Oct
10
2022
What Is Stablecoin Interest & How Does It Work?

What Is Stablecoin Interest and How Does It Work?

By | Growing Wealth, invest, Investing | Comments Off on What Is Stablecoin Interest and How Does It Work?

Stablecoin interest refers to the interest rate that investors can earn by lending out their stablecoins.

Stablecoin holders can put their tokens on a number of platforms that lend those stablecoins to other investors in exchange for a fee. Because the rate for borrowers is higher than what depositors receive, some companies are happy to provide this service, as they pocket the difference.

Some platforms that let investors earn interest are centralized, while others are decentralized. Because there are different types of stablecoins on the market, and this sector has come under the scrutiny of regulators in 2022, it’s important to understand how stablecoins work.

Understanding How Stablecoins Work

Stablecoins are unique among the many types of crypto. A stablecoin is a cryptocurrency whose value is pegged to a particular asset at a 1-to-1 ratio. Most often, the asset is a fiat currency, like the U.S. dollar (USD), though it can also be a commodity like gold.

U.S. Dollar Coin (USDC), for example, is a U.S. dollar-backed stablecoin that allegedly holds 1 dollar in reserve for every 1 USDC in circulation. To understand what USDC is: One USDC generally has the same value as one dollar.

That said, despite the name, stablecoins have a less-than stable track record. The stablecoin sector has come under scrutiny, owing to questions about their actual fiat currency reserves and how stable these coins actually are.

Different Types of Stablecoins

When discussing stablecoins, it’s important to consider which category the coin falls into.

There are three main types of stablecoins:

•   Fiat-collateralized stablecoins

•   Crypto-collateralized stablecoins

•   Algorithmic stablecoins

Fiat-collateralized stablecoins like USDC or Tether (USDT) are widely thought to have the least possibility of losing their peg.

Crypto-collateralized stablecoins (like DAI) might be considered somewhat safer, but still carry the risk that their collateral could lose value.

Algorithmic stablecoins, like Iron Finance (IRON), might be the riskiest, as most have seen their values drop to zero. One notable stablecoin failure occurred in May 2022, when the Terra stablecoin fell below its $1 peg and collapsed.

💡 Recommended: Understanding the Different Types of Cryptocurrency

What Are Stablecoin Interest Rates?

Stablecoin interest rates refer to the amount of money investors can earn by depositing their stablecoins into a centralized lending platform or a decentralized smart contract.

Interest rates are often referred to as yields — i.e. the amount an investment can yield over time. An interest rate of 5% annual percentage yield (or APY), for example, could earn an investor $50 on an investment of $1,000 over 12 months. One of the benefits of cryptocurrency is that anyone from anywhere in the world can earn interest on stablecoins. Many exchanges offer 8% to 12% interest or more on stablecoins.

Why Are Stablecoin Interest Rates So High?

Interest rates on Stablecoins are high for a few reasons:

•   Stablecoins involve greater risks than a traditional savings account

•   The market is still new and immature

•   Traditional savings rates are at or near historic lows

We may view stablecoin interest rates being “high” as a relative comparison. In the 1970s, savings accounts and U.S. Treasury Notes yielded rates of around 17%, which is comparable to some of today’s stablecoin rates.

Tips for Earning Stablecoin Interest

If you are earning high interest on stablecoins, you are wise to consider two risks: 1) that the coin could lose its 1-1 peg, and 2) that the lending platform might become insolvent.

1.    First, make sure the stablecoin you’re using is actually stable. The coins need to have audited reserves showing that their tokens are backed by a fiat currency at a 1-to-1 ratio. A coin with proven backing could carry less risk.

2.    Second, it’s critical to conduct due diligence on whatever platform you’re using to earn stablecoin interest. While all of these platforms are younger and less proven than traditional banks or credit unions, some still could be more trustworthy than others. Before you invest, consider looking at user reviews, reading the terms of service, and finding out as much as you can about how the company works and who is behind it.

Investors have lost a lot of money because they assumed that their stablecoins would always maintain their pegs, and the platforms they used would always stay solvent. Neither is necessarily true.

Keep in mind that there is no Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) insurance for stablecoin lending platforms. So, if the company goes bankrupt, investors could possibly lose everything. There may be no legal means by which to recover funds or protect yourself until new regulations are put in place.

Stablecoin Interest on CeFi vs DeFi

There are two different types of platforms that can be used to earn stablecoin interest: centralized finance (CeFi) platforms and decentralized finance (DeFi) platforms.

•   CeFi platforms require customers to comply with anti-money laundering (AML) and know-your-customer (KYC) rules. They usually manage users’ funds and hold the private keys to their customers’ crypto. Some CeFi lenders offer insurance to protect against losses, while others do not.

•   DeFi platforms work a little differently. Instead of the borrowing and lending being handled by one central entity, financial activities in DeFi are managed by smart contracts. These programs provide automatic lending pools to participants. The system operates outside the control of any centralized authority and users’ assets are held in a non-custodial way, meaning they are controlled by the users, themselves, not a third party.

Types of Stablecoin Interest Platforms
CeFi

 DeFi
Governed by a central entity Governed by smart contracts
AML and KYC compliance enforced No verification required
Custodial Non-custodial

Pros and Cons of Stablecoin Interest

Here are some of the pros and cons of earning interest on stablecoins.

Advantages:

•   High interest rate. The interest rates that you can earn on stablecoins typically exceeds that of traditional savings accounts and even long-term savings bonds.

•   Less verification required than traditional banks. In many cases, anyone can access the stablecoin interest market.

•   Allows users to remain within the cryptocurrency ecosystem. Exchanging fiat currency and crypto often involves long wait times and additional fees. With stablecoins, users can switch between traditional cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin or dollar-denominated stable crypto like USDC without having to make bank transfers.

Disadvantages:

•   Rates can vary without notice. Especially in DeFi, interest rates can fluctuate wildly.

•   Risk of losing 100% of principal. While some CeFi platforms might offer insurance, many do not. In the past, platforms have gone bankrupt, leaving investors empty-handed because there was no insurance.

•   Lack of transparency among many coins. Currently, stablecoin issuers are not required to disclose which assets back their coins, though this could change soon, based on proposed legislation. Borrowing and lending institutions also may not need to provide full disclosures regarding their operations at this time.

Pros and Cons of Stablecoin Interest
Pros

 Cons
High interest rates Rates can vary
Minimal verification needed Risk of 100% loss of principal
Funds can remain in crypto Lack of transparency around reserves

The Takeaway

Anyone who holds stablecoins can earn interest on them easily. While the potential returns are attractive, the risks are also high. Investors should be aware that it’s possible to lose 100% of their investments.

FAQ

How do stablecoins generate interest?

Stablecoins generate interest in much the same way as a bank. A business entity accepts stablecoin deposits from investors and loans those coins out to borrowers at a particular interest rate. Depositors then receive a portion of the interest paid by borrowers.

Can you really earn interest on stablecoins?

Yes, you can earn interest by lending your stablecoins. Be careful to select a borrowing/lending platform with a good reputation, as some have gone bankrupt in the past and some could be scams posing as legitimate companies.

Photo credit: iStock/filadendron

Crypto: Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies aren’t endorsed or guaranteed by any government, are volatile, and involve a high degree of risk. Consumer protection and securities laws don’t regulate cryptocurrencies to the same degree as traditional brokerage and investment products. Research and knowledge are essential prerequisites before engaging with any cryptocurrency. US regulators, including FINRA , the SEC , and the CFPB , have issued public advisories concerning digital asset risk. Cryptocurrency purchases should not be made with funds drawn from financial products including student loans, personal loans, mortgage refinancing, savings, retirement funds or traditional investments. Limitations apply to trading certain crypto assets and may not be available to residents of all states.

This article is not intended to be legal advice. Please consult an attorney for advice.

SoFi Invest®
INVESTMENTS ARE NOT FDIC INSURED • ARE NOT BANK GUARANTEED • MAY LOSE VALUE
SoFi Invest encompasses two distinct companies, with various products and services offered to investors as described below: Individual customer accounts may be subject to the terms applicable to one or more of these platforms.
1) Automated Investing and advisory services are provided by SoFi Wealth LLC, an SEC-registered investment adviser (“SoFi Wealth“). Brokerage services are provided to SoFi Wealth LLC by SoFi Securities LLC.
2) Active Investing and brokerage services are provided by SoFi Securities LLC, Member FINRA (www.finra.org)/SIPC(www.sipc.org). Clearing and custody of all securities are provided by APEX Clearing Corporation.
For additional disclosures related to the SoFi Invest platforms described above please visit SoFi.com/legal.
Neither the Investment Advisor Representatives of SoFi Wealth, nor the Registered Representatives of SoFi Securities are compensated for the sale of any product or service sold through any SoFi Invest platform.

2Terms and conditions apply. Earn a bonus (as described below) when you open a new SoFi Digital Assets LLC account and buy at least $50 worth of any cryptocurrency within 7 days. The offer only applies to new crypto accounts, is limited to one per person, and expires on December 31, 2023. Once conditions are met and the account is opened, you will receive your bonus within 7 days. SoFi reserves the right to change or terminate the offer at any time without notice.

First Trade Amount Bonus Payout
Low High
$50 $99.99 $10
$100 $499.99 $15
$500 $4,999.99 $50
$5,000+ $100

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Oct
10
2022
Guide to Short Put Spreads

Guide to Short Put Spreads

By | Growing Wealth, invest, Investing, Terminology | Comments Off on Guide to Short Put Spreads

A short put spread, sometimes called a bull put spread or short put vertical spread, is an options trading strategy that investors may use when they expect a slight rise in an underlying asset. This strategy allows an investor to potentially profit from an increase in the underlying asset’s price while also limiting losses. An investor may utilize this strategy to protect against any downside risk; the investor will know their total potential loss before making the trade.

When trading options, you have various strategies, like short put spreads, from which you can choose. The short put spread strategy can be a valuable trade for investors with a neutral-to-bullish outlook on an asset. Which options trading strategy is right for you will depend on several factors, like your risk tolerance, cash reserves, and perspective on the underlying asset.

What Is a Short Put Spread?

A short put spread is an options trading strategy that involves buying one put option contract and selling another put option on the same underlying asset with the same expiration date but at different strike prices. This strategy is a neutral-to-bullish trading play, meaning that the investor believes the underlying asset’s price will stay flat or increase during the life of the trade.

A short put spread is a credit spread in which the investor receives a credit when they open a position. The trader buys a put option with a lower strike price and sells a put option with a higher strike price. The difference between the price of the two put options is the net credit the trader receives, which is the maximum potential profit in the trade.

The maximum loss in a short put spread is the difference between the strike prices of the two puts minus the net credit received. This gives the trading strategy a defined downside risk. A short put spread does not have upside risk, meaning the trade won’t lose money if the price of the underlying asset increases.

A short put spread is also known as a short put vertical spread because of how the strike prices are positioned — one lower and the other higher — even though they have the same expiration date.

How Short Put Spreads Work

With a short put spread, the investor uses put options, which give the investor the right — but not always the obligation — to sell a security at a given price during a set period of time.

An investor using a short put spread strategy will first sell a put option at a given strike price and expiration date, receiving a premium for the sale. This option is known as the short leg of the trade.

Simultaneously, the trader buys a put option at a lower strike price, paying a premium. This option is called the long leg. The premium for the long leg put option will always be less than the short leg since the lower strike put is further out of the money. Because of the difference in premiums, the trader receives a net credit for setting up the trade.

💡 Recommended: In the Money vs Out of the Money Options

Short Put Spread Example

Say stock ABC is trading around $72. You feel neutral to bullish toward the stock, so you open a short put spread by selling a put option with a $72 strike price and buying a put with a $70 strike. Both put options have the same expiration date. You sell the put with a $72 strike price for a $1.75 premium and buy the put with a $70 strike for a $0.86 premium.

You collect the difference between the two premiums, which is $0.89 ($1.75 – $0.86). Since each option contract is usually for 100 shares of stock, you’d collect an $89 credit when opening the trade.

Recommended: Guide to How Options Are Priced

Maximum Profit

The credit you collect up front is the maximum profit in a short put spread. In a short put spread, you achieve your maximum profit at any price above the strike price of the option you sold. Both put options expire worthless in this scenario.

In our example, as long as stock ABC closes at or above $72 at expiration, both puts will expire worthless and you will keep the $89 credit you received when you opened the position.

Maximum Loss

The maximum loss in a short put spread is the difference between the strike prices of the two put options minus the credit you receive initially and any commissions and fees incurred. You will realize the maximum loss in a short put spread if the underlying asset’s price expires below the strike price of the put option you bought.

In our example, you will experience the maximum loss if stock ABC trades below $70, the strike price of the put option you bought, at expiration. The maximum loss will be $111 in this scenario, not including commissions and fees.

$72 – $70 – ($1.75 – $0.86) = $1.11 x 100 shares = $111

Breakeven

The breakeven on a short put spread trade is the price the underlying asset must close at for the investor to come away even; they neither make nor lose money on the trade, not including commissions and investment fees.

To calculate the breakeven on a short put spread trade, you subtract the net credit you receive upfront from the strike price of the short put contract you sold, which is the option with the higher strike price.

In our example, you subtract the $0.89 credit from $72 to get a breakeven of $71.11. If stock ABC closes at $71.11 at expiration, you will lose $89 from the short leg of the trade with a $72 strike price, which will be balanced out by the $89 cash credit you received when you opened the position.

Set-Up

To set up a short put spread, you first need to find a security that you are neutral to bullish on. Once you have found a reasonable candidate, you’ll want to set it up by entering your put transactions.

You first sell to open a put option contract with a strike price near where the asset is currently trading. You then buy to open a put option with a strike price that’s out-of-the-money; the strike price of this contract will be below the strike price of the put you are selling. Both of these contracts will have the same expiration date.

Maintenance

The short put spread does not require much ongoing maintenance since your risk is defined to both upside and downside.

However, you may want to pay attention to the possibility of early assignment, especially with the short leg position of your trade — the put with the higher strike price. You might want to close your position before expiration so you don’t have to pay any potential assignment fees or trigger a margin call.

Exit Strategy

If the stock’s price is above the higher strike price at expiration, there is nothing you have to do; the puts will expire worthless, and you will walk away with the maximum profit of the credit you received.

If the stock’s price is below the lower strike price of the long leg of the trade at expiration, the two contracts will cancel each other, and you will walk away with a maximum loss.

Before expiration, however, you can exit the trade to avoid having to buy shares that you may be obligated to purchase because you sold a put option. To exit the trade, you can buy the short put contract to close and sell the long put contract to close.

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*Customer must fund their Active Invest account with at least $25 within 30 days of opening the account. Probability of customer receiving $1,000 is 0.028%. See full terms and conditions.

Impacts of Time, Volatility, and Price Change

Changes in the price and volatility of the underlying stock and the passage of time can affect a short put spread strategy in various ways.

Time

Time decay will generally work in favor of the short put spread. As both of the legs of the short put spread get closer to the expiration, any time value that the option contracts have will erode.

Volatility

The short put spread is more or less volatility neutral. Because you are both long and short one put option contract each, volatility in the underlying stock similarly affects each leg of the contract.

Price

A short put spread is a bullish option strategy. You have no risk to the upside and will achieve your maximum profit if the underlying stock closes above the strike price of the higher put option. You are sensitive to price decreases of the underlying stock and will suffer the maximum loss if the stock closes below the strike price of the lower put option.

Pros and Cons of Short Put Spreads

Here are some of the advantages and disadvantages of using short put spreads:

Short Put Spread Pros

 Short Put Spread Cons
No risk to the upside Lower profit potential compared to buying the underlying security outright
Limited risk to the downside; maximum loss is known upfront Maximum loss is generally larger than the maximum potential profit
Can earn a positive return even if the underlying does not move significantly Difficult trading strategy for beginning investors

Short Put Calendar Spreads

A short put calendar spread is another type of spread that uses two different put options. With a short put calendar spread, the two options have the same strike price but different expiration dates. You sell a put with a further out expiration and buy a put with a closer expiration date.

Alternatives to Short Put Spreads

Short put vertical spreads are just one of the several options spread strategies investors can use to bolster a portfolio.

Bull Put Spreads

A bull put spread is another name for the short put spread. The short put spread is considered a bullish investment since you’ll get your maximum profit if the stock’s price increases.

Bear Put Spread

As the name suggests, a bear put spread is the opposite of a bull put spread; investors will implement the trade when they have a bearish outlook on a particular underlying asset. With a bear put spread, you buy a put option near the money and then sell a put option on the same underlying asset at a lower strike price.

Call Spreads

Investors can also use call spreads to achieve the same profit profile as either a bull put spread or a bear put spread. With a bull call spread, you buy a call at one strike price (usually near or at the money) and simultaneously sell a call option on the same underlying with the same expiration date further out of the money.

The Takeaway

A short put spread is an options strategy that allows you to collect a credit by selling an at-the-money put option and buying an out-of-the-money put with the same expiration on the same underlying security. A short put spread is a bullish strategy where you achieve your maximum profit if the stock closes at or above the strike price of the put option you sold. While this trading strategy has a limited downside risk, it provides a lower profit potential than buying the underlying security outright.

Short put spreads and other options trading strategies can be complicated for many investors. An options trading platform like SoFi’s can make it easier, thanks to its user-friendly design and offering of educational resources about options. Investors have the ability to trade options from the mobile app or web platform.

Trade options with low fees through SoFi.

FAQ

Is a short put spread bullish or bearish?

A short put spread is a neutral to bullish options strategy, meaning you believe the price of an underlying asset will increase during the life of the trade. You will make your maximum profit if the stock closes at or above the strike price of the higher-priced option at expiration.

How would you close a short put spread?

To close a short put spread, you enter a trade order opposite to the one you entered to open your position. This would mean buying to close the put you initially sold and selling to close the put you bought to open.

What does shorting a put mean?

Shorting a put means selling a put contract. When you sell a put option contract, you collect a premium from the put option buyer. You’ll get your maximum profit if the underlying stock closes at or above the put’s strike price, meaning it will expire worthless, allowing you to keep the initial premium you received when you opened the position.

Photo credit: iStock/akinbostanci

SoFi Invest®
INVESTMENTS ARE NOT FDIC INSURED • ARE NOT BANK GUARANTEED • MAY LOSE VALUE
SoFi Invest encompasses two distinct companies, with various products and services offered to investors as described below: Individual customer accounts may be subject to the terms applicable to one or more of these platforms.
1) Automated Investing and advisory services are provided by SoFi Wealth LLC, an SEC-registered investment adviser (“SoFi Wealth“). Brokerage services are provided to SoFi Wealth LLC by SoFi Securities LLC.
2) Active Investing and brokerage services are provided by SoFi Securities LLC, Member FINRA (www.finra.org)/SIPC(www.sipc.org). Clearing and custody of all securities are provided by APEX Clearing Corporation.
For additional disclosures related to the SoFi Invest platforms described above please visit SoFi.com/legal.
Neither the Investment Advisor Representatives of SoFi Wealth, nor the Registered Representatives of SoFi Securities are compensated for the sale of any product or service sold through any SoFi Invest platform.

Options involve risks, including substantial risk of loss and the possibility an investor may lose the entire amount invested in a short period of time. Before an investor begins trading options they should familiarize themselves with the Characteristics and Risks of Standardized Options . Tax considerations with options transactions are unique, investors should consult with their tax advisor to understand the impact to their taxes.
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10
2022
woman on phone in kitchen mobile

Can I Increase My Personal Loan Amount?

By | Debt Payoff | No Comments

A personal loan can be a lifesaver. But what if you realize you should have taken out more than you did? In most cases, you can’t increase your loan after the fact. However, you may be able to take out a second personal loan.

If you want or need to borrow more, we’ll review your options, their pros and cons, and some alternatives to borrowing.

What if You Want to Borrow More in Personal Loans

If you’ve already taken out a loan but need additional funds, you might be wondering if you can add to your existing personal loan. In most cases, the answer is no. You can’t increase your loan amount, but you may be able to apply for a second loan. Technically, there’s no limit to how many personal loans you can have.

Lenders may approve a second or third loan if the borrower has paid off part of the first loan and has a history of on-time repayment. In some cases, you need to have made at least three consecutive scheduled payments on your existing loan.

To help your chances of getting approved for a new loan, it helps to understand the general process.

Considerations Before Applying for a New Personal Loan

If you’re looking into adding to an existing personal loan, you’re probably already familiar with the basics. While there are different types of personal loans, they all typically have lower interest rates than credit cards. According to the Federal Reserve, the average APR for personal loans was 8.73% as of September 2022, compared to the typical credit card interest rate of 16.65%.

Common uses for personal loans include covering medical bills, paying for home repairs, and consolidating debt. Plus, personal loans are widely available from a variety of sources, from banks and online lenders to credit unions and nonprofits.

But debt is still debt. Increasing debt can have negative consequences: lowering your credit score, raising your risk of defaulting, and adding to general financial stress. Plus, loans come with interest that accrues over time, so you are paying more for the borrowed money over the life of your loan. The last thing you want to do is dig yourself into a deeper financial hole.

Before you take out another loan, take a step back and consider whether you truly need to borrow the money. Ask yourself:

•   Can you save for your goal by trimming expenses or taking on a side hustle?

•   Can you work on paying off your existing debt first?

Applying for a New Personal Loan

Of course, we’d all like to have enough savings in the bank to cover a major expense. But reality is complicated and emergencies are, by definition, hard to plan for. (Hello, surprise medical bills!)

If you’ve decided that borrowing makes sense for you, it’s possible to apply for an additional personal loan. A personal loan calculator can help you find out what interest rate and term options you may qualify for. Generally, shopping around for a loan requires only a soft credit inquiry, which doesn’t affect your credit score.

Awarded Best Online Personal Loan by NerdWallet.
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Applying with a Co-Applicant

In some cases, you may realize that your existing debt is making it hard to qualify for a new loan. But you still have another option: You may be able to re-apply with a co-applicant. If the co-applicant has a strong credit history and income, you may be able to obtain a loan or qualify for a lower interest rate together.

Once you receive the loan, both you and the co-applicant (who typically becomes the co-borrower) will be responsible for paying it off. That means if you fail to live up to your agreement in making payments, the other can be held responsible for the full amount of the loan. A co-borrower typically can’t be removed from the loan unless they die or you pay the loan off entirely.

If you still don’t qualify, the biggest help for qualifying in the future might be time. Building up a history of making debt payments on schedule, paying down other debt, and increasing your income via a new job or side gig can all turn things around.

Recommended: Getting a Personal Loan with a Co-Applicant

The Takeaway

In most cases, borrowers can’t add to an existing personal loan. However, you may be able to apply for a second loan. Eligibility requirements vary by lender, but in some cases you need to have made several consecutive on-time payments before applying for a new loan. Whenever possible, borrowers should look into cutting back on expenses or trying to increase income before taking on more debt.

SoFi Relay can help you keep track of your budget while you’re paying off debt. If you’re looking to apply for a personal loan, consider checking out the options available at SoFi. SoFi Personal Loans have absolutely no fees — no origination fees required, no prepayment fees, and no late fees.

Whether it’s your first time or you’ve borrowed before, it’s easy to apply for a personal loan with SoFi.

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

SoFi Loan Products
SoFi loans are originated by SoFi Bank, N.A., NMLS #696891 (Member FDIC). For additional product-specific legal and licensing information, see SoFi.com/legal. Equal Housing Lender.

SoFi Relay offers users the ability to connect both SoFi accounts and external accounts using Plaid, Inc.’s service. When you use the service to connect an account, you authorize SoFi to obtain account information from any external accounts as set forth in SoFi’s Terms of Use. Based on your consent SoFi will also automatically provide some financial data received from the credit bureau for your visibility, without the need of you connecting additional accounts. SoFi assumes no responsibility for the timeliness, accuracy, deletion, non-delivery or failure to store any user data, loss of user data, communications, or personalization settings. You shall confirm the accuracy of Plaid data through sources independent of SoFi. The credit score is a VantageScore® based on TransUnion® (the “Processing Agent”) data.

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Guide to Investment Risk Pyramids

Guide to Investment Risk Pyramids

By | Growing Wealth, invest, Investing | Comments Off on Guide to Investment Risk Pyramids

An investment risk pyramid is an illustration used to help investors understand the risk/reward profile of various assets. The investing risk pyramid uses a base, middle, and top to rank investments by the likelihood of losing money or seeing big gains. The tool is useful when getting started with investing.

Building a portfolio is no easy task. It requires due diligence and an assessment of your risk tolerance and return goals. The investment risk pyramid helps you determine what approaches work best for you.

What Are Investment Pyramids?

Investment pyramids are practical tools for gauging how risky certain asset types are. The pyramid model has been used in many areas for a long time, and it’s useful when learning what your risk tolerance is.

The investing risk pyramid has three levels grouped by risk/return profile. The safest securities are found in the large base; growth and moderately risky assets are in the middle; then the most speculative strategies are at the top.

How Investing Pyramids Work

There are many investing risk need-to-knows, and the pyramid of investment risk works by helping investors understand the connection between their asset allocation and their risk tolerance.

The visual should ultimately lead individuals to better grasp what percentage of their investable assets should go to which types of investments based on risk level and return potential.

Using a risk pyramid investment strategy provides a basic framework for analyzing portfolio construction. The investment risk pyramid is structured so that it suggests people hold a higher percentage of safer assets, and relatively little in the way of ultra-high-risk speculative assets.

Base of the Pyramid

Managing investment risk is among the most fundamental aspects of investing, and risk is controlled by ensuring an allocation to some safe securities. The base of the investment risk pyramid, which is the bulk of total assets, contains low-risk assets and accounts. Investments such as government bonds, money markets, savings and checking accounts, certificates of deposit (CDs), and cash are included in the base.

While these securities feature relatively minor risk, you might lose out to inflation over time if you hold too much cash, for example.

Middle of the Pyramid

Let’s step up our risk game a bit by venturing into the middle of the investing risk pyramid. Here we will find medium-risk assets. In general, investments with some growth potential and a lower risk profile are in this tier. Growth and income stocks and capital appreciation funds are examples.

Other holdings might include real estate, dividend stock mutual funds, and even some higher-risk bond funds.

Top of the Pyramid

At the top of the investment risk pyramid is where you’ll find the most speculative asset types and even margin investing strategies. Options, futures, and collectibles are examples of high-risk investments.

You will notice that the top of the pyramid of investment risk is the smallest – which suggests only a small portion of your portfolio should go to this high-risk, high-reward niche.

Sample Investment Pyramid

Here’s what a sample investment risk pyramid might contain:

Top of the pyramid, high risk: Speculative growth stocks, put and call options, commodities, collectibles, cryptocurrency, and non-fungible tokens (NFTs). Just a small amount should be allocated to the top of the pyramid.

Middle of the pyramid, moderate risk: Dividend mutual funds, corporate bond funds, blue-chip stocks, and variable annuities. Small-cap stocks and foreign funds can be included, too. A 30-40% allocation could make sense.

Base of the pyramid, low risk: U.S. government Treasuries, checking and savings accounts, CDs, AAA-rated corporate bonds. This might be 40-50% of the portfolio.

Pros and Cons of Investment Pyramids

The investment risk pyramid has advantages and disadvantages. Let’s outline those to help determine the right investing strategy for you.

Pros

The investing risk pyramid is useful as a quick introduction to asset allocation and bucketing. Another upside is that it is a direct way to differentiate asset types by risk.

Cons

While the investing risk pyramid is helpful for beginners, as you build wealth, you might need more elaborate strategies beyond the pyramid’s simplicity. Moreover, in the end, you determine what securities to own – the pyramid is just a suggestion.

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*Customer must fund their Active Invest account with at least $25 within 30 days of opening the account. Probability of customer receiving $1,000 is 0.028%. See full terms and conditions.

Examples of Low-Risk Investments

Let’s describe some low-risk investments in more detail since these are including the investment risk pyramid’s biggest tier.

Bonds

Bonds are essentially a loan you make to the government or other entity for a set amount of time. In return for lending your money, the debtor promises to pay you back at maturity along with periodic coupon payments, like interest.

Safer bonds include short-term Treasury bills while riskier bonds are issued by speculative companies at a higher yield.

Cash

Cash feels like a safe asset, but ideally you would store it in an interest-bearing savings account in order to keep up with inflation.

Also consider that holding too much cash can expose you to inflation risk, which is when cash loses value relative to the cost of living.

Bank Accounts

You can earn a rate of return through a SoFi bank account with FDIC insurance. Keeping an emergency fund in a checking account can be a prudent move so you can pay expenses without having to sell assets like stocks and bonds or take on debt.

Examples of High-Risk Investments

Let’s jump up top to the high-risk part of the investment risk pyramid. Here you will find assets and strategies that can earn big profits, but also expose you to serious losses. Margin trading is a method employed with some of these securities.

Margin Trading

Margin trading is using borrowed funds in an attempt to amplify returns. A cash account vs. margin account has key differences to consider before you go about trading. Trading with leverage offers investors the possibility of large short-term gains as well as the potential for outsize losses, so it perhaps best suited for sophisticated investors.

Options

Options on stocks and exchange-traded funds (ETFs) are popular these days. Options, through calls and puts, are derivative instruments that offer holders the right but not the obligation to buy shares at a specific price at a pre-determined time. These are risky since you can lose your entire premium if the option contract strategy does not work out for the holder. Compound options are an ultra-risky option type. The reward potential is massive since options can go up thousands of percent if certain market conditions happen.

Collectibles

Collectibles and artwork are alternative investment types that may provide some of the benefits of diversification, but it’s hard to know what various items are worth since they are not valued frequently. Consider that stocks and many bonds are priced at least daily.

Collectibles might also go through fad periods and booms and bust cycles, which can add to the risk factors in this category.

Discovering Your Risk Tolerance

The investment risk pyramid is all about helping you figure out your ability and willingness to accept risk. It is a fundamental piece of being an investor. You should consider doing more research and even speaking with a financial advisor for a more detailed risk assessment along with an analysis of what your long-term financial goals are.

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Using an investment risk pyramid can make sense for many investors. It’s an easy, visual way to decide which asset classes you might want to hold in your portfolio, so that the percentage of each (i.e. your asset allocation) is aligned with your risk tolerance.

The other helpful aspect of the investment risk pyramid is that it presumes a bigger foundation in lower-risk investments (the bottom tier), with gradually smaller allocations to moderate risk and higher-risk assets, as you move up the pyramid. This can be helpful for a long-term strategy. In a nutshell, the investment risk pyramid helps you figure out how to allocate investments based on your risk tolerance and return objectives.

If you’re all set in terms of low- and moderate-risk investments, it could be time to explore how higher-risk, higher-return investments fit into your plan. Margin investing is a strategy that uses leverage to enable you to buy more of the investments you think have big growth potential. You can open a margin account with SoFi Invest and use it to buy stocks, for example. You can also invest without using margin, and buy exchange-traded funds (ETFs), IPO shares, fractional shares, and more. Round out your portfolio today!

FAQ

What are the levels of an investment pyramid?

The levels of an investment risk pyramid are low-risk at the base, moderate-risk in the middle, and high-risk at the top. The risk/return investment pyramid helps investors understand how to think about various assets they may want to own.

What does investment risk refer to?

Investment risk can be thought of as the variance in return, or how great the chance is that an investment will experience sharp losses. While the risk investment pyramid helps you build a portfolio, you should also recognize that a diversified stock portfolio performs well over time, while cash generally loses out due to the risk of inflation.

What are some examples of high-risk investments?

High-risk investments include speculative assets like options, trading securities on margin, and even some collectibles that might be hard to accurately value since they are based on what someone might be willing to pay for them. The low-risk to high-risk investments pyramid can include virtually any asset.

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Neither the Investment Advisor Representatives of SoFi Wealth, nor the Registered Representatives of SoFi Securities are compensated for the sale of any product or service sold through any SoFi Invest platform.

Investment Risk: Diversification can help reduce some investment risk. It cannot guarantee profit, or fully protect in a down market.

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

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Oct
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2022
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Beginner’s Guide to Homeowners Associations

By | Home Ownership, mortgage | No Comments

Perhaps the idea of home ownership sounds appealing, but the thought of all the maintenance involved — inside and out — doesn’t sound so great. Dealing with snow removal or tending to your lawn might be the last thing you want to add to your already full plate.

If that resonates, buying a home that has a homeowners association, or HOA, might be the right move. Whether you’re shopping for a condo or a 3-bedroom house in a new development, an HOA could be a valuable thing. These organizations, funded by dues, take care of many of those maintenance responsibilities, run shared facilities (like a pool), and create guidelines (and enforce them) for the community of homeowners.

That said, interacting with an HOA and following their guidelines may not be for everyone. Read on to learn:

•   What is an HOA, or homeowners association

•   How do HOAs work

•   How much are HOA dues

•   What are the pros and cons of HOAs

•   How will HOA fees impact your costs as a homeowner

What Is an HOA (Homeowners Association)?

If you’re wondering what a homeowners association is, let’s start with a definition: An HOA is typically a non-profit volunteer group that manages aspects of homeownership in certain planned unit developments (PUDs), condos, and other housing communities. The HOA collects fees from each member of the community and uses them to handle maintenance duties and amenities. These may include:

•   Landscaping and maintenance of walkways and the like

•   Pest control

•   Maintenance and utilities of shared spaces, such as lounges and pool areas

•   Garbage pickup

•   Parking

•   Security

Another answer to “What is an HOA?” should mention that these associations typically make enforceable rules about the look and feel of the community. There may be guidelines about, say, the size of pets one may own, or the color schemes permissible for a townhome’s exterior.

Recommended: Condo vs. Townhouse: 9 Major Differences

How Does an HOA Work?

HOAs can be staffed in different ways. They can be run by people owning property within its boundaries, run by a board of directors, or through a similar arrangement, with board designees elected to oversee and enforce HOA rules.

Many HOAs are incorporated, which makes them subject to the laws of the state and may be required to file annual reports with the corporation commission, in order to remain in good standing.

People who purchase properties within an HOA jurisdiction become members of that organization, and they must abide by the rules contained within that organization’s bylaws and Declaration of Covenants, Conditions, and Restrictions (CC&Rs).

HOA rules, fees and restrictions vary. Some bylaws and CC&Rs are strict, while others are looser, typically focusing on how residents must keep properties maintained according to stated specifications. In a planned unit subdivision of single-family homes, for example, rules may include what types of landscaping are permitted, or exterior colors of paint, what kinds of fencing is allowed, and more.

They can include usage rules for common property, such as a pool, and typically outline penalties for rule violations, ranging from forcing a homeowner to comply to fees and, sometimes, litigation.

How Common Are HOAs?

Here are some recent statistics that will help you get an idea of how common HOAs currently are in the U.S.:

•   Approximately 80 million Americans live in HOAs, cooperatives, or condominium units.

•   53% of all U.S. homeowners live in HOA communities.

•   40 million housing units in America are part of HOA communities.

As you see, HOAs are quite popular.

What Is an HOA Fee?

Now that you know a bit about what is a homeowners association, let’s look at those fees they charge. People who buy property in an HOA-governed condo or community usually must pay dues — also known as HOA fees — typically due monthly. These fees help to maintain common areas of buildings, such as lobbies and patios, and perhaps community clubhouses. These fees can cover maintenance on elevators or swimming pools, if applicable, or could be used for landscaping expenses, and so forth. Additional special assessments may be charged for major repairs, such as roof repairs.

Some studies suggest that average HOA fees range from $200 to $400 per month, although they can be as low as $50 and as high as $2,500 or more. It depends on the HOA complex, where it is, what amenities the project maintains, and sometimes on how the individual HOA is managed.

What’s most important when shopping for a new home is that you are clear about what fees would be assessed on your individual unit and whether that fits your budget.

First-time homebuyers can
prequalify for a SoFi mortgage loan,
with as little as 3% down.

When Considering an HOA Property

When considering whether or not to buy a property within a homeowners association, it makes sense to understand what you’d be committing to if you bought this property.

To get an understanding of how the organization operates, you can ask the board of directors if you could read minutes from meetings — if you have a real estate agent, they should also be able to help. This may give you a good overview of any challenges the organization is facing, and insights into how solutions are brainstormed and implemented.

Questions to investigate can include:

•   What are the HOA fees each month? What do they cover?

•   If the fees seem low, does it appear as though enough funds are collected to maintain general areas? What about meeting rooms, the gym, pool area, and so forth?

•   If the HOA fees are higher than expected, do they seem excessive for what you’d get in return?

•   Are homeowners also being charged special assessments to cover other costs? If so, what are they?

•   How many units are not paying their HOA fees? What are the consequences for that? Are these penalties being imposed?

•   If certain units don’t pay their HOA fees, can these unpaid costs be imposed upon other owners to make up the difference?

•   If desired, will you be allowed to sublet your unit, short term?

•   Are you allowed to have a pet? If so, what restrictions exist? Ask to read a copy of the CC&Rs which is recorded public information.

•   Does pending litigation exist against the HOA? If so, of what type? Does it involve, say, damage to one unit, or does it affect the entire organization?

If you have friends or family members who are part of this HOA, consider asking them what they like about living there, and what they don’t. If you have a friend or family member who owns housing under a different HOA, chat with them as well. Their insights can be valuable in regards to what questions to ask and issues to explore before buying.

You can also review the bylaws, which usually share voting rights of members, budget and assessment rules, meeting requirements, and so forth. Check to see what actions can be taken without a member vote — if they include raising assessments or creating rules, this could have an impact on your buying decision.

Recommended: Mortgage Servicing: Everything You Need to Know

Pros vs Cons of HOAs

There are several benefits of buying a property that’s part of an HOA. Consider these upsides:

•   Guidelines to help maintain the look of the community, settle issues, and create harmony among residents.

•   Enhanced quality of life and property values.

•   Maintenance services so homeowners don’t need to do the work themselves or hire freelance help.

That said, there are also possible drawbacks to being part of an HOA. These can include:

•   The cost of the HOAs fees can be prohibitively expensive, and the possibility of assessments can be financially challenging.

•   Potentially restrictive guidelines that inhibit your freedom over your property (that is, you may not be allowed to have a certain kind of pet or put in solar panels).

•   Those who run the HOA may be volunteers vs. skilled real estate professionals, which could lead to inefficiencies.

Can You Afford to Buy into an HOA?

When shopping for a new home or condo, one key consideration is how much you can afford for a house — with the true cost being more than just principal, interest, and homeowners insurance. If you are considering properties that have HOA charges, it’s vital to factor those in to make sure your budget is manageable.

There are also property taxes, insurance, closing costs (which can run from 3% to 5% of the home’s cost, paid by the buyer and/or seller according to the contract). And expenses other than closing costs such as moving expenses, furniture costs, and more that should be considered as you grapple with how much you can afford.

Plus, you might want to have an emergency fund established for unexpected expenses, whether unanticipated housing repairs, or medical expenses, or something else entirely.

To help you figure out that affordable house payment number, you could check out our mortgage calculator.

How much needs to be borrowed also depends upon how much of a down payment is required for the loan program of your choice. Traditionally, a down payment was considered to be 20% of the purchase price, but according to the National Association of Realtors, most first-time homebuyers put down 7% in 2021, and the figure was 17% for repeat homebuyers.

In general, it can be wise to put down as much as you can comfortably afford. The simple reason is that the more you put down, the less you’ll borrow — which in turn creates lower monthly payments (allowing you to “afford” more house) and provides greater equity in the home (subject to market fluctuations). Plus, with a lower mortgage amount, you’ll owe less interest over the loan’s life.

Note that different lenders require different amounts for a down payment. The down payment amount can vary depending upon the loan program and other factors.

Recommended: What Credit Score Is Needed to Buy a House?

What to Know About Mortgages and HOAs

There’s one more wrinkle to the topic of what is a homeowners association and should you buy into one: the impact it may have on securing your mortgage.

When you buy into an HOA, you may need additional documentation for your lender. If your bid is accepted, the lender will likely request a homeowners association certification, called HOA cert for short. This document provides your lender with a snapshot of how the HOA is being run, and may provide information such as:

•   How old the project is

•   Whether a condominium development was converted from an apartment building or specifically built as condo units

•   How many units exist in the project

•   How many units are occupied

•   How many occupied units are owner occupied and how many are rented to someone else

•   How much HOA fees are

•   The amount of insurance on the project

If this information is requested, it will likely be reviewed to confirm that this property meets the lender’s loan eligibility guidelines. Because guidelines can vary from lender to lender and loan program to loan program, it makes sense to check with your lender of choice as soon as possible to determine if this financial institution considers your condo to be eligible for financing.

The HOA cert may also be obtained by the escrow/title company and provided to your lender, along with the relevant CC&Rs. This provides insight into any property restrictions and other aspects that may affect a home’s lendability and marketability.

Recommended: Home Loan vs. Mortgage: What You Should Know

SoFi Mortgages

Buying a home or condo can be stressful. But at SoFi, we’re doing our part to make the online mortgage application process as easy and affordable as possible. You can make your dream purchase a reality with competitive rates and as little as 3% down for qualifying first-time homebuyers and loans of up to $3 million. Plus, you won’t have to pay any prepayment penalties.

Our Mortgage Loan Officers can guide you through the buying process, helping you have a smooth and simple home purchase.

See how smart SoFi Mortgages can be!

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SoFi loans are originated by SoFi Bank, N.A., NMLS #696891 (Member FDIC). For additional product-specific legal and licensing information, see SoFi.com/legal. Equal Housing Lender.

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

Tax Information: This article provides general background information only and is not intended to serve as legal or tax advice or as a substitute for legal counsel. You should consult your own attorney and/or tax advisor if you have a question requiring legal or tax advice.

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