payment of an engagement ring across several pay cycles, or may be waiting for a large sum of cash to hit their account.

•   They may want to take advantage of purchase protection available on their credit card for a large purchase. However, purchase protection may not apply for a ring, as there are exclusions for certain categories of purchase, such as antiques or one-of-a-kind items.

•   They may want to take advantage of credit card points that come with a large purchase.

Recommended: Credit Card Rewards 101: Getting the Most Out of Your Credit Card

Engagement Ring Financing Options

There are multiple options for financing an engagement ring, and the best option for you may be as unique as the ring you choose for your partner.

These include:

•   Personal loans.

•   Credit card.

•   Buy now, pay later options.

•   Jeweler loan.

Here are some things to consider as you consider options for financing an engagement ring.

Financing an Engagement Ring with a Personal Loan

What is a personal loan? It’s a lump-sum loan that can be used to pay off other bills or to pay for an expense, like buying an engagement ring.

With a fixed interest rate and a payment end date, using a personal loan for engagement ring financing can be a good option if you have a budget for paying the ring off, or want to spread the payment through a longer period of time. That way, you can still have available emergency savings and not have to liquidate other assets.

But whether or not to get a personal loan is something that takes careful thought. You may be tempted to look at more expensive rings than you might have if you had been paying cash upfront. And that engagement ring loan includes paying interest in addition to the actual cost of the ring. It can also be a good idea to make sure that you can comfortably afford the loan payments and that it wouldn’t be an excessive burden if you were to lose income.

Financing an Engagement Ring With a Personal Loan: Pros and Cons

Pros

Cons

A fixed-interest rate and payment terms means you’ll know exactly what you owe each month Interest adds to the overall cost of the ring
A personal loan can give you more flexibility in where your money goes, especially as wedding expenses loom A personal loan may add to your overall debt and may make it easier to overextend yourself financially
A personal loan can spread the purchase through several months, minimizing the all-at-once financial burden of the purchase A personal loan may make you consider rings that you otherwise couldn’t comfortably afford in your budget, leading to feeling financially overextended

Financing an Engagement Ring With a Credit Card

Using a credit card for an engagement ring purchase may make sense if you have the cash to pay your bill at the end of the month. It also may make sense if you have a credit card with 0% APR and are confident you can pay off the ring before the promotional period ends.

Some people also may want to use a credit card to earn points or to take advantage of purchase protection. But before you pull out your card, consider a few things:

•   Does your jeweler offer a discount for cash purchases? If so, then that discount may be worth considering cash options rather than paying with a credit card.

•   Does purchase protection cover a ring? It may be worth calling your credit card company, since your ring may fall under exclusionary categories.

Financing an Engagement Ring With a Credit Card: Pros and Cons

Pros

Cons

Ability to earn points A high interest rate may minimize the value of those points; a variable interest rate may lead to you paying more for the ring over time
Ability to spread your payment over time You may have more large purchases in your future, and having a ring on your card may limit your purchasing power
Ability to take advantage of 0% APR offers A large purchase on one card may increase your credit utilization ratio, which could affect your credit score

Financing an Engagement Ring With a Buy Now, Pay Later Loan

A buy now, pay later loan (BNPL) works like it sounds — a purchase is spread out over time. Unlike different types of personal loans, a BNPL loan (also called a point-of-sale loan) may be done through a merchant or through a virtual card. These may have no interest if you pay in a set amount of time, but the repayment period may be short and there may be fees involved.

Financing an Engagement Ring With a Buy Now, Pay Later Loan: Pros and Cons

Pros

Cons

Purchase won’t affect your credit-utilization ratio There may be a purchase limit to a buy now, pay later loan, limiting your options
Possibly interest free Repayment periods may be relatively short. Plus, while there may not be interest, there may be fees affiliated with the loan
Ability to spread the purchase over several weeks or months No opportunity to earn rewards as you might be able to with a credit card

Financing an Engagement Ring With a Jeweler Loan

Some jewelers offer their own loan programs. These may have promotional periods where you can take advantage of a 0% interest rate, and may also come with additional perks, such as discounts for future purchases or a discount on future repairs. Jeweler loans also may have a fixed rate of interest.

But this interest rate may be higher than an interest rate you could get with a personal loan or on your credit card. You also may be required to put a down payment on the purchase.

Financing an Engagement Ring With a Jeweler Loan: Pros and Cons

Pros

Cons

May have a 0% interest period Interest rate may be high after a possibly short introductory period
Discounts and perks with the jewelry store You may miss opportunities to earn points elsewhere, like on your credit card
Ability to spread the purchase over several weeks or months May still require a down payment

Can You Finance an Engagement Ring With Bad Credit?

If you have bad credit, you may find it a challenge to qualify for engagement ring financing. That said, it’s not impossible.

Some jewelers offer financing plans for customers with less-than-stellar credit. which may come with a higher interest rate or require a co-signer. You may also want to look into whether the jeweler offers a layaway program, where you put down a percentage of the total amount due and make smaller payments over time. When the balance is paid off, you can bring the ring home.

Tips for Buying an Engagement Ring

Consider the pros and cons of engagement ring finance options, and remember that after the engagement ring comes wedding expenses. It may be a good idea to talk through engagement ring options with your partner prior to a proposal, especially if you’re already sharing your finances. While it may not feel as spontaneous, talking through big purchases that mutually affect you may be good practice for combining your lives.

Other tips for buying an engagement ring:

•   Ask your partner what they want. Also, talk to your family and their family: A relative may have heirloom jewelry they’d like to pass down.

•   Browse together. In addition to looking at jewelry stores, consider estate sales, antique stores, and browsing online to get a sense of styles and prices.

•   Negotiate. Some jewelers may offer a discount if you pay in cash.

•   Remember ring insurance. An engagement ring may not be covered under your homeowner’s policy without an added rider to the policy or may be covered only in specific circumstances. Research insurance policies before you buy the ring.

Looking for a Personal Loan? What to Consider

While there are many uses for a personal loan, it can also be an avenue that makes sense for engagement ring finance. Having a fixed interest rate and a finite loan term allows you to know exactly what you’re paying each month, and spreading the cost over time may mean the purchase fits within your monthly budget. Here are some things to consider when using a personal loan to buy an engagement ring:

•   What are the fees? Some loans may have fees, such as an origination fee (when you open the loan) or an early termination fee (if you pay off the loan early). Make sure you know any potential fees prior to applying for the loan.

•   Know your budget. Just because you can get approved for a certain size loan doesn’t mean that’s the best choice for you. Make sure you choose a loan size you’re comfortable with.

•   Know the loan terms. Some loans have hardship clauses that may help if you are at risk of falling behind on payments due to an unforeseen financial strain.

•   Shop around. Compare loan terms and interest rates for personal loan pricing. Comparing rates won’t affect your credit score. A hard credit check will only be done when you apply for the loan.

Recommended: Personal Loan Calculator

The Takeaway

With a big purchase like an engagement ring, there are several avenues for paying for the purchase. Considering the pros and cons of each option can help you decide on the best one for you. And remember: An engagement ring is only one expense in the future you are creating for you and your partner, so consider it the first of many financial steps in your future as a married couple.

Getting married is one of life’s biggest moments. But if you’re in wedding planning mode, you know the expenses can really add up. Why not let SoFi help with a personal loan ranging from $5k to $100K? A SoFi Wedding Loan can offer fast funding and a lower rate compared to high-interest credit cards.

Say “I do” to an affordable SoFi Wedding Loan.


Photo credit: iStock/Delmaine Donson
SoFi Loan Products
SoFi loans are originated by SoFi Bank, N.A., NMLS #696891 (Member FDIC). For additional product-specific legal and licensing information, see SoFi.com/legal. Equal Housing Lender.


Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

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How Much Money Should I Save a Month?

You likely already know it can be wise to save money every month. Whatever your income or age, putting money aside for the future can help you maintain financial stability and achieve your goals.

But how much of your paycheck should you save each month? Financial experts often recommend putting at least 20% of your monthly take-home income into savings for future financial goals, such as buying a home and funding your retirement.

Exactly how much you should save each month, however, will depend on your income, current living expenses and financial obligations, as well as your goals.

Here are some guidelines to help you figure out how much of your income you may want to set aside each month, plus some simple ways to jump start (or build) your savings.

Knowing What You’re Saving For

It can be difficult to know how much money you should save each month without having a sense of what you are saving for. Setting a few financial goals can also help motivate you to save, rather than spend all of your income.

There are some savings goals that can make sense for everyone. If you don’t already have at least three to six-months worth of living expenses stashed in an emergency fund, for example, that can be a good place to start.

Without a solid contingency fund, any financial set-back -– such as a job layoff, large medical bill, or costly home or car repair — can throw you off balance and cause you to rely on high interest credit cards.

Many people will also want to save for retirement. At the very least, savers may want to take advantage of company matches offered in their workplace retirement plan by contributing the maximum amount the company matches.

After emergency savings and retirement, goals may start to look different from person to person. One person may want to save up for a down payment on a home, another may want to save up to start a business, and yet another may be interested in college savings.

💡 Quick Tip: Want to save more, spend smarter? Let your bank manage the basics. It’s surprisingly easy, and secure, when you open an online bank account.

How Much to Save Each Month

A rule of thumb that is sometimes used in personal financial planning is a spending/saving breakdown of 50/30/20. Using this guideline, you would spend 50% of your take-home income on essentials (including minimum payments towards debts), 30% on nonessential (or “fun”) spending, and 20% on savings goals, including debt payments beyond the minimum.

To use the 50/30/20 method to determine how much you should save, you can simply calculate 20% of your monthly after-tax pay. For example, if you earn $3,000 each month after taxes, $600 would go towards savings or other short term financial goals.

You may want to keep in mind that your 20% savings goal can include the money you’re saving for retirement. You can determine how much you’re putting toward retirement each month by looking at your pay stub or electronic payment record. If your employer is automatically depositing money into your 401(k), you may be able to put less into savings each month.

While the 50/30/20 can be a helpful guideline, how much you should — and can afford — to save each month will ultimately depend on your individual circumstances, such as your current income, monthly expenses, and future goals.
If the cost of living is high in your area, for example, you may not be able to swing 20% savings each month.

On the other hand, if you make a significant amount more than you need to live on each month, you may want to put away more than 20%, especially if you’re working towards a large short-term savings goal, such as buying a home in the next couple of years.

Recommended: Cost of Living by State Comparison

Where Should You Put Your Savings?

The best account for building savings will depend on what you are saving for.

If you are saving up for retirement, for example, you’ll likely want to use a designated retirement account, like a 401(k) or IRA, since they allow you to contribute pre-tax dollars (which can help lower your annual tax bill).

You may want to keep in mind, however, that there are annual contribution limits to retirement funds.

For an emergency fund or other short-term savings goals (within three to five years), you may want to open a separate savings account, such as a high-yield savings account, money market account, or a checking and savings account. These savings vehicles typically offer more interest than a traditional savings account, yet allow you to easily access your money when you need it.

Easy Ways to Boost Savings

Below are some strategies that can help make it easier to start — and build — your monthly savings.

Automating Savings

One great way to make sure you stick to a money-saving plan is to automate the process. You may want to set up a recurring transfer from your checking into your savings account on the same day each month, perhaps the day after your paycheck clears. Even setting aside just a small amount of money each month now can, little by little, add up to a significant sum in the future.

đź’ˇ Quick Tip: If you’re saving for a short-term goal — whether it’s a vacation, a wedding, or the down payment on a house — consider opening a high-yield savings account. The higher APY that you’ll earn will help your money grow faster, but the funds stay liquid, so they are easy to access when you reach your goal.

Putting Spare Change to Work

There are apps that will automatically round-up any amount paid on a credit or debit card and then put that little bit of extra money into savings accounts or even invest it. This “pocket change” can add up over time.

Using Windfalls Wisely

If a lump sum of cash, such as a bonus or monetary gift, comes your way, you may want to consider funneling all or part of it right into savings.

Or, if you get a percentage raise on your salary, you might want to boost your automatic monthly transfer from checking to savings by the same percentage.

Reviewing Your Budget

If you feel like your budget is too tight to save anything at the end of the month, you may want to review your monthly and habitual expenses.

You can do this by combing through your checking and credit card statements and receipts for the past few months. Or, you may want to actually track your spending for a month or two.

You can then come up with a list of spending categories and determine how much you are spending on average for each.

Once you can see exactly where your money is going each month, you may find places where you can fairly easily cut back, such as getting rid of streaming subscriptions you rarely watch, quitting the gym and working out at home, or cooking more and getting take-out less often.

The Takeaway

The right amount to save each month will be unique to you and includes factors such as your financial goals, how much you earn, and how much you spend each month on essential expenses.

One of the most important keys to saving is consistency. No matter how much of your income you choose to set aside each month, depositing small amounts regularly can build to a large sum over time to achieve your goals.

Interested in opening an online bank account? When you sign up for a SoFi Checking and Savings account with direct deposit, you’ll get a competitive annual percentage yield (APY), pay zero account fees, and enjoy an array of rewards, such as access to the Allpoint Network of 55,000+ fee-free ATMs globally. Qualifying accounts can even access their paycheck up to two days early.


Better banking is here with SoFi, NerdWallet’s 2024 winner for Best Checking Account Overall. Enjoy up to 4.60% APY on SoFi Checking and Savings.



SoFi® Checking and Savings is offered through SoFi Bank, N.A. ©2023 SoFi Bank, N.A. All rights reserved. Member FDIC. Equal Housing Lender.
The SoFi Bank Debit Mastercard® is issued by SoFi Bank, N.A., pursuant to license by Mastercard International Incorporated and can be used everywhere Mastercard is accepted. Mastercard is a registered trademark, and the circles design is a trademark of Mastercard International Incorporated.


SoFi members with direct deposit activity can earn 4.60% annual percentage yield (APY) on savings balances (including Vaults) and 0.50% APY on checking balances. Direct Deposit means a deposit to an account holder’s SoFi Checking or Savings account, including payroll, pension, or government payments (e.g., Social Security), made by the account holder’s employer, payroll or benefits provider or government agency (“Direct Deposit”) via the Automated Clearing House (“ACH”) Network during a 30-day Evaluation Period (as defined below). Deposits that are not from an employer or government agency, including but not limited to check deposits, peer-to-peer transfers (e.g., transfers from PayPal, Venmo, etc.), merchant transactions (e.g., transactions from PayPal, Stripe, Square, etc.), and bank ACH funds transfers and wire transfers from external accounts, do not constitute Direct Deposit activity. There is no minimum Direct Deposit amount required to qualify for the stated interest rate.

SoFi members with Qualifying Deposits can earn 4.60% APY on savings balances (including Vaults) and 0.50% APY on checking balances. Qualifying Deposits means one or more deposits that, in the aggregate, are equal to or greater than $5,000 to an account holder’s SoFi Checking and Savings account (“Qualifying Deposits”) during a 30-day Evaluation Period (as defined below). Qualifying Deposits only include those deposits from the following eligible sources: (i) ACH transfers, (ii) inbound wire transfers, (iii) peer-to-peer transfers (i.e., external transfers from PayPal, Venmo, etc. and internal peer-to-peer transfers from a SoFi account belonging to another account holder), (iv) check deposits, (v) instant funding to your SoFi Bank Debit Card, (vi) push payments to your SoFi Bank Debit Card, and (vii) cash deposits. Qualifying Deposits do not include: (i) transfers between an account holder’s Checking account, Savings account, and/or Vaults; (ii) interest payments; (iii) bonuses issued by SoFi Bank or its affiliates; or (iv) credits, reversals, and refunds from SoFi Bank, N.A. (“SoFi Bank”) or from a merchant.

SoFi Bank shall, in its sole discretion, assess each account holder’s Direct Deposit activity and Qualifying Deposits throughout each 30-Day Evaluation Period to determine the applicability of rates and may request additional documentation for verification of eligibility. The 30-Day Evaluation Period refers to the “Start Date” and “End Date” set forth on the APY Details page of your account, which comprises a period of 30 calendar days (the “30-Day Evaluation Period”). You can access the APY Details page at any time by logging into your SoFi account on the SoFi mobile app or SoFi website and selecting either (i) Banking > Savings > Current APY or (ii) Banking > Checking > Current APY. Upon receiving a Direct Deposit or $5,000 in Qualifying Deposits to your account, you will begin earning 4.60% APY on savings balances (including Vaults) and 0.50% on checking balances on or before the following calendar day. You will continue to earn these APYs for (i) the remainder of the current 30-Day Evaluation Period and through the end of the subsequent 30-Day Evaluation Period and (ii) any following 30-day Evaluation Periods during which SoFi Bank determines you to have Direct Deposit activity or $5,000 in Qualifying Deposits without interruption.

SoFi Bank reserves the right to grant a grace period to account holders following a change in Direct Deposit activity or Qualifying Deposits activity before adjusting rates. If SoFi Bank grants you a grace period, the dates for such grace period will be reflected on the APY Details page of your account. If SoFi Bank determines that you did not have Direct Deposit activity or $5,000 in Qualifying Deposits during the current 30-day Evaluation Period and, if applicable, the grace period, then you will begin earning the rates earned by account holders without either Direct Deposit or Qualifying Deposits until you have Direct Deposit activity or $5,000 in Qualifying Deposits in a subsequent 30-Day Evaluation Period. For the avoidance of doubt, an account holder with both Direct Deposit activity and Qualifying Deposits will earn the rates earned by account holders with Direct Deposit.

Members without either Direct Deposit activity or Qualifying Deposits, as determined by SoFi Bank, during a 30-Day Evaluation Period and, if applicable, the grace period, will earn 1.20% APY on savings balances (including Vaults) and 0.50% APY on checking balances.

Interest rates are variable and subject to change at any time. These rates are current as of 10/24/2023. There is no minimum balance requirement. Additional information can be found at https://www.sofi.com/legal/banking-rate-sheet.


Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

Tax Information: This article provides general background information only and is not intended to serve as legal or tax advice or as a substitute for legal counsel. You should consult your own attorney and/or tax advisor if you have a question requiring legal or tax advice.

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7 Ways To Simplify Your Finances

It may feel like there’s nothing easy about money. The older you get, the more obligations you may have. Between checking, savings, IRAs, 401(k)s, bills, loans, mortgages, and more — it can be a lot to keep track of and manage.

If thinking about your finances causes you to feel stressed and/or you find yourself putting off important financial decisions, it may be time to simplify. While streamlining your personal finances can take a little bit of time and effort in the short term, it can end up saving you time, effort, as well as money, over the long haul.

Here are seven simple moves that can help you manage your money more efficiently — and more effectively.

1. Automating Your Bills

One of the easiest ways to simplify your finances is to set up auto payment whenever possible. Putting all of your bills — including credit cards, utilities, insurance, loans, mortgage, and even rent — on autopilot can save you significant time and hassle each month. Plus, you won’t have to worry about late payments — or late fees.

You can often set up automatic payments for your bills by going to the website of the service provider and inputting your bank account information.

If a business doesn’t offer an automatic payment program, you may be able to set up a recurring payment through your bank by logging on to your checking account or using your bank’s mobile app.


💡 Quick Tip: Don’t think too hard about your money. Automate your budgeting, saving, and spending with SoFi’s seamless and secure online banking app.

2. Going Paperless

A major culprit of personal finance-related headaches is paperwork. Keeping track of the many documents — all those receipts, investment reports, bank statements, tax returns — can be a struggle.

Many services allow you to opt-in to a paperless experience instead. You’ll typically have access to all of the documents when you log into your account. And, with everything just a click away, you won’t have to worry about finding misplaced paper documents.

If you’re interested in leveling up your organization, you could even set up a digitized archive of your important information and files on your computer or an external hard drive, so you never have to spend hours searching through file cabinets and miscellaneous envelopes.

You can also reduce physical — and mental — clutter by taking advantage of the many retailers and service providers that offer email, rather than paper, receipts. Or, you may want to consider getting an app that scans, organizes, and stores receipts, such as Smart Receipts .

You can also get an app for filing and organizing your paperless statements. Some not only capture receipts, but will also seek out your online statements and bills and automatically download and file them to the cloud.

Get up to $300 when you bank with SoFi.

Open a SoFi Checking and Savings Account with direct deposit and get up to a $300 cash bonus. Plus, get up to 4.60% APY on your cash!


3. Consolidating Accounts

Whether you’re married with three kids or single with two Labradoodles, there’s a good chance that you have more financial accounts than you need. Consolidating multiple bank accounts into just a few can help simplify your financial life. In some cases, it can also help you save you money.

If you’ve done a lot of job hopping in your career, for example, you could have multiple 401(k)s floating around. When you leave a company but don’t roll over your 401(k), you’re often subject to fees that your employer may have been covering while you were employed.

By rolling your 401(k) into an IRA, you may be able to minimize fees. Another plus is that you’ll also have all of your funds in one spot. And, you may be able to select from a wider selection of funds and investments than the ones selected by your previous employer.

If you have more than one checking or savings account, you may want to see if you can pare it down to one of each, ideally under the same roof. Or, you might want to consider switching to a checking and savings account, which functions as both a spending and saving account in one product.

You may also want to look at bundling your insurance policies. Many companies offer substantial discounts if they write both your auto and homeowner’s policies.

4. Using One Credit Card

If you signed up for a variety of credit cards, chasing the promised rewards they offered, you may have racked up more than a few credit accounts.

To make it easier to keep track of your spending, you may want to pick the card that offers you the most in return, whether that’s cash back, travel rewards, or other perks, and focus on using only that credit card.

By putting everything on one card, you’ll only have one credit card bill to pay each month, a single statement to monitor for errors and fraud, and one rewards program to track. Plus, you won’t have to think about which card to pull out whenever you’re making a purchase.

Rather than canceling your other cards (which could negatively impact your credit score), you may want to just store them away in a secure place.

5. Knocking Down Debt

One of the most effective ways to reduce financial stress is to get rid of high interest debts.

Paying off even one sizable credit card or loan can not only ease worry, but can also reduce the number of financial obligations you have to deal with each month. It can also free up money that you can then put towards something else, whether that’s getting rid of other debts or something fun like a vacation.

Two common strategies for paying off debt are the debt snowball and debt avalanche method.

With the debt snowball method, you list your debts in order of size, then put any extra money you have towards the debt with the smallest balance, while paying the minimum on the others. When that debt is paid off, you tackle the next-smallest debt, and so on. Paying off debts in full can help you feel accomplished, simplify your life, and inspire you to continue crushing your debt.

With the debt avalanche method of paying off debt, you list your debts in order of interest rate, then focus on putting extra money towards the debt with the highest interest rate first, while paying the minimum on the rest. When that debt is paid off, you put extra money towards the debt with the next-highest interest rate. While it may take you longer to see progress on your loans, you’ll likely pay less money in interest over time using this method.

6. Putting Saving on Autopilot

The set-it-and-forget-it approach can be highly effective when it comes to saving money. For one reason, you don’t have to remember to transfer money from your checking to your savings each month. For another, the money will get whisked out of your checking account before you ever have a chance to spend it.

You can automate savings in just a few minutes by setting up a recurring transfer from your checking to your savings account for a set amount of money on the same day each month (perhaps the day after you paycheck clears).

Even if you can only afford to transfer a small amount each month, it can be worth automating this task. Since the savings will happen every month no matter what, your savings will gradually build over time.


đź’ˇ Quick Tip: Want a simple way to save more everyday? When you turn on Roundups, all of your debit card purchases are automatically rounded up to the next dollar and deposited into your online savings account.

7. Focusing on Fewer Goals

It can be great to have financial goals. Many of us have plans to buy a home, put kids through college, and pay for our retirement. But if you set too many goals at one time, you can end up losing focus, and not making any progress on any of them.

A better approach can be to set just one or two goals to fully focus on at one time. Ideally, one should be saving for retirement, since the earlier you start saving for retirement, generally the easier it is to reach your goal.

The other goal might be paying off your credit card debt or student loans, saving for a down payment on a home, or putting money aside to help pay for your kids’ college education.

By focusing your energy on just one or two specific goals, you may be able to make real headway. Once you start seeing progress — or actually achieve the goal — you’ll likely be inspired to set, and accomplish, other goals.

The Takeaway

Simplifying your financial life may take a bit of legwork up front but, in the long run, it can help alleviate stress and also help you better plan for your financial future.

Strategies that can help you simplify your finances include paring down the number of accounts you have, crossing off debts, automating monthly tasks like paying bills and transferring money to savings, and focusing your efforts on just one or two financial goals at a time.

Interested in opening an online bank account? When you sign up for a SoFi Checking and Savings account with direct deposit, you’ll get a competitive annual percentage yield (APY), pay zero account fees, and enjoy an array of rewards, such as access to the Allpoint Network of 55,000+ fee-free ATMs globally. Qualifying accounts can even access their paycheck up to two days early.


Better banking is here with SoFi, NerdWallet’s 2024 winner for Best Checking Account Overall. Enjoy up to 4.60% APY on SoFi Checking and Savings.


SoFi® Checking and Savings is offered through SoFi Bank, N.A. ©2023 SoFi Bank, N.A. All rights reserved. Member FDIC. Equal Housing Lender.
The SoFi Bank Debit Mastercard® is issued by SoFi Bank, N.A., pursuant to license by Mastercard International Incorporated and can be used everywhere Mastercard is accepted. Mastercard is a registered trademark, and the circles design is a trademark of Mastercard International Incorporated.


SoFi members with direct deposit activity can earn 4.60% annual percentage yield (APY) on savings balances (including Vaults) and 0.50% APY on checking balances. Direct Deposit means a deposit to an account holder’s SoFi Checking or Savings account, including payroll, pension, or government payments (e.g., Social Security), made by the account holder’s employer, payroll or benefits provider or government agency (“Direct Deposit”) via the Automated Clearing House (“ACH”) Network during a 30-day Evaluation Period (as defined below). Deposits that are not from an employer or government agency, including but not limited to check deposits, peer-to-peer transfers (e.g., transfers from PayPal, Venmo, etc.), merchant transactions (e.g., transactions from PayPal, Stripe, Square, etc.), and bank ACH funds transfers and wire transfers from external accounts, do not constitute Direct Deposit activity. There is no minimum Direct Deposit amount required to qualify for the stated interest rate.

SoFi members with Qualifying Deposits can earn 4.60% APY on savings balances (including Vaults) and 0.50% APY on checking balances. Qualifying Deposits means one or more deposits that, in the aggregate, are equal to or greater than $5,000 to an account holder’s SoFi Checking and Savings account (“Qualifying Deposits”) during a 30-day Evaluation Period (as defined below). Qualifying Deposits only include those deposits from the following eligible sources: (i) ACH transfers, (ii) inbound wire transfers, (iii) peer-to-peer transfers (i.e., external transfers from PayPal, Venmo, etc. and internal peer-to-peer transfers from a SoFi account belonging to another account holder), (iv) check deposits, (v) instant funding to your SoFi Bank Debit Card, (vi) push payments to your SoFi Bank Debit Card, and (vii) cash deposits. Qualifying Deposits do not include: (i) transfers between an account holder’s Checking account, Savings account, and/or Vaults; (ii) interest payments; (iii) bonuses issued by SoFi Bank or its affiliates; or (iv) credits, reversals, and refunds from SoFi Bank, N.A. (“SoFi Bank”) or from a merchant.

SoFi Bank shall, in its sole discretion, assess each account holder’s Direct Deposit activity and Qualifying Deposits throughout each 30-Day Evaluation Period to determine the applicability of rates and may request additional documentation for verification of eligibility. The 30-Day Evaluation Period refers to the “Start Date” and “End Date” set forth on the APY Details page of your account, which comprises a period of 30 calendar days (the “30-Day Evaluation Period”). You can access the APY Details page at any time by logging into your SoFi account on the SoFi mobile app or SoFi website and selecting either (i) Banking > Savings > Current APY or (ii) Banking > Checking > Current APY. Upon receiving a Direct Deposit or $5,000 in Qualifying Deposits to your account, you will begin earning 4.60% APY on savings balances (including Vaults) and 0.50% on checking balances on or before the following calendar day. You will continue to earn these APYs for (i) the remainder of the current 30-Day Evaluation Period and through the end of the subsequent 30-Day Evaluation Period and (ii) any following 30-day Evaluation Periods during which SoFi Bank determines you to have Direct Deposit activity or $5,000 in Qualifying Deposits without interruption.

SoFi Bank reserves the right to grant a grace period to account holders following a change in Direct Deposit activity or Qualifying Deposits activity before adjusting rates. If SoFi Bank grants you a grace period, the dates for such grace period will be reflected on the APY Details page of your account. If SoFi Bank determines that you did not have Direct Deposit activity or $5,000 in Qualifying Deposits during the current 30-day Evaluation Period and, if applicable, the grace period, then you will begin earning the rates earned by account holders without either Direct Deposit or Qualifying Deposits until you have Direct Deposit activity or $5,000 in Qualifying Deposits in a subsequent 30-Day Evaluation Period. For the avoidance of doubt, an account holder with both Direct Deposit activity and Qualifying Deposits will earn the rates earned by account holders with Direct Deposit.

Members without either Direct Deposit activity or Qualifying Deposits, as determined by SoFi Bank, during a 30-Day Evaluation Period and, if applicable, the grace period, will earn 1.20% APY on savings balances (including Vaults) and 0.50% APY on checking balances.

Interest rates are variable and subject to change at any time. These rates are current as of 10/24/2023. There is no minimum balance requirement. Additional information can be found at https://www.sofi.com/legal/banking-rate-sheet.


Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

External Websites: The information and analysis provided through hyperlinks to third-party websites, while believed to be accurate, cannot be guaranteed by SoFi. Links are provided for informational purposes and should not be viewed as an endorsement.

Third-Party Brand Mentions: No brands, products, or companies mentioned are affiliated with SoFi, nor do they endorse or sponsor this article. Third-party trademarks referenced herein are property of their respective owners.

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