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As a student, you must submit a new Federal Application for Student Aid (FAFSA) each school year to learn the types of federal aid you qualify for, including federal student loans, grants, and work-study programs. Many colleges and states, as well as other student aid programs, use your FAFSA to determine what aid you may be eligible for. So the FAFSA is worth submitting even if you’re not expecting to receive federal aid.

The FAFSA for the 2025-2026 academic year opened on November 21, 2024, and it closes on June 30, 2026. However, it’s best to complete the form as soon as possible since some state and school scholarship programs have different deadlines.

Keep reading for detailed instructions on how to complete the 2025-2026 FAFSA. We’ll walk you through the required fields and highlight changes from previous forms.

Documents You’ll Need

Before you sit down to fill out the online FAFSA application , it’s best to have the following documents or information handy, especially if you want to fill out the FAFSA as quickly as possible. Documents needed include:

•   Completed tax returns

•   Parents’ SSNs if you’re a dependent student

•   Child support records, if applicable

•   Current cash, savings, and checking account balances

•   Investment, business, or farm net worth

Recommended: Who Qualifies for FAFSA? FAFSA Requirements

How to Fill Out the FAFSA in 6 Steps

Ready to file the FAFSA? First, check your watch.

Make sure you have enough time to fill out the form. Most people find that it takes less than one hour to complete, including gathering the personal and financial information you need.

Here’s how to fill out the FAFSA step by step.

Step 1: Create an Account

The preferred way to complete the FAFSA is online. You can do this for free — you should never pay any site to file the FAFSA for you.

Create a StudentAid.gov account before you start the FAFSA. Ensure that your name and Social Security number (SSN) look exactly as they do on your Social Security card.

The individuals who must include information on the form — a spouse, a biological or adoptive parent, or your parent’s spouse — must all have an FSA ID (account username and password). However, contributors without an SSN can create an account to fill out their portion of the 2025-2026 form.

A contributor is anyone required to provide information and approval to have their federal tax information transferred directly into the FAFSA form. This person, while not required to pay for a student’s college education, may include a student’s spouse, a biological or adoptive parent, or a stepparent.

Step 2: Provide Personal Information

After logging in, select either “student” or “parent,” depending on whether you are the student or parent filling out the form. We’ll assume that you’re filling it out as a dependent student for the next few steps.

What is a dependent student vs. independent student? Check out the full list of dependent vs. independent qualifications. Independent students will also answer the same basic set of questions and add spouse information if they are married.

You’ll start by filling out basic personal information, such as:

•   Name

•   Birthdate

•   SSN

•   Email address

•   Mobile phone number

•   Mailing address

Next, as a dependent student, you’ll indicate personal circumstances, such as marital status, college or career school plans, and any unusual personal circumstances.

You’ll answer questions about your parents and family size and “invite” your parents to fill out the FAFSA information. You’ll also answer questions about:

•   Gender identity (though you can select “prefer not to answer”)

•   Race and ethnicity (you can also select “prefer not to answer” here)

•   Citizenship status

•   Parent education status

•   Whether a parent was killed in the line of duty

•   Student’s high school completion status

•   High school information

•   Any federal benefits received

Step 3: Add Dependent Student Financials

Next, you’ll fill out information about your tax filing status, tax returns, and assets (including any cash, savings, and checking accounts you have, or businesses, investments, farms, and/or real estate).

Step 4: Select Colleges

In this section, select the colleges you’re considering. You can choose up to 20 colleges or universities where you want your FAFSA recognized. You can search based on city, state, or college name.

Step 5: Review Page and Add Signature

The review page shows the responses you’ve added to the FAFSA. You can review all responses by clicking “Expand All” or show each section individually. Select the question’s hyperlink to edit. Once you invite a parent to the form, you can see the status of the parent invitation.

Finally, you acknowledge the terms and conditions of the FAFSA form and sign, which means you’ve submitted your section of the FAFSA form. It’s not considered complete, however, until a parent signs their portion.

Step 6: Parents Add Information

Once a dependent student invites a parent and they log in, the parent will receive information about onboarding. They will add their:

•   Name

•   Birthdate

•   SSN (if they have one)

•   Email address

•   Mobile phone number

•   Mailing address

The parent must provide consent to transfer federal tax information directly from the IRS into the Parent Financials section.

The FAFSA form will also ask the parent about:

•   Demographic information

•   Marital status

•   State of legal residence

•   Finances

•   Federal benefits

•   Tax filing status

•   Family size

•   Number of kids in college in the household

•   Tax return information

•   Assets

Next, the FAFSA will prompt questions about that parent’s spouse or partner, walk through a review page similar to the student review page, and ask for a signature where the parent acknowledges the terms and conditions of the FAFSA form. Finally, the parent signs that section.

Can a parent fill out the entire form on a student’s behalf, without student consent or signature?

Yes. A parent can fill out the entire FAFSA on behalf of the student indicating from the very beginning that they are filling it out as a parent.

If You Need Additional Help Filling Out the FAFSA

If you need help filling out the FAFSA form, you can click on the white question mark icon next to each FAFSA question to reveal a tip on how to answer that question. You can also learn more about the recently updated form and get the answers to frequently asked questions at the FAFSA Help Center, watch the FAFSA tutorial video, or chat with Aidan, the virtual assistant.

In addition, you can contact the Federal Student Aid Information Center. The Department of Education says it has added more staff to address applicants’ questions, and expanded the hours to provide help.

You can also look at our FAFSA guide for information on the FAFSA process. Finally, you can get help through the financial aid office at the college or career/trade school you plan to attend. They will often walk through the form with you.

Recommended: Avoid These Common FAFSA Mistakes

What Happens After You Submit the FAFSA?

After you hit the “submit” button, your form should be processed in one to three days. At that point, you should receive a copy of your FAFSA submission summary, which summarizes the information you included on your FAFSA form. You can check the status of your FAFSA at any time by logging into your account at StudentAid.gov and clicking on your FAFSA submission in the “My Activity” section of your dashboard.

The FAFSA submission summary will also include your Student Aid Index (SAI), which lets schools determine the amount of aid you can receive. It also helps each school determine the financial aid you can receive from that particular institution. The financial aid office at each school will send you a financial aid award letter, which may include types of government aid such as:

•   Direct Subsidized Loans

•   Direct Unsubsidized Loans

•   Work-study

•   Pell Grants

•   TEACH Grants

•   Federal Supplemental Educational Opportunity Grants (FSEOG)

Recommended: How Financial Aid Works

Who Should Complete the FAFSA?

Anyone who could benefit from college financial aid has nothing to lose by filling out the FAFSA. Many students leave money on the table every year by failing to complete it, and low-income families are often less likely to complete the form than wealthier ones.

Even if you’re not eligible for federal aid, it’s worth your while to complete the FAFSA because most schools and states use FAFSA information to award non-federal aid. Non-federal aid includes scholarships, state aid, employee-sponsored aid, and more. Our scholarship tool can help you find scholarships and other aid opportunities that may be available.

To qualify for federal grants, work-study, and different types of student loans, you must be a U.S. citizen or an eligible noncitizen. You’ll need a valid SSN, with few exceptions, and a high school diploma, GED, or another recognized equivalent. You’ll also need to enroll in an eligible educational program and maintain satisfactory academic progress.

You may become ineligible for federal aid if you owe money on a previous federal student grant or are in default on a previous federal student loan.

Some types of federal aid are available only to people who demonstrate financial need. This includes the Federal Pell Grant and Direct Subsidized Loans. For the latter, the government pays the accrued interest while the borrower is in college or during most of their deferment periods.

What If I Don’t Qualify for Any or Enough Aid?

The amount of FAFSA money you receive depends on a variety of factors, including the institution you’re applying to, your assets, your parents’ assets, and more.

Merit aid, based on academic excellence, talent, and/or certain achievements, is also available. Some colleges won’t consider you for any of their merit scholarships until you’ve submitted the FAFSA, according to the Department of Education. Businesses, nonprofits, cultural organizations, and local groups also offer merit scholarships.

In addition, you can look into state grants and scholarships. Every state has its own money and process for distributing aid. Some only require a completed FAFSA; others, a separate application.

Then, there are private student loans, which are issued by banks, credit unions, and online lenders (as opposed to the government). Although private student loans don’t come with the benefits and protections that federal student loans have — like income-driven repayment plans and federal forbearance — they may help bridge funding gaps.

You can check to see what various lenders offer and what types of student loans you’d qualify for.

The Takeaway

Completing the FAFSA application doesn’t have to take hours of your time. In fact, it typically takes less than an hour to complete from start to finish. Use our guide to walk through how to fill out the FAFSA step by step in order to see how much federal aid you’ll qualify for and what types of aid you’re eligible to receive.

If you’ve exhausted all federal student aid options, no-fee private student loans from SoFi can help you pay for school. The online application process is easy, and you can see rates and terms in just minutes. This can help you find an option that works for your financial plan and budget.

SoFi private student loans offer competitive interest rates for qualifying borrowers, flexible repayment plans, and no fees.

FAQ

What’s the due date for the new FAFSA?

The FAFSA form for the 2025-2026 academic year must be submitted by 11:59pm central time (CT) on June 30, 2026. You can submit corrections or updates by 11:59pm CT on Sept. 13, 2026.

Can I fill out FAFSA myself?

Yes, students can complete the FAFSA on their own. The new FAFSA application instructions are easier to understand, and the Department of Education says it has modernized the FAFSA process and improved the user experience and functionality in filling out the online form. You can then invite your parents to enter their information.

How long does it take to fill out the FAFSA?

It typically takes less than an hour to fill out the FAFSA, including reading the FAFSA application instructions. However, it may take you longer to complete if you don’t gather important information ahead of time, such as your Social Security numbers and tax returns.

What disqualifies you from getting FAFSA?

To file the FAFSA, you must meet certain FAFSA requirements. For example, you must demonstrate financial need for need-based federal student aid programs, be a U.S. citizen or eligible noncitizen, have a valid SSN except in certain situations, be enrolled or accepted at an eligible institution as a regular student, maintain satisfactory academic progress, provide consent for federal tax information to go to the FAFSA, sign the certification statement on the FAFSA, and show you qualify to obtain higher education.

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SoFi Private Student Loans
Please borrow responsibly. SoFi Private Student Loans are not a substitute for federal loans, grants, and work-study programs. You should exhaust all your federal student aid options before you consider any private loans, including ours. Read our FAQs. SoFi Private Student Loans are subject to program terms and restrictions, and applicants must meet SoFi’s eligibility and underwriting requirements. See SoFi.com/eligibility-criteria for more information. To view payment examples, click here. SoFi reserves the right to modify eligibility criteria at any time. This information is subject to change.

SoFi Loan Products
SoFi loans are originated by SoFi Bank, N.A., NMLS #696891 (Member FDIC). For additional product-specific legal and licensing information, see SoFi.com/legal. Equal Housing Lender.

Non affiliation: SoFi isn’t affiliated with any of the companies highlighted in this article.

External Websites: The information and analysis provided through hyperlinks to third-party websites, while believed to be accurate, cannot be guaranteed by SoFi. Links are provided for informational purposes and should not be viewed as an endorsement.

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

Third-Party Brand Mentions: No brands, products, or companies mentioned are affiliated with SoFi, nor do they endorse or sponsor this article. Third-party trademarks referenced herein are property of their respective owners.

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Editor’s Note: The new, simplified FAFSA form for the 2024-2025 academic year is available, although applicants are reporting a number of glitches. Try not to worry, take your time, and aim to submit your application as soon as possible.

This year, Federal Student Aid (FSA) estimates that filling out the Free Application for Federal Student Aid (FAFSA^®) takes less than one hour. Read on for the information you’ll need, the steps to take before going to the FAFSA site, and what to expect when filling out the application online.

Completing the FAFSA Application for Academic Year 2025-2026

If this is your first time submitting the FAFSA, you’ll be glad to know that it usually takes less time after the first time (yes, FAFSA is submitted annually.)

Not quite ready to submit your FAFSA, but want an estimate of your student aid package? You can fill out an abridged Federal Student Aid Estimator .

Recommended: 6 Reasons to Go to College

Docs You’ll Need to Fill Out FAFSA

Before you start the online FAFSA form, it’s useful to have the info you’ll need handy. That includes:

•   Your Social Security or alien registration ID

•   Federal income tax returns for 2023, W-2s and other financial documents for yourself (and your parents if you’re a dependent)

•   Most recent bank statements

•   Any untaxed income amounts

12 Steps to Filling Out the FAFSA

For the 2025-2026 academic year, the FAFSA opened November 21, 2024, and it closes June 30, 2026. (For the 2024-2025 academic year, the FAFSA opened in December 2023, and closes June 30, 2025.) That said, schools and state and scholarship programs have varying deadlines, so it’s a good idea to check and double-check the FAFSA deadlines for everything you are applying to.

Here are the steps to completing the online FAFSA form.

1. Creating Your FSA ID

The first step is creating a Federal Student Aid ID . This is simply the username and password you’ll use to log into FAFSA. Note that if your parents’ financial info is required to complete the application, a parent will also need to create a FSA ID.

2. Logging in

Now that you have a FSA ID, you’re ready to log into the online FAFSA form. Use this FAFSA tool to determine which parent should participate in your FAFSA form.

Once you’re in, you will be asked to accept or decline the disclaimer, which details how the site will use and monitor your data. You should then be prompted to start a FAFSA application for 2025-2026.

You’ll also be asked to create a save key, which is a temporary code in case you leave the site before you submit your application. In other words, if you don’t finish FAFSA in one sitting, you can enter your save key and pick up where you left off.

3. Filling in Your Personal Information

You (the student) will be asked to fill in the following info (you’ll be prompted to hit “Continue” several times):

•   Your Social Security number

•   Full name

•   Date of birth

•   Email address

•   Phone number

•   Mailing address

You’ll then need to answer questions about:

•   Your marital status

•   Whether you are a citizen

4. Filling in Your Student Information

Next, you’ll need to answer questions about your education and future plans. Specifically, you’ll be asked about:

•   Your college grade level at the beginning of the 2025-2026 academic year

•   The college degree or certificate you will be seeking to earn

Additionally, you’ll be asked to provide:

•   Information about your personal circumstances

•   Whether you’ve ever been in the foster care system

•   Any unusual circumstances regarding your parents, such as being unable to contact them

5. Filling in the College Search Section

To send your FAFSA information to schools you’re applying to, you’ll need to add the federal school code for each school. Doing so allows colleges to receive your FAFSA information and so use it to provide you a financial aid package. The online form will help you find the codes; you just input the school name, city, and state. You can add up to 10 colleges at a time.

Next, for each school, you’ll need to select your housing plan (on campus, with parent, or off campus).

Recommended: SoFi’s College Search Tool

6. Filling in Info That Helps Determine Your Dependency Status

Your answers in this section will determine whether you are an independent or dependent student— and so determine the financial information you and your parents will need to provide. Specifically, you’ll be asked about:

•   Whether you have children that you support

•   Whether you have other dependents who live with you and you support

•   Whether you are on active duty or a veteran of the U.S. armed forces, are an emancipated minor, whether someone other than a parent or stepparent has legal guardianship, and whether you have ever been in foster care or a ward of the court or both parents have died since you were 13.

•   Whether you were homeless or self-supporting and at risk of being homeless on or after July 1, 2024

7. Learning Your Dependency Status

The smart technology of the online FAFSA form determines whether you’re a dependent or not. If you are single, have no children or other dependents, and answered “none of the above” and “no” on the previous two screens, you are likely a dependent. As a result, your parents’ financial information will be needed in addition to yours to complete the form and calculate your expected family contribution (which will soon be replaced with the student aid index).

Please note that the rest of these steps assume you’re filing as a dependent. While the process of filing as an independent will be similar, you won’t be asked to provide information about your parents.

8. Filling in Your Parents’ Personal Information

You (the student) can answer the following questions about your parents:

•   Their marital status and whether they are separated, divorced, widowed, or remarried

•   Each parent’s name, Social Security number, date of birth, and email

•   State of parents’ residence and date they became a resident

•   Number of other dependent children and other dependents your parents have

9. Providing Your Parents’ Financials

You will need info about your parents’ tax return for 2023 to answer the following questions about:

•   Their tax return status

•   The type of tax return they filed (i.e., 1040 or something else)

•   Their tax filing status (e.g, married-filed joint return)

At this point, you can either use the IRS Data Retrieval Tool (DRT) that pulls their tax return information into the FAFSA form or enter their info manually. In addition to being more convenient, using DRT means you may not have to later provide IRS documentation. (As mentioned earlier, one of your parents will need to create and provide an FSA ID and password to use DRT.)

If you are manually entering your parents financial info, you will need to answer questions about:

•   Their adjusted gross income

•   Amount each parent earned

•   Amount they paid in federal taxes

•   Amounts of other income (such as college grants and tax-exempt interest income)

•   Amounts of child support paid, earnings from work under a Cooperative Education Program, and taxable earnings from need-based employment programs

•   Amounts of untaxed income (such as child support or payments to tax-deferred retirement savings plans)

•   Their assets (including the value of cash and bank accounts, investments, and owned businesses and investment farms)

10. Providing Your Financials

You’ll also need to provide your financial information. Basically, you will be asked for the same info about yourself that you provided in the previous step about your parents’ income and assets.

11. Checking for Errors

Once you’ve reached the end of the application, you’ll see a summary to review. Checking that all the information is accurate may help avoid having to file a FAFSA correction later.

You’ll also need to answer a few more questions that the federal government collects about gender, ethnicity, and race. This info has no impact on whether you will receive financial aid.

Recommended: How Much FAFSA Money Can I Expect?

12. Signing and Submitting

FAFSA requires you to accept or reject its agreement of terms. If your parent or parents provided information because you filed as a dependent, one of them will also need to accept these terms in order for you to submit the application. Both you and your parent will e-sign using your FSA ID. Once you’ve signed and submitted your application, your FAFSA is complete.

Downloadable FAFSA Form for 2025-2026

Here’s the FAFSA form for 2025-26 if you want to see it before logging in to fill it out — or if you want to print it, fill it out, and mail it in.

What’s Different About the 2025-26 FAFSA

The Department of Education says it has modernized the FAFSA process and improved the user experience and functionality in filling out the online form. They have also added more staff to address applicants’ questions, and expanded the hours to provide help. You can reach staff through the Federal Student Information Center and find answers to frequently asked questions about filling out the FAFSA form at the FAFSA Help Center.

Additionally, the 2023-24 form does not ask about Selective Service registration status or drug convictions.

A Few Extra Tips

Completing FAFSA can be an overwhelming process. It can also be tempting to skip it altogether, especially if you’re from a middle- or high-income family and you believe you aren’t eligible for aid. However, that’s an assumption that could mean leaving aid on the table. Here are three more helpful tips:

1.    Schools, states, and scholarships have varying deadlines. As stated earlier, FAFSA opened November 21, 2024, and closes June 30, 2026, for the 2025-2026 academic year. However, the schools and scholarships you’re applying to may require you to fill out your FAFSA before that time, so it’s best to check each school’s and program’s FAFSA deadlines to avoid losing out on aid.

2.    The IRS Data Retrieval Tool can help you avoid making mistakes. This tool auto-fills your (and your parents’) latest tax information from the IRS database. So instead of having to figure out what the adjusted or non-taxed income was on your parents’ tax return, you can let the tool do it for you.

3.    It doesn’t pay to guess. Not sure how to fill out a section or what the answer is? FAFSA offers helpful tips and clarifications throughout each section of the FAFSA form, so be sure to use the text and articles embedded on the form—just click on the question mark icon. Inaccurate answers can result in receiving less financial aid than you’re eligible for as well as needing to file corrections and send in supporting documentation.

Recommended: Navigating Your Financial Aid Package

The Takeaway

Filling out the FAFSA is a great first step to pay for your dream school. This is one of the best ways of getting scholarships and grants you won’t have to pay back or government-backed loans to help you pay for college-related costs. By learning how to properly fill out the FAFSA (and then actually doing so!), you can increase your odds of getting a bigger financial aid package.

However, if your financial aid package doesn’t cover all your college expenses, you may want to consider a private student loan. It’s important to note that private student loans don’t offer the same protections as federal student loans, like income-driven repayment plans or deferment options. For this reason, private student loans are generally considered only after other sources of funding have been considered.

SoFi’s private student loans are available for undergraduate and graduate students, as well as parents. In just a few minutes, you can apply online for student loans and be well on your way to financing your education.

SoFi private student loans offer competitive interest rates for qualifying borrowers, flexible repayment plans, and no fees.

Find out more about SoFi Private Student Loan options.

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SoFi Private Student Loans
Please borrow responsibly. SoFi Private Student Loans are not a substitute for federal loans, grants, and work-study programs. You should exhaust all your federal student aid options before you consider any private loans, including ours. Read our FAQs. SoFi Private Student Loans are subject to program terms and restrictions, and applicants must meet SoFi’s eligibility and underwriting requirements. See SoFi.com/eligibility-criteria for more information. To view payment examples, click here. SoFi reserves the right to modify eligibility criteria at any time. This information is subject to change.

SoFi Loan Products
SoFi loans are originated by SoFi Bank, N.A., NMLS #696891 (Member FDIC). For additional product-specific legal and licensing information, see SoFi.com/legal. Equal Housing Lender.

Non affiliation: SoFi isn’t affiliated with any of the companies highlighted in this article.

External Websites: The information and analysis provided through hyperlinks to third-party websites, while believed to be accurate, cannot be guaranteed by SoFi. Links are provided for informational purposes and should not be viewed as an endorsement.

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

Third-Party Brand Mentions: No brands, products, or companies mentioned are affiliated with SoFi, nor do they endorse or sponsor this article. Third-party trademarks referenced herein are property of their respective owners.

Header photo credit: iStock/Vladimir Sukhachev

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Conventional loans — mortgages that are not insured by the federal government — are the most popular type of mortgage and offer affordability to homebuyers.

Private mortgage lenders originate and fund conventional loans, which are then often bought by Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, publicly traded companies that are run under a congressional charter.

By buying and selling these mortgages, Fannie and Freddie help to ensure a reliable flow of mortgage funding.

Requirements for Conventional Loans

It can be confusing to know how to qualify for a mortgage.

Just realize, for one thing, that a higher credit score is usually required for a conventional home loan than an FHA loan backed by the Federal Housing Administration, a type popular among first-time buyers.

Here are factors a lender will consider when sizing you up for a conventional loan.

Your Credit Score

You’ll usually need a FICO credit score of at least 620 for a fixed-rate or adjustable-rate mortgage.

The FICO score range of 300 to 850 is carved into these categories:

•   Exceptional: 800 to 850

•   Very Good: 740 to 799

•   Good: 670 to 739

•   Fair: 580 to 669

•   Poor: 300 to 579

In general, the higher your credit score, the better the interest rates you’re offered.

Down Payment

Putting 20% down is desirable because it means you can avoid paying PMI, or private mortgage insurance, which covers the lender in case of loan default.

But many buyers don’t put 20% down. The median down payment on a home is 15%, according to a recent study by the National Association of Realtors®.

Conventional loans require as little as 3% down for first-time homebuyers, and the down payment can be funded by a gift from a close relative; a spouse, fiancé or domestic partner; a buyer’s employer or church; or a nonprofit or public agency. The gift may require a gift letter for the mortgage.

Just keep in mind that the smaller the down payment, the higher your monthly payments are likely to be, and PMI may come along for the ride until you reach 20% equity.

Debt-to-Income Ratio

Your debt-to-income ratio (DTI) helps a lender understand your ongoing monthly debt obligations relative to your gross monthly income.

To calculate back-end DTI:

1.    Add up your monthly bills (but do not include groceries, utilities, cellphone bill, car insurance, and health insurance).

2.    Divide the total by your pretax monthly income.

3.    Multiply by 100 to convert the number to a percentage.

In general, lenders like to see a DTI ratio of 36% but will accept 43%.

The Fannie Mae HomeReady® loan, for lower-income borrowers, may allow a DTI ratio of up to 50%.

In any case, the lower your DTI ratio, the more likely you are to qualify for a mortgage and possibly better terms.

Loan-to-Value Ratio

The loan-to-value ratio (LTV) is the amount of the mortgage you are applying for compared with the home value. The higher the down payment, the lower the LTV ratio.

Fannie Mae typically sets LTV limits at 97% for a fixed-rate mortgage for a principal residence (think: 3% down) and 85% for a fixed or adjustable loan for a one-unit investment property.

When LTV exceeds 80% on a conforming loan, PMI will likely apply, although some borrowers employ a piggyback loan to avoid mortgage insurance.

Conventional Conforming Loan Limits

Many loans are both conventional and conforming — meaning they meet the guidelines of secondary mortgage market powerhouses Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, which buy such mortgages and often package them into securities for investors.

Conventional conforming loans fall below limits set by the Federal Housing Finance Agency (FHFA) every year.
Staying under a conforming loan limit often equates to a lower-cost mortgage because the loan can be acquired by Fannie and Freddie.

The conforming loan limits for 2025 in many counties in the contiguous states, Washington, D.C., and Puerto Rico rose with market prices:

•   One unit: $806,500

•   Two units: $981,500

•   Three units: $1,186,350

•   Four units: $1,474,400

In high-cost areas like Alaska, Hawaii, Guam, and the U.S. Virgin Islands, the 2025 conforming loan limits are:

•   One unit: $1,209,750

•   Two units: $1,472,250

•   Three units: $1,779,525

•   Four units: $2,211,600

If you’re curious about your county’s specific conforming loan limits are, you can check out this FHFA guide.

Nonconforming Loans

Word games, anyone? Nonconforming loans are simply mortgages that do not meet Fannie and Freddie standards for purchase. They usually take the form of jumbo loans and government-backed loans.

A homebuyer or refinancer who needs a mortgage beyond the FHFA limits can seek a jumbo mortgage loan. A jumbo loan is still a conventional loan if it’s not backed by a government agency; it’s just considered a “nonconforming” loan.

FHA, VA, and USDA mortgages — those backed by the Federal Housing Administration, Department of Veterans Affairs, and the U.S. Department of Agriculture — are also nonconforming loans.

Nonconforming mortgage rates for jumbo loans may be higher because the loans carry greater risk for lenders, but when the nonconforming loan is backed by the government, its rate might skew lower than conventional conforming rates.

The Takeaway

Conventional loan requirements are good to know when you’re looking at the most popular type of mortgage around. Would-be homebuyers will want to make sure their credit score, debt-to-income ratio, and down payment numbers are lined up as favorably as possible before pursuing their dream property.

Looking for an affordable option for a home mortgage loan? SoFi can help: We offer low down payments (as little as 3% - 5%*) with our competitive and flexible home mortgage loans. Plus, applying is extra convenient: It's online, with access to one-on-one help.

SoFi Mortgages: simple, smart, and so affordable.

FAQ

Are there any drawbacks to a conventional loan?

The main drawback to a conventional loan is that you will need to make some type of down payment on the property. It doesn’t need to be the 20% down payment that was common in decades past. But even a low down payment of, say, 3.5% could add up to tens of thousands of dollars given today’s home prices.

What’s the main reason I might not qualify for a conventional loan?

The most common reason someone might not qualify for a conventional home loan is usually related to credit — perhaps the applicant has a credit score below 620, or maybe there is some other significant warning sign on the credit report, such as a history of delinquencies or bankruptcy.

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SoFi loans are originated by SoFi Bank, N.A., NMLS #696891 (Member FDIC). For additional product-specific legal and licensing information, see SoFi.com/legal. Equal Housing Lender.

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Terms, conditions, and state restrictions apply. Not all products are available in all states. See SoFi.com/eligibility-criteria for more information.

*SoFi requires Private Mortgage Insurance (PMI) for conforming home loans with a loan-to-value (LTV) ratio greater than 80%. As little as 3% down payments are for qualifying first-time homebuyers only. 5% minimum applies to other borrowers. Other loan types may require different fees or insurance (e.g., VA funding fee, FHA Mortgage Insurance Premiums, etc.). Loan requirements may vary depending on your down payment amount, and minimum down payment varies by loan type.

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

Third-Party Brand Mentions: No brands, products, or companies mentioned are affiliated with SoFi, nor do they endorse or sponsor this article. Third-party trademarks referenced herein are property of their respective owners.

External Websites: The information and analysis provided through hyperlinks to third-party websites, while believed to be accurate, cannot be guaranteed by SoFi. Links are provided for informational purposes and should not be viewed as an endorsement.

^¹FHA loans are subject to unique terms and conditions established by FHA and SoFi. Ask your SoFi loan officer for details about eligibility, documentation, and other requirements. FHA loans require an Upfront Mortgage Insurance Premium (UFMIP), which may be financed or paid at closing, in addition to monthly Mortgage Insurance Premiums (MIP). Maximum loan amounts vary by county. The minimum FHA mortgage down payment is 3.5% for those who qualify financially for a primary purchase. SoFi is not affiliated with any government agency.
^†Veterans, Service members, and members of the National Guard or Reserve may be eligible for a loan guaranteed by the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs. VA loans are subject to unique terms and conditions established by VA and SoFi. Ask your SoFi loan officer for details about eligibility, documentation, and other requirements. VA loans typically require a one-time funding fee except as may be exempted by VA guidelines. The fee may be financed or paid at closing. The amount of the fee depends on the type of loan, the total amount of the loan, and, depending on loan type, prior use of VA eligibility and down payment amount. The VA funding fee is typically non-refundable. SoFi is not affiliated with any government agency.

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Between 2000 and 2021, the average published tuition and fees increased from the following amounts, after adjusting for inflation, according to Best Colleges:

•   $2,146 to $3,564 at public two-year schools

•   $5,638 to $9,596 at public four-year schools

•   $25,468 to $37,222 at private nonprofit four-year institutions

This article will cover the average cost of college tuition and fees in 2024, the increase in college tuition costs, the reasons for the rise of average college tuition, and college tuition options you may want to consider for yourself.

Average Cost of College in 2023-24

In 2023-24, the average published price for tuition and fees for full-time undergraduate students were as follows, according to the College Board’s Trends in College Pricing and Student Aid:

•   $11,260 for public four-year in-state institutions, $270 higher than in 2022-2023

•   $29,150 for public four-year out-of-state institutions, $850 higher than in 2022-2023

•   $3,990 for public two-year in-district institutions (including average community college tuition), $100 higher than in 2022-2023

•   $41,540 for private nonprofit four-year institutions, $1,600 higher than in 2022-2023

Recommended: Average Cost of College Tuition

Increase in College Tuition Cost Over the Last 10 Years

Generally speaking, tuition has increased in the past decade. According to data from the College Board, the average published tuition price at a four-year nonprofit university during the 2013-2014 school year was $30,094, while in 2023-2024 that number jumped to $41,540.

Reasons for the Rise of Average College Tuition

The rise of college tuition over the past few decades can be attributed to several key factors, including:

Reduced State Funding

One of the primary reasons for rising tuition costs, especially at public institutions, is the decline in state funding for higher education. As states allocate less money to colleges and universities, these institutions often compensate by increasing tuition to cover budget shortfalls.

Increased Administrative Costs

Colleges have expanded administrative staff and services, including student support, campus amenities, and compliance with federal regulations. This growth in administrative functions adds to overall expenses, which are often passed on to students in the form of higher tuition.

Expansion of Campus Facilities

Many colleges invest in new buildings, state-of-the-art facilities, and upgraded dormitories to attract prospective students and remain competitive. These capital expenditures are expensive and often lead to increased tuition to help finance the construction and maintenance of these facilities.

Rising Faculty Salaries and Benefits

The cost of faculty salaries and benefits, including health care and retirement plans, has risen steadily. As colleges strive to attract and retain top talent, these increased personnel costs contribute to higher tuition.

Student Demand for More Services

There is a growing demand from students for more comprehensive services, such as mental health counseling, career advising, and extracurricular activities. Providing these additional services requires funding, which often results in tuition hikes to cover these enhanced offerings.

Together, these factors create a complex landscape where college tuition continues to rise, making affordability a significant concern for many students and families.

Recommended: How to Pay for College

Total Cost of College Over Time

While the cost of tuition has increased over the years, the prices of room and board, books, school supplies, and other necessities have also risen. The cost of room and board has almost doubled since the 1960s, going from $6,700 to more than $12,000, according to Best Colleges.

On Campus vs. Off Campus

How much you spend on college will vary depending on whether you live at home, on campus, or off campus. The College Board found that the cost of living on campus has increased slightly faster than the cost of living off campus, such as in an apartment or house with friends.

Total Cost of College Over Time by School Type

Of course, the type of school you attend (public or private) will also affect the total cost of attendance. Over the last nearly 60 years, the average cost across all institutions has increased 135%. It increased the most at private institutions at 187% and the least at two-year colleges, at 69%.

College Financing Options

Numerous college financing options exist for students. Students can tap into various options to pay for costs. Undergraduate students received an average of $15,480 of financial aid 2022-2023, according to the College Board’s Trends in College Pricing and Student Aid.

Students may rely on scholarships, grants, work-study, and student loans, in addition to personal savings to pay for their education.

Scholarships

Scholarships refer to money received from colleges or other organizations that students don’t have to pay back. Only about 7% of students receive scholarships, with the average student who receives one getting $14,890 annually at a four-year institution.

Student Loans

Students can take advantage of federal or private loans. Federal loans are provided by the U.S. Department of Education. To apply for a federal student loan, students need to fill out the Free Application for Federal Student Aid (FAFSA®) each year.

Private student loans are provided by banks, credit unions, and other financial institutions. These are separate from any sort of federal aid, and as a result, lack the protections afforded to federal student loans — like income-driven repayment options or the ability to apply for Public Service Loan Forgiveness. For this reason, private student loans are generally considered by students only after they have reviewed and exhausted all other options for financing.

Recommended: How to Complete the FAFSA Step by Step

Grants

Students can tap into federal, state, or institutional grants. Grants can also come from employers or private sources. Like scholarships, grants typically do not need to be repaid. They are mostly awarded based on financial need, and students will generally need to complete the FAFSA to qualify for them.

Work-Study

Students can get a work-study award, which is money they must earn when they attend college. They must file the FAFSA in order to qualify for work-study and must work a job on campus to receive the money.

Personal Savings

According to Sallie Mae’s annual How America Pays for College 2024 report, 37% of students receive help from their parents to pay for college, and 11% use their own income and savings. Strategies for parents paying for college include things like setting up an account designed to help parents save for college or other educational expenses, putting work bonuses or tax refunds into savings, and setting aside funds each month to put toward college.

The Takeaway

The average college tuition continues to increase. In 2000, the college tuition at a private four-year institution was $15,470, and now in 2024 it’s $38,421. There are a number of reasons for increasing tuition rates, including factors like a decrease in state funding, lack of regulation, and an increase in operating costs at colleges and universities.

Many students rely on financial aid to pay for college. Financial aid includes federal student loans, certain grants and scholarships, and work-study programs.

If you’ve exhausted all federal student aid options, no-fee private student loans from SoFi can help you pay for school. The online application process is easy, and you can see rates and terms in just minutes. Repayment plans are flexible, so you can find an option that works for your financial plan and budget.

Cover up to 100% of school-certified costs including tuition, books, supplies, room and board, and transportation with a private student loan from SoFi.

FAQ

How much has college tuition increased since 2000?

Since 2000, college tuition has significantly increased, jumping about 65% between 2000 and 2021. This surge reflects growing education costs, which have outpaced inflation and wage growth, making higher education increasingly expensive and contributing to the student loan debt crisis faced by many graduates.

How much has the total cost of college increased over the last decade?

Over the last decade, the total cost of college, including tuition, fees, room, and board, has increased by about 10% at public institutions and around 19% at private institutions. This rise reflects growing expenses in education and living costs, making college significantly more expensive for students and families.

How much has college tuition increased in 2024?

In 2024, college tuition increased by 1.6% over the last 12 months. However, this number will vary depending on the institution and whether it is public or private. These increases are consistent with the ongoing trend of rising education costs, impacting students’ financial planning and contributing to higher student loan borrowing.

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SoFi Private Student Loans
Please borrow responsibly. SoFi Private Student Loans are not a substitute for federal loans, grants, and work-study programs. You should exhaust all your federal student aid options before you consider any private loans, including ours. Read our FAQs. SoFi Private Student Loans are subject to program terms and restrictions, and applicants must meet SoFi’s eligibility and underwriting requirements. See SoFi.com/eligibility-criteria for more information. To view payment examples, click here. SoFi reserves the right to modify eligibility criteria at any time. This information is subject to change.

SoFi Loan Products
SoFi loans are originated by SoFi Bank, N.A., NMLS #696891 (Member FDIC). For additional product-specific legal and licensing information, see SoFi.com/legal. Equal Housing Lender.

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

Third-Party Brand Mentions: No brands, products, or companies mentioned are affiliated with SoFi, nor do they endorse or sponsor this article. Third-party trademarks referenced herein are property of their respective owners.

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A student loan promissory note is a legally binding contract that explains the terms of the loan and your rights and responsibilities for repaying the debt. It lays out important details you’ll need to know (both during school and after you graduate), including how you can spend the proceeds of the loan, when interest starts accruing, along with your deferment and repayment options.

If you’re a student loan borrower, it’s essential to understand what’s in your promissory note. Here, we walk you through the most common types of promissory notes for students.

What Is a Student Loan Promissory Note?

Put simply, a student promissory note is your student loan contract. It details the terms and conditions of that loan, including what you owe; how interest is calculated and charged; available repayment plans; and any late fees or other charges you may have to pay. Both federal and private student loans typically require that you sign a promissory note.

If you’re close to graduation (or recently graduated) and have any questions about repaying your student loans, your student loan promissory note is the best place to look. You’ll also want to review your promissory note if you are thinking about refinancing your student loans.

What Is a Master Promissory Note?

A Master Promissory Note (MPN) is a legal document that contains the terms and conditions for federal student loans. When you sign an MPN, you are promising to repay your loan(s) and any accrued interest and fees to the U.S. Department of Education.

Borrowers with federal student loans can typically sign just one MPN that covers multiple years of borrowing, rather than signing a new MPN each year. This means you are accepting the amount of each year’s new loans under the terms of the existing MPN.

There are two types of MPNs:

•   Direct Subsidized/Unsubsidized Loan MPN: A student borrower must complete and sign this MPN before a school can make the first disbursement of a Direct Subsidized or Direct Unsubsidized Loan.

•   Direct PLUS Loan MPN: A graduate/professional student borrower or parent borrower must complete and sign this MPN before a school can make the first disbursement of a Direct PLUS Loan.

What to Look for on a Student Loan Promissory Note

A promissory note will provide you with a wealth of information about your student loan (or loans). Here’s a closer look at what you’ll find in a promissory note.

Federal vs Private Student Loan Promissory Note

For federal student loans, you may sign a Master Promissory Note that allows you to borrow more than one loan during a period of up to 10 years. Private student loan lenders, by contrast, typically require that you sign a new promissory note for each new loan borrowed. This typically means you’ll sign a new promissory note each year you’re in school. It’s important to review this contract carefully each time, since terms and conditions may have changed.

All MPNs follow the same basic form, while promissory notes for private lenders can vary. Another key difference between federal and private student promissory notes: A promissory note for a private loan will list your interest rate, while an MPN will not. This is because an MPN may cover multiple years and federal student loan interest rates change annually.

Recommended: Private Student Loans vs Federal Student Loans

Repayment Options

Federal loans come with several options to help you manage your debt post-graduation, such as income-driven repayment plans and forgiveness programs. These options are all outlined in your MPN. You’ll want to take time to review them, especially as you enter the repayment phase of your borrowing journey.

Your private student loan promissory note will also outline your repayment options and any borrower benefits you have access to (such as reduced-payment plans or forbearance). Before signing the contract, you’ll want to review the repayment details and make sure everything you have discussed with your lender is reflected in the promissory note.

Deferment Options

Student loan deferment lets you postpone payments on your student loans for a certain period of time. You won’t have to pay your student loan bills during a deferment, but interest might accrue during this time, depending on your loan type.

Federal loans offer deferment during a number of different situations, including being enrolled in school at least half-time (and for six months after you graduate), being unemployed, economic hardship, and active military service.

Like federal student loans, private student loans are typically placed into deferment while you’re enrolled at least half-time in school, and you may also have a six-month grace period after you graduate before you need to start making payments. Interest will generally accrue on private student loans during a period of deferment. Private loans may also offer other deferment options, but every lender is different, so you’ll need to check your promissory note.

Recommended: Student Loan Payback Calculator

Interest Rate: Fixed vs Variable

Interest rates on student loans can be fixed or variable. With a fixed-rate loan, your interest rate will remain the same for the life of the loan. With a variable-rate loan, the interest rate on the loan fluctuates based on a market benchmark or index rate.

Federal student loans have fixed interest rates, which are set each year by federal law. The exact interest rate on your loan will not be listed in your MPN. To view current interest rates for federal student loans as well as previous years’ interest rates, visit the U.S. Department of Education’s website.

Private student loans may give you a choice of fixed or variable rates. Your rate and whether it’s fixed or variable will be listed in your loan’s promissory note. If the rate is variable, it may start off lower than a fixed-rate option, but could rise over time leading to higher payments.

Student Loan Fees

Your promissory note will also detail any additional costs, such as any student loan fees. For example, federal student loans and some private student loans charge an origination fee, which is a percentage of your loan amount. This fee is typically taken from the loan before it is dispersed, which means you receive less than the full loan amount you accepted. Since the origination fee is included in the principal, you will also pay interest on it (even though you did not receive those funds).

Other student loan fees you may see listed on a promissory note include: application fees, late payment fees, and collection agency fees (in the event you default on your loan and it goes to collections).

Federal student loan fees are set by law. Private student loan fees will vary by lender, so be sure to check your promissory note to understand the fee structure for your loan.

Prepayment Penalties

Prepayment penalties are fees for paying off a loan early and are designed to help lenders make money by recouping lost interest charges. Fortunately, neither federal nor private student loans have prepayment penalties. Because of this, you can typically save money on interest by paying your student loan off early.

Recommended: Student Loan Refinancing Calculator

Cosigner Requirements and Removal

Some lenders require a cosigner for student loans. This is someone, typically a parent or guardian, who has good credit and agrees to repay the loan if the student is unable to. The cosigner is equally responsible for the loan.

Federal student loans generally do not require a cosigner (or credit check). The only exception is a Direct PLUS loan, which may require an endorser (which is essentially a cosigner) if the borrower has an adverse credit history.

Private student loans, by contrast, typically do require a cosigner, since students often lack the income and credit history to qualify for a loan on their own. Your promissory note will indicate if your loan has a cosigner. It will also state whether you can eventually remove your cosigner from the loan and, if so, what the requirements for a cosigner release are (such as making a certain number of on-time payments on the loan).

How Funds Can Be Allocated

Your promissory note will stipulate what you can spend the proceeds of your student loan on. Whether you have federal or private student loans, this typically includes: tuition, fees, books/supplies, room and board, transportation, and some personal expenses. It generally does not include off-campus dining, entertainment, and non-school services.

If you have money left over after your school uses your loan to cover tuition, room and board, and fees, you’ll want to refer to your promissory note to see what else you can spend the money on.

When Is the Promissory Note Signed?

In general, borrowers will need to sign the promissory note for their loans before receiving any funds. Students who are borrowing federal student loans are able to sign their master promissory note online by logging into their federal student loan account. Typically, you’ll need to sign only one MPN for multiple subsidized and unsubsidized loans, and it will be good for up to 10 years of continuous education.

A private student loan lender may allow you to sign a promissory note online, or you may need to print it out, sign, and send it via regular mail.

What if a Promissory Note Is Not Signed?

For federal loans, a signed promissory note is required before the loan is disbursed. So, failing to sign the promissory note could mean you won’t receive your funds, or at least won’t receive them until the promissory note is signed.

A signed promissory note is also generally required for disbursement of a private student loan, though each lender may have their own requirements.

Do You Need a New Promissory Note Every Year?

Private lenders typically require students to sign promissory notes for each loan taken out, which means you may sign a new promissory note every year. Generally, federal student loan borrowers can sign a one-time Master Promissory Note that is good for up to 10 years of continuous education.

Do Your Parents Need to Sign?

If you are borrowing a private student loan and a parent is acting as your cosigner, they will likely need to sign the promissory note.

If you’re taking out a federal student loan for your undergraduate education, you are the only borrower and your parents do not need to sign your MPN.

If a parent is borrowing a Direct PLUS Loan to help pay for your college education, however, they will need to sign an MPN. As with a student MPN, a parent needs to sign only a single MPN once every 10 years. The government can provide multiple loans based on one parent MPN.

How Long Does the Master Promissory Note Process Take?

According to the Department of Education, most people complete their Master Promissory Note online in less than 30 minutes. When you log into your account to fill out your MPN, keep in mind that the entire process must be completed in a single session, since you cannot save your progress.

The Takeaway

A student loan promissory note is a legally binding document in which the borrower agrees to repay the loan and any accrued interest and fees. The document also explains the terms and conditions of the loan, including fees, deferment options, and repayment plans. Federal student loan borrowers may be able to sign just one Master Promissory Note, which will cover all federal loans for a period of up to 10 years. Private lenders generally require a promissory note for each individual loan.

Understanding the terms and conditions laid out in your student promissory note will help you know what to expect when borrowing and ultimately repaying your student loans.

Looking to lower your monthly student loan payment? Refinancing may be one way to do it — by extending your loan term, getting a lower interest rate than what you currently have, or both. (Please note that refinancing federal loans makes them ineligible for federal forgiveness and protections. Also, lengthening your loan term may mean paying more in interest over the life of the loan.) SoFi student loan refinancing offers flexible terms that fit your budget.

With SoFi, refinancing is fast, easy, and all online. We offer competitive fixed and variable rates.

FAQ

Do you have to do a master promissory note every year?

No, you do not have to sign a Master Promissory Note (MPN) every year for federal student loans. Once signed, it’s typically valid for up to 10 years and allows you to borrow multiple loans under that same MPN. MPNs are also not school-specific so you can typically use the same MPN even if you transfer colleges.

How do you get your student promissory note?

For federal loans, you can complete your Master Promissory Note on the Federal student aid website. It takes about 30 minutes to fill out and two to three business days to process. You will then be able to access (and download) your student promissory note by logging into your account.

For private loans, you may be able to sign your promissory note online or you may need to print it out, sign it, and mail it to the lender. You’ll receive a copy of your promissory note along with your other loan materials.

How long does it take for a master promissory note to process?

Once you submit the Master Promissory Note (MPN) online, it usually takes about two to three business days for processing. This time frame allows for the U.S. Department of Education to verify your information and communicate with your school regarding the loan. After your MPN is processed, your school will credit the loan funds to your account, and you can check your loan status on the Federal Student Aid website.

How do I get a copy of the promissory note for my student loan?

You can get a copy of your signed Master Promissory Note (MPN) for federal student loans by logging into your account on StudentAid.gov using your FSA ID. Navigate to your loan documents to find the MPN. You can then view, download, or print a copy for your personal records.

With a private student loan, your lender will typically provide you with a copy of the promissory note, along with several other documents, when they finalize the loan. If you can’t locate a copy, you can reach out to your lender and ask them to send you one.

Do I have to pay my student loans if I drop out of college?

Yes, even if you drop out of college, you’re still required to repay your student loans. Once you’re no longer enrolled in school at least half-time, student loans typically enter a grace period, which is often six months. After that, repayment begins. Dropping out does not eliminate your obligation to repay the debt, and failure to make payments could lead to loan default.

Federal loans do offer some borrower protections, however. Options like deferment, forbearance, or income-driven repayment plans may help if you experience difficulty repaying your loans after leaving school. Some private lenders also offer assistance for borrowers who hit challenging times.

Will a student loan affect my credit score?

Yes, student loans directly affect your credit score. Once you take out a student loan, it becomes part of your credit report and, like other types of loans, can impact your payment history, length of your credit history, and credit mix. Making timely payments can help you build a positive credit history. However, missed or late payments can negatively affect your credit and score.

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SoFi Student Loan Refinance
SoFi Student Loans are originated by SoFi Bank, N.A. Member FDIC. NMLS #696891. (www.nmlsconsumeraccess.org). SoFi Student Loan Refinance Loans are private loans and do not have the same repayment options that the federal loan program offers, or may become available, such as Public Service Loan Forgiveness, Income-Based Repayment, Income-Contingent Repayment, PAYE or SAVE. Additional terms and conditions apply. Lowest rates reserved for the most creditworthy borrowers. For additional product-specific legal and licensing information, see SoFi.com/legal.

SoFi Loan Products
SoFi loans are originated by SoFi Bank, N.A., NMLS #696891 (Member FDIC). For additional product-specific legal and licensing information, see SoFi.com/legal. Equal Housing Lender.

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

External Websites: The information and analysis provided through hyperlinks to third-party websites, while believed to be accurate, cannot be guaranteed by SoFi. Links are provided for informational purposes and should not be viewed as an endorsement.

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