Buying a house with your partner? You’ll need to make many decisions during the process — like figuring out who gets to use that sweet spare room as a home office or what your landscaping will look like. But one of the most important choices is how the two of you hold the title of the house. It might sound like a no-brainer, but there are actually a few different legal ownership designations to know and understand.
Both joint tenancy and community property with right of survivorship are ownership structures that can be used by partners buying a home together. But community property with right of survivorship is specifically reserved for married couples, and is only available in certain states. Community property with right of survivorship offers certain tax benefits in the event that one spouse dies before the other, but both of these ownership structures confer joint ownership over the property to both people whose names are on the title.
Let’s take a closer look.
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What Is Joint Tenancy?
In order to fully understand community property, it’s helpful to first understand joint tenancy, which is the ownership structure that came first. In fact, community property with right of survivorship is a fairly new legal designation; it was invented by the California legislature back in 2001.
Before that time, joint tenancy was one of the most common ways that couples — or other parties holding an asset together — designated their ownership. Joint tenancy basically states that everyone has equal ownership over the shared asset, be it a piece of real estate or a joint brokerage account. Conceptually, it helps to think about each person owning 100% of the asset, rather than each holding a proportional amount (50/50, 33/33/33, etc). If you and your spouse are first-time homebuyers on the market, understanding this legal jargon is an important step in the journey.
Joint tenancy could be shared between more than two people under certain circumstances — like if you and two friends bought a vacation home together. But because everyone in the agreement owns 100% of the asset, nobody can sell their share of it or will it to their heirs after their death. That’s the “right of survivorship” part: Any surviving parties automatically have ownership rights over the asset if one of the owners dies.
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What Is Community Property?
Community property works very similarly to joint tenancy, but is reserved specifically for married couples. (That’s why it’s also sometimes known as marital property.) Community property is only a legal designation in a handful of U.S. states, including:
• Arizona
• California
• Idaho
• Louisiana
• Nevada
• New Mexico
• Texas
• Washington
• Wisconsin
Three additional states — Alaska, South Dakota, and Tennessee — allow couples to decide whether or not they’d like to opt into a community property ownership structure — whereas in the other states listed, community property is the default status for shared ownership of assets between married couples. It is, however, always possible to opt out of the community property system with a prenuptial agreement.
Under community property, each partner has equal joint ownership over shared assets — which, again, can range from a piece of real estate to bank accounts and even to debt (like a mortgage). This means that, in the event of a divorce, all assets are required to be split 50/50 — which is part of why some partners in those states might opt to sign a prenup ahead of time, if they want to hold onto an asset no matter what.
However, community property also comes with the added bonus of some tax incentives for spouses — which is part of why it was created in the first place.
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The Difference Between Joint Tenancy and Community Property With Right of Survivorship
The most salient difference between joint tenancy and community property with right of survivorship comes down to taxes.
That’s right: This ownership structure is really all about how much a surviving spouse stands to owe Uncle Sam if their partner passes away.
What Are the Tax Benefits for Surviving Spouses in Community Property States?
In a joint tenancy situation, even with right of survivorship, a property sold after the death of a spouse would be subject to capital gains taxes — taxes levied against earnings on an asset like a home or an investment.
Part of the reason buying a house is considered such a good financial move is because homes tend to appreciate, or grow in value, over time. With the capital gains tax, a surviving loved one would be required to pay taxes on that appreciated value if they chose to sell the home after their spouse’s death.
Community property with right of survivorship, however, allows these proceeds to be exempt from the capital gains tax — which can ease the overall financial burden in an already difficult time.
What Is the Right of Survivorship in Real Estate?
Now let’s take a look at the piece that both joint tenancy and this type of community property have in common: right of survivorship.
Right of survivorship in real estate pretty much does what it sounds like — it confers the surviving partner, in the event of the other party’s death, the right to continue to live in the house. Again, this can ease the burden for a surviving spouse in an incredibly difficult emotional time, when there are already other significant financial planning steps to take. However, it also means that couples under this ownership structure are unable to give the home to an heir, or anyone else, in their will. The property will instead automatically be under the ownership of the surviving spouse.
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How Does a Right of Survivorship Work With a Will?
So what happens if a person sharing community property — or joint tenancy, for that matter — with right of survivorship tries to leave some or all of their property to an heir in a will?
While every legal case is different, in most cases, the right of survivorship will take precedence over wishes stated in a will. So if Rebecca and Ann share a home under community property with right of survivorship, and Rebecca writes into her will that she’d like to leave her share of the home to her grandson Pete, it’s very likely this wish will be superseded by Ann’s right to survivorship in the event of Rebecca’s death.
💡 Quick Tip: When house hunting, don’t forget to lock in your home mortgage loan rate so there are no surprises if your offer is accepted.
Community Property vs Community Property With Right of Survivorship
It’s important to understand that the right of survivorship part of this kind of agreement is separate from the community property part.
Community property basically states that assets acquired in a marriage are evenly shared between the partners, 50/50 — and must be distributed that way in the event of a divorce. But without the right of survivorship, a partner would still be able to will their 50% of the home to whomever they want, which may or may not be their surviving spouse. Those few extra words make a big difference!
The Takeaway
Community property with right of survivorship is a legal ownership structure that confers ownership rights and possible tax benefits to married couples, while also creating rules as to how assets are distributed in the event of a divorce. You’ll need to decide on your preferred ownership structure when purchasing a home, along with other important decisions you’ll make.
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FAQ
What is the difference between joint tenancy and community property with right of survivorship in California?
Although the designation of community property with right of survivorship was originally invented in California, couples can own property there under either ownership structure — and indeed, many maintain joint tenancy. Community property requires couples to split assets 50/50 in a divorce, which is not the case with joint tenancy. However, in both cases, right of survivorship confers the surviving spouse the right to ownership over the home, and other assets, in the event of one spouse’s death.
What is the difference between joint tenancy and community property in California?
In California, as in all states, the most salient difference between joint tenancy and community property is how a property is taxed in the event it is sold after one party’s death. In addition, community property is an ownership structure only available to married couples.
What are the disadvantages of community property with a right of survivorship?
While every type of shared ownership structure has both benefits and drawbacks, one drawback of community property with right of survivorship is that neither owner can choose to will their share of the property to an heir — instead, ownership is automatically conferred to the other party in the event of their death. Additionally, community property must, by law, be split 50/50 in the event the couple divorces, whereas in other cases there’s more flexibility about what constitutes an “equal” dispersal of assets.
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