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Feb

2024

NPV Formula: How to Calculate Net Present Value

Net Present Value: How to Calculate NPV

By Rebecca Lake | Growing Wealth, invest, Investing, SMB | Comments Off

Net present value or NPV represents the difference between the present value of cash inflows and outflows over a set period of time. Knowing how to calculate NPV can be useful when trying to determine whether an investment — either business or personal — will eventually pay off.

In capital budgeting, calculating the net present value can help with estimating the profitability of an investment or expansion project. Meanwhile, investors use the net present value calculation to gauge an investment’s potential rate of return based on the present value of its future cash flows and a discount rate, based on the cost of borrowing or financing.

What Is Net Present Value (NPV)?

Net present value is a measure of the value of all future cash flows over the life of an investment, discounted to the present after factoring in inflows, outflows, and inflation, which can erode the value of money over time.

When applying the net present value formula, you’re looking at whether revenues are greater than costs or vice versa to determine whether an investment or project is likely to yield a gain or a loss.

As mentioned, net present value is often used in capital budgeting. Businesses and governments can use capital budgeting methods to determine how much of a return they’re likely to see on a project before funding it. The NPV formula takes into account the time value of money, a concept which suggests that a sum of money received now is worth more than that same sum received at a future date.

How to Calculate NPV

Calculating net present value is a fairly simple operation.

If you want to calculate net present value using the NPV formula, you’d first need to know the expected positive and negative cash flows for an investment or project. You’d also need to know the discount rate. From there, you could complete your calculations in this order:

• List future cash flows for each year you expect to receive them.

• Calculate the present value for each cash flow.

• Add all present values for future cash flows together.

• Subtract cash outflows from the present value sum of future cash flows.

You’ll need to know the present value calculation to complete the second step.

NPV Formula

Here’s what the NPV formula looks like:

PV = FV/(1 + k)^N

In this formula, k is the discount rate and n is the number of time periods.

Again, net present value calculations follow a distinct formula. A positive NPV means earnings from the investment should outpace the cost. Negative NPV, on the other hand, means you’re more likely to lose money on the investment.

The application of the formula depends on the number of expected cash flows for an investment or project.

Example of NPV with a Single Cash Flow Investment

If you’re evaluating potential investments with a single cash flow, then you could use this formula to calculate NPV:

NPV = Cash flow / (1 + i)t – initial investment

In this formula, i represents the required return or discount rate for the investment while t equals the number of time periods involved. The discount rate is an interest rate used to discount future cash flows for a financial instrument.

Weighted average cost of capital (WACC) usually serves as the discount rate for calculating NPV. The WACC measures a company’s cost of borrowing or financing.

Example of NPV with Multiple Cash Flows

If you’re evaluating projects or potential investments with multiple cash flows, you’ll use a different net present value formula. Here’s what the NPV formula looks like in that scenario:

NPV = Today’s value of expected cash flows – Today’s value of invested cash

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Tools to Help Calculate NPV

If you want to simplify your calculations you could look for an online net present value calculator. Or you could use the NPV function in spreadsheet software, such as Microsoft Excel or something similar. The NPV function helps calculate net present value for an investment based on the discount rate and a series of future cash flows, both positive and negative.

To use this function, you’d simply create a new Excel spreadsheet, then navigate to the “Formulas” tab. Here, you’d choose “Financial”, then from the dropdown menu select “NPV”. This will bring up the function where you can enter the rate and each value you want to calculate.

What Does NPV Show You?

The NPV formula should tell you at a glance whether you’re likely to make money from an investment, lose money or break-even. This can help when comparing multiple investments to decide where to put your money when you have a limited amount of capital to work with.

It works the same way in capital budgeting. Say a fast-food chain is trying to decide whether to expand into a new market which entails opening up 10 more locations. They could calculate the net present value for each location, based on expected cash flows, to determine whether moving ahead with the project is a financially sound business decision.

What Is a Good NPV?

Generally speaking, a net present value greater than zero is good. This means that the investment or expansion project is likely to yield a gain. When the net present value is below zero, you have negative NPV which means the project or investment is likely to result in a loss.

The higher the number produced by a net present value calculation, the better. But it’s important to remember that the results produced by applying the NPV formula are only as reliable as the data points used in the calculation.

Inaccurate cash flow projections could result in skewed numbers which may produce a net present value estimate that’s above or below the actual returns you’re likely to realize.

Comparing NPV

Here are some ways that NPV stacks up to other types of calculations.

NPV vs Present Value

NPV and present value may sound similar but they measure different things. Present value or PV is the present value of all future cash inflows over a set period of time. Companies use this calculation to estimate values for future revenues or liabilities. When you calculate present value, you’re trying to measure the value of future cash flows today.

Net present value, on the other hand, is the sum of the present values for both cash inflows and cash outflows. With the NPV formula, you’re trying to determine how profitable an investment might be, based on the initial investment required and expected rate of return.

NPV vs IRR

Analysts use IRR or internal rate of return to evaluate proposed capital expenditures. The IRR calculation determines the percentage rate of return at which a project’s cash flows result in a net present value of zero. Like NPV, internal rate of return is also a part of capital budgeting.

Both NPV and IRR measure potential profitability but in different ways. When calculating the net present value of an investment, you’re estimating returns in dollars. With an internal rate of return, you’re estimating the percentage return an investment or project should generate.

Depending on whether you’re trying to target a specific dollar amount or percentage amount for returns, you may apply one or both formulas when evaluating an investment.

NPV vs ROI

Net present value measures expected cash flows for potential investments. You’re looking at future discounted cash flows to determine whether an investment makes sense financially.

Return on investment, or ROI, measures the efficiency of an investment, in terms of the rate of return that the investment is likely to produce. With ROI, you’re looking at the cash flows you’re likely to gain from an investment. To find ROI, you’d add up the total revenues less the total costs involved, then divide that figure by the total costs.

NPV vs Payback Period

The payback period is the period of time required for a return on investment to equal the initial investment. Payback period calculations don’t account for the time value of money. Instead, they look at how long it will take for you to realize a return from an investment that’s equal to the dollar amount that you invested.

Calculating the payback period helps determine how long to hold onto an investment. You might use this method if you’re trying to compare multiple investments to see which one is a better fit for your personal investing timeline. But if you want to get a sense of the total return you’re likely to realize, then you’d still want to apply the net present value formula.

Benefits and Drawbacks of NPV

Net present value can help analyze and evaluate business projects or personal investments. You can easily see at a glance what you could stand to gain — or lose — from making a particular investment. But the NPV formula does have some limitations that are important to be aware of.

Benefits of NPV

Net present value’s main advantage is that it takes the time value of money into consideration. By looking at discounted cash flows you can get a better understanding of the viability of an investment, based on what you’ll get out of it versus what you’ll put in.

This can help with decision-making when choosing investments for your portfolio or making strategic capital investments in a business. Net present value calculations can also help companies with projecting future value based on the investments they make today.

Drawbacks of NPV

The biggest disadvantage or flow associated with net present value is that results depend on the quality of the information that’s being used. If your projections for future cash flows are off, that can produce inaccurate results when using the net present value formula.

NPV can also overlook some hidden costs involved in an investment or project which may detract from total returns. It also doesn’t take into account the margin of safety, or the difference between an investment’s price and its value.

Finally, it’s difficult to use net present value to evaluate projects or investments that are different in size or nature, as the input values are likely to be very different.

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How Investors Can Use NPV

You can use NPV to evaluate stocks and other securities, including alternative investments, based on your time frame and projected profits. With stocks, for example, net present value can give you an idea of whether a company is a good buy or not by calculating NPV per share.

To do that, you’d divide the company’s net present value by the number of outstanding shares in the company to get this number. If the net value per share is higher than the stock’s current market price, then the stock could be considered a good buy. On the other hand, if the net value per share is below the stock’s current market price that suggests you might lose money if you decide to buy in.

The Takeaway

As discussed, Net present value, or NPV, represents the difference between the present value of cash inflows and outflows over a set period of time. Understanding the net present value formula can help with making smarter investment decisions.

As with any tool, most investors use NPV along with other financial ratios and forms of analysis before deciding whether to purchase any asset. If you have questions about how NPV can be used as a part of an investment strategy, it may be worthwhile to consult with a financial professional.

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FAQ

Is a higher NPV better?

A higher NPV isn’t necessarily a good thing or means that an investment is better than another investment. But in general, a good NPV is a number that’s higher than zero.

What is the basic NPV investment rule?

The basic NPV investment rule is that projects or investments should only be pursued if they’ll lead to gains or productive gains.

Is NPV the same as profit?

NPV is not the same thing as profit, although a positive NPV is indicative of profit, while negative NPV is related to a loss.

Is a NPV of 0 acceptable?

An NPV of zero means that a project or investment isn’t expected to produce significant gains or losses. Whether that’s acceptable or not is up to the individual making the investment decision.

When should NPV not be used?

NPV might not be helpful or useful for comparing investments of drastically different sizes, or projects of different sizes.

Is Excel NPV accurate?

Excel’s NPV calculations should be accurate, but they’re only as accurate as the data that’s entered to make the calculation. So, it could be inaccurate, and it’s a good idea to double-check the calculation.

Photo credit: iStock/Sanja Radin

Feb

2024

At What Age Can You Get a Debit Card?

By Rebecca Lake | Family Finances, money | Comments Off

The minimum age to get a debit card with a checking account at a bank or credit union in your name only is 18. However, it’s possible for kids as young as age six to get a debit card when opening a bank account with a parent. There are also fintech companies that offer debit cards for kids with no minimum age requirements.

Getting your child a debit card can be a great way to introduce them to the basics of money management, as long as you do so wisely.

Key Points

• The minimum age to get a debit card with a checking account at a bank or credit union is 18, but kids as young as six can get a debit card when opening an account with a parent.

• Debit cards have age limits because opening a bank account is a legal agreement, and minors cannot enter into contracts.

• Some banks offer teen checking accounts or joint checking accounts that allow minors aged 13 to 17 to have a debit card.

• Fintech companies provide prepaid debit cards for kids with no specific minimum age requirements, offering more control and flexibility.

• Giving minors a debit card can teach them financial responsibility, provide convenience, and prepare them for managing money in the digital age.

Why Do Debit Cards Have Age Limits?

Debit cards have age limits because the age requirement for a bank account is usually set at 18. When you open a bank account, you’re entering into a legal agreement with the bank. Since minors cannot legally enter into contracts, banks require you to be a legal adult in order to open a bank account in your name.

There is, however, an exception to this answer to “When can you have a debit card?” Minors under 18 can qualify for a debit card if they’re opening a bank account with their parent’s help. In that case, banks may agree to issue a debit card that’s linked to a teen checking account for a minor aged 13 to 17 or a joint checking account that’s shared by the teen and their parents.

The minimum age to open a bank account can vary by bank or credit union and go even younger. Chase, for example, offers a bank account for kids as young as 6 that includes a debit card. Parents must be current Chase customers to open the account, and they will own the account.

If you’re interested in getting your child a prepaid debit card that isn’t associated with a specific bank account, there are platforms that allow that with no minimum age restrictions for kids. You can link your child’s debit card to your account to deposit funds and set controls on when and how they can spend the money.

Do Minors Need to Have a Debit Card?

Whether your minor child needs to have a debit card can depend on their financial situation and your personal preferences. Some scenarios to consider:

• If your teen has a part-time job or runs their own business, then it may be worthwhile to give them a debit card that’s linked to a checking account. They can deposit their paychecks or earnings into their account and use their debit cards to make purchases.

• Likewise, you might want your child to have a debit card if they have bills they’re responsible for paying. For example, you might expect your 17-year-old to pay for their cell phone or car insurance. If they have a debit card, they could use it to pay those bills themselves, versus you having to pay them and collect the money from your teen.

• Some parents want their kids to learn how to handle money and think managing a debit card responsibly is a good step in that direction. Still others may want their child to be able to, say, buy a snack after school without carrying cash.

• Whether a minor should have a debit card can also be a question of maturity and their sense of personal responsibility. If you have a child who’s constantly losing or misplacing their stuff or doesn’t necessarily grasp how money works, then a debit card might do more harm than good. But if your child seems capable and you want to improve their money mindset, it could be a wise move.

Is It Possible to Get a Debit Card as a Minor?

It’s possible to get a debit card as a minor, but a young person will likely need a parent or guardian’s help to do so. The options for getting a debit card as a minor include:

• Opening a teen checking account at a bank or credit union

• Opening a joint checking account with a parent or guardian

• Getting a prepaid debit card

Getting a debit card that’s linked to a checking account may be preferable if you’d like your teen or child to be able to deposit money without you having to reload a debit card. On the other hand, a prepaid debit card may offer more control.

For instance, you might be able to set limits on how much your child can spend per day or where they’re able to use the card.

You can also control when funds are deposited to their prepaid account. If you want them to complete their weekly chores on time, for example, you could make that a condition of adding money to their card.

Benefits of Having a Debit Card as a Minor

There are several good reasons to consider giving your teen or child a debit card.

• Financial responsibility. Having a debit card can be a good way for kids to learn how to manage money, including how to budget and prioritize saving. Even if your child’s only source of income is allowance, a debit card can still be a helpful tool for teaching them personal finance.

• Convenience. If your child has their own debit card, they can use it to pay for things themselves without having to borrow from you and then pay it back later. Carrying a debit card also means your child doesn’t have to keep cash on them, which could get lost or stolen.

• Online purchases. Using a debit card online can spare teens the trouble of having to visit their favorite stores to shop. They can also use their debit cards to enroll in streaming services or make in-app purchases with your consent.

• Emergencies. A debit card could come in handy in an emergency situation if your child or teen needs money unexpectedly. For example, if your 16-year-old runs out of gas, they could use their debit card to fill up if they’re near a gas station, without having to call you for help.

In terms of what are debit cards good for, the short answer is quite a bit. Learning how to use a debit card at an early age can make it easier for kids and teens to master more complex financial concepts, such as a student checking account or a credit card, as they get older.

When Is the Right Time to Get a Debit Card?

The right time to get a debit card for a minor depends on the child’s age, maturity, and financial needs, as well as the parent’s comfort level. Generally, it may be a good idea to get your child a debit card if they have some form of income, whether it’s allowance, cash received for good grades, money from working a part-time job, or income that’s the benefit of a side hustle.

If you’re considering giving your child a debit card, it’s important to talk to them about what a debit card is and how it’s designed to work. Your child should understand that when they use their debit card to pay, they’re spending real money, even if cash isn’t physically leaving their hands.

It’s also helpful to discuss safety so they know how to protect their debit card. For example, you can explain that they shouldn’t share their PIN or debit card number or let a friend use their card. You can also go over how to stay safe when using their debit card online or when withdrawing cash at an ATM.

What to Look for When Choosing a Debit Card

If you’re ready to get a debit card for your teen or minor child, there are plenty of options to consider. As you compare different debit cards for kids, here are a few things to keep in mind.

• Traditional or prepaid. The first thing to consider is whether you’d like to get a debit card for your teen that’s linked to a bank account or a prepaid debit card option. You might check the options at your current bank first to see whether it’s possible to set up a teen or joint checking account with a debit card before looking at prepaid platforms.

• Fees. Account fees can nibble away at your child’s balance, so it’s important to check the fees you might pay, either for a traditional debit card that’s linked to a bank account or for a reloadable debit card for teens. The list might include out-of-network ATM fees, reload fees for prepaid cards, or monthly maintenance fees.

• Access. It’s also important to look at how your teen or child will be able to manage and access their money. This may involve deciding whether to opt for a traditional bank vs. an online bank. If you’re opening a teen checking account at a brick-and-mortar bank, they should have branch and ATM access, along with online and mobile banking. An online bank or prepaid debit card might offer online and mobile banking access only.

• Parental controls. The level of control you’ll have with a debit card for kids or teens can depend on where it’s issued. Your bank may offer debit cards for minors with parental controls built in. But if not, you might need to search for another card option that allows you the level of oversight you prefer.

Recommended: Debit Cards vs. Credit Cards

The Takeaway

Teens and kids may qualify for a debit card, which can build financial literacy and money skills. However, finding the right one for them, with the level of parental control you like and the lowest fees, can take some research.

Opening a free checking account for your teen can be a great introduction to money, and it’s a simple way to give them access to a debit card. You might also be interested in switching banks yourself if you’re ready to take a break from paying high fees.

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FAQ

At what age can a minor have a credit card?

Minors may be added to a parent’s credit card account as an authorized user as young as 13. Otherwise, they’ll need to be at least 18 with their own income in order to get a credit card in their name without a parent’s consent.

Is it better for a minor to have a debit or credit card?

A debit card can be a good stepping stone for a minor to learn how to manage money, without the risk of them creating debt. Once your child begins to learn the fundamentals of finance, you could add them as an authorized user to your credit card to help them learn how credit works.

Do all banks allow minors to have debit cards?

Every bank has its own policy with regard to who can have a debit card or checking account and whether that includes minors. If you’re unsure whether your current bank or credit union offers debit cards for minors, ask them. If the answer is no, you can look around for other banks that have teen or kids checking accounts that include a debit card. Prepaid cards may be another option.

Photo credit: iStock/jacoblund

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SoFi members with Qualifying Deposits can earn 4.60% APY on savings balances (including Vaults) and 0.50% APY on checking balances. Qualifying Deposits means one or more deposits that, in the aggregate, are equal to or greater than $5,000 to an account holder’s SoFi Checking and Savings account (“Qualifying Deposits”) during a 30-day Evaluation Period (as defined below). Qualifying Deposits only include those deposits from the following eligible sources: (i) ACH transfers, (ii) inbound wire transfers, (iii) peer-to-peer transfers (i.e., external transfers from PayPal, Venmo, etc. and internal peer-to-peer transfers from a SoFi account belonging to another account holder), (iv) check deposits, (v) instant funding to your SoFi Bank Debit Card, (vi) push payments to your SoFi Bank Debit Card, and (vii) cash deposits. Qualifying Deposits do not include: (i) transfers between an account holder’s Checking account, Savings account, and/or Vaults; (ii) interest payments; (iii) bonuses issued by SoFi Bank or its affiliates; or (iv) credits, reversals, and refunds from SoFi Bank, N.A. (“SoFi Bank”) or from a merchant.

SoFi Bank shall, in its sole discretion, assess each account holder’s Direct Deposit activity and Qualifying Deposits throughout each 30-Day Evaluation Period to determine the applicability of rates and may request additional documentation for verification of eligibility. The 30-Day Evaluation Period refers to the “Start Date” and “End Date” set forth on the APY Details page of your account, which comprises a period of 30 calendar days (the “30-Day Evaluation Period”). You can access the APY Details page at any time by logging into your SoFi account on the SoFi mobile app or SoFi website and selecting either (i) Banking > Savings > Current APY or (ii) Banking > Checking > Current APY. Upon receiving a Direct Deposit or $5,000 in Qualifying Deposits to your account, you will begin earning 4.60% APY on savings balances (including Vaults) and 0.50% on checking balances on or before the following calendar day. You will continue to earn these APYs for (i) the remainder of the current 30-Day Evaluation Period and through the end of the subsequent 30-Day Evaluation Period and (ii) any following 30-day Evaluation Periods during which SoFi Bank determines you to have Direct Deposit activity or $5,000 in Qualifying Deposits without interruption.

SoFi Bank reserves the right to grant a grace period to account holders following a change in Direct Deposit activity or Qualifying Deposits activity before adjusting rates. If SoFi Bank grants you a grace period, the dates for such grace period will be reflected on the APY Details page of your account. If SoFi Bank determines that you did not have Direct Deposit activity or $5,000 in Qualifying Deposits during the current 30-day Evaluation Period and, if applicable, the grace period, then you will begin earning the rates earned by account holders without either Direct Deposit or Qualifying Deposits until you have Direct Deposit activity or $5,000 in Qualifying Deposits in a subsequent 30-Day Evaluation Period. For the avoidance of doubt, an account holder with both Direct Deposit activity and Qualifying Deposits will earn the rates earned by account holders with Direct Deposit.

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Feb

2024

What Is Liquidity In Stocks?

By Austin Kilham | Growing Wealth, invest, Investing | Comments Off

Liquidity in stocks generally refers to how quickly an investment can be bought or sold and converted into cash. The easier an investment is to sell, the more liquid it is. Plus, liquid investments generally do not charge large fees when you need to access your money.

For the average investor, liquidity is an important consideration when building a portfolio, as it’s an indicator of how easy it is to access their savings. That can be important to know and understand when sizing up your overall strategy.

Key Points

• Liquidity in stocks refers to how quickly an investment can be bought or sold and converted into cash.

• Market liquidity refers to how quickly a stock can be turned into cash, while accounting liquidity relates to meeting financial obligations.

• Stocks are generally considered liquid assets, but some stocks may be less liquid, especially those traded on foreign exchanges.

• Share turnover and bid-ask spread are metrics used to assess a stock’s liquidity.

• Liquidity risk is the risk of not finding a buyer or seller for assets, which can affect prices.

Types of Liquidity

Liquidity comes in two forms: Market liquidity and accounting liquidity. Here’s how the two are different.

Market Liquidity

Market liquidity refers to how quickly a stock can be turned into cash. High market liquidity means there’s a high supply and demand for an asset. That, in turn, makes it easy for buyers to find sellers and vice versa. As a result, transactions can be completed quickly, even when stock values are dropping.

Accounting Liquidity

Accounting liquidity is related to an individual’s or company’s ability to meet their financial obligations, such as regular bills or debt payments.

For an individual, being liquid means they have enough cash or marketable assets (such as stocks) on hand to meet their obligations.

Companies measure liquidity slightly differently by comparing current assets and debt. In addition to cash and marketable assets, current assets also include inventories and accounts receivable, the money customers owe on credit for goods or services they’ve purchased.

Investors may pay attention to company liquidity if they are researching that company’s stock as a potential buy. Companies with higher liquidity may be in better shape than those in risk of defaulting on their debt.

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How Liquid Are Different Assets?

An investor’s financial portfolio may be made up of a number of different assets of varying liquidities, including cash, stocks, bonds, real estate, and savings vehicles like certificates of deposit (CDs). Cash is the most liquid asset; there is nothing an investor needs to do to convert it into spendable currency.

On the other hand, an investment property is an example of a relatively illiquid asset, as it might take a long time for an investor to sell it should they need access to their money.

CDs are also relatively illiquid assets because they require investors to tie up their money for a preset period of time in exchange for higher interest rates than those available in regular savings accounts. Individuals who need their money early may have to pay hefty fines to access it.

Stocks generally fall on the relatively liquid side of the liquidity spectrum. Stocks that are easy to buy and sell and said to be highly liquid. Stocks with low liquidity may be tougher to sell, and investors may take a bigger financial hit as they seek buyers.

What Is Liquidity Risk?

Liquidity risk is the risk that an individual won’t be able to find a buyer or seller for assets they wish to trade during a given period of time, which can lead to adverse effects on the price. Liquidity risk is higher for complex investments or investment vehicles like CDs that may charge penalties to liquidate or access funds early.

Are Stocks a Liquid Asset?

For the most part, stocks that are traded on a public exchange are considered liquid assets. Some stocks, like those traded on foreign exchanges, may be less liquid as it takes more time to execute a trade.

Generally speaking, when an individual wishes to execute a trade, they use a brokerage account to issue a buy or sell order. The broker then helps match the individual with other buyers and sellers hoping to take the opposite action.

This process can take a little bit of time. Most stock trades settle within a two-day period. A stock trade executed on a Wednesday would typically settle on Friday. Settlement is the official transfer of stocks from a seller’s account to the buyer’s account, and cash from the buyer to the seller.

Because it can take some time for trades to be executed, there can be a difference in price between when an individual places an order and when that order is fulfilled.

How to Calculate a Stock’s Liquidity

One way to figure out a stock’s liquidity is by looking at a metric known as share turnover. This financial ratio compares the volume of shares traded and the number of outstanding shares. A stock’s volume is the number of shares that have been bought or sold over a given period. Outstanding shares refer to all of the shares held by a company’s shareholders.

Higher share turnover indicates high liquidity; investors have an easier time buying and selling. Investors might want to pay close attention to low share turnover, as this can indicate they may have a difficult time selling shares if they need to.

Another measure of a stock’s liquidity is the bid-ask spread. Bid price is the price an individual is willing to pay at a given point in time. The ask price is the price at which a buyer is willing to sell. The bid-ask spread is the difference between the two.

For highly liquid assets, the bid-ask spread tends to be pretty small — as little as a penny. This indicates that buyers and sellers are generally in agreement over what the price of a stock should be. However, as bid-ask spread grows, it is an indication that a stock is increasingly illiquid.

A wide spread can also indicate that a trade may be much more expensive to execute. For example, there may not be enough trade volume to execute an entire order at one price. If prices are rising, an order can become increasingly pricey.

💡 Quick Tip: How to manage potential risk factors in a self directed investment account? Doing your research and employing strategies like dollar-cost averaging and diversification may help mitigate financial risk when trading stocks.

Examples of Liquid Stocks

The most liquid stocks tend to be those that receive the most interest from investors. The large companies that are tracked by the S&P 500 Index.

Why Stock Liquidity Is Important for Investors

The relative liquidity provided by stocks can be a boon to investors. Stocks help provide the growth needed for investors to meet their savings goals. They are also relatively easy to buy and sell on the market, allowing investors to access their savings quickly when they need it.

The Takeaway

Liquidity is a measure of the ability to turn assets into cash without losing value. So it’s an important metric for investors to pay attention to as they construct their portfolios. But liquidity is just one of many factors to consider when investing.

Investors may want to know how liquid their holdings are so that they can choose the appropriate mix of investments that align with their risk tolerance. It may be comforting to some to know that they can sell investments with relative ease, rather than have their money tied up for the long-term.

For a limited time, opening and funding an Active Invest account gives you the opportunity to get up to $1,000 in the stock of your choice.

FAQ

What is good liquidity for a stock?

Good liquidity for a stock refers to an investor’s ability to sell the stock in exchange for cash. If a stock is liquid, then it should be relatively easy to sell. If a stock is illiquid, or has bad liquidity, it may be more difficult.

What is a “Liquidity Ratio?”

A liquidity ratio is a financial ratio that can help an investor determine a company’s ability to pay off its debt obligations, particularly in the short-term. There are several liquidity ratios that can be utilized.

Is a higher liquidity better?

Generally, yes, a higher liquidity is better for investors, as it can signal that a company is performing well, and that its stock is in demand. It can also be easier for an investor to sell that stock in exchange for cash.

Photo credit: iStock/insta_photos

Feb

2024

11 Tips for Surviving on $1,000 a Month

By Rebecca Lake | Budgeting & Goals, Family Finances, money | Comments Off

Living frugally can be a smart way to save money. While adopting a frugal lifestyle is a choice for some people, it may be a necessity for others. For example, you might be trying to figure out how to live on $1,000 a month if you’re in school or you lost your job and are trying to find a new one.

Getting by on $1,000 a month may not be easy, especially when inflation seems to make everything more expensive. But it is possible to live well even on a small amount of money.

Key Points

• Surviving on $1,000 a month requires careful budgeting, prioritizing essential expenses, and finding ways to save money.

• Cutting down on housing costs by sharing living spaces or finding affordable options is crucial.

• Utilizing public transportation or opting for a bike can help save on transportation expenses.

• Cooking at home, meal planning, and buying groceries in bulk can significantly reduce food costs.

• Exploring free or low-cost entertainment options, utilizing discounts, and avoiding unnecessary expenses are key to making $1,000 a month work.

What Does Living on $1,000 a Month Look Like?

If your income is limited to $1,000 a month, you might be wondering exactly how far it will go. Breaking it down hourly, weekly, and by paycheck can give you some perspective on how much money you’ll actually have to work with.

An income of $1,000 a month is….

• $230.77 as a weekly salary

• $46.15 daily

• $6.15 an hour, assuming you work 37.5 hours a week full-time

• $11.54 an hour, assuming you work 20 hours a week part-time.

The numbers above assume that you’re talking about net income, which means the money you bring in after taxes and other deductions.

By comparison, the median household income in the United States is $67,521, according to Census Bureau data. That works out to $5,626.75 in monthly income.

Is It Possible to Live Off of $1,000 a Month?

Living off $1,000 a month is possible, and it’s a reality for many individuals and families. Again, you might be living on a low income because you’re in school. So your monthly budget might look something like this:

• Food: $250

• Gas: $100

• School supplies/equipment: $50

• Rent: $400 (assuming you’re sharing with roommates)

• Utilities: $100

• Miscellaneous: $100

As you may notice, there isn’t room in this budget for debt repayment or savings.

In addition to students living on a frugal budget, this kind of scenario may apply to older people on a fixed income. Retirees may choose to cut their expenses to the bone once they stop working. And in some cases, money may be tight because you’re getting through a financial hardship and income is lower than normal.

Can you live well on just $1,000 a month? That’s subjective, as the answer can depend on how responsibly you use the money that you have as well as what the cost of living is in your area. Being frugal and flexible are essential to making life on a smaller income work.

How to Live on $1,000 a Month

Figuring out how to live on $1,000 a month, either by choice or when money is tight, requires some creativity and planning. Whether your low-income lifestyle is temporary or you’re making a more permanent shift to financial minimalism, these tips can help you stretch your dollars farther.

1. Assess Your Situation

You can’t really learn how to manage your money better if you don’t know where you’re starting from. So the first step is creating your personal financial inventory to understand:

• Exactly how much income you have

• Where that money is coming from

• What you’re spending each month

• How much you have in savings

• How much debt you have.

It also helps to consider why you might need to know how to live on $1,000 a month. For example, if you’re knee-deep in debt because you’ve been living beyond your means, that can be a strong incentive to curb spending and live on less.

2. Separate Needs From Wants

Needs are things you spend money on because you need them to maintain a basic standard of living. For example, needs include:

• Housing

• Utilities

• Food

• Health care

Wants are all the extras that you might spend money on. So that may include dining out, hobbies, or entertainment. If you’re trying to live on $1,000 a month, needs should likely take priority over wants. One good budget plan can be the 50/30/20 rule, which allocates 50% of one’s take-home pay to needs, 30% to wants, and 20% to savings.

Here’s a hard truth, however: When working with $1,000 per month, you may have to get rid of most (or all) of the wants to make your spending plan work. As you make your budget, focus on the needs first and if you have money left over, then you can add one or two small extras back in.

3. Lower Your Housing Costs

Housing might be your biggest expense, and, if you want to make a $1,000 a month budget work, getting that cost down can help. Some of the ways you might be able to reduce housing costs include:

• Taking on one or more roommates

• Moving back in with your parents

• Renting out a room

• Refinancing into a new mortgage

• Selling your home and moving into something smaller or less expensive.

Are these options ideal? Not necessarily. Living with parents, roommates, or strangers who are renting out part of your home can mean sacrificing some of your privacy. Refinancing a mortgage or downsizing can be time-consuming and stressful.

But if you’re trying to get your budget to $1,000 or less, these are all legitimate ways to slash your housing expenses.

4. Get Rid of Your Car

Cars can be expensive to own and maintain. A car payment could easily run several hundred dollars per month. Even if you own your car outright, putting gas in it, buying tires, and paying for regular maintenance could still make a sizable dent in your income.

If you have the means to do so, selling your car could free up money in your budget. And you could use the money you collect from the sale to pad your savings account, pay down some debt, or simply get ahead on monthly bills.

If you do sell your vehicle, use an online resource like Kelley Blue Book to check your car’s potential resale value before setting a price.

5. Eat at Home

After housing, food can easily be a budget-buster, especially if you’re eating out rather than preparing meals at home. The good news is that there’s a simple way to cut your food costs: Ditch the takeout and restaurant meals.

Planning meals around low-cost, healthy ingredients can help you to spend less on food and still eat well. You can also save on food costs by:

• Using coupons

• Shopping sales and clearance sections

• Downloading cash back apps that reward you with cash for grocery purchases

• Relying on pantry staples that you can make into multiple meals

• Trying Meatless Mondays (which means eating vegetarian on Mondays; meat tends to be a pricey buy)

• Repurposing leftovers as much as possible.

You could also save money on food if you’re able to make things like bread, pizza dough, or pasta yourself using basic ingredients. When shopping at your local grocery stores, take time to compare prices online before heading out. And consider whether you can get in-season vegetables and fruits for less at a local farmer’s market.

6. Negotiate Your Bills

Some of your bills might be more or less unchanging from month to month. But others may give you some wiggle room to negotiate and bring costs down.

For example, if you’re keeping your car, you don’t have to keep the same car insurance if it’s costing you a lot of money. You can shop around and compare rates with different companies, or ask your current provider about discounts. You could also raise your deductible, which can lower your monthly premium, but keep in mind that you’ll need to have cash on hand to pay it if you need to file a claim.

Other bills you might be able to negotiate or reduce include:

• Internet

• Cable TV (bonus points if you can get rid of it altogether)

• Cell phone

• Subscription services (or better yet, cancel them for extra savings)

• Credit card interest.

Also, if you are hit with a major doctor’s bill, know that it can be possible to negotiate medical bills. It’s definitely worth talking with your provider’s office about this.

There are also services that will handle bill negotiation for you. While those can save you time, you might pay a fee to use them so consider how much that’s worth to you.

7. Learn to Barter and Trade

Bartering is something of a lost art, but reviving it could be a great idea if you’re trying to live on $1,000 a month. For example, say you need to cut the grass, but there’s no room in your budget to buy a new lawn mower to replace your broken one. You could barter the use of your neighbor’s mower in exchange for a few hours of raking leaves at their place.

Or, say that you have kids who have outgrown their clothes. Instead of resigning yourself to using a credit card to buy new outfits for school, you could set up a clothes swap with other parents in your neighborhood. You can clean out clutter and get things you need, without having to spend any money.

8. Get Rid of Debt

Debt can be one of the biggest obstacles to making a $1,000 a month income work. If you have debt, whether it’s credit cards, student loans, or a car loan, it’s important to have a plan for paying it down.

When you only have $1,000 a month to work with, you may only be able to pay a little to your debts at a time. But you might be able to make each penny count more by making debts less expensive.

For instance, you might try a 0% APR credit-card balance transfer to save on interest charges. Or if you have loans from getting your diploma that have a high interest rate, you may consider the benefits of refinancing your student loans to reduce your rate and lower your monthly payment.

If you’re really struggling with how to pay off debt on a low income, you may want to talk to a nonprofit credit counselor. A credit counselor can review your situation and help you come up with a budget and plan for paying off debt that fits your situation. One option is the National Foundation for Credit Counseling, or
NFCC.

9. Adopt a No-Spend Attitude

When you want or need to know how to live on $1,000 a month, the fastest way to get overspending in check is to do a no-spend challenge. How this works: You commit yourself to not spending any money on nonessentials for a set time period.

A no-spend challenge can last a day, a weekend, a week, a month, or even a year. The time frame doesn’t matter as much as being all-in with the idea of not spending money on things you don’t need. And you might be surprised at how much money you’re able to save by avoiding wasteful spending.

10. Find Free or Low-Cost Ways to Have Fun

Living on $1,000 a month might mean you don’t have much room in your budget for fun. But you can still enjoy life without having to spend money.

Some of the ways you can do that include:

• Checking out free events in your community, like festivals or fairs

• Adopting hobbies that are low or no-cost, like walking or bike-riding

• Checking out books, DVDs, and CDs from your local library

• Volunteering

• Visiting local spots that offer free admission days, like museums or aquariums.

Those are all ways to spend an enjoyable afternoon without costing yourself any money. And if you do want to do something that requires a little spending, you can use a site like Groupon to check for coupons or special deals to save some cash. Or try Meetup to see if any free or low-cost events of interest are brewing in your area.

11. Grow Your Income

If you try living on $1,000 a month and find that it just isn’t enough, the next thing you can do is figure out how to bring in more money. Fortunately, there are plenty of ways to do that.

Here are some ideas for making more money to supplement your income:

• Increase your hours if you’re working an hourly job

• Take on a part-time job in addition to your full-time job

• Start an online low-cost side hustle, like freelancing or Pinterest management

• Consider an offline side hustle, like walking dogs or shopping with Instacart

• Sell things around the house you don’t need for cash

• Check for unclaimed money online

• Sell unwanted gift cards for cash.

The great thing about making more money is that you can try multiple things to see what works and what doesn’t. And you can also use found money, like bonuses, rebates, or refunds to help cover bills or shore up your savings.

The Takeaway

Making your budget work when you have $1,000 in monthly income is possible, though it might take some serious work. Drastically reducing expenses can be a great place to start, and bringing in more income can of course help too.

Changing banks is one more money-saving tip to know. When you open an online bank account with SoFi, for example, you can get checking and savings in one place. Plus, if you sign up with direct deposit, you’ll avoid the usual steep banking fees and earn a competitive APY. Qualifying accounts can get paid up to two days early. If you’ve never considered an online bank before, those are great incentives to make a change.

Better banking is here with SoFi, NerdWallet’s 2024 winner for Best Checking Account Overall.* Enjoy up to 4.60% APY on SoFi Checking and Savings.

FAQ

Where can you live on $1,000 a month?

The best places to live on $1,000 a month are ones that have an exceptionally low cost of living. In the United States, that may mean living in a rural area or a smaller city. When searching for the cheapest places to live, consider what you’ll pay for housing, utilities, transportation, and food – the non-negotiable “musts” in your budget.

How can I live on very little income?

The secret to living on a very little income is being careful with how you spend your money and minimizing or avoiding debt as much as possible. Keeping a budget, cutting out unnecessary expenses, and using cash only to pay can make it easier to live on a smaller income.

What is the lowest amount of money you can live on?

The lowest amount of money you can live on is the amount that allows you to cover all of your basic needs, including housing, utilities, and food. For some people, that might be 25% of their income; for others, it might be 75%; it really depends on your specific situation (household size, debt, etc.) and the cost of living. Residing in a less expensive area can make it easier to live on less of the money you make.

Photo credit: iStock/David Commins

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Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

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SoFi Bank reserves the right to grant a grace period to account holders following a change in Direct Deposit activity or Qualifying Deposits activity before adjusting rates. If SoFi Bank grants you a grace period, the dates for such grace period will be reflected on the APY Details page of your account. If SoFi Bank determines that you did not have Direct Deposit activity or $5,000 in Qualifying Deposits during the current 30-day Evaluation Period and, if applicable, the grace period, then you will begin earning the rates earned by account holders without either Direct Deposit or Qualifying Deposits until you have Direct Deposit activity or $5,000 in Qualifying Deposits in a subsequent 30-Day Evaluation Period. For the avoidance of doubt, an account holder with both Direct Deposit activity and Qualifying Deposits will earn the rates earned by account holders with Direct Deposit.

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SOBK0922009

Feb

2024

What Is a Quiet Period?

By Matthew Zeitlin | Growing Wealth, invest, Investing, Terminology | Comments Off

When a company is in the process of going public — getting ready for an initial public offering, or IPO — it is required to enter a so-called “quiet period.” During the quiet period, company executives, board members, management, and employees cannot publicly promote the company or its stock. Investment bankers and underwriters also cannot put out buy or sell recommendations.

In effect, the company and its personnel are required to stay quiet for a period of time surrounding the IPO filing.

Key Points

• A quiet period is a period of time when a company going public cannot publicly promote itself or its stock.

• The purpose of a quiet period is to allow the SEC to review the company’s registration without bias or interruption.

• During the quiet period, companies can discuss information already in the prospectus but should avoid generating public interest.

• Quiet periods are not only limited to IPOs but also observed by companies around the end of a quarter.

• Violating the quiet period can result in consequences such as delayed IPO, liability for violating the Securities Act, or disclosure of the violation in the prospectus.

What Is the Point of a Quiet Period?

While companies always have to comply with the federal securities laws — impending IPO or not — the time around an initial public offering is a special time for any company and comes with special rules and restrictions.

It starts when the company files the registration statement (called an S-1) with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), including a recommended offering price for the security, and lasts for 30 days. The S-1 contains:

• a description of the company’s properties and business

• a description of the security being offered

• information about company management

• financial statements certified by independent accountants

During this time, the SEC looks over all the documentation and approves the registration. The quiet period allows the SEC to complete the review process without bias or interruption, and ensures that the company doesn’t attempt to hype, manipulate, or pre-sell their stock.

Companies are allowed to discuss information already in the prospectus during the quiet period, and oftentimes they will go on a “road show” to present this information to big, institutional investors and get a sense for the potential market. Activities generally avoided during the quiet period are advertising campaigns, conferences, and press interviews — basically, anything that might generate public interest in a company or its securities.

Quiet Periods Not Connected to an IPO

While the IPO quiet period by far gets the most attention, it is not the only time that the SEC reins in the communications of companies and their executives. Typically around the end of a quarter, when a company knows the results it will likely release in its quarterly earnings report to investors, the company observes a quiet period to avoid tipping anyone off or trying to get ahead of them in any way.

[ipo_launch]

How Do Companies Violate the Quiet Period?

While the general investing public is supposed to rely on the information contained in S-1s and other official company communications when deciding whether or not to buy the stock, the irony is that public attention to the company is typically very high right before an IPO. All this attention comes at a time when the company itself is supposed to be in its quiet period.

In the past, some companies have run into issues with their senior executives talking to the media during the quiet period. In some cases, the interviews were conducted earlier but published during that time — but either way, it can appear to be a violation of the terms.

What Happens When Quiet Periods Are Violated?

There are no set penalties for violating a quiet period, which is also called “gun-jumping.” If the SEC deems a statement made by a company is in violation of the quiet period, consequences can include:

• A delayed IPO

• Liability for violating the Securities Act

• Requirement to disclose the violation in the company’s prospectus

Delaying the IPO process allows all potential investors to get back on the same page with equal access to information disclosed by the company.

The SEC is also empowered to exact more severe punishments, like civil or even criminal penalties, but typically only pursue these in extreme cases.

What Investors Can Do During a Quiet Period

Quiet periods can be a good time to assess whether you’re interested in investing in a company’s IPO. IPOs have the potential to be lucrative investments, but can also turn out to be extremely volatile and may lose value. There is no guarantee.

Seasoned investors may try to profit at the end of the quiet period, called the quiet period expiration. At this time the stock price and trading volume may see drastic movement up or down, as a flood of information gets released from analysts.

Unbiased prospectus information about recent filings can be viewed on the SEC website. Reading the prospectus can help an investor judge for themself whether a company’s mission, team, and financials look like a sound investment to them.

The Takeaway

The quiet period before an IPO is a time for founders, executives, and employees of a company to stay off the radar, as their official registration forms and other existing info about the company speaks for itself. This allows potential investors to make decisions based on the same information, with no pre-IPO investing hype or manipulation.

Companies may violate quiet periods intentionally or unintentionally, but there are no set penalties for doing so. The SEC may ask that certain measures are taken, however.

For a limited time, opening and funding an Active Invest account gives you the opportunity to get up to $1,000 in the stock of your choice.

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SOIN0523091

Net Present Value: How to Calculate NPV

What Is Net Present Value (NPV)?

How to Calculate NPV

NPV Formula

Example of NPV with a Single Cash Flow Investment

Example of NPV with Multiple Cash Flows

Tools to Help Calculate NPV

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What Does NPV Show You?

What Is a Good NPV?

Comparing NPV

NPV vs Present Value

NPV vs IRR

NPV vs ROI

NPV vs Payback Period

Benefits and Drawbacks of NPV

Benefits of NPV

Drawbacks of NPV

How Investors Can Use NPV

The Takeaway

FAQ

Is a higher NPV better?

What is the basic NPV investment rule?

Is NPV the same as profit?

Is a NPV of 0 acceptable?

When should NPV not be used?

Is Excel NPV accurate?

At What Age Can You Get a Debit Card?

Why Do Debit Cards Have Age Limits?

Do Minors Need to Have a Debit Card?

Is It Possible to Get a Debit Card as a Minor?

Get up to $300 when you bank with SoFi.

Open a SoFi Checking and Savings Account with direct deposit and get up to a $300 cash bonus. Plus, get up to 4.60% APY on your cash!

Benefits of Having a Debit Card as a Minor

When Is the Right Time to Get a Debit Card?

What to Look for When Choosing a Debit Card

The Takeaway

FAQ

At what age can a minor have a credit card?

Is it better for a minor to have a debit or credit card?

Do all banks allow minors to have debit cards?

What Is Liquidity In Stocks?

Types of Liquidity

Market Liquidity

Accounting Liquidity

How Liquid Are Different Assets?

What Is Liquidity Risk?

Are Stocks a Liquid Asset?

How to Calculate a Stock’s Liquidity

Examples of Liquid Stocks

Why Stock Liquidity Is Important for Investors

The Takeaway

FAQ

What is good liquidity for a stock?

What is a “Liquidity Ratio?”

Is a higher liquidity better?

11 Tips for Surviving on $1,000 a Month

What Does Living on $1,000 a Month Look Like?

Is It Possible to Live Off of $1,000 a Month?

How to Live on $1,000 a Month

1. Assess Your Situation

2. Separate Needs From Wants

3. Lower Your Housing Costs

4. Get Rid of Your Car

5. Eat at Home

6. Negotiate Your Bills

7. Learn to Barter and Trade

8. Get Rid of Debt

9. Adopt a No-Spend Attitude

10. Find Free or Low-Cost Ways to Have Fun

11. Grow Your Income

The Takeaway

FAQ

Where can you live on $1,000 a month?

How can I live on very little income?

What is the lowest amount of money you can live on?

What Is a Quiet Period?

What Is the Point of a Quiet Period?

Quiet Periods Not Connected to an IPO

Student Loan
Refinancing

Personal
Loans

Online
Investments