There are millions of credit card accounts in the United States alone, and it’s estimated that 84% of adults in the U.S. have at least one credit card. Yet, many people don’t have a firm grasp on the basics of what a credit card is and how credit cards work.
If you have a credit card account, or plan on ever using one, it’s important to understand the fundamentals of credit cards. This ranges from what a credit card is to how credit card interest works to how credit cards relate to credit scores.
Recommended: Tips for Using a Credit Card Responsibly
What Is a Credit Card?
A credit card is a type of payment card that is used to access a revolving line of credit.
Credit cards differ from other types of loans in that they offer a physical payment card that is used to make purchases. Traditionally, credit cards are made of plastic, but an increasing number of credit card issuers now offer metal cards, usually for their premium accounts that offer travel rewards.
But a credit card account is much more than a plastic or metal payment card. A credit card account is a powerful financial tool that can serve many purposes. For starters, it can be a secure and convenient method of payment anywhere that accepts credit card payments. It also can be used to borrow money in a cash advance or to complete a balance transfer.
Additionally, credit cards can offer valuable rewards, such as cash back and travel rewards like points or miles. Cardholder benefits can also include purchase protection and travel insurance policies.
If used responsibly, a credit card can help you to build your credit score and history, which can open up new borrowing opportunities. Of course, credit cards can also damage your credit when used irresponsibly. If you rack up debt on your credit card, it can be hard to get it paid off and back in the clear (here, for instance, is what happens to credit card debt when you die).
Recommended: Does Applying For a Credit Card Hurt Your Credit Score?
How Do Credit Cards Work?
Credit cards offer a line of credit that you can use for a variety of purposes, including making purchases, completing balance transfers, and taking out cash advances. You can borrow up to your credit limit, and you’ll owe at least the minimum payment each month.
You can apply for a credit card from any one of hundreds of credit card issuers in the U.S. Card issuers include national, regional, and local banks, as well as credit unions of all sizes. Card issuers will approve an application based on the credit history and credit score of the applicant, among other factors.
There are credit cards designed for people with nearly every credit profile, from those who have excellent credit to those with no credit history or serious credit problems. As with any loan, those with the highest credit score will receive the most competitive terms and benefits.
Once approved, you’ll likely receive a credit limit that represents the most you can borrow using the card. Whether your limit is above or below average credit card limit depends on a variety of factors, including your payment history and income.
The credit card is then mailed to the account holder and must be activated before use. You can activate a credit card online or over the phone. So long as your account remains in good standing, it will be valid until the credit card expiration date.
Once activated, the card can be used to make purchases from any one of the millions of merchants that accept credit cards. Each card is part of a payment network, with the most popular payment networks being Visa, Mastercard, American Express, and Discover. When you make a payment, the payment network authenticates the transaction using your card’s account number and other security features, such as the CVV number on a credit card.
Every month, you’ll receive a statement from the card issuer at the end of each billing cycle. The statement will show the charges and credits that have been made to your account, along with any fees and interest changes being assessed.
Your credit card statement will also show your balance, minimum payment due, and payment due date. It’s your choice whether to pay your minimum balance, your entire statement balance, or any amount in between. Keep in mind that you will owe interest on any balance that’s not paid back.
If you don’t make a payment of at least the minimum balance on or before the due date, then you’ll usually incur a late fee. And if you pay more than your balance, you’ll have a negative balance on your credit card.
Credit Card Fees
There are a number of potential fees that credit card holders may run into. For example, some credit cards charge an annual fee, and there are other fees that some card issuers can impose, such as foreign transaction fees, balance transfer fees, and cash advance fees. Cardholders may also incur a late fee if they don’t pay at least the minimum due by their statement due date.
Often, however, you can take steps to curb credit card fees, such as not taking out a cash advance or making your payments on-time. For a charge like an annual fee, cardholders will need to assess whether a card’s benefits outweigh that cost.
3 Common Types of Credit Cards
There are a number of different kinds of credit cards out there to choose from. Here’s a look at some of the more popular types.
Rewards Credit Cards
As the name suggests, rewards credit cards offer rewards for spending in the form of miles, cash back, or points — a rewards guide for credit cards can give you the full rundown of options. Cardholders may earn a flat amount of cash back across all purchases, or they may earn varying amounts in different categories like gas or groceries.
The downside of these perks is that rewards credit cards tend to have higher annual percentage rates (APRs), so you’ll want to make sure to pay off your full balance each month.
Balance Transfer Credit Cards
Balance transfer cards allow you to move over your existing debt to the card. Ideally, this new card will have a lower interest rate, and often they’ll offer a lower promotional rate that can be as low as 0% APR. However, keep in mind that this promo rate only lasts for a certain period of time — after that, the card’s standard APR will kick back in.
Secured Credit Cards
If you’re new to credit or trying to rebuild, a secured credit card can be a good option. Generally, when we talk about credit cards, the default is an unsecured credit card, meaning no collateral is involved. With a secured credit card, you’ll need to make a deposit. This amount will generally serve as the card’s credit limit.
This deposit gives the credit card issuer something to fall back on if the cardholder fails to pay the amount they owe. But if you’re responsible and get upgraded to a secured credit card, or if you simply close your account in good standing, you’ll get the deposit back.
How Does Credit Card Interest Work?
The charges you make to your credit card are a loan, and just like a car loan or a home loan, you can expect to pay interest on your outstanding credit card balance.
That being said, nearly all credit cards offer an interest-free grace period. This is the time between the end of your billing period and the credit card payment due date, typically 21 or 25 days after the statement closing date. If you pay your entire statement balance before the payment due date, then the credit card company or issuer will waive your interest charges for that billing period.
If you choose not to pay your entire statement balance in full, then you’ll be charged interest based on your account’s average daily balance. The amount of interest you’re charged depends on your APR, or annual percentage rate. The card issuer will divide this number by 365 (the number of days in the year) to come to a daily percentage rate that’s then applied to your account each day.
As an example, if you had an APR of 15.99%, your daily interest rate that the card issuer would apply to your account each day would be around 0.04%.
Recommended: Average Credit Card Interest Rates
Credit Cards vs Debit Cards
Although they look almost identical, much differs between debit cards vs. credit cards. Really, the only thing that debit cards and credit cards truly have in common is that they’re both payment cards. They both belong to a payment network, and you can use them to make purchases.
With a debit card, however, you can only spend the funds you’ve already deposited in the checking account associated with the card. Any spending done using your debit card is drawn directly from the linked account. Because debit cards aren’t a loan, your use of a debit card won’t have any effect on your credit, positive or negative.
But since it isn’t a loan, you also won’t be charged interest with a debit card, nor will you need to make a minimum monthly payment. You will, however, need to make sure you have sufficient funds in your linked account before using your debit card.
Another key difference between credit cards vs. debit cards is that credit card users are protected by the Fair Credit Billing Act of 1974. This offers robust protections to prevent cardholders from being held responsible for fraud or billing errors. Debit card transactions are subject to less powerful government protections.
Lastly, debit cards rarely offer rewards for spending. They also don’t usually feature any of the travel insurance or purchase protection policies often found on credit cards. You likely won’t be on the hook for an annual fee with a debit card, which is a fee that some credit card issuers do charge, though you could face overdraft fees if you spend more than what’s in your account.
To recap, here’s an overview of the differences between credit cards and debit cards:
| Credit cards | Debit cards | |
|---|---|---|
| Can be used to make purchases | Yes | Yes |
| Can be used to borrow money | Yes | No |
| Must deposit money before you can make a purchase | No | Yes |
| Must make a minimum monthly payment | Yes | No |
| Can provide purchase protection and travel insurance benefits | Often | Rarely |
| Can offer rewards for purchases | Often | Rarely |
| Can help or hurt your credit | Yes | No |
| Can use to withdraw money | Yes, with a cash advance | Yes |
Pros and Cons of Using Credit Cards
Beyond knowing what a credit card is, it’s important to familiarize yourself with the pros and cons of credit cards. That way, you can better determine if using one is right for your financial situation.
To start, notable upsides of using credit cards include:
• Easy and convenient to use
• Robust consumer protections
• Possible access to rewards and other benefits
• Ability to avoid interest by paying off monthly balance in full
• Potential to build credit through responsible usage
However, also keep these drawbacks of using credit cards in mind:
• Higher interest rates than other types of debt
• Temptation to overspend
• Easy to rack up debt
• Various fees may apply
• Possible to harm credit through irresponsible usage
How to Compare Credit Cards
Since there are hundreds of credit card issuers, and each issuer can offer numerous individual credit card products, it can be a challenge to compare credit cards and choose the one that’s right for your needs. But just like purchasing a car or a pair of shoes, you can quickly narrow down your choices by excluding the options that you aren’t eligible for or that clearly aren’t right for you.
Start by considering your credit history and score, and focus only on the cards that seem like they align with your credit profile. You can then narrow it down to cards that have the features and benefits you value the most. This can include having a low interest rate, offering rewards, or providing valuable cardholder benefits. You may also value a card that has low fees or that’s offered by a bank or credit union that you already have a relationship with.
Once you’ve narrowed down your options to a few cards, compare their interest rates and fees, as well as their rewards and benefits. You can find credit card reviews online in addition to user feedback that can help you make your final decision.
Important Credit Card Terms
One of the challenges to understanding how credit cards and credit card payments work is understanding all of the jargon. Here’s a small glossary of important credit card terms to help you to get started:
• Annual fee: Some credit cards charge an annual fee that users must pay to have an account. However, there are many credit cards that don’t have an annual fee, though these cards typically offer fewer rewards and benefits than those that do.
• APR: This stands for annual percentage rate. The APR on a credit card measures its interest rate and fees calculated on an annualized basis. A lower rate is better for credit card users than a higher rate.
• Balance transfer: Most credit cards offer the option to transfer a balance from another credit card. The card issuer pays off the existing balance and creates a new balance on your account, nearly always imposing a balance transfer fee.
• Card issuer: This is the bank or credit union that issues the card to the cardholder. The card issuer the company that issues statements and that you make payments to.
• Cash advance: When you use your credit card to receive cash from an ATM, it’s considered a cash advance. Credit card cash advances are usually subject to a much higher interest rate and additional fees.
• Chargeback: When you’ve been billed for goods or services you never received or that weren’t delivered as described, you have the right to dispute a credit card charge, which is called a credit card chargeback. When you do so, you’ll receive a temporary credit that will become permanent if the card issuer decides the dispute in your favor.
• Due date: This is the date you must make at least the credit card minimum payment. By law, the due date must be on the same day of the month, every month. Most credit cards have a due date that’s 21 or 25 days after the statement closing date.
• Payment network: Every credit card participates in a payment network that facilitates each transaction between the merchant and the card issuer. The most common payment networks are Visa, Mastercard, American Express, and Discover. Some store charge cards don’t belong to a payment network, so they can only be used to make purchases from that store.
• Penalty interest rate: This is a separate, higher interest that can apply to a credit card account when the account holder fails to make their minimum payment on time.
• Statement closing date: This is the last day of a credit card account’s monthly billing cycle. At the end of this day, the statement is generated either on paper or electronically, or both. This is the day on which all the purchases, payments, fees, and interest are calculated.
Credit Cards and Credit Scores
There’s a lot of interplay between credit cards and your credit score.
For starters, when you apply for a new credit card, that will affect your score. This is because the application results in a hard inquiry to your credit file. This will temporarily ding your score, and it will remain on your credit report for two years, though the effects on your credit don’t last as long.
Further, how you use your credit card can impact your credit score — either positively or negatively. Having a credit card could increase your credit mix, for instance. Or, closing a longstanding credit card account may shorten the age of your accounts, resulting in a negative impact to your score.
Making timely payments is key to maintaining a healthy credit score, as is keeping a low credit utilization rate (the amount of your overall available credit you’re currently using). If you max out your credit card or miss payments, that won’t bode well for your credit score. Conversely, staying on top of payments can be a great step toward building your credit.
The Takeaway
Credit cards work by giving the account holder access to a line of credit. You can borrow against it up to your credit limit, whether for purchases and cash advances. You’ll then need to pay back the amount you borrowed, plus interest, which is typically considered to be a high rate vs. other forms of credit. For this reason, it’s important to spend responsibly with a credit card.
Whether you're looking to build credit, apply for a new credit card, or save money with the cards you have, it's important to understand the options that are best for you. Learn more about credit cards by exploring this credit card guide.
FAQ
How does a person shop for a credit card?
To shop for a credit card, start by looking at your credit score to determine what cards you may be able to qualify for. Then, decide what kind of card is best for your needs, such as a card that has a low interest rate, one that will allow you to build credit, or a card that offers rewards. Finally, compare similar products from competing card issuers to assess which is the most competitive offer available to you.
Can I use my credit card abroad?
Yes, most credit card payment networks are available in most countries. As long as you visit a merchant that accepts cards from the same payment network that your card belongs to, then you’ll be able to make a purchase.
How do you use a credit card as a beginner?
If you’re new to credit and working to build your score, you’ll want to make sure you’re as responsible with your card as possible. Pay your bill on time, and aim to pay in full if you can to avoid interest charges. Use very little of your credit limit — ideally no more than 30%. And make sure to regularly review your credit card statements and your credit report. But don’t let any of that scare you away from using your card either — it’s important to regularly use your card for small purchases to get your credit profile built up.
How do credit cards work in simple terms?
Credit cards offer access to a line of credit. You can borrow against that, up to your credit limit, for a variety of purposes, including purchases and cash advances. You’ll then need to pay back the amount you borrowed.
How do payments on a credit card work?
At the end of each billing cycle, you’ll receive a credit card statement letting you know your credit card balance, minimum payment due, and the statement due date. You’ll then need to make at least the minimum payment by the statement due date to avoid late fees and other consequences. If you pay off your full balance, however, you’ll avoid incurring interest charges. Otherwise, interest will start to accrue on the balance you carry over.
Photo credit: iStock/Katya_Havok
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