What Are Green Banks?

What Is Green Banking?

Green banking is a branch of the financial industry that focuses on promoting environmentally-friendly practices. Similar to sustainable investing, green banks emphasize the importance of reducing negative environmental impacts as they go about their business.

The latest data indicates that global warming is likely increasing, and, in response, so is the market for renewable energy sources and other green solutions. The emergence of green banking may also reflect this rising interest in being more eco-conscious.

Read on for a closer look at what green banking is and how it works, plus some examples of green banking.

Key Points

•   Green banking focuses on environmentally-friendly financial practices.

•   These banks fund clean energy projects using both public and private investments.

•   These also focus on ways to reduce a bank’s environmental footprint.

•   Other objectives include financing green jobs and expanding solar power.

•   Over 20 U.S. green banks have driven significant clean energy investments.

What Are Green Banks?

There is no standard way to define what a green bank is. According to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), green banks are public, semi-public, or nonprofit financial institutions that use public and private funding to pursue clean energy projects. More broadly speaking, green banks are mission-driven. They work to further environmentally sound goals alongside financial goals. Those objectives can include:

•  Financing projects that will create green jobs

•  Expanding solar power

•  Lowering energy costs

•  Reducing greenhouse gas emissions

•  Building green infrastructure

•  Closing funding gaps for green energy retrofitting projects

•  Advancing sustainability

As of 2023, there were over 20 financial institutions in the U.S. operating as green banks, according to the Green Bank Consortium. Collectively, those banks have helped to drive $9 billion in clean energy investment over the past 10 years, using only $2 billion in public funds.

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How Do Green Banks Work?

Broadly speaking, green banks work by adhering to practices that promote sustainability. Sustainable banking encompasses two different things:

•  Green banking

•  Sustainable finance

So what does that mean? When you’re talking about green banking, you’re referring to implementing practices that are designed to reduce a bank’s environmental footprint.

Sustainable finance, on the other hand, involves the use of financial products to support or encourage environmentally-friendly behavior.

Green banks work by incorporating aspects of sustainability into their operations. That spans everything from the products and services the bank offers to its IT strategy to the way it hires and retains employees. It may encompass socially responsible investing as well.

It’s important to note that it can be easy to confuse banks that are authentically green with financial institutions that engage in greenwashing. Greenwashing happens when companies have the appearance of being environmentally-friendly or sustainable, based on their marketing claims, but in reality are not. It may require a bit of consumer research to make sure you can differentiate what is a green bank and what isn’t.

Recommended: A Guide to Ethical Shopping

Sustainable Banking Examples

The number of green banks in the U.S. is still relatively low, and they don’t exist in every state yet. You may not see them among your local retail banks. However, there are some notable examples of financial institutions that are focused on sustainable banking. These include:

California Infrastructure and Economic Development Bank

The California Infrastructure and Economic Development Bank (known as IBank) offers a variety of paths to sustainable banking. The bank offers infrastructure loans, bonds, small business financing, and climate financing in order to create jobs, bolster the economy, and improve quality of life for Californians. IBank financing has provided $1 billion in infrastructure loans within the state over the last 10 years.

Connecticut Green Bank

Connecticut Green Bank is the nation’s first green bank, established in 2011. The bank evolved from the Connecticut Green Energy Fund and bases its business model on the use of sustainable financing to maximize the use of public funds. As of 2022, the bank and its partners have helped $2.26 billion in capital to find its way into clean energy projects across the state.

NY Green Bank

NY Green Bank is a state-sponsored financial institution operating in New York that works with the private sector to increase investments into clean energy markets. The bank is specifically interested in projects that are both financially sound and focus on creating energy savings or clean energy that helps reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Many of the bank’s funding projects revolve around the expansion of solar energy.

Recommended: How Are Local Small Banks Different from Large Banks?

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Advantages and Disadvantages of Green Banks

Green banks and sustainable banking aim to play a role in environmental preservation. However, they aren’t the same thing as your standard brick-and-mortar or online bank. While you may never use a green bank directly, it’s important to understand how they can still affect you. Here’s what to know about the advantages and potential downsides associated with sustainable banking.

Banking Advantages

Banking Disadvantages

•   Green banks help to advance the use of clean energy technology.

•   Clean energy projects funded by sustainable banking can help to increase job growth and promote economic development.

•   Green banking can attract large-scale private investment, which can help to accelerate clean energy projects.

•   Green banks are not widespread, and their reach may be limited.

•   Sustainable banking is still a relatively new subset of the banking industry, which can translate to higher credit risk.

•   Banks that engage in greenwashing can taint the image of sustainable banking and lead investors to look elsewhere.

The Future of Green Banking

Predicting the future of sustainable banking is difficult, though signs indicate a growing interest in green banks might help create a cleaner environment. At the federal level, for instance, the passage of the 2022 Inflation Reduction Act notably included a provision allowing for the establishment of a national green bank. In August 2024, the first U.S.-based national green bank opened. It’s being run by the nonprofit Coalition for Green Capital using over $5 billion in funding from the Inflation Reduction Act.

Globally, sustainable banking is increasingly in the spotlight in emerging markets. There’s growing interest in the positive environmental gains that may be made through green banking. That said, there are still questions about how to encourage sustainable finance in economies that are still developing. This could in turn lead to more global collaboration among banks in furthering sustainable finance worldwide.

One potential result of sustainable banking: There may be greater carryover in the traditional banking sector. For example, there may be a push for banks to offer personal or small business banking products and services that have a sustainable or green angle. Green loans and mortgages could end up being another byproduct of enhanced attention on sustainable finance.

As the spotlight on green banking grows, you may begin to notice changes at the retail banking level. For example, Citigroup issues an annual report on its ESG (Environmental, Social and Governance) program results. And it’s not just traditional banks showing dedication to this topic; online banks are part of the effort, too. In March 2022, SoFi announced the launch of its ESG Committee to help formulate strategies for positive environmental, social, and governance impacts.

Recommended: Online vs. Traditional Banking: What’s Your Best Option?

The Takeaway

Many people are adopting a greener lifestyle and finding ways to reduce their carbon footprint. Where you choose to bank could make a difference in your efforts if you’re keeping your money at a financial institution that advocates sustainability. Green banking is the term used to describe financial institutions that try to both make their business practices more sustainable as well as invest funds towards eco-conscious goals. This segment of the market may well grow in the years ahead.

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FAQ

What is sustainable banking?

Sustainable banking encourages environmentally-friendly practices, products, and services. A sustainable bank or green bank may be committed to specific environmental goals, such as reducing greenhouse gas emissions, promoting the advancement of clean energy, or funding green building projects.

How can banks be more sustainable?

Banks can encourage sustainability by reviewing their environmental footprint and addressing areas that could improve. The types of changes banks can implement may be large or small, but the end goal is fostering a cleaner environment. Reducing paper waste, for example, is one simple way to be more sustainable.

Which banks are green banks?

There are a handful of banks operating in the U.S. that are designated as green banks, according to the Green Bank Consortium. Whether a bank is considered “green” or not can depend on the type of certifications they hold. Examples of green banks include IBank, Connecticut Green Bank, and NY Green Bank.


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How to Invest in Energy Stocks

Investing in the energy sector, or investing in energy stocks, isn’t all that different from investing in any other area of the stock market, though there are some special considerations that investors should note about energy, specifically, that may help guide their decisions and strategy. After all, there are many different kinds of energy companies, including exploration and production, oilfield services, pipelines, storage and transportation of oil and gas, and renewable energy such as solar, wind, or geothermal heat.

Energy stocks make up one of the 11 sectors in the S&P 500, which consists of the 500 largest stocks in the U.S. For an investor looking at possibly investing in energy stocks, here is what they’ll want to know and consider before making a move.

Key Points

•   Energy stocks cover fossil fuels, renewables, and storage, offering diverse investment opportunities.

•   Steady and growing energy demand supports consistent revenue, making energy stocks attractive to some investors.

•   Dividends from energy stocks can offer investors additional income, enhancing returns.

•   ETFs in the energy sector provide diversification, reducing exposure to individual company risks.

•   Renewable energy stocks, while volatile, represent a rapidly expanding segment with significant growth potential.

Introduction to Energy Stocks

Energy stocks are shares of companies that exist within the overall energy sector. The energy sector is big (again, it’s one of the main sectors of the S&P 500), and comprises many different types of companies. Those may include fossil fuel extraction or refinement businesses, companies that are working on renewable or green energy production, energy storage companies, and more. Suffice it to say, the energy sector is big, there’s always a demand for energy, and there can be some significant advantages to investing in it. But there are, of course, risks, too.

How to Choose an Energy Sector Stock

Again, the energy industry is large and complex. In the oil and natural gas industries alone, there are upstream (production), midstream (transport), and downstream (finished product applications) companies in which an investor might choose to invest their money. For some investors, the source of the energy can impact their interest in owning stock.

Coal used to be a major fuel source, but in recent decades, has been supplanted by the growth of natural gas and renewable energy sources, at least in the U.S. Beyond more commonly known wind, solar energy, and geothermal energies, other sources of renewable energy include hydropower, biodiesel, ethanol, wood and wood waste, and municipal solid waste.

So, for investors, there may be some ethical or moral decisions to make regarding specific energy stocks – particularly since energy production is intermixed with climate change. It may be a priority for some investors, but not others. It’ll all depend on your personal goals and feelings.

Beyond that, choosing an energy stock isn’t all that different from choosing any other type of stock to invest in. Investors will want to do their due diligence, perhaps doing some technical or fundamental analysis, and reading through a company’s financial statements and reports to get a sense of how healthy a specific energy firm is. Once an investor is comfortable with an investment decision, they may want to proceed with purchasing the stock.

How to Invest in Energy Sector Stocks

One way to invest in the energy industry is to buy individual stocks of oil and gas companies or renewable energy companies, such as wind energy stocks. When an investor owns individual energy stocks, they have the freedom to buy and sell them as frequently they choose, and also to engage in options trading strategies.

When it comes to actually investing in energy stocks, the process is fairly straightforward: Use your broker or brokerage application to select the stock you want to buy, decide on how many shares you want, and then execute the purchase. The shares will then be added to your portfolio, and the cash in your account will be deducted accordingly, unless you’re trading on margin.

When investing in a particular stock, the more hands-on learning the investor can do about the company, the better informed they’ll be. As discussed, when considering renewable energy stocks or other energy stocks, an investor might want to examine the company’s finances — including cash flow, debt, and other factors such as the price-to-earnings ratio and the dividend payout ratio. Investors might also research the history of the stock and how it has performed over the past 10, five or even one year. Investors might also compare individual energy stocks with other similar ones that are involved in other aspects of the industry.

Recommended: Sustainable Investing Guide

What Are the Benefits of Investing in the Energy Sector?

Perhaps the most obvious benefit of investing in energy stocks is that there is, and always will be, demand for energy. That is, the product that these companies are (mostly) selling will always have a buyer, and there should, under normal circumstances, always be revenues flowing. Additionally, many of the companies in the energy sector are long-time incumbents, and have been around for decades. That may offer investors a sense of stability, although there are many emerging companies as well.

Another thing to consider: Many energy stocks offer dividends to investors, which may be something to think about when constructing your portfolio.

What Are the Risks?

There are, naturally, risks associated with investing in the energy sector as well. Choosing individual energy sector stocks — whether from oil and gas companies or solar and wind farms — can be challenging and require an investor’s time in researching a company’s financials for a clearer overall picture.

Additionally, buying individual shares of a company can be risky since stock prices can be volatile. There are many factors that can impact an energy stock price, such as the price of crude oil, the price of natural gas, geopolitical issues, decisions made by OPEC, supply and demand from various industries and consumers, and other economic issues.

How to Invest in Energy ETFs

Some investors prefer to invest in exchange-traded funds (ETFs) which are composed of dozens or even hundreds of stocks in an industry.

Advantages of ETFs Over Individual Stocks

ETFs are a diverse investment bundle generally lowers the amount of risk for an investor, vs. owning individual stocks. One advantage of investing in an energy ETF is that an investor can start by buying just one or two shares of the ETF and gradually add more shares as their budget allows. With energy sector ETFs, investors can choose to invest in ETFs that focus on oil and natural gas, or solar companies, or more generally on renewable energy or clean energy.

Additionally, investors can look for buzzwords like green investing that may indicate an overlap of industries and missions.

Future of Energy Stocks

Nobody has a crystal ball – that’s incredibly important to keep in mind. But when trying to get a sense of the future for energy stocks, it’s also critical to remember that energy demand is constant, and increasing. As of the end of 2024, crude oil prices remain elevated due to increasing demand, constrained supply, and numerous geopolitical risks around the world.

Further, changing political priorities could either be good or bad for some energy companies. But the point remains: Energy is, and always will be, in demand.

The Takeaway

Energy stocks — whether shares in oil or natural gas companies, or solar or other renewable energy stocks — can be a vital part of a diverse investment portfolio. Investors can focus on a particular part of the sector that interests them, or else invest broadly in the sector.

As with other sectors, when it comes to investing in energy sector stocks, investors might choose to buy individual shares, or they might invest in an energy sector ETF. The decision comes down to personal opinion and comfort level.

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FAQ

What factors should I consider when investing in energy stocks?

When investing in energy stocks, investors should consider a company’s financial strength, overarching regulatory environment, global demand for their products, and their own personal disposition toward the individual company.

Are renewable energy stocks a stable investment option?

Renewable energy stocks are not a stable investment option, as it’s still a largely volatile, new, and developing sub-sector of the energy sector. With that in mind, renewable energy companies may become more stable and entrenched over time.

How can I diversify my investments within the energy sector?

One relatively simple way to diversify your investments within the energy sector is to consider investing in energy ETFs, which bundle numerous energy stocks together, and offer a degree of diversification in a portfolio – though they are not risk-free.


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What Are Estimated Tax Payments?

Guide to Estimated Tax Payments

If you are self-employed or receive income other than a salary or employment wages, you could be responsible for making estimated tax payments.

You might think of these estimated taxes as an advance payment against your expected tax liability for a given year. The IRS requires certain people and businesses to make quarterly estimated tax payments (that is, four times each year).

Not sure if you are required to make estimated tax payments or how much you should pay? Here’s a closer look at this topic, which will cover:

•   What are estimated tax payments?

•   Who needs to make estimated tax payments?

•   What are the pros and cons of estimated tax payments?

•   How do you know how much you owe in estimated taxes?

What Are Estimated Tax Payments?

Estimated tax payments are payments you make to the IRS on income that is not subject to federal withholding. Ordinarily, your employer withholds taxes from your paychecks. Under this system, you pay taxes as you go, and you might get money back (or owe) when you file your tax return, based on how much you paid throughout the year.

So what is an estimated tax payment designed to do? Estimated tax payments are meant to help you keep pace with what you owe so that you don’t end up with a huge tax bill when you file your return. They’re essentially an estimate of how much you might pay in taxes if you were subject to regular withholding, say, by an employer.

Estimated tax payments can apply to different types of income, including:

•   Self-employment income

•   Income from freelancing or gig work (aka a side hustle)

•   Interest and dividends

•   Rental income

•   Unemployment compensation

•   Alimony

•   Capital gains

•   Prizes and awards

If you receive any of those types of income during the year, it’s important to know when you might be on the hook for estimated taxes. That way, you can avoid being caught off-guard during tax season.

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How Do Estimated Tax Payments Work?

Estimated tax payments allow the IRS to collect income tax, as well as self-employment taxes from individuals who are required to make these payments. When you pay estimated taxes, you’re making an educated guess about how much money you’ll owe in taxes for the year.

The IRS keeps track of estimated tax payments as you make them. You’ll also report those payments on your income tax return when you file. The amount you paid in is then used to determine whether you need to pay any additional tax owed, based on your filing status and income, and the deductions or credits you might be eligible for.

Failing to pay estimated taxes on time can trigger tax penalties. You might also pay a penalty for underpaying if the IRS determines that you should have paid a different amount.

Who Needs to Pay Estimated Tax Payments?

Now that you know what an estimated tax payment is, take a closer look at who needs to make them. The IRS establishes some rules about who is liable for estimated tax payments. Generally, you’ll need to pay estimated taxes if:

•   You expect to owe $1,000 or more in taxes when you file your income tax return, after subtracting any withholding you’ve already paid and any refundable credits you’re eligible for.

•   You expect your withholding and refundable credits to be less than the smaller of either 90% of the tax to be shown on your current year tax return or 100% of the tax shown on your prior year return.

•   The tax threshold drops to $500 for corporations.

Examples of individuals and business entities that may be subject to estimated tax payments include:

•   Freelancers

•   Sole proprietors

•   Business partners

•   S-corporations

•   Investors

•   Property owners who collect rental income

•   Ex-spouses who receive alimony payments

•   Contest or sweepstakes winners

Now, who doesn’t have to make estimated tax payments? You may be able to avoid estimated tax payments if your employer is withholding taxes from your pay regularly and you don’t have significant other forms of income (such as a side hustle). The amount the employer withholds is determined by the elections you make on your Form W-4, which you should have filled out when you were hired.

You can also avoid estimated taxes for the current tax year if all three are true:

•   You had no tax liability for the previous tax year

•   You were a U.S. citizen or resident alien for the entire year

•   Your prior tax year spanned a 12-month period

Pros and Cons of Estimated Taxes

Paying taxes can be challenging, and some people may dread preparing for tax season each year. Like anything else, there are some advantages and disadvantages associated with estimated tax payments.

Here are the pros:

•   Making estimated tax payments allows you to spread your tax liability out over the year, versus trying to pay it all at once when you file.

•   Overpaying estimated taxes could result in a larger refund when you file your return, which could be put to good use (such as paying down debt).

•   Estimated tax payments can help you create a realistic budget if you’re setting aside money for taxes on a regular basis.

And now, the cons:

•   Underpaying estimated taxes could result in penalties when you file.

•   Calculating estimated tax payments and scheduling those payments can be time-consuming.

•   Miscalculating estimated tax payments could result in owing more money to the IRS.

Recommended: What Happens If I Miss the Tax Filing Deadline?

Figuring Out How Much Estimated Taxes You Owe

There are a few things you’ll need to know to calculate how much to pay for estimated taxes. Specifically, you’ll need to know your:

•   Expected adjusted gross income (AGI)

•   Taxable income

•   Taxes

•   Deductions

•   Credits

You can use IRS Form 1040 ES to figure your estimated tax. There are also online tax calculators that can do the math for you.

•   If you’re calculating estimated tax payments for the first time, it may be helpful to use your prior year’s tax return as a guide. That can give you an idea of what you typically pay in taxes, based on your income, assuming it’s the same year to year.

•   When calculating estimated tax payments, it’s always better to pay more than less. If you overpay, the IRS can give the difference back to you as a tax refund when you file your return.

•   If you underpay, on the other hand, you might end up having to fork over more money in taxes and penalties.

Paying Your Estimated Taxes

As mentioned, you’ll need to make estimated tax payments four times each year. The due dates are quarterly but they’re not spaced apart in equal increments.

Here’s how the estimated tax payment calendar works for 2025:

Payment Due Date
First Payment April 15, 2025
Second Payment June 15, 2025
Third Payment September 15, 2025
Fourth Payment January 15, 2026

Here’s how to pay:

•   You’ll make estimated tax payments directly to the IRS. You can do that online through your IRS account, through the IRS2Go app, or using IRS Direct Pay.

•   You can use a credit card, debit card, or bank account to pay. Note that you might be charged a processing fee to make payments with a credit or debit card.

•   Certain IRS retail locations can also accept cash payments in person.

Keep in mind that if you live in a state that collects income tax, you’ll also need to make estimated tax payments to your state tax agency. State (and any local) quarterly estimated taxes follow the same calendar as federal tax payments. You can check with your state tax agency to determine if estimated tax is required and how to make those payments.

The Takeaway

If you freelance, run a business, or earn interest, dividends, or rental income from investments, you might have to make estimated tax payments. Doing so will help you avoid owing a large payment on Tax Day and possibly incurring penalties. The good news is that once you get into the habit of calculating those payments, tax planning becomes less stressful.

Another way to make your financial life less stressful: Find the right banking partner.

Interested in opening an online bank account? When you sign up for a SoFi Checking and Savings account with direct deposit, you’ll get a competitive annual percentage yield (APY), pay zero account fees, and enjoy an array of rewards, such as access to the Allpoint Network of 55,000+ fee-free ATMs globally. Qualifying accounts can even access their paycheck up to two days early.


Better banking is here with SoFi, NerdWallet’s 2024 winner for Best Checking Account Overall.* Enjoy up to 3.80% APY on SoFi Checking and Savings.

FAQ

What happens if I don’t pay estimated taxes?

Failing to pay estimated taxes when you owe them can result in tax penalties. Interest can also accrue on the amount that was due. You can’t eliminate those penalties or interest by overpaying at the next quarterly due date or making one large payment to the IRS at the end of the year. You can appeal the penalty, but you’ll still be responsible for paying any estimated tax due.

What if you haven’t paid enough in estimated tax payments?

Underpaying estimated taxes can result in a tax penalty. The IRS calculates the penalty based on the amount of the underpayment, the period when the underpayment was due and not paid, and the applicable interest rate. You’d have to pay the penalty, along with any additional tax owed, when you file your annual income tax return.

How often do you pay estimated taxes?

The IRS collects estimated taxes quarterly, with the first payment for the current tax year due in April. The remaining payments are due in June, September, and the following January. You could, however, choose to make payments in smaller increments throughout the year as long as you do so by the quarterly deadline.


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SoFi® Checking and Savings is offered through SoFi Bank, N.A. ©2025 SoFi Bank, N.A. All rights reserved. Member FDIC. Equal Housing Lender.
The SoFi Bank Debit Mastercard® is issued by SoFi Bank, N.A., pursuant to license by Mastercard International Incorporated and can be used everywhere Mastercard is accepted. Mastercard is a registered trademark, and the circles design is a trademark of Mastercard International Incorporated.


SoFi members with direct deposit activity can earn 3.80% annual percentage yield (APY) on savings balances (including Vaults) and 0.50% APY on checking balances. Direct Deposit means a recurring deposit of regular income to an account holder’s SoFi Checking or Savings account, including payroll, pension, or government benefit payments (e.g., Social Security), made by the account holder’s employer, payroll or benefits provider or government agency (“Direct Deposit”) via the Automated Clearing House (“ACH”) Network during a 30-day Evaluation Period (as defined below). Deposits that are not from an employer or government agency, including but not limited to check deposits, peer-to-peer transfers (e.g., transfers from PayPal, Venmo, etc.), merchant transactions (e.g., transactions from PayPal, Stripe, Square, etc.), and bank ACH funds transfers and wire transfers from external accounts, or are non-recurring in nature (e.g., IRS tax refunds), do not constitute Direct Deposit activity. There is no minimum Direct Deposit amount required to qualify for the stated interest rate. SoFi members with direct deposit are eligible for other SoFi Plus benefits.

As an alternative to direct deposit, SoFi members with Qualifying Deposits can earn 3.80% APY on savings balances (including Vaults) and 0.50% APY on checking balances. Qualifying Deposits means one or more deposits that, in the aggregate, are equal to or greater than $5,000 to an account holder’s SoFi Checking and Savings account (“Qualifying Deposits”) during a 30-day Evaluation Period (as defined below). Qualifying Deposits only include those deposits from the following eligible sources: (i) ACH transfers, (ii) inbound wire transfers, (iii) peer-to-peer transfers (i.e., external transfers from PayPal, Venmo, etc. and internal peer-to-peer transfers from a SoFi account belonging to another account holder), (iv) check deposits, (v) instant funding to your SoFi Bank Debit Card, (vi) push payments to your SoFi Bank Debit Card, and (vii) cash deposits. Qualifying Deposits do not include: (i) transfers between an account holder’s Checking account, Savings account, and/or Vaults; (ii) interest payments; (iii) bonuses issued by SoFi Bank or its affiliates; or (iv) credits, reversals, and refunds from SoFi Bank, N.A. (“SoFi Bank”) or from a merchant. SoFi members with Qualifying Deposits are not eligible for other SoFi Plus benefits.

SoFi Bank shall, in its sole discretion, assess each account holder’s Direct Deposit activity and Qualifying Deposits throughout each 30-Day Evaluation Period to determine the applicability of rates and may request additional documentation for verification of eligibility. The 30-Day Evaluation Period refers to the “Start Date” and “End Date” set forth on the APY Details page of your account, which comprises a period of 30 calendar days (the “30-Day Evaluation Period”). You can access the APY Details page at any time by logging into your SoFi account on the SoFi mobile app or SoFi website and selecting either (i) Banking > Savings > Current APY or (ii) Banking > Checking > Current APY. Upon receiving a Direct Deposit or $5,000 in Qualifying Deposits to your account, you will begin earning 3.80% APY on savings balances (including Vaults) and 0.50% on checking balances on or before the following calendar day. You will continue to earn these APYs for (i) the remainder of the current 30-Day Evaluation Period and through the end of the subsequent 30-Day Evaluation Period and (ii) any following 30-day Evaluation Periods during which SoFi Bank determines you to have Direct Deposit activity or $5,000 in Qualifying Deposits without interruption.

SoFi Bank reserves the right to grant a grace period to account holders following a change in Direct Deposit activity or Qualifying Deposits activity before adjusting rates. If SoFi Bank grants you a grace period, the dates for such grace period will be reflected on the APY Details page of your account. If SoFi Bank determines that you did not have Direct Deposit activity or $5,000 in Qualifying Deposits during the current 30-day Evaluation Period and, if applicable, the grace period, then you will begin earning the rates earned by account holders without either Direct Deposit or Qualifying Deposits until you have Direct Deposit activity or $5,000 in Qualifying Deposits in a subsequent 30-Day Evaluation Period. For the avoidance of doubt, an account holder with both Direct Deposit activity and Qualifying Deposits will earn the rates earned by account holders with Direct Deposit.

Separately, SoFi members who enroll in SoFi Plus by paying the SoFi Plus Subscription Fee every 30 days can also earn 3.80% APY on savings balances (including Vaults) and 0.50% APY on checking balances. For additional details, see the SoFi Plus Terms and Conditions at https://www.sofi.com/terms-of-use/#plus.

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

Tax Information: This article provides general background information only and is not intended to serve as legal or tax advice or as a substitute for legal counsel. You should consult your own attorney and/or tax advisor if you have a question requiring legal or tax advice.

External Websites: The information and analysis provided through hyperlinks to third-party websites, while believed to be accurate, cannot be guaranteed by SoFi. Links are provided for informational purposes and should not be viewed as an endorsement.

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What Is the Set-Off Clause?

What Is the Set-Off Clause?

What is a set-off? A set-off clause is a financial agreement that effectively removes unnecessary back and forth payments between two groups. Consider the example of two banks that owe each other for various debits. They would ask, who owes the most money? Is any money owed to them? If so, subtract that amount, and the net difference is the final bill.

The set-off clause gets a little more complicated, however, when applied to banks, borrowers, and outstanding debts. In essence, the set-off clause allows banks to draw from deposit accounts when a debtor owes them money.

Keep reading to explore details of the set-off clause and how it’s used in the everyday world by financial institutions.

Key Points

•   Set-off clauses allow financial institutions to reduce mutual debts by applying funds from deposit accounts.

•   Banks can use set-off to cover unpaid debts without always notifying the borrower.

•   Set-off actions do not impact credit scores and have a neutral effect on creditworthiness.

•   Borrowers can protect against set-off by understanding and negotiating agreement terms or switching banks.

•   Debt consolidation through a personal loan can offer lower interest rates and simplified payments, avoiding set-off risks.

Understanding the Set-Off Clause

The set-off clause is a financial agreement made between two parties that allows one group’s debt obligation to be offset by the other group’s debt obligations to them. If two groups both owe money to each another, the one with the largest debt pays the difference between the two debts.

All in all, its purpose is to remove unnecessary payments between two parties. However, the set-off clause is often invoked by banks and financial institutions when a debtor defaults on payments on a loan product or owes an outstanding balance.

Definition and Purpose

Set-off legal definition: A set-off occurs when there are mutual debt obligations between two parties, but one party’s debt is reduced by the amount the second party owes to them.

The original purpose of a set-off clause is to reduce the amount of unnecessary back and forth between two parties. But when it comes to financial institutions, there are many reasons for its existence. One purpose is to provide stability to banking institutions. Because loans are essentially secured through deposit accounts, banks can continue to operate without fear of liquidity issues.

A simpler purpose is that it makes collecting debts a lot easier and faster. Of course, there are many types of debt, which may determine how remittance is pursued.

How Set-Off Clauses Work

Set-off clauses may be invoked by financial institutions when a borrower has checking or savings accounts with the same lender they have a debt with. Should they overdraw or owe unpaid fees to the lender, the lender has the right, via the set-off clause, to pull money from the borrower’s deposit accounts to settle unpaid debts.

Depending on the agreement and local laws, the lender or bank may not even have to notify the borrower when the clause is invoked.

Where You’ll Encounter Set-Off Clauses

You’re likely to find a set-off clause with credit cards, loans, and even bank account agreements.

For banks, this language is often mentioned throughout the account agreement. Many banks exercise their right of set-off to deduct funds from an account holder’s deposit account when that account holder owes an outstanding amount because of fees, overdrafts, or unpaid monthly payments.

But remember: The right of set-off normally only goes into effect when the account holder uses the same institution for their checking and other banking needs.

Legal Basis for Set-Off Clauses

Common law rights apply to set-off clauses when two parties are reconciling debts between them. If party A owes $75 and party B owes $50, both debts can be finalized by party A paying party B $25.

This, in turn, leads into contractual agreements where one party is allowed to deduct money owed to them when those debts go unpaid. However, certain regulatory frameworks must be followed in order for the financial institution to remain compliant.

All financial institutions operating in the United States must adhere to regulatory laws. In general, if you have a complaint, you will want to contact the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau or your state banking regulator.

Implications for Borrowers and Account Holders

A set-off can have a big impact on your personal finances, especially if you’re unprepared for it. Because banks usually don’t have to notify account holders of set-offs, you may suddenly realize your account balances are lower than they should be. That can make you susceptible to overdrawing or not having enough funds to cover necessary expenses.

If you’re vulnerable to a bank invoking the set-off clause, you may want to take the appropriate steps to protect your finances.

Protecting Yourself from Set-Off Actions

To protect yourself from a bank or financial institution invoking the set-off clause, the first step is to understand it. If you’ve already signed an agreement with a set-off clause, you may want to reread through it. If it doesn’t make any sense to you, call the institution and ask to speak with an account specialist who can explain the clause and when it may be invoked.

If you haven’t signed any agreements yet, the terms may be negotiable. While set-off clauses are pretty standard, if your finances are strong, the bank may be willing to rewrite the terms to the contract so they are more favorable to you.

Another option may be to switch banks and close your bank account. As long as the new bank is not affiliated with the original lender, your money may be safe from the set-off clause. However, keep in mind that the lender may be able to take legal action against you. If they do, your assets may be put in jeopardy.

You may be wondering if closing a bank account impacts your credit score. As long as your account has a positive balance, closing it shouldn’t affect your credit score. If you have any automatic payments set up, just make sure you update those accounts so they stay current.

Recommended: How to Split a Joint Bank Account

Alternatives to Set-Off for Banks

When invoking the set-off clause isn’t an option, banks may take other measures, such as sending your debt to a debt collector, restructuring your loan so you can make your payments more easily, or even taking legal action. To avoid any negative consequences, you may want to consider taking out a personal loan for debt consolidation.

How debt consolidation works is simple: Apply for a personal loan and use that loan to pay off your debts at (ideally) a lower interest rate. You’ll likely save money in interest, and you may even have a lower monthly payment, too.

You can take out personal loans for credit card debt, student loans, car loans, or even other personal loans with higher interest rates. You can pay off multiple forms of debt with a personal loan.

Recommended: Beginner’s Guide to Good and Bad Debt

The Takeaway

A set-off clause is legal language that allows a lender to draw from a debtor’s deposit accounts in the event they default on a loan. But typically, it’s only implemented when the debtor uses the same financial institution for their loan as they do their checking and banking needs. To protect yourself against a set-off, read over your loan or account agreement and reach out to your financial institution with any questions. You may also choose to move your bank account to a new bank.

If you’re struggling to make payments, consider taking out a personal loan to pay down your debts. You could potentially get out of debt sooner, save money in interest, and may even save money with a lower monthly payment.

Think twice before turning to high-interest credit cards. Consider a SoFi personal loan instead. SoFi offers competitive fixed rates and same-day funding. Checking your rate takes just a minute.

SoFi’s Personal Loan was named NerdWallet’s 2024 winner for Best Personal Loan overall.

FAQ

Can banks use set-off without notifying me?

The answer to this boils down to your loan agreement and local laws, but in most situations the bank does not have to notify the borrower when it invokes the set-off clause.

Does the set-off clause apply to joint accounts?

A set-off clause shouldn’t apply to joint accounts unless both people are on the loan and are both liable for payments.

Can I dispute a set-off action by my bank?

Yes, a set-off action can be disputed, but the bank may well be within its rights. To determine if the bank acted improperly, you’ll need to read through your loan agreement with the bank. If you’re positive the bank acted illegally, first contact the bank and begin a dialogue with them. If that doesn’t resolve the matter, you may need to file a complaint to the appropriate authorities and seek legal counsel.

How does the set-off clause affect my credit score?

A set-off clause being enacted should not impact your credit score. However, if you’ve been missing payments and are in default, then any late payments will have a negative impact on your credit score.


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SoFi loans are originated by SoFi Bank, N.A., NMLS #696891 (Member FDIC). For additional product-specific legal and licensing information, see SoFi.com/legal. Equal Housing Lender.


Non affiliation: SoFi isn’t affiliated with any of the companies highlighted in this article.

Disclaimer: Many factors affect your credit scores and the interest rates you may receive. SoFi is not a Credit Repair Organization as defined under federal or state law, including the Credit Repair Organizations Act. SoFi does not provide “credit repair” services or advice or assistance regarding “rebuilding” or “improving” your credit record, credit history, or credit rating. For details, see the FTC’s website .

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

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APY vs Interest Rate

Interest rates and APY, or annual percentage yield, are likely words that you’ll hear throughout your financial life. If you are opening an interest-earning bank account, you’ll likely want to earn the highest return on your money that you can find. Conversely, if you are borrowing money (say, taking out a home loan), you’ll probably want to snag the lowest rate on your mortgage.

While you may see the terms interest and APY used interchangeably, they are not identical. APY expresses how much you will earn on your cash over the course of a year. Interest rate, however, is the interest percentage that you’ll earn or that a lender will change you.

Ready to learn more about APY vs. interest rate and how each impacts your finances

Key Points

•   APY (Annual Percentage Yield) and interest rate are two different concepts that are often used interchangeably but have distinct meanings.

•   APY represents the amount of money you will earn on your deposits over the course of a year, taking into account compound interest.

•   Interest rate, on the other hand, is the percentage at which your money will accrue interest, without considering compounding.

•   APY is higher than the interest rate because it includes the effect of compounding, which allows your money to grow faster.

•   Understanding the difference between APY and interest rate is important when opening a bank account or taking out a loan.

APY and Interest Rate Defined

If you deposit money into an interest-bearing account, you will earn an annual percentage yield (APY) on that money. The APY is a useful number because it tells you how much you’ll earn on your deposits over the course of a year, expressed as a percentage. The APY calculation takes into account the interest rate being offered, then factors in whether or not the financial institution offers compounded interest.

Compound interest is the interest you earn on the interest you’ve already earned. Depending on the bank or credit union, interest may compound daily, monthly, quarterly, or annually. The more frequently interest compounds, the faster your money grows.

💡 Quick Tip: An online bank account with SoFi can help your money earn more — up to 3.80% APY, with no minimum balance required.

What Is APY?

APY expresses how much money your cash will earn over the course of a year when it’s in an interest-bearing account.

APY is often confused with APR, which stands for annual percentage rate and comes into play when you take out a loan. A loan’s APR factors in the loan’s interest rate, as well as any additional fees and costs. It tells you how much you will pay for the loan over one year.

What Is an Interest Rate?

An interest rate is typically either the money you earn for keeping your cash at a financial institution or the cost that lenders charge you when they extend credit.

For example, if you put your money in a high-interest savings account, you might earn 4.50% for keeping your funds there. But if you take out a mortgage, you might be charged 7.00% interest for the privilege of borrowing that money to buy a house and paying it back over time.

Incidentally, the difference between the interest rates that banks pay depositors and charge borrowers is one of the ways these financial institutions earn money.

Earn up to 3.80% APY with a high-yield savings account from SoFi.

No account or monthly fees. No minimum balance.

9x the national average savings account rate.

Up to $2M of additional FDIC insurance.

Sort savings into Vaults, auto save with Roundups.


APY vs. Interest Rate Explained

So what is the difference between APY and interest rate? And why does interest rate vs. APY matter anyway? When you are opening a bank account, it can make a difference as one can give you a better picture of how your money will grow while on deposit.

The interest rate tells you the basic rate at which your money will accrue interest. The APY, however, gives you great insight to what you will have earned at the end of a year because it factors in the boost that compound interest can deliver.

Recommended: Different Ways to Earn Interest

The APY Formula

For those who want to delve in a bit deeper, the actual formula for APY calculation is as follows: (1 + r/n)ⁿ – 1.

•   The “r” stands for the interest rate being paid.

•   The “n” represents the number of compounding periods within a year.

If, for example, the interest rate is 3.50%, then that’s what you’d use for the “r.” If interest is compounded quarterly, then “n” would equal four.

Compounding frequency can cause two different savings accounts with the same interest rates to have different APYs. For example, if two different banks offer a certificate of deposit (CD) with the same interest rate and one of them compounds annually, that institution would have a lower APY than the institution that compounds quarterly or daily.

Fortunately, if you want to compare savings rates from one bank or credit union to another, you don’t need to perform these in-depth calculations.

Financial institutions are required to provide information on APY as part of the Truth in Savings Act. And, here’s the heart of it all: The higher the APY, then the more quickly the money you deposit can grow.

Recommended: Use the APY calculator below to see how much interest you can earn on your investments.


Calculating APR

The APR vs. interest rate of a loan tells you how much the loan will cost you over one year, including both the loan’s interest rate and fees, and is expressed as a percentage. A loan’s APR gives you a better sense of the true cost of the loan than the loan’s interest rate, since it includes fees. The higher the APR, the more you’ll pay over the life of the loan.

Thanks to the federal Truth in Lending Act, lenders must provide the APR of a loan. This allows you to compare loans apples to apples. A loan with a low interest rate but high fees may not be a good deal. In fact, you may be better off with a loan that charges a higher interest rate but no or lower fees. APR allows you to be a savvy consumer.

APR can be calculated with this formula: APR = ((Interest + Fees / Principal or Loan amount) / N or Number of days in loan term)) x 365 x 100. Lender’s will tell you the APR of a loan and you won’t need to perform any complicated calculations.

How Simple and Compound Interest Differ

Another dimension of interest rate vs. APY is seen when you consider how simple and compound interest differ. With simple interest, no compounding is involved. If you were to deposit $10,000 in an account earning 4.00% simple interest, at the end of three years, your money would earn $1,200 for a total of $11,200.

If, however, the interest were compounded daily, you would earn $408 the first year. The second year, interest would accrue on the principal and the interest ($10,408), and you would earn $425 the next year (for $10,833), and then $442 the year after that, for a total of $11,275.

While the dollar amount may not seem earth-shattering in this example of a few years, when you are talking about your decades-long financial life, it can really add up. Your money will grow faster with compound interest, helping you reach your financial goals.

Types of High-Interest Accounts for Savings

If you’re looking to earn a competitive rate on your savings, you’ll want to compare accounts by looking at APYs, as well as account fees and minimums. Generally, you can find competitive rates by looking at high-yield savings accounts, money market accounts, and CDs.

•   High-yield savings accounts, typically offered by credit unions and online banks, are accounts that typically pay a substantially higher APY than the national average of traditional savings accounts. They generally also have low or no fees.

•   Money market accounts are savings accounts that offer some of the features of a checking account, such as checks or a debit card. They often come with a higher APY than a traditional savings account, but typically require a higher balance, such as $1,000 or more, to avoid monthly fees.

•   Certificates of deposits (CDs) also tend to pay a higher APY than a regular savings account but require you to leave your money untouched for a certain period of time, called a term. If you take money out before then, you’ll likely pay an early withdrawal penalty. CD terms typically range from three months to five years. Generally, the longer the term, the higher the APY.

Recommended: How Does a High-Yield Savings Account Work?

High-Interest Checking Accounts

Checking accounts work well for everyday spending but typically offer no interest or very little. A high-yield checking account is a special type of account offered by some financial institutions (such as traditional and online banks, and credit unions) that offers a higher-than-average APY. These are accounts designed to give you the flexibility of a traditional checking account (with checks and/or a debit card) but with higher-interest returns.

A few points to note:

•   Often, to qualify for the highest rate the checking account has to offer, you need to meet certain criteria. This might be making a certain number of debit card transactions in a month, having at least one direct deposit or automated clearing house (ACH) payment each month, or choosing to receive paperless statements.

•   Some high-interest checking accounts will offer different APY tiers, with higher account balances earning a higher APY than lower account balances.

Creating a SoFi Savings Account

Interested in opening an online bank account? When you sign up for a SoFi Checking and Savings account with direct deposit, you’ll get a competitive annual percentage yield (APY), pay zero account fees, and enjoy an array of rewards, such as access to the Allpoint Network of 55,000+ fee-free ATMs globally. Qualifying accounts can even access their paycheck up to two days early.


Better banking is here with SoFi, NerdWallet’s 2024 winner for Best Checking Account Overall.* Enjoy up to 3.80% APY on SoFi Checking and Savings.

FAQ

Why is APY higher than the interest rate?

There is a difference between APY and interest rate: The APY is higher than the interest rate because it reflects the effect of compounding, in which your money earns interest on its interest.

What does it mean to earn 5.00% APY?

If an account says it earns 5.00% APY, that means at the end of the year, your money on deposit will earn 5.00% (say, $500 on $10,000 on deposit). The interest rate may be lower, because the APY reflects the impact of compounding interest.

Why do banks use APY instead of APR?

When a bank tells you its APY, or annual percentage yield, it’s sharing how much your money can grow when on deposit for a year. On the other hand, APR stands for annual percentage rate, which is the amount charged if you borrow money. If you are interested in taking out a loan from the bank, you would be told the APR.


About the author

Kelly Boyer Sagert

Kelly Boyer Sagert

Kelly Boyer Sagert is a full-time freelance writer who specializes in SEO-optimized blog and website copy: both B2B and B2C for companies ranging from one-person shops to Fortune 500 companies. Read full bio.



SoFi® Checking and Savings is offered through SoFi Bank, N.A. ©2025 SoFi Bank, N.A. All rights reserved. Member FDIC. Equal Housing Lender.
The SoFi Bank Debit Mastercard® is issued by SoFi Bank, N.A., pursuant to license by Mastercard International Incorporated and can be used everywhere Mastercard is accepted. Mastercard is a registered trademark, and the circles design is a trademark of Mastercard International Incorporated.


SoFi members with direct deposit activity can earn 3.80% annual percentage yield (APY) on savings balances (including Vaults) and 0.50% APY on checking balances. Direct Deposit means a recurring deposit of regular income to an account holder’s SoFi Checking or Savings account, including payroll, pension, or government benefit payments (e.g., Social Security), made by the account holder’s employer, payroll or benefits provider or government agency (“Direct Deposit”) via the Automated Clearing House (“ACH”) Network during a 30-day Evaluation Period (as defined below). Deposits that are not from an employer or government agency, including but not limited to check deposits, peer-to-peer transfers (e.g., transfers from PayPal, Venmo, etc.), merchant transactions (e.g., transactions from PayPal, Stripe, Square, etc.), and bank ACH funds transfers and wire transfers from external accounts, or are non-recurring in nature (e.g., IRS tax refunds), do not constitute Direct Deposit activity. There is no minimum Direct Deposit amount required to qualify for the stated interest rate. SoFi members with direct deposit are eligible for other SoFi Plus benefits.

As an alternative to direct deposit, SoFi members with Qualifying Deposits can earn 3.80% APY on savings balances (including Vaults) and 0.50% APY on checking balances. Qualifying Deposits means one or more deposits that, in the aggregate, are equal to or greater than $5,000 to an account holder’s SoFi Checking and Savings account (“Qualifying Deposits”) during a 30-day Evaluation Period (as defined below). Qualifying Deposits only include those deposits from the following eligible sources: (i) ACH transfers, (ii) inbound wire transfers, (iii) peer-to-peer transfers (i.e., external transfers from PayPal, Venmo, etc. and internal peer-to-peer transfers from a SoFi account belonging to another account holder), (iv) check deposits, (v) instant funding to your SoFi Bank Debit Card, (vi) push payments to your SoFi Bank Debit Card, and (vii) cash deposits. Qualifying Deposits do not include: (i) transfers between an account holder’s Checking account, Savings account, and/or Vaults; (ii) interest payments; (iii) bonuses issued by SoFi Bank or its affiliates; or (iv) credits, reversals, and refunds from SoFi Bank, N.A. (“SoFi Bank”) or from a merchant. SoFi members with Qualifying Deposits are not eligible for other SoFi Plus benefits.

SoFi Bank shall, in its sole discretion, assess each account holder’s Direct Deposit activity and Qualifying Deposits throughout each 30-Day Evaluation Period to determine the applicability of rates and may request additional documentation for verification of eligibility. The 30-Day Evaluation Period refers to the “Start Date” and “End Date” set forth on the APY Details page of your account, which comprises a period of 30 calendar days (the “30-Day Evaluation Period”). You can access the APY Details page at any time by logging into your SoFi account on the SoFi mobile app or SoFi website and selecting either (i) Banking > Savings > Current APY or (ii) Banking > Checking > Current APY. Upon receiving a Direct Deposit or $5,000 in Qualifying Deposits to your account, you will begin earning 3.80% APY on savings balances (including Vaults) and 0.50% on checking balances on or before the following calendar day. You will continue to earn these APYs for (i) the remainder of the current 30-Day Evaluation Period and through the end of the subsequent 30-Day Evaluation Period and (ii) any following 30-day Evaluation Periods during which SoFi Bank determines you to have Direct Deposit activity or $5,000 in Qualifying Deposits without interruption.

SoFi Bank reserves the right to grant a grace period to account holders following a change in Direct Deposit activity or Qualifying Deposits activity before adjusting rates. If SoFi Bank grants you a grace period, the dates for such grace period will be reflected on the APY Details page of your account. If SoFi Bank determines that you did not have Direct Deposit activity or $5,000 in Qualifying Deposits during the current 30-day Evaluation Period and, if applicable, the grace period, then you will begin earning the rates earned by account holders without either Direct Deposit or Qualifying Deposits until you have Direct Deposit activity or $5,000 in Qualifying Deposits in a subsequent 30-Day Evaluation Period. For the avoidance of doubt, an account holder with both Direct Deposit activity and Qualifying Deposits will earn the rates earned by account holders with Direct Deposit.

Separately, SoFi members who enroll in SoFi Plus by paying the SoFi Plus Subscription Fee every 30 days can also earn 3.80% APY on savings balances (including Vaults) and 0.50% APY on checking balances. For additional details, see the SoFi Plus Terms and Conditions at https://www.sofi.com/terms-of-use/#plus.

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

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