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What Is Asset Management?

Asset managers help manage their clients’ money. They typically manage an individual’s or institution’s investment portfolio, with the objective of building or maintaining wealth. Asset managers usually work to deliver investment returns that help clients achieve their financial goals while aiming to mitigate risk.

These professionals are typically fiduciaries, an industry designation which means they must put their clients’ best interests ahead of their own.

Understanding how asset management works, the pros and cons, and the costs involved, can help you decide whether this service is right for you.

What Is Asset Management: The Basics

Asset management is a financial service offered by licensed individuals or companies. The aim of asset management is to build or maintain a client’s wealth, typically through portfolio management. Although asset management is commonly available to high-net-worth individuals, some financial advisors may serve a wider population.

Asset managers choose what investments to buy, sell, or avoid. And they make recommendations based on what they think will help their client’s portfolio grow safely. Asset managers are trained to consider their investment choices in light of a client’s long-term goals or plan and manage potential investment risk factors as well as tax consequences.

In addition to trading traditional and alternative securities, such as stocks, bonds, real estate, and private equity, some asset managers may also offer services not usually available to private investors, such as first access to initial public offerings (IPOs).

They may also offer their clients other services like bundled insurance policies or estate planning, legacy planning, giving strategies, and more.

To make managing and monitoring their accounts easier, clients may consolidate all of their accounts — including checking, savings, money market, and investment accounts — into one asset management account. These accounts provide one monthly statement to help clients keep track of their financial activities and may provide other benefits such as automatic periodic investment.

Asset management accounts are relatively new: The government first allowed them less than 25 years ago. In 1999, the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act overrode the Glass-Steagall Act of 1933, which banned firms from offering banking and securities services at the same time. The Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act permitted financial services firms to offer brokerage and banking services, and asset management accounts were born.


💡 Quick Tip: Look for an online brokerage with low trading commissions as well as no account minimum. Higher fees can cut into investment returns over time.

What Is an Asset Manager?

“Asset manager” is a term in the financial industry that refers to professionals or companies that manage clients’ wealth. Asset managers may also be referred to as investment advisors, financial advisors, or wealth managers.

Generally speaking, what distinguishes an asset manager from, say, a stock broker or brokerage house is that they are legally Registered Investment Advisors (RIAs). An RIA differs from a broker, and potentially from some financial advisors, in that she or he is a fiduciary, and an asset management company is considered a fiduciary firm. That means they can execute investment trades on their clients’ behalf, and they are legally obligated to put their clients’ interests first.

An asset manager must take a two-pronged approach to managing their clients’ assets. They have to consider ways to grow the portfolio and continue to build the client’s wealth. At the same time, they have to manage risk in order to limit potential losses.

Obviously, this is the aim of many investors as well. But most investors aren’t trained in the technicalities of choosing investments, maintaining (or adjusting) a portfolio’s asset allocation, and analyzing how certain strategies may or may not support their goals. For this reason, working with a professional asset manager makes sense for a number of people.

Hiring an asset manager means trusting a professional to execute your financial mandate. These mandates may include instructions on your goals and priorities, what benchmarks may be used to measure success, and what types of investments should be prioritized or avoided. For example, an environmental organization might avoid stocks or funds that include petroleum companies, or an individual concerned about corporate responsibility might target funds that prioritize good corporate governance.

How Much Does an Asset Manager Cost?

Investors should pay special attention to how an asset manager gets paid, as their compensation structures can be complicated.

Before hiring an asset manager, an investor should feel comfortable asking for a copy of their fee structure. Individual Advisory Representatives (IAR), which most asset managers are, are required by the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) to file a Form ADV that includes information such as the manager’s investment style and assets they manage, among other things.

Here’s how asset managers may be paid.

Fee based on a percentage of assets

Many asset managers charge an annual fee based on a percentage of the value of an account. These fees may vary depending on the size of the portfolio. For example, larger portfolios may be charged lower fees than smaller portfolios. Or, some asset managers may offer tiered-fee systems that assign different costs to different asset levels. For example, managers may charge one fee for portfolios up to $250,000 and a slightly smaller fee for $250,000 to $1 million, and so on.

Commission-based fees

Asset managers may also earn commissions on other products or services they offer, such as insurance policies. Or they may do a combined fee structure. It’s a good idea to ask an asset manager if they accept commissions for any products they might sell, even if they also charge an annual fee.

Flat fees

Other asset management firms are fee-only, meaning they don’t collect commissions on specific products, and only make money from the management fees they charge their clients. A fee structure like this may make investors feel more confident that their asset manager is choosing investments and products that are appropriate for them and their goals, rather than choosing products because they carry higher commissions.


💡 Quick Tip: Are self-directed brokerage accounts cost efficient? They can be, because they offer the convenience of being able to buy stocks online without using a traditional full-service broker (and the typical broker fees).

The Importance of Asset Managers

Of course all investors are seeking the best ways to manage their portfolios. They hope to employ the right strategies that may help achieve their goals, build wealth, and avoid risk when possible. In some cases, individuals can accomplish these aims on their own, but in other cases it’s beneficial to have an asset manager who is trained in these skills.

An asset manager can:

•   Help identify investments that align with an investor’s financial goals

•   Build a portfolio and set up an asset allocation that suits an investor’s risk tolerance and risk capacity

•   Manage the portfolio over time, adjusting to their clients’ changing priorities

•   Be responsive to market conditions

•   Adhere to fiduciary standards and responsibilities in putting their clients’ best interests ahead of their own.

Given the multitude of uncertainties investors can face over a lifetime, it may be wise for some investors to consider working with an asset manager.

The Takeaway

Though asset managers are known by many names (including wealth advisor, financial advisor, RIA), they are typically professionals or firms that work with individuals or institutions to manage their money. An asset manager is entrusted with choosing the investments that can help their clients build wealth, while at the same time mitigating risk factors that might lead to losses.

Typically, an asset manager is an RIA — or registered investment advisor — which not only means they’ve met certain industry standards, but they are also considered a fiduciary: They are legally obliged to put their clients’ best interests above their own.

So should you work with an asset manager? Although many asset managers work with high-net-worth individuals (or larger organizations such as corporations and universities), it’s possible to get guidance and portfolio management skills at a range of asset levels. But whether you work with an asset manager or not, you can still start saving and investing to help reach your goals and build financial security.

Ready to invest in your goals? It’s easy to get started when you open an investment account with SoFi Invest. You can invest in stocks, exchange-traded funds (ETFs), mutual funds, alternative funds, and more. SoFi doesn’t charge commissions, but other fees apply (full fee disclosure here).


Invest with as little as $5 with a SoFi Active Investing account.



Third-Party Brand Mentions: No brands, products, or companies mentioned are affiliated with SoFi, nor do they endorse or sponsor this article. Third-party trademarks referenced herein are property of their respective owners.

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

SoFi Invest®

INVESTMENTS ARE NOT FDIC INSURED • ARE NOT BANK GUARANTEED • MAY LOSE VALUE

SoFi Invest encompasses two distinct companies, with various products and services offered to investors as described below: Individual customer accounts may be subject to the terms applicable to one or more of these platforms.
1) Automated Investing and advisory services are provided by SoFi Wealth LLC, an SEC-registered investment adviser (“SoFi Wealth“). Brokerage services are provided to SoFi Wealth LLC by SoFi Securities LLC.
2) Active Investing and brokerage services are provided by SoFi Securities LLC, Member FINRA (www.finra.org)/SIPC(www.sipc.org). Clearing and custody of all securities are provided by APEX Clearing Corporation.
For additional disclosures related to the SoFi Invest platforms described above please visit SoFi.com/legal.
Neither the Investment Advisor Representatives of SoFi Wealth, nor the Registered Representatives of SoFi Securities are compensated for the sale of any product or service sold through any SoFi Invest platform.
For a full listing of the fees associated with Sofi Invest please view our fee schedule.

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What Is a Nominated Advisor (NOMAD) in an IPO?

What Is a Nominated Advisor (NOMAD) in an IPO?

A nominated advisor (NOMAD) is a type of corporate advisor, such as a boutique finance firm, investment bank, or accounting firm, which helps international companies get listed on a branch of the London Stock Exchange (LSE).

NOMADs have to be approved by the LSE, and they assist smaller, riskier companies gain access to public capital through an initial public offering or IPO on the Alternative Investment Market, or AIM, which is less stringent compared to larger exchanges.

The NOMAD determines whether the company can be listed on AIM, even if the company will not IPO. If the company ends up pursuing an IPO, the NOMAD advises the company through the AIM IPO process and afterward. Here’s how the process works.

Recommended: What Is the IPO Process?

Nominated Advisor (NOMAD), Explained

NOMADs or Nominated Advisors determine whether a company should be admitted on LSE’s AIM. These are typically small- or mid-cap companies that are seeking aggressive growth and want to be listed on a public exchange. Thousands of companies have gone public, thanks to the more flexible listing requirements of AIM. But these companies are also required to work with a NOMAD that will guide it through this process and continue to be a resource once the company is admitted.

A NOMAD focuses on specific sectors in which they are an expert in, and they provide the company with continuous guidance on all the AIM rules. Assuming the company goes public via an IPO and gets listed on AIM, the NOMAD makes sure the company remains compliant with AIM standards, is up-to-date with AIM’s regulatory changes, and provides the company strategic advice depending on the market cycle.

Some NOMAD responsibilities include: providing financial planning advice, determining whether the company is eligible to be listed on AIM, preparing the company to be listed on the public exchange, and acting as the company regulator during its time on the AIM.


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How Do Nominated Advisors Work?

The Alternative Investment Market (AIM) is a sub-market of the LSE. It is a network that’s designed to allow certain companies that may not be ready for a larger exchange to gain access to the markets and thus reach their full potential.

In order for a company to gain entry into this market, a NOMAD needs to facilitate the process.

The NOMAD does research to see if a company is viable to join this part of the stock market, which is a market for small to mid-sized growth companies. If the company fits the AIM listing requirements, the NOMAD will work with the company to apply to the exchange. If the company is admitted successfully, the NOMAD continues to oversee the company, much like a regulator, to make sure the company is adhering to all the AIM rules.

Recommended: How to Buy IPO Stock

Qualifications for NOMADs

The NOMAD has to be approved by the London Stock Exchange, and there are certain criteria the advisor must meet in order to hold the title of a NOMAD.

First, a NOMAD is not an individual person, rather it is a firm or company that a company uses to get on the LSE. And according to the AIM rules, the NOMAD has to have practiced in corporate finance for at least two years.

The NOMAD needs to also have experience in facilitating at least three qualified transactions.

Lastly, the NOMAD must employ at least four qualified executives on staff of the firm. To become a NOMAD, the firm needs to complete the Nominated Advisor application form.

Once the NOMAD is appointed for the company, typically a smaller company by market cap, the Nominated Advisor is then responsible for advising and guiding the company on how it can be successfully admitted into AIM. The Nominated Advisor must maintain its eligibility status even after it is approved by the LSE.

The Exchange can conduct interviews with the NOMAD to ensure it maintains understanding of AIM rules for companies seeking admission and maintaining their position in the exchange. This is important to mitigate the potential for risk for investors. IPOs are considered extremely volatile events, and can expose all investors — but particularly inexperienced individual investors — to heavy losses.


💡 Quick Tip: Keen to invest in an initial public offering, or IPO? Be sure to check with your brokerage about what’s required. Typically IPO stock is available only to eligible investors.

The NOMAD Process

The NOMAD is needed once a company decides it wants to be listed on the AIM. Next, the NOMAD is appointed to assist the company through the application, admissions processes and ongoing guidance while listed on the exchange. After the company is finally listed on the AIM, the NOMAD offers consistent oversight of the company to ensure its listing.

Once admitted to the exchange, if the company the NOMAD oversees does not continue to meet AIM requirements, the NOMAD may choose to resign from their position or report the company, otherwise, the NOMAD could be subject to a fine for not upholding AIM expectations. In such a scenario, the company’s shares would be suspended and eventually de-listed if a NOMAD replacement is not found within a 30-day period.

What Is the Importance of a NOMAD During the IPO Process?

The Alternative Investment Market was launched in 1995, and its success can be partly attributed to the role that NOMADs play. When a company applies to be admitted into AIM, the NOMAD facilitates the process and is integral to the company getting listed on the exchange. The company that wants to be listed in AIM must appoint a NOMAD, a trusted and experienced representative that ideally may lead the company to go public.

This critical process requires the NOMAD to make sure the company is following the AIM’s rules and regulations, which is why the LSE had strict criteria for becoming a NOMAD. The Exchange wants to ensure the company seeking admission to AIM meets the criteria and has the potential to be a long-term success, and to keep the integrity of the market and protect shareholders who may invest in companies listed on the exchange.

The Takeaway

For some smaller, perhaps riskier, companies hoping to gain access to market capital, a NOMAD or nominated advisor, is required to become listed on the Alternative Investment Market (AIM), a submarket of the London Stock Exchange (LSE).

This route may offer an easier path to an initial public offering. The AIM is considered less rigorous in its requirements, compared with some larger exchanges, and they will consider listing small companies seeking aggressive growth as long as those entities are paired with a NOMAD.

The NOMAD is typically a corporate finance advisor that thoroughly reviews the AIM applicant in terms of its business model, track record, executive team, financials, and so forth. Assuming the company satisfies all requirements, the NOMAD agrees to assist the company in its application to the AIM, and to continue to provide oversight afterward.

Whether you’re curious about exploring IPOs, or interested in traditional stocks and exchange-traded funds (ETFs), you can get started by opening an account on the SoFi Invest® brokerage platform. On SoFi Invest, eligible SoFi members have the opportunity to trade IPO shares, and there are no account minimums for those with an Active Investing account. As with any investment, it's wise to consider your overall portfolio goals in order to assess whether IPO investing is right for you, given the risks of volatility and loss.

Invest with as little as $5 with a SoFi Active Investing account.

FAQ

What is a NOMAD company?

A NOMAD company is a financial entity that has been approved by the London Stock Exchange (LSE) to help eligible companies who are interested in being admitted into Alternative Investment Market (AIM), which is part of the LSE.

What do NOMADs do during an IPO?

As corporate nominated advisors, NOMADs provide advice to a company that wants to go public on AIM. The NOMAD has market sector expertise and does their due diligence to make sure a company meets the eligibility requirements to be listed on the exchange.

What is a NOMAD investment?

NOMADs is integral in the pre-IPO process because they provide guidance for being admitted into the exchange along with ongoing oversight once the company has successfully been accepted into the public exchange.


Photo credit: iStock/ridvan_celik

SoFi Invest®

INVESTMENTS ARE NOT FDIC INSURED • ARE NOT BANK GUARANTEED • MAY LOSE VALUE

SoFi Invest encompasses two distinct companies, with various products and services offered to investors as described below: Individual customer accounts may be subject to the terms applicable to one or more of these platforms.
1) Automated Investing and advisory services are provided by SoFi Wealth LLC, an SEC-registered investment adviser (“SoFi Wealth“). Brokerage services are provided to SoFi Wealth LLC by SoFi Securities LLC.
2) Active Investing and brokerage services are provided by SoFi Securities LLC, Member FINRA (www.finra.org)/SIPC(www.sipc.org). Clearing and custody of all securities are provided by APEX Clearing Corporation.
For additional disclosures related to the SoFi Invest platforms described above please visit SoFi.com/legal.
Neither the Investment Advisor Representatives of SoFi Wealth, nor the Registered Representatives of SoFi Securities are compensated for the sale of any product or service sold through any SoFi Invest platform.
For a full listing of the fees associated with Sofi Invest please view our fee schedule.

Investing in an Initial Public Offering (IPO) involves substantial risk, including the risk of loss. Further, there are a variety of risk factors to consider when investing in an IPO, including but not limited to, unproven management, significant debt, and lack of operating history. For a comprehensive discussion of these risks please refer to SoFi Securities’ IPO Risk Disclosure Statement. IPOs offered through SoFi Securities are not a recommendation and investors should carefully read the offering prospectus to determine whether an offering is consistent with their investment objectives, risk tolerance, and financial situation.

New offerings generally have high demand and there are a limited number of shares available for distribution to participants. Many customers may not be allocated shares and share allocations may be significantly smaller than the shares requested in the customer’s initial offer (Indication of Interest). For SoFi’s allocation procedures please refer to IPO Allocation Procedures.


Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

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What Are Traveler's Checks and How Do They Work?

Guide to Traveler’s Checks

Once upon a time, traveler’s checks were considered vital for keeping your money secure and helping you spend when traveling internationally. But as digital payment options have emerged and ATMs have popped up on street corners around the world, traveler’s checks have become less popular.

However, while perhaps not your primary source of funding while overseas, traveler’s checks may still have a place when you take a trip.

A key benefit of traveler’s checks is that they are very much like using cash. Many businesses will accept traveler’s checks, whether you are paying for a spa treatment or a pair of sandals. But, unlike cash, if your checks were to get lost or stolen, you can (phew!) get your money back.

Read on to learn why you might want to take some of these checks on your next trip, including:

•  What are travelers checks

•  How do traveler’s checks work

•  Where to buy traveler’s checks

•  Pros and cons of traveler’s checks

•  Alternatives to traveler’s checks.

What Is a Traveler’s Check?

Traveler’s checks are paper documents that can be used as a traditional paper check and also like cash. They are intended to aid tourists and are typically used by people on vacation in foreign countries.

Issuers print checks in varying denominations, such as $10, $20, or $50, and they are available in a range of currencies. There may be a fee to purchase these checks and/or exchange them when you are traveling; this varies with the issuer.

Here’s a bit more about how to use them:

•  You can use these checks just like cash to pay merchants for goods and services, as long as they accept traveler’s checks. Typically any change due back to you will be given in local currency.

•  You can also get the checks converted into cash in the local currency at many banks, hotels, and foreign exchange offices, which can be a major convenience when you want some spending money (say, when hitting an outdoor market).

•  If traveler’s checks get lost or stolen, the issuer will replace the checks or give you a refund.


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How Do Traveler’s Checks Work?

Traveler’s checks are issued by a bank or other financial institution. Right after you purchase your checks, you sign each one. When you are ready to use the check, you fill in the payee and date, and then sign the check again.

For the second signature, the person or business you’re paying must be present to watch you sign. The two signatures should match. This is a deterrent to would-be criminals who for that reason may think twice about stealing them.

Though traveler’s checks function like cash, they also are similar to paper checks in that each check has a unique check number. If that check is lost or stolen, the issuer cancels it and issues you a new one.

Recommended: Where to Cash a Check Without Paying a Fee

Where Can I Get a Traveler’s Check?

You can still buy traveler’s checks in the U.S. and other countries. In the U.S, companies that still issue travel checks include American Express and Visa.

You can also purchase traveler’s checks online from the American Express website, but you will need to be registered with an account. In addition, Visa offers traveler’s checks at many Chase and Citibank locations nationwide, as well as at several other banks.

You may also be able to get traveler’s checks from your local bank. If your bank offers them, you may be able to get them for free. If you are buying them elsewhere, you will likely pay a 1% to 3% purchase fee, which could exceed the cost of using an ATM while traveling.


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Pros and Cons of Traveler’s Checks

Traveler’s checks are handy for tourists who do not want to risk losing their cash or having it stolen while abroad. But they come with a few disadvantages as well. Here’s a look at the pros and cons.

Pros of Traveler’s Checks

They keep your money safe. If something should happen to your traveler’s checks, they can be quickly replaced, typically within 24 hours.

They don’t expire. If you bought them and end up not taking your trip, you can use them, or redeem them, at any time in the future.

They protect your identity. Traveler’s checks are not linked to your bank account or line of credit and do not contain personally identifiable information, thus eliminating risk of identity theft.

Cons of Traveler’s Checks

They aren’t as widely accepted as they once were. You could find yourself not able to spend them as freely as you like. Outside of major tourist regions, you may find that few shops or hotels accept traveler’s checks as payment.

They can be hard to get. There are a limited number of issuers today, and the paperwork involved in obtaining them can be time-consuming.

You may have to pay a fee. Unless you’re getting them from the financial institution where you have an account, you’ll likely have to pay a fee to purchase a traveler’s check.

Here’s this intel in chart form:

Pros of Traveler’s Checks

Cons of Traveler’s Checks

SecureNot as widely accepted anymore
No expirationCan be hard to obtain
Protect your identityMay charge a fee

Do I Need Traveler’s Checks When Going Abroad?

You certainly don’t need them, but they may come in handy–depending on where you’re traveling.

Before purchasing traveler’s checks, it can be a good idea to research how widely this form of payment is accepted in the city or region you are planning to visit. You can simply Google something like, “Where can I spend traveler’s checks in Paris” to get this information.

As an alternative, you might consider:

•  Using a prepaid travel card, which is the modern-day version of a traveler’s check. You can load the card with money from your bank account and then use it like a debit card at an ATM (to get local currency), or a credit card at stores and restaurants.

Like traveler’s checks, prepaid cards are not linked to your bank account, which prevents anybody from draining your checking account if the card gets lost or stolen — and you can’t go into debt.

•  Another alternative to traveler’s checks is your debit card, which you can use to get local currency at ATMs and also to make purchases.

However, when using a debit card in another country, you may want to watch out for fees, which may include both an out-of-network ATM fee, as well as an international ATM fee, for every withdrawal you make.

•  Your credit card is another option. These cards can offer you fraud protection and possibly rewards, such as miles vs. cash back. However, there may be fees involved with using your card overseas, called foreign transaction fees.

And, unless it’s an emergency, you’ll likely want to avoid using your credit card for getting cash at an ATM. When you perform a cash advance from a credit card, you can get hit with a fee (around 5% or more), as well as interest, which can run around 25%. You may also pay an ATM fee of several dollars.

Recommended: Ways to Be a Frugal Traveler

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What Can I Do With Old Traveler’s Checks?

Because traveler’s checks don’t expire, those that you have tucked away in a drawer can be used for your next adventure.

You can also redeem traveler’s checks, no matter how old. Some banks allow account holders to deposit their traveler’s checks (including foreign currency traveler’s checks) into their bank account. It’s a good idea to check with your bank first, and also find out if they will charge a fee for clearing the checks.

You can redeem your unused American Express Travelers Cheques online at the company’s website.

Recommended: Here’s What You Can Do with Leftover Foreign Currency

History of Traveler’s Checks

Travelers checks have a long history. They were first issued in England in 1772 (yes, that’s over 250 years ago). They were popularized over the centuries by the Thomas Cook company in 1874 and by American Express, whose president in 1890 found it difficult to cash checks while in Europe.

They became a popular travel mainstay for Americans for years, before technological advances made other payment techniques possible.

4 Modern Alternatives to Traveler’s Checks

Do people still use traveler’s checks? Today, traveler’s checks are less popular as there are other ways to pay when traveling to another country. Here are some alternatives.

Credit Card

You can likely whip out your plastic to pay when traveling. However, keep in mind that you are basically borrowing money, will pay an interest rate, and there may be foreign transaction fees involved. Credit cards do typically provide good fraud protection.

Debit Card

Your debit card may be accepted at many places when you travel. It will pull funds out of your checking account to pay for goods and services.

Prepaid Debit Card

As you travel, you may be able to pay with a prepaid debit card. You load money onto the card when you purchase it, and then you draw down those funds as you spend.

Mobile Wallet

This digital edition of your wallet may enable your spending as you travel. It can electronically hold your credit card, debit card, and other financial information to allow you to scan and spend while on vacation.

The Takeaway

Traveler’s checks are a form of payment issued by financial institutions such as American Express. These checks function like cash but are more secure since you can get your money back if the checks are lost or stolen.

While traveler’s checks can be handy for tourists who do not want to risk losing their cash or having it stolen while abroad, they are not as widely issued or accepted as they used to be.

Today’s travelers may prefer to use a prepaid debit card, which functions in a similar way to a traveler’s check, and/or their credit cards to pay for expenses while traveling overseas.

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FAQ

How does a traveler’s check work?

A traveler’s check works by purchasing a check in the denomination you want (a fee may be charged) and signing the checks. Then, when you want to pay with the checks while traveling, you would sign them again. This double signature is one way that these checks present a secure way to spend when you’re on a trip.

Why are traveler’s checks not used anymore?

As technology has advanced, other methods of payment while traveling may be simpler. For instance, you might just swipe or tap your credit or debit card versus making a special trip to buy traveler’s checks before you head to another country.

Can you cash traveler’s checks?

Yes, you can cash traveler’s checks when traveling, but there may be a fee involved. When you return, you may also cash or deposit any unused checks.

Photo credit: iStock/AndreyPopov


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Although we do our best to recognize all Eligible Direct Deposits, a small number of employers, payroll providers, benefits providers, or government agencies do not designate payments as direct deposit. To ensure you're earning 3.80% APY, we encourage you to check your APY Details page the day after your Eligible Direct Deposit arrives. If your APY is not showing as 3.80%, contact us at 855-456-7634 with the details of your Eligible Direct Deposit. As long as SoFi Bank can validate those details, you will start earning 3.80% APY from the date you contact SoFi for the rest of the current 30-day Evaluation Period. You will also be eligible for 3.80% APY on future Eligible Direct Deposits, as long as SoFi Bank can validate them.

Deposits that are not from an employer, payroll, or benefits provider or government agency, including but not limited to check deposits, peer-to-peer transfers (e.g., transfers from PayPal, Venmo, etc.), merchant transactions (e.g., transactions from PayPal, Stripe, Square, etc.), and bank ACH funds transfers and wire transfers from external accounts, or are non-recurring in nature (e.g., IRS tax refunds), do not constitute Eligible Direct Deposit activity. There is no minimum Eligible Direct Deposit amount required to qualify for the stated interest rate. SoFi members with Eligible Direct Deposit are eligible for other SoFi Plus benefits.

As an alternative to Direct Deposit, SoFi members with Qualifying Deposits can earn 3.80% APY on savings balances (including Vaults) and 0.50% APY on checking balances. Qualifying Deposits means one or more deposits that, in the aggregate, are equal to or greater than $5,000 to an account holder’s SoFi Checking and Savings account (“Qualifying Deposits”) during a 30-day Evaluation Period (as defined below). Qualifying Deposits only include those deposits from the following eligible sources: (i) ACH transfers, (ii) inbound wire transfers, (iii) peer-to-peer transfers (i.e., external transfers from PayPal, Venmo, etc. and internal peer-to-peer transfers from a SoFi account belonging to another account holder), (iv) check deposits, (v) instant funding to your SoFi Bank Debit Card, (vi) push payments to your SoFi Bank Debit Card, and (vii) cash deposits. Qualifying Deposits do not include: (i) transfers between an account holder’s Checking account, Savings account, and/or Vaults; (ii) interest payments; (iii) bonuses issued by SoFi Bank or its affiliates; or (iv) credits, reversals, and refunds from SoFi Bank, N.A. (“SoFi Bank”) or from a merchant. SoFi members with Qualifying Deposits are not eligible for other SoFi Plus benefits.

SoFi Bank shall, in its sole discretion, assess each account holder’s Eligible Direct Deposit activity and Qualifying Deposits throughout each 30-Day Evaluation Period to determine the applicability of rates and may request additional documentation for verification of eligibility. The 30-Day Evaluation Period refers to the “Start Date” and “End Date” set forth on the APY Details page of your account, which comprises a period of 30 calendar days (the “30-Day Evaluation Period”). You can access the APY Details page at any time by logging into your SoFi account on the SoFi mobile app or SoFi website and selecting either (i) Banking > Savings > Current APY or (ii) Banking > Checking > Current APY. Upon receiving an Eligible Direct Deposit or receipt of $5,000 in Qualifying Deposits to your account, you will begin earning 3.80% APY on savings balances (including Vaults) and 0.50% on checking balances on or before the following calendar day. You will continue to earn these APYs for (i) the remainder of the current 30-Day Evaluation Period and through the end of the subsequent 30-Day Evaluation Period and (ii) any following 30-day Evaluation Periods during which SoFi Bank determines you to have Eligible Direct Deposit activity or $5,000 in Qualifying Deposits without interruption.

SoFi Bank reserves the right to grant a grace period to account holders following a change in Eligible Direct Deposit activity or Qualifying Deposits activity before adjusting rates. If SoFi Bank grants you a grace period, the dates for such grace period will be reflected on the APY Details page of your account. If SoFi Bank determines that you did not have Eligible Direct Deposit activity or $5,000 in Qualifying Deposits during the current 30-day Evaluation Period and, if applicable, the grace period, then you will begin earning the rates earned by account holders without either Eligible Direct Deposit or Qualifying Deposits until SoFi Bank recognizes Eligible Direct Deposit activity or receives $5,000 in Qualifying Deposits in a subsequent 30-Day Evaluation Period. For the avoidance of doubt, an account holder with both Eligible Direct Deposit activity and Qualifying Deposits will earn the rates earned by account holders with Eligible Direct Deposit.

Separately, SoFi members who enroll in SoFi Plus by paying the SoFi Plus Subscription Fee every 30 days can also earn 3.80% APY on savings balances (including Vaults) and 0.50% APY on checking balances. For additional details, see the SoFi Plus Terms and Conditions at https://www.sofi.com/terms-of-use/#plus.

Members without either Eligible Direct Deposit activity or Qualifying Deposits, as determined by SoFi Bank, during a 30-Day Evaluation Period and, if applicable, the grace period, or who do not enroll in SoFi Plus by paying the SoFi Plus Subscription Fee every 30 days, will earn 1.00% APY on savings balances (including Vaults) and 0.50% APY on checking balances.

Interest rates are variable and subject to change at any time. These rates are current as of 1/24/25. There is no minimum balance requirement. Additional information can be found at http://www.sofi.com/legal/banking-rate-sheet.
Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.


Third-Party Brand Mentions: No brands, products, or companies mentioned are affiliated with SoFi, nor do they endorse or sponsor this article. Third-party trademarks referenced herein are property of their respective owners.

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What Are Non-Transparent ETFs?

What Are Non-Transparent ETFs?

Unlike ordinary exchange-traded funds (ETFs), which disclose their underlying assets daily, non-transparent ETFs are only required to reveal their holdings on a quarterly or monthly cadence. This ability to conceal their assets can help active non-transparent ETF managers to cloak their strategies for longer periods, with the aim of maximizing performance.

To understand some of the advantages these funds may offer investors, it helps to compare them with standard ETFs.

Why Would You Invest in Non-Transparent ETFs?

For nearly 30 years, exchange-traded funds (ETFs) have been a mainstay for big institutional investors as well as individuals, thanks to their transparency, tax efficiency, and low cost. Today, the ETF industry in the U.S. has billions, if not trillions, under management.

Traditionally, investors have found ETFs an attractive option because of their liquidity, which has made ETFs more transparent than mutual funds. Unlike mutual funds, you can trade ETF shares throughout the day on an exchange, similar to stocks. And the way shares are created and redeemed gives investors more visibility into the funds’ underlying assets, compared with mutual funds. This ‘transparency’ has been true of both actively managed ETFs as well as passive ETFs, which track an index such as the S&P 500.

But the fundamental transparency of the ETF “wrapper” or fund structure has been a thorn in the side of some active ETF managers, who may prefer less visibility around their holdings for strategic reasons. Hence the appeal of non-transparent ETFs to active managers.

Active non-transparent ETFs — also called ANT ETFs — aren’t required to reveal their assets daily, as noted above; rather they report a snapshot of what they hold on a monthly or quarterly basis, similar to a mutual fund. In some cases they report the assets they hold, but not how much they hold.

Recommended: ETFs vs. Index Funds: What’s the Difference?


💡 Quick Tip: How do you decide if a certain trading platform or app is right for you? Ideally, the investment platform you choose offers the features that you need for your investment goals or strategy, e.g., an easy-to-use interface, data analysis, educational tools.

How Passive vs. Active Strategies Can Impact Transparency

If you think about it, the evolution of active non-transparent ETFs makes sense in the larger context of the ETF universe, where passively managed ETFs comprise more than 90% of that market.

Passively managed ETFs offer some of the lowest ETF fees in today’s market, which is one reason they’re typically cheaper to own than mutual funds. The overall tax efficiency of index ETFs also helps to lower investing costs, and has contributed to their overall popularity with investors.

ETFs, of course, are also valued for their role in adding diversification to investors’ portfolios, with many ETFs invested in specific sectors (e.g. electric vehicles, pharmaceuticals) or securities (e.g. U.S. Treasuries, corporate bonds).

No matter whether an ETF is invested in a broader equity market or a niche sector, passive ETFs are designed to mirror or track the stocks in a certain index. Thus the transparency of these funds is part of how they work.

That’s not true of active ETFs, which rely on the oversight of a fund manager to choose the underlying assets (just like an active mutual fund). But because ordinary ETFs require a daily disclosure of the fund’s holdings, this can hamper an active manager’s ability to execute their investment strategies.

When a fund’s assets are disclosed on a daily basis, the market can bid up the price for their holdings. And while in the short term this might be good (the assets could go up), in the long term it could disrupt the fund manager’s strategies. And, if other investors try to anticipate the trades that active managers might make, sometimes called front running, that could cause asset prices to fluctuate and potentially impact the ETF’s performance.

The Use of Proxies in Non-Transparent ETFs

How might a non-transparent ETF solve this problem?

The way ETFs keep their price in line with their assets is that the sponsor of the ETF trades throughout the day with an “authorized participant.” These authorized participants will create and redeem “baskets” of securities, i.e. the stocks or bonds that the ETF holds, and then trade them to the ETF for shares of the fund, which allows the ETF to stay in line with the price of its underlying stocks.

This process obviously requires a great degree of transparency across the board. So, how does a non-transparent ETF obscure its holdings? The answer is, by the use of “proxies”: These are baskets of stock that are similar to but not identical to the underlying holdings of the ETF.

Thus, non-transparent ETFs are able to occupy a happy middle ground in the ETF world: they enable fund managers to conceal their strategies while keeping the liquidity of pricing that is core to trading ETFs overall.

The History of Non-Transparent ETFs

For years, the ETF industry was composed mostly of index ETFs, which helps to explain why the universe of ETFs is primarily passive. But over time, some investment companies began seeking regulatory approval for non-transparent ETFs, also sometimes called semi-transparent ETFs, in order to pursue more active strategies. The approval for these funds, and the technology underlying the non-transparent strategy, began rolling out in late 2019, and ANT ETFs have seen steady inflows since then.

Though non-transparent ETFs are still a relatively small part of the overall ETF market, this sector is gaining traction and is now approaching $2 billion AUM. This reflects a similar trend among active ETFs, which have also seen more inflows this year.


💡 Quick Tip: Distributing your money across a range of assets — also known as diversification — can be beneficial for long-term investors. When you put your eggs in many baskets, it may be beneficial if a single asset class goes down.

The Takeaway

Non-transparent ETFs may be a relative newcomer in the multi-trillion-dollar world of ETFs, but they offer an attractive new opportunity for investors who are interested in active investment styles — but still want the cost efficiency and liquidity of an ETF. Non-transparent ETFs also give active fund managers the ability to cloak their strategies, which may aid potential outcomes.

As with all ETFs, they may have a place in an investor’s portfolio. But it’s generally best that investors do some research or consult with a financial professional before investing.

Ready to invest in your goals? It’s easy to get started when you open an investment account with SoFi Invest. You can invest in stocks, exchange-traded funds (ETFs), mutual funds, alternative funds, and more. SoFi doesn’t charge commissions, but other fees apply (full fee disclosure here).

For a limited time, opening and funding an Active Invest account gives you the opportunity to get up to $1,000 in the stock of your choice.

Photo credit: iStock/ANA BARAULIA


SoFi Invest®

INVESTMENTS ARE NOT FDIC INSURED • ARE NOT BANK GUARANTEED • MAY LOSE VALUE

SoFi Invest encompasses two distinct companies, with various products and services offered to investors as described below: Individual customer accounts may be subject to the terms applicable to one or more of these platforms.
1) Automated Investing and advisory services are provided by SoFi Wealth LLC, an SEC-registered investment adviser (“SoFi Wealth“). Brokerage services are provided to SoFi Wealth LLC by SoFi Securities LLC.
2) Active Investing and brokerage services are provided by SoFi Securities LLC, Member FINRA (www.finra.org)/SIPC(www.sipc.org). Clearing and custody of all securities are provided by APEX Clearing Corporation.
For additional disclosures related to the SoFi Invest platforms described above please visit SoFi.com/legal.
Neither the Investment Advisor Representatives of SoFi Wealth, nor the Registered Representatives of SoFi Securities are compensated for the sale of any product or service sold through any SoFi Invest platform.
For a full listing of the fees associated with Sofi Invest please view our fee schedule.

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

Exchange Traded Funds (ETFs): Investors should carefully consider the information contained in the prospectus, which contains the Fund’s investment objectives, risks, charges, expenses, and other relevant information. You may obtain a prospectus from the Fund company’s website or by email customer service at https://sofi.app.link/investchat. Please read the prospectus carefully prior to investing.
Shares of ETFs must be bought and sold at market price, which can vary significantly from the Fund’s net asset value (NAV). Investment returns are subject to market volatility and shares may be worth more or less their original value when redeemed. The diversification of an ETF will not protect against loss. An ETF may not achieve its stated investment objective. Rebalancing and other activities within the fund may be subject to tax consequences.

Claw Promotion: Customer must fund their Active Invest account with at least $50 within 30 days of opening the account. Probability of customer receiving $1,000 is 0.028%. See full terms and conditions.

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What Drove the SPAC Boom in 2020 and 2021?

Special Purpose Acquisition Companies (SPACs) were all the rage on Wall Street, particularly during 2020 and 2021. Nearly 250 SPACs went public in 2020 — four times as many as 2019. That momentum carried over into 2021 as well, but in 2022 and 2023, interest has dropped.

In 2022, the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) proposed new rules for SPACs that would require more transparency, and protections for investors.

As for what drove the SPAC boom in 2020 and 2021? It was a combination of factors, and SPACs are still very much a part of the financial ecosystem. That’s why it’s important for investors to understand what they are, and what drove their popularity.

SPACs 101

SPACs are shell companies that list on the stock market with the intention of finding an existing private business to buy. Also known as blank-check companies because they have no operating business of their own, SPACs typically have two years to purchase a target.

The current SPAC boom is unsurprising given the long-time dissatisfaction with the traditional IPO model. Private companies, especially tech startups in Silicon Valley, have grumbled for years that the IPO process is expensive, onerous, and time-consuming. Many have been staying private for longer, taking advantage of other avenues for raising capital such as venture capital firms.

Here’s how SPACs work:

1.    The first step tends to involve sponsors, generally former industry specialists or executives. They typically pay $25,000 in what’s known as the “promote” or “founder’s shares,” obtaining a 20% stake in the company in return.

2.    The SPAC goes public on a stock exchange, listing shares at $10 each and promising to use the proceeds to find a private company to merge with.

3.    Once an acquisition is found, shareholders of the SPAC vote on the company merger.

4.    SPACs can buy firms valued at five times the money raised in their IPO. Therefore, additional funding is often raised through institutional investors in something known as a “private investment in public equity” or PIPE.

For the private company getting bought, SPACs offer a cheaper, faster route to listing. Below are some potential benefits of SPACs:

•   In a regular IPO, investment bankers, who advise companies in going public, alone can eat up 4% to 7% of an IPO’s proceeds in fees.

•   The IPO process typically takes 12 to 18 months. In contrast, a SPAC merger generally takes between four to six months.

•   Regulators review SPAC mergers, but more forward-looking projections can be used to market the deal as opposed to IPO prospectuses, which require that only historical figures be shared. This can be particularly appealing to more futuristic ventures like those in electric vehicles or space travel.

•   The valuation of a SPAC target is typically determined by private negotiations behind closed doors, similar to how a deal in a merger would be struck. This can make SPAC IPO valuations less tied to the whims of public markets.


💡 Quick Tip: Access to IPO shares before they trade on public exchanges has usually been available only to large institutional investors. That’s changing now, and some brokerages offer pre-listing IPO investing to qualified investors.

SPAC Performance

Critics of SPACs argue that they are much too lucrative for the sponsors, and bypass measures in the traditional IPO process that are designed to protect investors. The flurry of SPAC activity in recent years also had many worried that a bubble was forming.

However, defenders of the structure argue that this most recent wave of SPACs is different. They say that more recent SPACs have had more credible sponsors, who then in turn target higher-quality companies.

An academic paper by professors at Stanford and New York University law schools looked at SPAC acquisitions between January 2019 and June 2020. The study found that companies that went public by SPAC fell by an average of 3% three months after debuting, 12% after six months, and 35% after a year.

Meanwhile, those with higher-quality sponsors returned 32% after three months and 16% after six months.
When it came to companies with higher-quality sponsors that had been public for at least a year, there were only seven and they fell on average by 6%. The professors concluded that, “It is true that a few SPACs sponsored by high-profile funds or individuals have performed well. But these are the exceptions, not the rule.”

Get in on the IPO action at IPO prices.

SoFi Active Investing members can participate in IPO(s) before they trade on an exchange.


How the SPAC Boom Came About

Here’s a table with the number of SPAC IPOs by year and the capital raised. It shows that the number of SPACs that have listed on the stock market have steadily increased in recent years.

Only 13 debuted in 2016, but the number of SPACs in the stock market spiked in 2020, quadrupling from 59 to 248, and more than 600 launched during 2021. The table also shows the money raised through these IPOs also climbed dramatically, but has since fallen again after a blowout year in 2021.

Year

Number of SPAC IPOs

Money Raised by SPACs

2023 (through June 1) 23 $1.8 billion
2022 107 $13.4 billion
2021 630 $162.5 billion
2020 248 $83 billion
2019 59 $13.6 billion
2018 46 $10.8 billion
2017 34 $10 billion
2016 13 $3.5 billion

Source: SPACInsider

Recommended: How Many Companies IPO Per Year?

What Drove the SPAC Boom?

There were several factors that drove the SPAC boom in 2020 and 2021.

1. IPO Dissatisfaction

IPOs have historically been an important step for maturing companies, signaling that a business is ready for public scrutiny, greater regulation, and increased liquidity of its equity.

However, in the past decade, tech IPOs haven’t always kept pace with the number of unicorn companies that have cropped up. Private companies have shunned the traditional listing process by either staying private for longer or seeking alternative routes such as direct listings or SPACs.

2. Booming Markets

Context is important, too: After the volatility in early 2020 caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, financial markets soared. The Federal Reserve’s stimulus measures played a role in keeping the markets buoyant.

In addition, there was an increase in investing during this time for several reasons. All told, it created an optimal window for private companies to enter public markets, giving them better odds of pricing SPAC deals at higher valuations.

3. Rule Changes

Both the New York Stock Exchange and the Nasdaq have tried to loosen their rules on SPACs in recent years in order to attract more such listings. Nasdaq had dominated the SPAC market until 2017, when NYSE had the first blank-check listing on its main market, after getting approved by regulators to ease some requirements. Separately, Nasdaq tried in 2017 to gain permission to lower a number for required shareholders.

4. Famous Sponsors

Well-known sponsors were also a defining feature during the SPAC frenzy. Well-known investors, former politicians, and former athletes have all jumped on the SPAC bandwagon, setting off a flurry of launches.


💡 Quick Tip: Investment fees are assessed in different ways, including trading costs, account management fees, and possibly broker commissions. When you set up an investment account, be sure to get the exact breakdown of your “all-in costs” so you know what you’re paying.

SPAC Risks

Despite the combination of factors that helped spark the SPAC trend, the fact remains that most SPACS — like most IPOs — are highly risky endeavors.

In addition, despite the hype around both these paths for going public, the main beneficiaries of SPACs have been those closest to the company itself. Retail investors typically don’t have access to SPAC shares until they’re in the secondary market.

The Takeaway

SPAC activity reached a peak in 2020 and 2021, but some of the conditions that have turned SPACs into a popular IPO alternative had been in place for a while. For example, many private companies had been long unhappy with the traditional IPO model. Additionally, the mood in the stock market at the time had become increasingly ebullient, luring private companies into public listings.

SPACs have a checkered history when it comes to actual performance in the stock market. But some market observers have claimed that having more credible sponsors will lead to better mergers and consequently, better share prices.

Whether you’re curious about exploring IPOs, or interested in traditional stocks and exchange-traded funds (ETFs), you can get started by opening an account on the SoFi Invest® brokerage platform. On SoFi Invest, eligible SoFi members have the opportunity to trade IPO shares, and there are no account minimums for those with an Active Investing account. As with any investment, it's wise to consider your overall portfolio goals in order to assess whether IPO investing is right for you, given the risks of volatility and loss.

Invest with as little as $5 with a SoFi Active Investing account.


SoFi Invest®

INVESTMENTS ARE NOT FDIC INSURED • ARE NOT BANK GUARANTEED • MAY LOSE VALUE

SoFi Invest encompasses two distinct companies, with various products and services offered to investors as described below: Individual customer accounts may be subject to the terms applicable to one or more of these platforms.
1) Automated Investing and advisory services are provided by SoFi Wealth LLC, an SEC-registered investment adviser (“SoFi Wealth“). Brokerage services are provided to SoFi Wealth LLC by SoFi Securities LLC.
2) Active Investing and brokerage services are provided by SoFi Securities LLC, Member FINRA (www.finra.org)/SIPC(www.sipc.org). Clearing and custody of all securities are provided by APEX Clearing Corporation.
For additional disclosures related to the SoFi Invest platforms described above please visit SoFi.com/legal.
Neither the Investment Advisor Representatives of SoFi Wealth, nor the Registered Representatives of SoFi Securities are compensated for the sale of any product or service sold through any SoFi Invest platform.
For a full listing of the fees associated with Sofi Invest please view our fee schedule.

Investing in an Initial Public Offering (IPO) involves substantial risk, including the risk of loss. Further, there are a variety of risk factors to consider when investing in an IPO, including but not limited to, unproven management, significant debt, and lack of operating history. For a comprehensive discussion of these risks please refer to SoFi Securities’ IPO Risk Disclosure Statement. IPOs offered through SoFi Securities are not a recommendation and investors should carefully read the offering prospectus to determine whether an offering is consistent with their investment objectives, risk tolerance, and financial situation.

New offerings generally have high demand and there are a limited number of shares available for distribution to participants. Many customers may not be allocated shares and share allocations may be significantly smaller than the shares requested in the customer’s initial offer (Indication of Interest). For SoFi’s allocation procedures please refer to IPO Allocation Procedures.


Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

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