InvestHL Archives

Jan

2026

Everything You Need to Know About Taxes on Investment Income

By Anna Davies | Growing Wealth, invest, Investing | Comments Off

There are several ways investment income is taxed: You may be familiar with capital gains taxes — the taxes imposed when one sells an asset that has gained value — but it’s important to also understand the tax implications of dividends, interest, retirement account withdrawals, and more.

In some cases, for certain types of accounts, taxes are deferred until the money is withdrawn, but in general, tax rules apply to most investments in one way or another.

Being well aware of all the tax liabilities your investments hold can minimize headaches and help you avoid a surprise bill from the IRS. Being tax savvy can also help you plan ahead for different income streams in retirement, or for your estate.

Key Points

• Investment income is taxed through various forms including capital gains, dividends, and interest.

• Capital gains tax applies when assets are sold for a profit, with rates depending on the holding period.

• Dividends received from stocks are taxed either at ordinary income rates or qualified rates.

• Interest income from investments like bonds and savings accounts is taxed at ordinary income rates.

• The Net Investment Income Tax adds a 3.8% tax on investment income for high earners.

Types of Investment Income Tax

There are several types of investment income that can be taxed. These include:

• Dividends

• Capital Gains

• Interest Income

• Net Investment Income Tax (NIIT)

Taking a deeper look at each category can help you assess whether — and what — you may owe.

Tax on Dividends

Dividends are distributions that are sometimes paid to investors who hold a certain type of dividend-paying stock. Dividends are generally paid in cash, out of profits and earnings from a corporation.

• Most dividends are considered ordinary (or non-qualified) dividends by default, and these payouts are taxed at the investor’s income tax rate.

• Others, called qualified dividends because they meet certain IRS criteria, are typically taxed at a lower capital gains rate (more on that in the next section).

Generally, an investor should expect to receive form 1099-DIV from the corporation that paid them dividends, if the dividends amounted to more than $10 in a given tax year.

More About Capital Gains Tax

Capital gains are the profit an investor sees when an investment they hold gains value when they sell it. Capital gains taxes are the taxes levied on the net gain between purchase price and sell price.

For example, if you buy 100 shares of stock at $10 ($1,000 total) and the stock increases to $12 ($1,200), if you sell the stock and realize the $200 gain, you would owe taxes on that stock’s gain.

There are two types of capital gains taxes: Long-term capital gains and short-term capital gains. Short-term capital gains apply to investments held less than a year, and are taxed as ordinary income; long-term capital gains are held for longer than a year and are taxed at the capital-gains rate.

For 2025 and 2026, the long-term capital gains tax rates are typically no higher than 15% for most individuals. Some individuals may qualify for a 0% tax rate on capital gain — but only if their taxable income for the 2025 tax year is $96,700 or less (married filing jointly), or $48,350 or less for single filers and those who are married filing separately.

For the 2026 tax year, individuals may qualify for a 0% tax rate on long-term capital gains if their taxable income is $98,900 or less for those married and filing jointly, and $49,450 or less for single filers and those who are married and filing separately.

The opposite of capital gains are capital losses — when an asset loses value between purchase and sale. Sometimes, investors use losses as a way to offset tax on capital gains, a strategy known as tax-loss harvesting.

Capital losses can also be carried forward to future years, which is another strategy that can help lower an overall capital gains tax.

Capital gains and capital losses only become taxable once an investor has actually sold an asset. Until you actually trigger a sale, any movement in your portfolio is called unrealized gains and losses. Seeing unrealized gains in your portfolio may lead you to question when the right time is to sell, and what tax implications that sale might have. Talking through scenarios with a tax advisor may help spotlight potential avenues to mitigate tax burdens.

▶️ Watch the video: Unrealized Gains: Explained

Taxable Interest Income

Interest income on investments is taxable at an investor’s ordinary income level. This may be money generated as interest in brokerage accounts, or interest from assets such as CDs, bonds, Treasuries, and savings accounts.

One exception are investments in municipal (muni) bonds, which are exempted from federal taxes and may be exempt from state taxes if they are issued within the state you reside.

Interest income (including interest from your bank accounts) is reported on form 1099-INT from the IRS.

Tax-exempt accounts, such as a Roth IRA or 529 plan, and tax-deferred accounts, such as a 401(k) or traditional IRA, are not subject to interest taxes.

Net Investment Income Tax (NIIT)

The Net Investment Income Tax (NIIT), also sometimes referred to as the Medicare tax, is a 3.8% flat tax rate on investment income for taxpayers whose modified adjusted gross income (MAGI) is above a certain level — $200,000 for single filers; $250,000 for filers filing jointly. Per the IRS, this tax applies to investment income including, but not limited to: interest, dividends, capital gains, rental and royalty income, non-qualified annuities, and income from businesses involved in trading of financial instruments or commodities.

For taxpayers with a MAGI above the required thresholds, the tax is paid on the lesser of the taxpayer’s net investment income or the amount the taxpayer’s MAGI exceeds the MAGI threshold.

For example, if a taxpayer makes $150,000 in wages and earns $100,000 in investment income, including income from rental properties, their MAGI would be $250,000. This is $50,000 above the threshold, which means they would owe NIIT on $50,000. To calculate the exact amount the taxpayer would owe, one would take 3.8% of $50,000, or $1,900.

💡 Quick Tip: How long should you hold onto your investments? It can make a difference with your taxes. Profits from securities that you sell after a year or more are taxed at a lower capital gains rate. Learn more about investment taxes.

Tax-Efficient Investing

One way to mitigate the effects of investment income is to create a set of tax efficient investing strategies. These are strategies that may minimize the tax hit that you may experience from investments and may help you build your wealth. These strategies can include:

• Diversifying investments to include investments in both tax-deferred and tax-exempt accounts. An example of a tax-deferred account is a 401(k); an example of a tax-exempt account is a Roth IRA. Investing in both these vehicles may be a strategy for long-term growth as well as a way to ensure that you have taxable and non-taxable income in retirement.

Remember that accounts like traditional, SEP, and SIMPLE IRAs, as well as 401(k) plans and some other employer-sponsored accounts, are tax-deferred — meaning that you don’t pay taxes on your contributions the year you make them, but you almost always owe taxes whenever you withdraw these funds.

• Exploring tax-efficient investments. Some examples are municipal bonds, exchange-traded funds (ETFs), Treasury bonds, and stocks that don’t pay dividends.

• Considering tax implications of investment decisions. When selling assets, it can be helpful to keep taxes in mind. Some investors may choose to work with a tax professional to help offset taxes in the case of major capital gains or to assess different strategies that may have a lower tax hit.

The Takeaway

Investment gains, interest, dividends — almost any money you make from securities you sell — may be subject to tax. But the tax rules for different types of investment income vary, and you also need to consider the type of account the investments are in.

Underreporting or ignoring investment income can lead to tax headaches and may result in you underpaying your tax bill. That’s why it’s a good idea to keep track of your investment income, and be mindful of any profits, dividends, and interest that may need to be reported even if you didn’t sell any assets over the course of the year.

Some investors may find it helpful to work with a tax professional, who may help them see the full scope of their liabilities and become aware of potential investment strategies that might help them minimize their tax burden, especially in retirement. A tax professional should also be aware of any specific state tax rules regarding investment taxes.

Invest in what matters most to you with SoFi Active Invest. In a self-directed account provided by SoFi Securities, you can trade stocks, exchange-traded funds (ETFs), mutual funds, alternative funds, options, and more — all while paying $0 commission on every trade. Other fees may apply. Whether you want to trade after-hours or manage your portfolio using real-time stock insights and analyst ratings, you can invest your way in SoFi's easy-to-use mobile app.

Invest with as little as $5 with a SoFi Active Investing account.

Third-Party Brand Mentions: No brands, products, or companies mentioned are affiliated with SoFi, nor do they endorse or sponsor this article. Third-party trademarks referenced herein are property of their respective owners.

Tax Information: This article provides general background information only and is not intended to serve as legal or tax advice or as a substitute for legal counsel. You should consult your own attorney and/or tax advisor if you have a question requiring legal or tax advice.

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

INVESTMENTS ARE NOT FDIC INSURED • ARE NOT BANK GUARANTEED • MAY LOSE VALUE

SOIN0224021
CN-Q425-3236452-101

Jan

2026

Stock Buyback: Why Do Companies Buy Back Stocks?

By Michael Flannelly | Growing Wealth, invest, Investing, Terminology | No Comments

Table of Contents

What Is A Stock Buyback?
How Do Companies Buy Back Stock?
Why Do Companies Buy Back Stock?
What Happens to Repurchased Stock?
The Pros and Cons of a Stock Buyback for Investors
FAQ

One of the most popular ways a company can use its cash is through a stock buyback. Over the past five years, according to S&P Dow Jones Indices, big companies have spent trillions repurchasing their own shares to boost shareholder value. Because of this significant activity, investors need to know the basics of stock buybacks and how they work to feel confident in making investment decisions.

Key Points

• Stock buybacks reduce the number of outstanding shares, increasing ownership value for remaining shareholders.

• Companies execute buybacks via open market purchases or tender offers, often at a premium.

• Buybacks can enhance financial ratios and investor returns, potentially making the company more attractive.

• Tax benefits may arise from capital gains rates, which are typically lower than income tax rates on ordinary dividends.

• Potential drawbacks could include opportunity costs, since the capital used to buy back stock could alternatively be spent on growth, as well as the potential for the share price to fall instead of rise.

What Is A Stock Buyback?

A stock buyback, also known as a share repurchase, is when a company buys a portion of its previously issued stock, reducing the total number of outstanding shares on the market. Because there are fewer total shares on the market after the buyback, each share owned by investors represents a greater portion of company ownership.

How Do Companies Buy Back Stock?

Companies can repurchase stock from investors through the open market or a tender offer.

Open Market

A company may buy back shares on the open market at the current market price, just like a regular investor would. These stock purchases are conducted with the company’s brokers.

Tender Offers

A company may also buy back shares through a tender offer. One type of tender offer, the fixed-price offer, occurs when a company proposes buying back shares from investors at a fixed price on a specific date. This process usually values the shares at a higher price than the current price per share on the open market, providing an extra benefit to shareholders who agree to sell back the shares.

Another type of tender offer, the dutch auction offer, will specify to investors the number of shares the company hopes to repurchase and a price range. Shareholders can then counter with their own proposals, which would include the number of shares they’re willing to give up and the price they’re asking. When the company has all of the shareholders’ offers, it decides the right mix to buy to keep its costs as low as possible.

Why Do Companies Buy Back Stock?

Stock buybacks are one of several things a company can do with the cash it has in its coffers, including paying the money out to shareholders as a dividend, reinvesting in business operations, acquiring another company, and paying off debt. There are several reasons why a company chooses to buy back its stock rather than some of these other options.

1. Potentially Increases Stock Value

One of the most common reasons a company might conduct a share buyback is to increase the value of the stock, especially if the company considers its shares undervalued. By reducing the supply of shares on the market, the stock price will theoretically go up as long as the demand for the stock remains the same. The rising stock price benefits existing shareholders.

2. It Could Put Money Into Shareholders’ Hands

A company’s stock buyback program can be used as an alternative to dividend payments to return cash to shareholders, specifically those investors who choose to sell back their shares to the company. With dividend payments, companies usually pay them regularly to all shareholders, so investors may not like it if a company reduces or suspends a dividend. Stock buybacks, in contrast, are conducted on a more flexible basis that may benefit the company because investors do not rely on the payments.

3. Takes Advantage of Tax Benefits

Many investors prefer that companies use excess cash to repurchase stock rather than pay out dividends because buybacks may have fewer direct tax implications. With dividends, investors must pay taxes on the payout. But with stock buybacks, investors benefit from rising share prices but do not have to pay a tax on this benefit until they sell the stocks. And even when they sell the stock, they usually pay a lower capital gains tax rate.

4. Offsets Dilution From Stock Options

Companies will often offer employee stock options as a part of compensation packages to their employees. When these employees exercise their stock, the number of shares outstanding increases. To maintain an ideal number of outstanding shares after employees exercise their options, a company may buy back shares from the market.

5. Improves Financial Ratios

Another way stock buybacks attract more investors is by making the company’s financial ratios look much more attractive. Because the repurchases decrease assets on the balance sheet and reduce the number of outstanding shares, it can make financial ratios like earnings per share (EPS), the price-to-earnings ratio (PE Ratio), and return on equity (ROE) look more attractive to investors.

What Happens to Repurchased Stock?

When a company repurchases stock, the shares will either be listed as treasury stock or the shares will be retired.

Treasury stocks are the shares repurchased by the issuing company, reducing the number of outstanding shares on the open market. The treasury stock remains on its balance sheet, though it reduces the total shareholder equity.

Shares that are listed as treasury stock are no longer included in EPS calculations, do not receive dividends, and are not part of the shareholder voting process. However, the treasury stock is still considered issued and, therefore, can be reissued by the company through stock dividends, employee compensation, or capital raising.

In contrast, retired shares are canceled and cannot be reissued by the company.

💡 Quick Tip: How to manage potential risk factors in a self-directed investment account? Doing your research and employing strategies like dollar-cost averaging and diversification may help mitigate financial risk when trading stocks.

The Pros and Cons of a Stock Buyback for Investors

When a company announces a stock buyback, investors may wonder what it means for their investment. Stock buybacks have pros and cons worth considering depending on the company’s underlying reasoning for the share repurchase and the investor’s goal.

Pros of a Stock Buyback

There are some potential pros to a stock buyback.

Tender Offer Premium

Investors who accept the company’s tender offer could have an opportunity to sell the stock at a greater value than the market price.

Potential For an Increased Total Return

Investors who hold onto the stock after a buyback will likely see a higher share price since fewer outstanding shares are on the market. Plus, each share now represents a more significant portion of company ownership, which may mean an investor will see higher dividend payments over time. A higher stock price and increased dividend boosts an investor’s total return on investment.

Tax Benefits

As mentioned above, a stock buyback might also mean a lower overall tax burden for an investor, depending on how long the investor owned the stock. Money earned through a stock market buyback is taxed at the capital gains tax rate. If the company issued a dividend instead of buying back shares, the dividends would be taxed as regular income, typically at a higher rate.

Cons of a Stock Buyback

Buybacks also have some potential drawbacks.

Other Potential Uses for Cash

As mentioned above, when companies have cash, they can either reinvest in business operations, acquire a company, pay down debt, pay out a dividend, or buy back stock. Engaging in a share repurchase can starve the business of money needed in other areas, such as research and development or investment into new products and facilities. This hurts investors by boosting share price in the short term at the expense of the company’s long-term prospects.

Poor Timing

Companies may sometimes perform a stock buyback when their stocks are overvalued. Like regular investors, companies want to buy the stock when the shares are valued at an attractive price. If the company buys at a high stock price, it could be a bad investment when the company could have spent the money elsewhere.

Buybacks Could Benefit Executives, Not Shareholders

Stock buybacks might also be a convenient tactic to benefit company executives, who are often compensated by way of stock options. Also, some executives earn bonuses for increasing key financial ratios like earnings per share, so buying back stock to improve those ratios potentially benefits insiders and not all shareholders.

It’s also worth noting that as a part of the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022, some stock buybacks executed by public companies incur an excise tax of 1%, effectively making them more expensive.

The Takeaway

Like almost everything else to do with the stock market, the benefits and drawbacks of stock buybacks aren’t exactly straightforward. Investors need to ask themselves a few questions when analyzing the share repurchases of a company, like “why is the company conducting the buyback?” and “does the company have a history of delivering good returns?” Answering these questions can help investors decide whether a stock buyback is the best thing for a company.

Opening and funding an Active Invest account gives you the opportunity to get up to $1,000 in the stock of your choice.¹

FAQ

Is a stock buyback positive or negative?

Stock buybacks have advantages and disadvantages for investors and companies. For instance, buybacks may increase the stock value and increase dividend payments to shareholders over time. However, stock buybacks may not be the best way for a company to spend its money in the long-term, and they may potentially benefit company executives more than shareholders.

When should a company do a stock buyback?

A company may do a stock buyback when it has the cash available and wants to increase the value of the stock, improve financial ratios, consolidate ownership, or drive demand for the stock.

Do I lose my shares in a buyback?

You won’t lose your shares in a buyback unless you want to sell them. The way a buyback works is that a company buys back stock from any investors who want to sell it. But you are under no obligation to sell your stock back to the company — it’s up to you whether to keep your stock or sell it back.

INVESTMENTS ARE NOT FDIC INSURED • ARE NOT BANK GUARANTEED • MAY LOSE VALUE

SoFi Invest is a trade name used by SoFi Wealth LLC and SoFi Securities LLC offering investment products and services. Robo investing and advisory services are provided by SoFi Wealth LLC, an SEC-registered investment adviser. Brokerage and self-directed investing products offered through SoFi Securities LLC, Member FINRA/SIPC.

For disclosures on SoFi Invest platforms visit SoFi.com/legal. For a full listing of the fees associated with Sofi Invest please view our fee schedule.

Investment Risk: Diversification can help reduce some investment risk. It cannot guarantee profit, or fully protect in a down market.

Dollar Cost Averaging (DCA): Dollar cost averaging is an investment strategy that involves regularly investing a fixed amount of money, regardless of market conditions. This approach can help reduce the impact of market volatility and lower the average cost per share over time. However, it does not guarantee a profit or protect against losses in declining markets. Investors should consider their financial goals, risk tolerance, and market conditions when deciding whether to use dollar cost averaging. Past performance is not indicative of future results. You should consult with a financial advisor to determine if this strategy is appropriate for your individual circumstances.

S&P 500 Index: The S&P 500 Index is a market-capitalization-weighted index of 500 leading publicly traded companies in the U.S. It is not an investment product, but a measure of U.S. equity performance. Historical performance of the S&P 500 Index does not guarantee similar results in the future. The historical return of the S&P 500 Index shown does not include the reinvestment of dividends or account for investment fees, expenses, or taxes, which would reduce actual returns.
Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

¹Probability of Member receiving $1,000 is a probability of 0.026%; If you don’t make a selection in 45 days, you’ll no longer qualify for the promo. Customer must fund their account with a minimum of $50.00 to qualify. Probability percentage is subject to decrease. See full terms and conditions.
Tax Information: This article provides general background information only and is not intended to serve as legal or tax advice or as a substitute for legal counsel. You should consult your own attorney and/or tax advisor if you have a question requiring legal or tax advice.

SOIN-Q425-025

Dec

2025

What Is a Money Purchase Pension Plan (MPPP)? How Is It Different From a 401(k)?

By Rebecca Lake | invest, Investing, Preparing for Retirement | Comments Off

Table of Contents

What Is a Money Purchase Pension Plan?
What Are the Money Purchase Pension Plan Contribution Limits?
The Pros and Cons of Money Purchase Pension Plans
Money Purchase Pension Plan vs 401(k)
FAQ

A money purchase pension plan or MPPP is an employer-sponsored retirement plan that requires employers to contribute money on behalf of employees each year. The plan itself defines the amount the employer must contribute. Employees may also have the option to make contributions from their pay.

Money purchase pension plans have some similarities to more commonly used retirement plans such as 401(k)s, traditional pension plans, and corporate profit-sharing plans. If you have access to a MPPP plan at work, it’s important to understand how it works and where it might fit into your overall retirement strategy.

Key Points

• A Money Purchase Pension Plan (MPPP) is an employer-sponsored retirement plan in which employers make fixed, pre-determined contributions to the plan on behalf of all employees.

• MPPP contribution limits are $70,000 annually in 2025, or 25% of compensation, whichever is less.

• Contributions to MPPPs grow tax-free for employees and are tax-deductible for employers.

• MPPP distribution options include a lifetime annuity and a lump sum distribution.

• MPPP advantages include large account balances and tax benefits, but disadvantages include no hardship withdrawals and no catch-up contributions.

What Is a Money Purchase Pension Plan?

Money purchase pension plans are a type of defined contribution plan. That means they don’t guarantee a set benefit amount at retirement. Instead, these retirement plans allow employers and/or employees to contribute money up to annual contribution limits.

Like other retirement accounts, participants can make withdrawals when they reach their retirement age, which can be an important part of their retirement planning. In the meantime, the account value can increase or decrease based on investment gains or losses.

Money purchase pension plans require the employer to make predetermined fixed contributions to the plan on behalf of all eligible employees. The company must make these contributions on an annual basis as long as the plan is maintained.

Contributions to a money purchase plan grow on a tax-deferred basis. Employees do not have to make contributions to the plan, but they can choose to do so.

What Are the Money Purchase Pension Plan Contribution Limits?

Each money purchase plan determines what its own contribution limits are, though the amount can’t exceed maximum limits set by the IRS. For example, an employer’s plan may specify that they must contribute 5% or 10% of each employee’s pay into that employee’s MPPP plan account.

Annual money purchase plan contribution limits are similar to SEP IRA contribution limits.

For 2025, the maximum contribution allowed is the lesser of:

25% of the employee’s compensation, OR

$70,000

For 2026, the maximum contribution amount allowed is the lesser of:

25% of the employee’s compensation, OR

$72,000

The IRS routinely adjusts the contribution limits for money purchase pension plans and other qualified retirement accounts based on inflation. The amount of money an employee will have in their money purchase plan upon retirement depends on the amount that their employer contributed on their behalf, the amount the employee contributed, and how their investments performed. Your account balance may be one factor in determining when you can retire.

Rules for money purchase plan distributions are the same as other qualified plans — you can begin withdrawing money penalty-free starting at age 59 ½. If you take out money before that, you may owe an early withdrawal penalty.

Like a pension plan, money purchase pension plans must offer the option to receive distributions as a lifetime annuity. Money purchase plans can also offer other distribution options, including a lump sum. Participants do not pay taxes on their accounts until they begin making withdrawals.

The Pros and Cons of Money Purchase Pension Plans

Money purchase pension plans have some benefits, but there are also some drawbacks that participants should keep in mind.

Pros of Money Purchase Plans

Here are some of the advantages for employees and employers who have a money purchase pension plan.

• Tax benefits. For employers, contributions made on behalf of their workers are tax deductible. Contributions grow tax-free for employees, allowing them to defer taxes on investment growth until they begin withdrawing the money.

• Loan access. Employees may be able to take loans against their account balances if the plan permits it.

• Potential for large balances. Given the relatively high contribution limits, employees may be able to accumulate account balances higher than they would with a 401(k) retirement plan, depending on their pay and the percentage their employer contributes on their behalf.

• Reliable income in retirement. When employees retire and begin drawing down their account, the regular monthly payments through a lifetime annuity may help with budgeting and planning.

Disadvantages of Money Purchase Pension Plan

Most of the disadvantages associated with money purchase pension plans impact employers rather than employees.

• Expensive to maintain. The administrative and overhead costs of maintaining a money purchase plan can be higher than those associated with other types of defined contribution plans.

• Heavy financial burden. Since contributions in a money purchase plan are required (unlike the optional employer contributions to a 401(k)), a company could run into issues in years when cash flow is lower.

• Vesting schedules may be long. Employees who leave the company before they are fully vested in an MPPP may forfeit some or all of their employer’s contributions.

• No catch-up contributions for older employees. Unlike a 401(k), employees ages 50 and up do not have the option to make an additional annual catch-up contribution to an MPPP.

Money Purchase Pension Plan vs 401(k)

The main differences between a pension vs 401(k) have to do with their funding and the way the distributions work. In a money purchase plan, the employer provides the funding with optional employee contribution.

With a 401(k), employees fund accounts with elective salary deferrals and optional employer contributions. For both types of plans, the employer may implement a vesting schedule that determines when the employee can keep all of the employer’s contributions if they leave the company. Employee contributions always vest immediately.

The total annual contribution limits (including both employer and employee contributions) for these defined contribution plans are the same, at $70,000 for 2025 and $72,000 for 2026. But 401(k) plans allow for catch-up contributions made by employees aged 50 or older.

For 2025, the employee contribution limit is $23,500, while those aged 50+ can make an extra catch-up contribution of up to $7,500. For 2026, the employee contribution limit is $24,500, while those aged 50+ can make an extra catch-up contribution of up to $8,000. In both 2025 and 2026, those aged 60 to 63 can make a catch-up contribution of up to $11,250 (instead of $7,500 and $8,000, respectively), thanks to a SECURE 2.0 provision.

Both plans may or may not allow for loans, and it’s possible to roll amounts held in a money purchase pension plan or a 401(k) over into a new qualified plan or an Individual Retirement Account (IRA) if you change jobs or retire.

Employees may also be able to take hardship withdrawals from a 401(k) if they meet certain conditions, but the IRS does not allow hardship withdrawals from a money purchase pension plan.

Here’s a side-by-side comparison of a MPPP and a 401(k):

	MPPP Plan	401(k) Plan
Funded by	Employer contributions, with employee contributions optional	Employee salary deferrals, with employer matching contributions optional
Tax status	Contributions are tax-deductible for employers, growth is tax-deferred for employees	Contributions are tax-deductible for employers and employees, growth is tax-deferred for employees
Contribution limits (2025 & 2026)	For 2025, lesser of 25% of employee’s pay or $70,000 For 2026, lesser of 25% of employee’s pay or $72,000	For 2025, $23,500, with catch-up contribution of $7,500 for employees 50 or older, and $11,250 SECURE 2.0 catch-up for those 60 to 63 For 2026, $24,500, with catch-up contribution of $8,000 for employees 50 or older, and $11,250 SECURE 2.0 catch-up for those 60 to 63
Catch-up contributions allowed	No	Yes, for employers 50 and older
Loans permitted	Yes, if the plan allows	Yes, if the plan allows
Hardship withdrawals	No	Yes, if the plan allows
Vesting	Determined by the employer	Determined by the employer

The Takeaway

Money purchase pension plans can be a valuable tool for employees to reach their retirement goals. They’re similar to 401(k)s, but there are some important differences.

Whether you save for retirement in a money purchase pension plan, a 401(k), or another type of account, the most important thing is to get started. The sooner you begin saving for retirement, the more time your money will potentially have to grow.

Prepare for your retirement with an individual retirement account (IRA). It’s easy to get started when you open a traditional or Roth IRA with SoFi. Whether you prefer a hands-on self-directed IRA through SoFi Securities or an automated robo IRA with SoFi Wealth, you can build a portfolio to help support your long-term goals while gaining access to tax-advantaged savings strategies.

Easily manage your retirement savings with a SoFi IRA.

🛈 While SoFi does not offer pension plans or 401(k) plans, we do offer a range of Individual Retirement Accounts (IRAs).

FAQ

What is a pension money purchase plan?

A money purchase pension plan or money purchase plan is a defined contribution plan that allows employers to save money on behalf of their employees. These plans are similar to profit-sharing plans, and companies may offer them alongside a 401(k) plan as part of an employee’s retirement benefits package.

Can I cash in my money purchase pension?

You can cash in a money purchase pension at retirement in place of receiving lifetime annuity payments. Otherwise, early withdrawals from a money purchase pension plan are typically not permitted, and if you do take money early, taxes and penalties may apply. However, if you leave your job, you can roll over the amount of money for which you are fully vested into an IRA or a new employer’s 401(k).

Is a final salary pension for life?

A final salary pension is a defined benefit plan. Unlike a defined contribution plan, defined benefit plans pay out a set amount of money at retirement, typically based on your earnings and number of years of service. Final salary pensions can be paid as a lump sum or as a lifetime annuity, meaning you get paid for the remainder of your life.

Photo credit: iStock/ferrantraite

INVESTMENTS ARE NOT FDIC INSURED • ARE NOT BANK GUARANTEED • MAY LOSE VALUE

SOIN-Q325-104
CN-Q425-3236452-94

Dec

2025

What Is 401(k) Auto Escalation?

By Austin Kilham | Growing Wealth, invest, Investing, Preparing for Retirement | Comments Off

One way to ensure you’re steadily working toward your retirement goals is to automate as much of the process as possible. Some employers streamline the retirement savings process for their employees with automatic enrollment, signing you up for a retirement plan unless you choose to opt out.

There are many ways to automate a 401(k) experience at every step of the way. You can have contributions taken directly from your paycheck before they ever hit your bank account and invest them right away. With automatic deductions, you’re more likely to save for your future rather than spending on immediate needs.

In some cases, you may also be able to automatically increase the amount you save. Some employers also offer a 401(k) auto escalation option that could increase your retirement savings amount as you get older. Here’s a closer look at how 401(k) auto escalation works and how it may help you on your way to your retirement goals.

Key Points

• 401(k) auto escalation automatically increases contributions at regular intervals until a preset maximum is reached.

• The SECURE Act allows auto escalation up to 15% of an employee’s salary.

• Auto escalation helps employees save more for retirement without needing to adjust contributions manually.

• Employers benefit from auto escalation by attracting and retaining talent and possibly reducing payroll taxes.

• Employees should assess if auto escalation aligns with their financial capabilities and retirement goals.

401(k) Recap

A 401(k) is a defined contribution plan offered through your employer. It allows employees to contribute some of their wages directly from their paycheck. Contributions are made with pre-tax money, which may reduce taxable income in the year they are made, providing an immediate tax benefit.

In 2025, employees can contribute up to $23,500 a year to their 401(k), and in 2026, they can contribute up to $24,500. Those aged 50 and older can contribute an extra $7,500 in 2025 and $8,000 in 2026, bringing their potential contribution total to $31,000 in 2025 and $32,500 in 2026. For both 2025 and 2026, those aged 60 to 63 may contribute up to an additional $11,250, instead of $7,500 and $8,000 respectively, thanks to SECURE 2.0.

For many individuals, the goal is to eventually max out a 401(k) up to the contribution limit. Employers may offer matching funds to help encourage employees to save. Individuals should aim to contribute at least enough to meet their employer’s match, in order to get that “free money” from their employer to invest in their future.

💡 Quick Tip: Did you know that you must choose the investments in your IRA? Once you open an IRA account and start saving, you get to decide which mutual funds, ETFs, or other investments you want — it’s totally up to you.

How 401(k) Auto Escalation Works

An auto escalation is a 401(k) feature that automatically increases your contribution at regular intervals by a set amount until a preset maximum is achieved. The SECURE Act, signed into law in 2019, allows auto escalation programs to raise contributions up to 15%. Before then, the cap on default contributions was 10% for auto escalation programs.

For example, you may choose to set your auto escalation rate to raise your contributions by 1% each year. Once you hit that 15% ceiling, auto escalation will cease. However, you can still choose to increase the amount you are saving on your own beyond that point.

Advantages of 401(k) Auto Escalation

When it comes to auto escalation programs, there are important factors to consider — for employees as well as for employers who sponsor the 401(k) plan.

Advantages for Employees

• Auto escalation is one more way to automate savings for retirement, so that it is always prioritized.

• Auto escalation may increase the amount employees save for retirement more than they would on their own.

• Employees don’t have to remember to make or increase contributions themselves until they reach the auto escalation cap.

• Increasing tax-deferred contributions may help reduce an employee’s tax burden.

Advantages for Sponsors

Employers who offer auto escalation may find it helps with both employee quality and retention as well as with reducing taxes.

• Auto escalation provides a benefit that may help attract top talent.

• It helps put employees on track to automatically save, which may increase retention and contribute to their sense of financial well-being.

• It reduces employer payroll taxes, because escalated funds are contributed pre-tax by employees.

• It may generate tax credits or deductions for employers. For example, matching contributions may be tax deductible.

• As assets under management increase, 401(k) companies may offer lower administration fees or even the ability to offer additional services to participants.

Disadvantages of 401(k) Auto Escalation

While there are undoubtedly benefits to 401(k) auto escalation, there are also some potential downsides to consider.

Disadvantages for Employees

Even on autopilot, it can be important to review contributions so as to avoid these disadvantages.

• Auto escalation may lull employees into a false sense of security. Even if they’re increasing their savings each year, if their default rate was too low to begin with, they may not be saving enough to meet their retirement goals.

• If an employee experiences a pay freeze or hasn’t received a raise in a number of years, auto escalation will mean 401(k) contributions represent an increasingly larger proportion of take-home pay.

Disadvantages for Sponsors

Employers may want to consider these potential downsides before offering 401(k) auto escalation.

• Auto escalation requires proper administrative oversight to ensure that each employee’s escalation amounts are correct — and it may be time-consuming and costly to fix mistakes.

• This option may increase the need to communicate with 401(k) record keepers.

• Auto escalation may cause employer contribution amounts to rise.

Is 401(k) Auto Escalation Right for You?

If your employer offers auto escalation, first determine your goals for retirement. Consider whether or not your current savings rate will help you achieve those goals and whether escalation could increase the likelihood that you will.

Also decide whether you can afford to increase your contributions. Perhaps your default rate is already set high enough that you are maxing out your retirement savings budget. In this case, auto escalation might land you in a financial bind.

However, if you have room in your budget, or you expect your income to grow each year, auto escalation may help ensure that your retirement savings continue to grow as well.

If your employer does not offer auto escalation, or you choose to opt out, consider using pay raises as an opportunity to change your 401(k) contributions yourself.

The Takeaway

A 401(k) is one of many tools available to help you save for retirement — and auto escalation can help you increase your contributions regularly without any additional thought or effort on your part.

If you’ve maxed out your 401(k) or you’re looking for a retirement account with more flexible options, you might want to consider a traditional or Roth IRA. Both types of IRAs offer tax-advantaged retirement savings.

Help grow your nest egg with a SoFi IRA.

FAQ

Is 401(k) auto enrollment legal?

Yes, automatic enrollment allows employers to automatically deduct 401(k) contributions from an employee’s paycheck unless they have expressly communicated that they wish to opt out of the retirement plan.

What is automatic deferral increase?

Automatic deferral increase is essentially the same as auto escalation. It automatically increases the amount that you are saving by a set amount at regular intervals.

Can a company move your 401(k) without your permission?

Your 401(k) can be moved without your permission by a former employer if the 401(k) has a balance of $5,000 or less.

Photo credit: iStock/Halfpoint

Third-Party Brand Mentions: No brands, products, or companies mentioned are affiliated with SoFi, nor do they endorse or sponsor this article. Third-party trademarks referenced herein are property of their respective owners.

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

Tax Information: This article provides general background information only and is not intended to serve as legal or tax advice or as a substitute for legal counsel. You should consult your own attorney and/or tax advisor if you have a question requiring legal or tax advice.

INVESTMENTS ARE NOT FDIC INSURED • ARE NOT BANK GUARANTEED • MAY LOSE VALUE

SOIN0124073
CN-Q425-3236452-72

Dec

2025

How Much Should I Contribute to My 401(k)?

By AJ Smith | Growing Wealth, Investing, Life & Career, Preparing for Retirement | No Comments

Once you set up your retirement plan at work, the next natural question is: How much to contribute to a 401(k)? While there’s no ironclad answer for how much to save in your employer-sponsored plan, there are some important guidelines that can help you set aside the amount that’s right for you, such as the tax implications, your employer match (if there is one), the stage of your career, your own retirement goals, and more.

Here’s what you need to think about when deciding how much to contribute to your 401(k).

Key Points

• Determining the right 401(k) contribution involves considering tax implications, employer matches, career stage, and personal retirement goals.

• The contribution limits for a 401(k) are $23,500 in 2025 and $24,500 in 2026 for those under age 50. Those aged 50 and over can make an additional catch-up contribution.

• Early career contributions might be lower, but capturing any employer match is beneficial.

• Mid-career individuals should aim to increase their contributions annually, even by small percentages.

• Approaching retirement, maximizing contributions and utilizing catch-up provisions can significantly impact savings.

401(k) Contribution Limits for 2025 and 2026

Like most tax-advantaged retirement plans, 401(k) plans come with caps on how much you can contribute. The IRS puts restrictions on the amount that you, the employee, can save in your 401(k); plus there is a cap on total employee-plus-employer contributions.

For tax year 2025, the contribution limit is $23,500, with an additional $7,500 catch-up provision for those 50 and older, for a total of $31,000. The combined employer-plus-employee contribution limit for 2025 is $70,000 ($77,500 with the catch-up amount).

Also in 2025, there is an extra 401(k) catch-up for those aged 60 to 63. Thanks to SECURE 2.0, these individuals can contribute up to $11,250 instead of the standard catch-up of $7,500, for a total of $81,250.

The limits go up for tax year 2026 The 401(k) contribution limit in 2026 is $24,500, with an additional $8,000 catch-up provision for those 50 and older, for a total of $32,500. The combined employer-plus-employee contribution limit for 2026 is $72,000 ($80,000 with the catch-up amount).

Again in 2026, there is the extra 401(k) SECURE 2.0 catch-up for those aged 60 to 63. These individuals can contribute up to $11,250 instead of the standard catch-up of $8,000, for a total of $83,250.

401(k) Contribution Limits 2025 vs 2026

	2025	2026
Basic contribution	$23,500	$24,500
Catch-up contribution	$7,500 (ages 50-59, 64+) $11,250 (ages 60-63)	$8,000 (ages 50-59, 64+) $11,250 (ages 60-63)
Total + catch-up	$31,000	$32,500
Employer + Employee maximum contribution	$70,000	$72,000
Employer + employee max + catch-up	$77,500 (ages 50-59, 64+) $81,250 (ages 60-63)	$80,000 (ages 50-59, 64+) $83,250 (ages 60-63)

💡 Quick Tip: How much does it cost to set up an IRA account? Often there are no fees to open an IRA, but you typically pay investment costs for the securities in your portfolio.

How Much Should You Put Toward a 401(k)?

Next you may be thinking, now I know the retirement contribution limits, but how much should I contribute to my 401(k)? Here are some guidelines to keep in mind as you’re deciding on your contribution amount.

When You’re Starting Out in Your Career

At this stage, you may be starting out with a lower salary and you also likely have commitments to pay for, like rent, food, and maybe student loans. So you may decide to contribute a smaller amount to your 401(k). If you can, however, contribute enough to get the employer match, if your employer offers one.

Here’s how it works: Some employers offer a matching contribution, where they “match” part of the amount you’re saving and add that to your 401(k) account. A common employer match might be 50% up to the first 6% you save.

In that scenario, let’s say your salary is $100,000 and your employer matches 50% of the first 6% you contribute to your 401(k). If you contribute up to the matching amount, you get the full employer contribution. It’s essentially “free” money, as they say.

To give an example, if you contribute 6% of your $100,000 salary to your 401(k), that’s $6,000 per year. Your employer’s match of 50% of that first 6%, or $6,000, comes to $3,000 for a total of $9,000.

As You Move Up in Your Career

At this stage of life you likely have a lot of financial obligations such as a mortgage, car payments, and possibly child care. It may be tough to also save for retirement, but it’s important not to fall behind. Try to contribute a little more to your 401(k) each year if you can — even 1% more annually can make a difference.

That means if you’re contributing 6% this year, next year contribute 7%. And the year after that bump up your contribution to 8%, and so on until you reach the maximum amount you can contribute. Some 401(k) plans have an auto escalation option that will automate the extra savings for you, to make the process even easier and more seamless. Check your plan to see if it has such a feature.

As You Get Closer to Retirement

Once you reach age 50, you’ll likely want to figure out how much you might need for retirement so you have a specific goal to aim for. To help reach your goal, consider maxing out your 401(k) at this time and also make catch-up contributions if necessary.

Maxing out your 401(k) means contributing the full amount allowed. For 2025, that’s $23,500 for those under age 50, and in 2026, it’s $24,500 for those under age 50.. If, at 50, you haven’t been contributing as much as you wish you had in previous years, you can also contribute the catch-up contribution of $7,500 in 2025 and $8,000 in 2026. So you’d be saving $31,000 in 2025 and $32,500 in 2026. And if you are aged 60 to 63, you can contribute an additional catch-up of $11,250 in 2025 and 2026, instead of $7,500 in 2025, for a total of $81,250, and instead of $8,000 in 2026, for a total of $83,250. With the potential of compounding returns, maxing out your 401(k) until you reach full retirement age of 67 could go a long way to helping you achieve financial security in retirement.

The Impact of Contributing More Over Time

The earlier you start saving for retirement, the more time your money will potentially have to grow, thanks to the power of compounding returns, as mentioned above.

In addition, by increasing your 401(k) contributions each year, even by just 1% annually, the savings could really add up. For instance, consider a 35-year-old making $60,000 who contributes 1% more each year until their full retirement age of 67. Assuming a 5.5% annual return and a modest regular increase in salary, they could potentially save more than an additional $85,000 for retirement.

That’s just an example, but you get the idea. Increasing your savings even by a modest amount over the years may be a powerful tool in helping you realize your retirement goals.

Factors That May Impact Your Decision

In addition to the general ideas above for the different stages of your life and career, it’s also wise to think about taxes, your employer contribution, your own goals, and more when deciding how much to contribute to your 401(k).

1. The Tax Effect

The key fact to remember about 401(k) plans is that they are tax-deferred accounts, and they are considered qualified retirement plans under ERISA (Employment Retirement Income Security Act) rules.

That means: The money you set aside is typically deducted from your paycheck pre-tax, and it grows in the account tax free — but you pay taxes on any money you withdraw. (In most cases, you’ll withdraw the money for retirement expenses, but there are some cases where you might have to take an early 401(k) withdrawal. In either case, you’ll owe taxes on those distributions.)

The tax implications are important here because the money you contribute effectively reduces your taxable income for that year, and potentially lowers your tax bill.

Let’s imagine that you’re earning $120,000 per year, and you’re able to save the full $23,500 allowed by the IRS for 2025. Your taxable income would be reduced from $120,000 to $96,500, thus putting you in a lower tax bracket. And if you saved the full $24,500 allowed for 2026, your taxable income would be reduced to $95,500, again putting you in a lower tax bracket.

2. Your Earning Situation

One rule-of-thumb is to save at least 10% of your annual income for retirement. So if you earn $100,000, you’d aim to set aside at least $10,000. But 10% is only a general guideline. In some cases, depending on your income and other factors, 10% may not be enough to get you on track for a secure retirement, and you may want to aim for more than that to make sure your savings will last given the cost of living longer.

For instance, consider the following:

• Are you the sole or primary household earner?

• Are you saving for your retirement alone, or for your spouse’s/partner’s retirement as well?

• When do you and your spouse/partner want to retire?

If you are the primary earner, and the amount you’re saving is meant to cover retirement for two, that’s a different equation than if you were covering just your own retirement. In this case, you might want to save more than 10%.

However, if you’re not the primary earner and/or your spouse also has a retirement account, setting aside 10% might be adequate. For example, if the two of you are each saving 10%, for a combined 20% of your gross income, that may be sufficient for your retirement needs.

All of this should be considered in light of when you hope to retire, as that deadline would also impact how much you might save as well as how much you might need to spend.

3. Your Retirement Goals

What sort of retirement do you envision for yourself? Even if you’re years away from retirement, it’s a good idea to sit down and imagine what your later years might look like. These retirement dreams and goals can inform the amount you want to save.

Goals may include thoughts of travel, moving to another country, starting your own small business, offering financial help to your family, leaving a legacy, and more.

You may also want to consider health factors, as health costs and the need for long-term care can be a big expense as you age.

4. Do You Have Debt?

It can be hard to prioritize saving if you have debt. You may want to pay off your debt as quickly as possible, then turn your attention toward saving for the future.

The reality is, though, that debt and savings are both priorities and need to be balanced. It’s not ideal to put one above the other, but rather to find ways to keep saving even small amounts as you work to get out of debt.

Then, as you pay down the money you owe — whether from credit cards or student loans or another source — you can take the cash that frees up and add that to your savings.

The Takeaway

Many people wonder how much to contribute to a 401(k). There are a number of factors that will influence your decision. First, there are the contribution limits imposed by the IRS. In 2025, the maximum contribution you can make to your 401(k) is $23,500, plus an additional $7,500 catch-up contribution if you’re 50 and up. In 2026, you can contribute a maximum of $24,500, plus an additional $8,000 catch-up contribution if you’re 50 or older. And if you are aged 60 to 63, in 2025 and 2026, you can contribute up to $11,250 instead of $7,500, and $8,000 respectively, thanks to SECURE 2.0.

While few people can start their 401(k) journey by saving quite that much, it’s wise, if possible, to contribute enough to get your employer’s match early in your career, then bump up your contribution amounts at the midpoint of your career, and max out your contributions as you draw closer to retirement, if you can.

Another option is follow a common guideline and save 10% of your income beginning as soon as you can swing it. From there, you can work up to saving the max. And remember, you don’t have to limit your savings to your 401(k). You may also be able to save in other retirement vehicles, like a traditional IRA or Roth IRA.

Of course, a main determination of the amount you need to save is what your goals are for the future. By contemplating what you want and need to spend money on now, and the quality of life you’d like when you’re older, you can make the decisions that are best for you.

Help grow your nest egg with a SoFi IRA.

FAQ

How much should I contribute to my 401(k) per paycheck?

If you can, try to contribute at least enough of each paycheck to get your employer’s matching funds, if they offer a match. So if your employer matches 6% of your contributions, aim to contribute at least 6% of each paycheck.

What percent should I put in my 401(k)?

A common rule of thumb is to contribute at least 10% of your income to your 401(k) to help reach your retirement goals. Just keep in mind the annual 401(k) contribution limits so you don’t exceed them. For 2025, those limits are $23,500, plus an additional $7,500 for those 50 and up. For 2026, the limits are $24,500, plus an additional $8,000 for those 50 and older. In both 2025 and 2026, those aged 60 to 63 may contribute up to an additional $11,250 (instead of $7,500 and $8,000 respectively).

Is 10% too much to contribute to 401(k)? What about 20%?

Contributing at least 10% to your 401(k) is a common rule of thumb to help save for retirement. If you are able to contribute 20%, it can make sense to do so. Just be sure not to exceed the annual 401(k) contribution limits. The contribution limits may change each year, so be sure to check annually.

Third-Party Brand Mentions: No brands, products, or companies mentioned are affiliated with SoFi, nor do they endorse or sponsor this article. Third-party trademarks referenced herein are property of their respective owners.

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

Tax Information: This article provides general background information only and is not intended to serve as legal or tax advice or as a substitute for legal counsel. You should consult your own attorney and/or tax advisor if you have a question requiring legal or tax advice.

INVESTMENTS ARE NOT FDIC INSURED • ARE NOT BANK GUARANTEED • MAY LOSE VALUE

Everything You Need to Know About Taxes on Investment Income

Types of Investment Income Tax

Tax on Dividends

Get up to $1,000 in stock when you fund a new Active Invest account.*

Access stock trading, options, alternative investments, IRAs, and more. Get started in just a few minutes.

More About Capital Gains Tax

Taxable Interest Income

Net Investment Income Tax (NIIT)

Tax-Efficient Investing

The Takeaway

Stock Buyback: Why Do Companies Buy Back Stocks?

What Is A Stock Buyback?

Get up to $1,000 in stock when you fund a new Active Invest account.*

Access stock trading, options, alternative investments, IRAs, and more. Get started in just a few minutes.

How Do Companies Buy Back Stock?

Open Market

Tender Offers

Why Do Companies Buy Back Stock?

1. Potentially Increases Stock Value

2. It Could Put Money Into Shareholders’ Hands

3. Takes Advantage of Tax Benefits

4. Offsets Dilution From Stock Options

5. Improves Financial Ratios

What Happens to Repurchased Stock?

The Pros and Cons of a Stock Buyback for Investors

Pros of a Stock Buyback

Tender Offer Premium

Potential For an Increased Total Return

Tax Benefits

Cons of a Stock Buyback

Other Potential Uses for Cash

Poor Timing

Buybacks Could Benefit Executives, Not Shareholders

The Takeaway

FAQ

Is a stock buyback positive or negative?

When should a company do a stock buyback?

Do I lose my shares in a buyback?

What Is a Money Purchase Pension Plan (MPPP)? How Is It Different From a 401(k)?

What Is a Money Purchase Pension Plan?

What Are the Money Purchase Pension Plan Contribution Limits?

The Pros and Cons of Money Purchase Pension Plans

Pros of Money Purchase Plans

Disadvantages of Money Purchase Pension Plan

Money Purchase Pension Plan vs 401(k)

The Takeaway

FAQ

What is a pension money purchase plan?

Can I cash in my money purchase pension?

Is a final salary pension for life?

What Is 401(k) Auto Escalation?

401(k) Recap

How 401(k) Auto Escalation Works

Advantages of 401(k) Auto Escalation

Advantages for Employees

Advantages for Sponsors

Disadvantages of 401(k) Auto Escalation

Disadvantages for Employees

Disadvantages for Sponsors

Is 401(k) Auto Escalation Right for You?

The Takeaway

FAQ

Is 401(k) auto enrollment legal?

What is automatic deferral increase?

Can a company move your 401(k) without your permission?

How Much Should I Contribute to My 401(k)?

401(k) Contribution Limits for 2025 and 2026

401(k) Contribution Limits 2025 vs 2026

How Much Should You Put Toward a 401(k)?

When You’re Starting Out in Your Career

As You Move Up in Your Career

As You Get Closer to Retirement

The Impact of Contributing More Over Time

Factors That May Impact Your Decision

1. The Tax Effect

2. Your Earning Situation

3. Your Retirement Goals

4. Do You Have Debt?

The Takeaway

FAQ

Student Loan
Refinancing

Personal
Loans

Online
Investments