Student loans are a type of financial aid option that lets you borrow a lump sum of money upfront that you’ll repay over time later, with interest. Some students are unclear whether a student loan is a secured or unsecured debt.
Both federal and private student loans are considered an unsecured form of debt. Keep reading to learn more on secured loans versus unsecured loans, pros and cons of each, and why student loans are considered an unsecured debt.
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Key Points
• Student loans are unsecured debt, meaning you don’t need to provide any collateral like a home or car when borrowing.
• Secured loans are backed by assets, which reduces risk for the lender and can result in lower interest rates.
• Unsecured loans rely on creditworthiness, so lenders evaluate your income, credit history, and financial stability instead of collateral.
• Federal student loans have unique protections, including income-driven repayment plans and forgiveness options not typically available with other unsecured debt.
• Managing your unsecured student loan debt wisely — such as making in-school interest-only payments — can prevent interest capitalization and lower long-term costs.
What Are Secured Loans?
A secured loan is a type of debt that requires borrowers to provide the lender with an asset of value to back the loan. This asset is called collateral. Collateral could be your home, your car, other property that has monetary value, a savings account, jewelry, and more. The type of collateral you put up is stated in the loan agreement.
If a borrower defaults on their loan and doesn’t pay it back, the lender can take actions to seize possession of the collateral. It then uses the proceeds from the sale of the collateral to recover the unpaid debt.
Common Examples of Secured Debt
Common types of secured loans include:
• Mortgage loans
• Home equity loans
• Auto loans
• Some personal loans
Lenders typically view secured loans as less risky to their bottom line since the promised collateral offers them at least some financial protection. In turn, secured loans might offer lower interest rates compared to unsecured loans.
Certain secured loans are also designed as accessible financing for individuals whose credit doesn’t qualify for an unsecured loan.
What Are Unsecured Loans?
An unsecured loan is an installment loan that doesn’t require an asset or collateral upfront to secure the debt. Since this type of loan doesn’t offer an asset-based guarantee to the lender, the borrower must demonstrate a strong likelihood that they’ll repay the debt.
A positive and extensive credit history, consistent and sufficient income, and low credit utilization are some markers that lenders use to determine how risky a borrower is for an unsecured loan. Additionally, since lenders don’t have access to collateral to fall back on in the event of default, unsecured loans generally have higher interest rates.
Credit cards, some personal loans, and private student loans are considered unsecured loans.
Why Most Student Loans Are Unsecured
Most student loans are unsecured because lenders do not require collateral to provide the funds. This allows students without significant assets to access the funds needed for tuition, fees, and living expenses, making higher education more accessible to a broader population.
Federal student loans, in particular, are designed to be accessible and flexible, so they are always unsecured. The government assumes the risk of lending, providing protections like income-driven repayment and deferment options that wouldn’t be feasible if loans were tied to collateral. Private lenders also issue unsecured student loans to allow students to finance their education without requiring property or other assets, though interest rates and approval criteria may vary.
Pros and Cons of Secured vs Unsecured Loans
Secured and unsecured loans have their own advantages and downsides. Before signing a loan agreement, it’s important to understand the pros and cons of each option.
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Risk to Borrower and Lender
Secured loans are riskier to the borrower than to the lender. For borrowers, failing to make payments can result in the loss of the asset used as security, potentially causing financial hardship. For lenders, collateral reduces the risk of total loss, since they can repossess or sell the asset to recover funds if the borrower defaults. This security often allows lenders to offer lower interest rates compared with unsecured loans.
Unsecured loans, including student loans, pose different risks for both parties. Borrowers face the consequences of default through damaged credit scores, collections, and potential legal action, but they do not risk losing specific assets. Lenders, however, bear a higher risk since there is no collateral to recover if a borrower fails to repay. To offset this increased risk, unsecured loans often carry higher interest rates, stricter approval requirements, or reliance on cosigners to ensure repayment.
Interest Rate Differences
Interest rates for secured and unsecured loans differ primarily due to the level of risk each type of loan poses to the lender. Secured loans are backed by collateral, which reduces the lender’s risk and often results in lower interest rates.
When it comes to student loans, federal student loans often have lower interest rates than private unsecured loans because they’re backed by the federal government, which reduces lender risk.
However, secured loans (like auto or mortgage loans) still tend to have even lower interest rates overall because they’re backed by collateral. So federal student loans fall in between: lower than many unsecured loans, but typically higher than secured loans.
Recommended: What’s the Average Student Loan Interest Rate?
How Federal Loans Differ From Typical Debt
Both federal loans and private education loans are unsecured debt. However, federal loans have significant perks and protections that private student loans don’t offer.
Unlike private student loans that require a minimum credit score or cosigner, most federal student loans don’t require a credit check or a cosigner to qualify for a loan. The Direct PLUS Loan is the only federal loan that requires a credit check, but borrowers with adverse credit can still access a Direct PLUS Loan by completing a few additional steps.
Federal loan rates are fixed, meaning your monthly payment won’t change throughout your repayment term. With federal Direct Subsidized Loans, the Department of Education pays for interest that accrues while you’re in school. Conversely, federal Direct Unsubsidized Loans start accruing interest once the loan is disbursed.
You’ll also have access to a range of repayment options, including income-driven repayment (IDR) plans and student loan forgiveness programs that cancel a portion of your student debt after meeting minimum program requirements.
Lack of Collateral but Strong Repayment Enforcement
Federal student loans come with unusually strong repayment enforcement compared with other types of debt. Even without an asset to seize, the federal government can use powerful tools — such as wage garnishment, tax refund withholding, and Social Security benefit offsets — to collect on defaulted loans. Unlike many other unsecured debts, federal student loans are also difficult to discharge in bankruptcy, which further strengthens repayment expectations.
Options for Deferment, Forbearance, and Forgiveness
Federal student loan deferment allows borrowers to temporarily pause payments during certain qualifying situations, such as unemployment, economic hardship, or enrollment in school at least half-time. During deferment, interest does not accrue on subsidized loans, which helps prevent balances from growing while borrowers regain financial stability. Unsubsidized loans, however, will continue to accrue interest, even though payments are paused. Note that under the “Big, Beautiful Bill,” loans made after July 1, 2027 are no longer eligible for deferments based on unemployment or economic hardship.
Student loan forbearance is another option for borrowers who need temporary relief but do not qualify for deferment. General and mandatory forbearances pause payments for a limited period, but interest accrues on all federal loan types, which can significantly increase the total cost of the loan if left unpaid.
And finally, federal forgiveness programs offer long-term solutions for borrowers who meet certain employment or repayment criteria. Options such as Public Service Loan Forgiveness (PSLF) can eliminate remaining loan balances after a set number of qualifying payments. These programs provide a pathway to manageable repayment and potential debt relief, especially for borrowers working in public service, nonprofit roles, or those whose income makes standard repayment plans challenging.
Managing Your Student Loan Debt
Getting a handle on your unsecured student loan debt can feel challenging as you balance other areas of your life. Below are a few strategies to help you manage your student loans:
• Make in-school interest-only payments. If you can afford to, consider paying off the monthly interest that accrues while your loan is on in-school deferment. This applies to both unsubsidized federal loans and private loans. Making these small but meaningful interest payments can help you avoid interest capitalization (i.e., paying interest on interest) later.
• Track when your loan payments are due. Be aware of your loan due dates and minimum payments each month. Late payments or missing a payment altogether can have a negative effect on your credit score, since loan repayment history is reported to the major credit bureaus.
• See if you qualify for loan forgiveness or loan repayment assistance. The Department of Education offers a few forgiveness and cancellation programs for eligible borrowers with qualifying loans, like the Public Service Loan Forgiveness program for government and nonprofit employees. Some states also offer loan repayment assistance programs to workers in certain professions, like health care, social work, and law.
• Reach out to your loan servicer or lender. If you’re struggling to make your student loan payment, your loan servicer or lender is your best resource. They can guide you through relief options that are accessible to you, whether that’s getting on a different repayment plan or temporary forbearance.
Choosing the Right Repayment Plan
Choosing the right repayment plan can help you effectively manage student loan debt because it directly impacts your monthly payments, total interest costs, and long-term financial stability. The best plan aligns with your income, career goals, and budget, helping you stay current on payments while avoiding unnecessary financial strain.
Options for student loan repayment include a standard plan, an income-driven option, or refinancing or consolidating your loans. Selecting the right structure can make repayment more manageable and prevent your balance from growing due to accrued interest or missed payments.
Refinancing or Consolidating Loans
Borrowers can also consider refinancing or consolidating their student loans. With a student loan refinance, you replace one or more existing loans with a new loan — typically from a private lender — that may offer a lower interest rate, reduced monthly payment, or different repayment term. This option can save money over time, especially for borrowers with strong credit, but it also means giving up federal protections if federal loans are refinanced.
Consolidation, on the other hand, is a federal program that combines multiple federal student loans into a single Direct Consolidation Loan. While student loan consolidation generally won’t lower your interest rate, it can simplify repayment and may help borrowers regain eligibility for certain federal benefits, such as income-driven repayment or loan forgiveness programs.
Recommended: Student Loan Refinancing Calculator
The Takeaway
Both federal and private student loans are categorized as unsecured debt because they do not require collateral such as a car or house. With federal student loans, you gain access to unique protections that typical unsecured private student loans don’t offer.
If you’ve exhausted all federal student aid options, no-fee private student loans from SoFi can help you pay for school. The online application process is easy, and you can see rates and terms in just minutes. Repayment plans are flexible, so you can find an option that works for your financial plan and budget.
FAQ
Are student loans considered secured or unsecured?
Student loans are considered unsecured debt, meaning they don’t require collateral from you as a condition of securing the loan. Since there’s no collateral tied to the loan, if you default on the debt, the lender might choose to take you to court in an attempt to collect some or all of the debt.
Is it possible to get a secured student loan?
It may be possible to get a secured student loan, though it’s uncommon. Some private lenders may offer secured education loans that require collateral, such as a savings account or certificate of deposit. These loans can offer lower interest rates, but borrowers risk losing the pledged asset if they fail to repay.
How are federal student loans different from private?
Federal student loans are issued by the government and offer fixed interest rates, income-driven repayment plans, deferment, forbearance, and potential forgiveness programs. Private student loans come from banks or lenders, often require credit checks, may have variable interest rates, and lack the wide range of protections and flexible repayment options federal loans provide.
What happens if you default on an unsecured student loan?
Defaulting on an unsecured student loan can lead to collections, damaged credit, higher costs from fees and interest, and potential legal action. Lenders may garnish wages or place liens depending on state laws. Default also limits future borrowing options, making it harder to access credit or additional student loans.
Do student loans affect your credit like other unsecured loans?
Yes, student loans affect your credit much like other unsecured loans. Your payment history, loan balance, and length of credit history all influence your score. On-time payments can build credit, while missed or late payments can lower your score and remain on your credit report for years.
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