A smiling woman in a bright pink blazer speaks with a group of young men and women who are gathered around her.

A Look Into the Public Service Loan Forgiveness Program

If you work in public service for a government agency or nonprofit, you may be able to have the remaining balance on your federal student loan forgiven after a certain number of payments through the Public Service Loan Forgiveness Program (PSLF).

Created by the Education Department (ED) in 2007, PSLF is intended to help public-service professionals who may earn lower salaries and struggle to repay their federal student loans. In this context, many teachers, firefighters, and social workers qualify.

However, it’s important to be aware that on October 2025, acting on an executive order signed by President Trump, the ED announced a final rule to the PSLF program, which may exclude some borrowers starting on July 1, 2026.

Below is the latest information borrowers need to know about PSLF eligibility and student debt forgiveness.

Key Points

•   Under PSLF, federal Direct Loan balances are forgiven after 120 qualifying monthly payments and working for an eligible employer.

•   Eligibility requires working in public service for a qualified government or 501(c)(3) non-profit organization, including full-time AmeriCorps or Peace Corps volunteers.

•   Only full-time workers, meeting employer definitions or working at least 30 hours weekly, are eligible for the program.

•   Only federal Direct Loans, such as Stafford, Grad PLUS, and Direct Consolidation loans, qualify for PSLF.

•   Borrowers pursuing PSLF can enroll in an income-driven repayment plan to qualify for Public Service Loan Forgiveness.

What Is Public Service Loan Forgiveness?

The PSLF program provides professionals working full-time in public service with a way to ease the burden of their student loan debt. After making 120 qualifying monthly payments under an eligible repayment plan, such as income-driven repayment, and by working full-time for a qualifying employer, the remaining balance of a borrower’s federal Direct Loans will be forgiven.

What Are Public Service Loan Forgiveness Jobs?

Borrowers working as teachers, firefighters, first-responders, nurses, military members, and doctors may qualify for PSLF. But with this program, it is not only the type of job you have that determines if you can get forgiveness, but also the type of employer.

Currently, qualifying employers include federal, state, local, tribal government and non-profit organizations. (As noted above, the new final rule may affect which organizations qualify, starting July 1, 2026.)

To find out if your employer currently qualifies for PSLF, you can use the Federal Student Aid employer eligibility search tool.

Who Is Eligible for the Public Service Loan Forgiveness Program?

The way that PSLF works is that borrowers must meet certain eligibility criteria to qualify. These criteria include:

Work for a Qualified Employer

Part of PSLF eligibility requires working for a qualified government organization (municipal, state, federal, military, or tribal) or a qualified 501(c)(3) non-profit organization. Full-time AmeriCorps or Peace Corps volunteers are also currently eligible for PSLF.

Some other types of non-profits also qualify, but labor unions, political organizations, and many other non-profits that don’t have 501(c)(3) status do not qualify. Working for a government contractor doesn’t count; you have to work directly for the qualifying organization.

Only full-time workers are eligible — that is, workers who meet their employer’s definition of full-time or work a minimum of 30 hours per week. People employed at multiple qualifying organizations in a part-time capacity can be considered full-time as long as they’re working a combined 30 hours per week.

Having Eligible Loans

Only federal Direct loans, including Stafford loans, Grad PLUS loans (but not Parent PLUS loans), and Federal Direct Consolidation loans, are eligible for PSLF.

If you hold Federal Family Education Loans (FFEL) or Perkins loans, you need to first consolidate them into a Direct Consolidation Loan for them to be eligible for PSLF. Just be aware that unless your Direct Consolidation loan was disbursed on or before October 1, 2024, any payments you made on the FFEL Program loans or Perkins Loans before you consolidated will not count toward the 120 qualifying payments for PSLF.

Private student loans are not eligible for PSLF.

Recommended: Student Loan Forgiveness Guide

Applying for Public Service Loan Forgiveness

To apply for the PSLF program, you’ll need to take the following steps:

1. Consolidate FFEL Program and Perkins Loans

As noted above, borrowers with FFEL Program and Perkins Loans must consolidate them with a Direct Consolidation Loan to be eligible for PSLF.

However, as mentioned, payments on FFEL and Perkins loans included in a Direct Consolidation Loan that was disbursed on or after October 1, 2024, will not count toward PSLF. Your payment count on the new Direct Consolidation Loan will start at zero.

2. Sign Up for an Income-Driven Repayment Plan

There are now three available income-driven repayment plans to choose from — Pay As You Earn (PAYE), Income-Contingent Repayment (ICR), and Income-Based Repayment. These plans are designed to make student loan debt more manageable by giving you a monthly payment based on your discretionary income and family size. You must enroll in one of these plans to qualify for PSLF.

Note that any borrowers on the SAVE (Saving on a Valuable Education) plan have been placed in forbearance due to a court injunction; the time in forbearance does not count toward PSLF. Those who are eligible need to switch to one of the other three IDR plans to continue making qualifying PSLF payments.

3. Certify Your Employment

To certify your employment, use the PSLF Help Tool. You can either print out the form for you and your employer to sign and then send it in for approval, or you can sign the form electronically and the Education Department will email your employer and request their electronic signature.

4. Make 120 Qualifying Monthly Payments

You must make these qualifying payments while you’re employed by a qualified public service employer. If you switch employers you can still qualify as long as you continue to work for a qualifying organization — but you will have to certify your employment with your new employer.

5. Apply for Forgiveness

After you make your final payment toward PSLF, you will need to fill out and submit a PSLF form for forgiveness.

Current State of the Program

Because the program was created in 2007, the first borrowers to qualify for loan forgiveness applied in 2017. However, early estimates by the Government Accountability Office (GAO) reported the denial rate as more than 99%. At the same time, many borrowers weren’t even aware that the forgiveness program existed.

In 2022, the Biden administration worked to address these issues by introducing a “limited PSLF waiver,” which allowed student loan holders to receive credit for payments that previously didn’t qualify for PSLF. That was later followed by an IDR account adjustment program. In October 2024, the administration said that more than 1 million public servants had received debt relief through PSLF.

In March 2025, President Trump signed an executive order directing the Education Department to revise the PSLF program. In October 2025, the department announced the final rule to exclude organizations that have a “substantial illegal purpose.” Because the new rule changes the definition of a qualifying employer, it could restrict eligibility for PSLF. The rule is scheduled to go into effect on July 1, 2026, though legal challenges to the rule have been filed. For now, the PSLF program is not changing, and those enrolled in PSLF do not have to take any action, according to the ED.

Pros and Cons of the Public Service Loan Forgiveness Program

There are a number of advantages of the PSLF program, but there are some drawbacks as well. These are some of the benefits and disadvantages to consider.

Pros of PSLF

1.   The balance of your student loans is forgiven after a set period of time. This can result in significant debt relief for qualifying borrowers working in the public sector.

2.   The amount forgiven is typically tax-free when it comes to federal taxes. Because it generally isn’t considered taxable income, the amount forgiven under PSLF isn’t subject to federal taxes, unlike other loan forgiveness programs. (Some states may tax the amount, however.)

3.   By offering forgiveness, PSLF encourages professionals to work in public service roles. Professionals in qualifying jobs are making a difference, and your government appreciates it enough to give you a break on your federal student loans.

4.   Those pursuing PSLF may have lower monthly student loan payments than they would otherwise because they are on an income-driven repayment plan that bases their payments on their discretionary income and family size.

Cons of PSLF

1.   The rules regarding PSLF— including the types of loans, employers, and repayment plans that qualify — are strict.

2.   The time commitment is long-term. Borrowers in the program must be employed with a qualifying public service employer — potentially earning a lower salary than they would in the private sector — for at least 10 years.

3.   The process to enroll in PSLF and achieve forgiveness can be quite time-consuming and complex.

4.   There is some uncertainty regarding the program. The new final rule scheduled to be implemented by the Education Department on July 1, 2026 could restrict some public service organizations and their employees from PSLF.

Alternatives to the Public Service Loan Forgiveness Program

For borrowers looking for student loan debt relief, there are other options besides PSLF. For example, the Teacher Loan Forgiveness program is available to full-time teachers who have completed five consecutive years of teaching in a low-income school. And borrowers reaping their loans under an IDR plan are also eligible for forgiveness after 20 or 25 years.

These federal forgiveness programs do not apply to private student loans. If you are looking for ways to reduce your interest rate or lower your monthly payments for private student loans, refinancing your student loans with a private lender may be an option to explore. When you refinance, you replace your existing loans with a new loan that, ideally, has a lower interest rate, which could reduce your monthly payments potentially saving you money.

However, it is important to be aware that refinancing federal student loans with a private lender may make you ineligible for the Public Service Loan Forgiveness program as well as other federal benefits, such as income-driven repayment and student loan deferment.

The Takeaway

The Public Service Loan Forgiveness program is one way that eligible borrowers working in public service may be able to have their federal student loans forgiven. Although changes to the program are scheduled to take place in July 2026, for now, the program is proceeding as usual.

Borrowers whose student loans aren’t eligible for PSLF may want to consider different options, including other forgiveness programs or student loan refinancing.

Looking to lower your monthly student loan payment? Refinancing may be one way to do it — by extending your loan term, getting a lower interest rate than what you currently have, or both. (Please note that refinancing federal loans makes them ineligible for federal forgiveness and protections. Also, lengthening your loan term may mean paying more in interest over the life of the loan.) SoFi student loan refinancing offers flexible terms that fit your budget.


With SoFi, refinancing is fast, easy, and all online. We offer competitive fixed and variable rates.

FAQ

Who qualifies for PSLF?

To qualify for PSLF, borrowers must have federal Direct loans and work full-time in public service for a qualifying non-profit or government agency. They must make 120 qualifying payments under an eligible repayment plan, such as income-driven repayment.

What types of loans are eligible for Public Service Loan Forgiveness?

Only federal Direct loans are eligible for PSLF. Other federal loans, such as Perkins Loans and Federal Family Education Loans (FFEL) must be consolidated into a federal Direct Consolidation Loan to be eligible.

What is the downside of Public Service Loan Forgiveness?

Some downsides of Public Service Loan Forgiveness include strict eligibility rules and a long-term commitment to working in public service — typically at least 10 years — before forgiveness may be achieved. Additionally, those employed in public service jobs may earn lower salaries than individuals employed in private sector jobs.


SoFi Student Loan Refinance
Terms and conditions apply. SoFi Refinance Student Loans are private loans. When you refinance federal loans with a SoFi loan, YOU FORFEIT YOUR ELIGIBILITY FOR ALL FEDERAL LOAN BENEFITS, including all flexible federal repayment and forgiveness options that are or may become available to federal student loan borrowers including, but not limited to: Public Service Loan Forgiveness (PSLF), Income-Based Repayment, Income-Contingent Repayment, extended repayment plans, PAYE or SAVE. Lowest rates reserved for the most creditworthy borrowers.
Learn more at SoFi.com/eligibility. SoFi Refinance Student Loans are originated by SoFi Bank, N.A. Member FDIC. NMLS #696891 (www.nmlsconsumeraccess.org).

SoFi Loan Products
SoFi loans are originated by SoFi Bank, N.A., NMLS #696891 (Member FDIC). For additional product-specific legal and licensing information, see SoFi.com/legal. Equal Housing Lender.


Third-Party Brand Mentions: No brands, products, or companies mentioned are affiliated with SoFi, nor do they endorse or sponsor this article. Third-party trademarks referenced herein are property of their respective owners.

External Websites: The information and analysis provided through hyperlinks to third-party websites, while believed to be accurate, cannot be guaranteed by SoFi. Links are provided for informational purposes and should not be viewed as an endorsement.
Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

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A male medical student wearing scrubs, with a stethoscope around his neck, working on a tablet and sitting in front of a laptop.

Making Sense of the Rising Cost of Medical School

The cost of medical school is rising at an alarming rate. According to the Education Data Initiative (EDI), the cost of attending medical school rises by more than $1,500 each year.

Thirty-five years ago, medical students graduated with an average of $32,000 in student loan debt. Now, the average medical school debt for graduates is $216,659 according to EDI, with 70% of students graduating with debt.

The rising cost of medical school, plus the daunting number of years of education and training, is making some prospective medical students ask: Is an M.D. really worth it?

To gain a better understanding of how much medical school actually costs, we’ll take a look at the costs of an M.D., and some ways young doctors can get out of medical school debt faster after graduation.

Key Points

•   High demand, limited spots, increased educational expenses, and reduced state funding for public colleges are some of the factors driving the rising cost of medical school.

•   The average debt for medical school graduates is $216,659, with 70% of students incurring debt.

•   Income-driven repayment plans, making extra payments, and student loan refinancing are options to manage medical school debt.

•   Making payments during residency may help shorten the debt repayment timeline.

•   Despite high costs and debt, a career in medicine can be financially and personally rewarding, which may help justify the investment for some students.

How Much Does Medical School Cost?

The average medical school tuition varies depending on factors like whether the student is attending a public or private university.

The average total cost of in-state tuition for a student at a public university is $161,222. At a private school, the average total cost is $255,497.

But that’s only the cost of tuition, fees, and insurance — there’s also living costs to consider, which is why it’s useful to consider the entire cost of attendance (COA).

Each school publishes the estimated costs of attendance for their program, which typically not only include tuition and fees, but also costs like room and board, college textbooks and supplies, and travel.

Why Is Medical School More Expensive Than Ever?

The rising cost of medical school tuition is part of a larger trend. According to the College Board’s Trends in College Pricing 2025 report, the cost of college tuition and fees at private, nonprofit, four-year institutions in America is 4% higher for the 2025-2026 school year than for the 2024-2025 academic year.

In general, college tuition has increased dramatically in the past 30 years, while wages have grown at a much slower rate. So what’s behind the dramatic uptick in college prices?

One factor is the demand for a college education has dramatically risen over the last three decades. In addition, there is a high demand for getting into medical school and a limited number of spots available.

Another factor is the increasing expenses colleges pay for educating and housing students and for administration and maintenance, among other costs, according to research by the Lumina Foundation, a nonprofit that focuses on higher education.

And finally, there has been a decline in state funding for public colleges. According to a report by the National Education Association, 32 states spent less on public colleges and universities in 2020 than they did in 2008, which works out to an average of almost $1,500 less per student. That means students end up paying more for their education.

How Long Does Paying for Med School Take?

Many medical students apply for financial aid to cover their college price tag, which means they graduate with significant amounts of medical school debt.

How long it takes to pay back the debt depends on the student, the career path they take, and the medical loan repayments they make. However, the relatively low salaries young doctors earn during their residencies don’t typically allow for much opportunity to pay back loans until their first position after residency.

Let’s say, hypothetically, a borrower has federal Direct Loans and that they qualify for the Income-Based Repayment (IBR) plan, which is one of the income-driven repayment (IDR) plans.

In that situation, the monthly repayment would be capped at 10-15% of the borrower’s monthly discretionary income for a period of up to 25 years, after which time on the IBR plan, the remainder of their student loan debt is forgiven.

However, if after residency, the borrower in question gets a position with an income that’s too high to qualify for an IDR plan, they could currently switch to the 10-year Standard Repayment Plan for federal student loans and potentially pay off the loan more quickly.

It’s worth noting that student loan repayment plans will be changing in mid-2026 under President Trump’s big domestic policy bill that was signed into law. While the Standard Repayment Plan will continue to exist, there will be some changes to it. Starting on July 1, 2026, borrowers taking out new loans on this plan will have fixed payments over a term based on their loan amount. Borrowers with loans of less than $25,000 will have 10 years to repay what they owe, while those with loan amounts of $100,000 or more will have 25 years.

Also starting on July 1, 2026, there will only be one other repayment plan for borrowers to choose from: the Repayment Assistance Program (RAP), which is similar to an IDR plan. Payments on this plan may be 1% to 10% of a borrower’s discretionary income for a term of up to 30 years, after which time any remaining balance will be forgiven.

Is It Possible to Shorten the Medical Debt Payment Timeline?

Here are some tips for those medical school students and grads who are able to shorten their repayment timeline, which can lower the amount of student loan interest paid over the life of the loan and help them pay off their student loans faster.

Repaying Loans During Residency

It is possible to start paying down medical school debt in residency. While some students may be tempted to put their loans in student loan forbearance in their residency years, doing so can add quite a bit in accruing interest to the bill.

Instead, consider an income-driven repayment plan to start paying back federal loans with an affordable payment. Another option is to look into medical residency refinance options to compare which method is best for you. Keep in mind, though, that if you choose to refinance your federal student loans, you will no longer be eligible for federal benefits and protections, including income-driven repayment plans, deferment, and student loan forgiveness.

Making Extra Payments

Another tactic to help pay off student loans faster is by creating and sticking to a budget. After getting your first position post-residency, consider committing to living on a relatively tight budget for just a few more years. Putting as much salary toward extra student loan payments as possible could potentially help cut time — and interest payments — off the repayment timeline.

Speeding Up Med School Debt Repayment With Refinancing Student Loans

If you choose to refinance your medical student loans, it may be possible to secure a lower interest rate and/or a lower required monthly payment – depending on the terms you choose, your credit score, and other factors.

A lower interest rate through student loan refinancing could help reduce how much money is paid in interest over the life of the loan. Extending your loan term could mean a lower monthly payment – but keep in mind that you’ll most likely pay more in interest over the life of the loan.

While refinancing may help borrowers save money over the life of the loan, it does mean giving up the benefits that come with federal student loans, like income-driven repayment, deferment, and forbearance.

The Takeaway

The cost of medical school has risen in the past 30 years, and so has the amount of debt med students take on. But a career in medicine can be both lucrative and rewarding, making medical school worth the time, effort, and cost for many students.

Borrowers who are repaying student loans from medical school may consider strategies like income-driven repayment plans, making extra payments, or student loan refinancing to help them tackle their student loan debt.

With SoFi, refinancing is fast, easy, and all online. We offer competitive fixed and variable rates.

FAQ

Why has medical school gotten so expensive?

Medical school has gotten more expensive due to a number of factors, including an increased number of students applying to medical school and limited availability, which allows schools to charge more; the rising expenses colleges and universities pay for educating and housing students; and a decline in funding for state colleges.

What is the average cost of medical school today?

The average total cost of medical school today is $161,222 for an in-state student at a public university, and $255,497 for a student at a private college, according to the Education Data Initiative.

How do people afford medical school?

Many students afford medical school through a combination of sources, including financial aid, scholarships and grants, federal and/or private student loans, and financial help from parents. Some med school students also work part-time or use personal savings to help cover the cost.

SoFi Student Loan Refinance
Terms and conditions apply. SoFi Refinance Student Loans are private loans. When you refinance federal loans with a SoFi loan, YOU FORFEIT YOUR ELIGIBILITY FOR ALL FEDERAL LOAN BENEFITS, including all flexible federal repayment and forgiveness options that are or may become available to federal student loan borrowers including, but not limited to: Public Service Loan Forgiveness (PSLF), Income-Based Repayment, Income-Contingent Repayment, extended repayment plans, PAYE or SAVE. Lowest rates reserved for the most creditworthy borrowers.
Learn more at SoFi.com/eligibility. SoFi Refinance Student Loans are originated by SoFi Bank, N.A. Member FDIC. NMLS #696891 (www.nmlsconsumeraccess.org).

SoFi Loan Products
SoFi loans are originated by SoFi Bank, N.A., NMLS #696891 (Member FDIC). For additional product-specific legal and licensing information, see SoFi.com/legal. Equal Housing Lender.


Non affiliation: SoFi isn’t affiliated with any of the companies highlighted in this article.

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

External Websites: The information and analysis provided through hyperlinks to third-party websites, while believed to be accurate, cannot be guaranteed by SoFi. Links are provided for informational purposes and should not be viewed as an endorsement.

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An apple, stack of books, and a diploma resting on a surface with a military-themed background.

What Are Student Loans for Military Dependents?

Military members, veterans, and their families have special opportunities when it comes to funding higher education. Given the high cost of attending college, they’re well worth checking into.

Find out about student loans for military dependents: children, spouses, and sometimes other relatives of active duty service members.

Key Points

•   Military dependents (spouses, children, and sometimes other relatives of service members) have access to specialized financial aid options for higher education.

•   Federal financial aid, including Pell Grants and subsidized student loans, may be available to military dependents.

•   Organizations such as the American Legion, AMVETS, Paralyzed Veterans of America, and Veterans of Foreign Wars offer scholarships and grants specifically for military families.

•   ROTC programs provide no-cost scholarships at over 1,000 colleges in the U.S.

•   Private student loans can help cover educational expenses if federal aid and scholarships are not enough, but they may come with higher interest rates and fewer borrower protections.

What Are Student Loans?

First things first: What are student loans, and how do student loans work?

Student loans are a type of financial product wherein a bank or other lender gives a student up-front money with which to pay for college and other educational expenses. Student loans can be used to cover tuition, textbooks, and even living expenses such as housing. Student loans are available through the government as well as through private lenders, and can be taken out by parents or students themselves.

Student loans, like all forms of debt, come at a cost: Interest accrues from the time the first loan check is disbursed. In the case of Direct Subsidized loans, the U.S. government covers the interest so long as the student is enrolled at least half-time and for the first six months after the student stops attending.

Although student loan interest rates tend to be lower than, say, credit card interest rates, the charges can still rack up over time. This is part of the reason Americans are saddled with a whopping $1.8 trillion in student loan debt.

💡 Quick Tip: You can fund your education with a competitive-rate, no-fees-required private student loan that covers up to 100% of school-certified costs.

Who Is a Military Dependent?

Military dependents are relatives of an active-duty service member, or sometimes a veteran, who can qualify for benefits based on their family member’s service.

Some family members, such as military spouses and children under the age of 21, automatically qualify as dependents. Other family members, such as parents and adult children, may also qualify if they meet certain criteria. Military dependents may receive death benefits, low-cost housing, and other discounts due to their status.

Financial Aid Service Organizations for Military Dependents

Here are some of the financial aid options open to military members and their dependents.

Government-Sponsored Financial Aid

For most students, including military dependents, the government is the first place to turn for financial aid: Along with the opportunity to take out Subsidized Direct Loans, you may be eligible for grants and scholarships thanks to your service or your family member’s. To apply for federal aid, you’ll need to fill out the Free Application for Federal Student Aid (FAFSA®) annually.

For instance, if your parent or guardian died in service in Iraq or Afghanistan after 9/11, you may be eligible for the maximum federal Pell Grant regardless of your family’s income.

If you already have federal student loans, you may also be eligible for military student loan forgiveness, depending on the type of loans you have and what you or your family member’s service history looks like.

Additionally, the Army and Navy Reserve Officers’ Training Corps, or ROTC, offers no-cost scholarships at over 1,000 colleges across the United States. See the official Federal Student Aid website (StudentAid.gov) for full details.

Recommended: I Didn’t Get Enough Financial Aid: Now What?

American Legion

The American Legion offers college funding to the children of veterans who died or became disabled as part of post-9/11 service through their Legacy Scholarship program. The scholarship awards up to $20,000 and can be renewed up to six times.

AMVETS

AMVETS offers scholarships of $4,000 for military dependents, including sons, daughters, and grandchildren of veterans or active-duty personnel, as well as spouses, to help with educational expenses. These scholarships, awarded based on need and academic merit, are designed to bridge financial gaps after other aid is applied.

💡 Quick Tip: It’s a good idea to understand the pros and cons of private student loans and federal student loans before committing to them.

Paralyzed Veterans of America

Paralyzed Veterans of America offers scholarships of up to $2,500 for full-time students and $1,000 for part-time students to its members, their spouses, and their dependent children under 24 years of age. Awardees may apply a second time, but are only eligible to receive the scholarship twice in a lifetime.

Veterans of Foreign Wars

The organization Veterans of Foreign Wars (VFW) also offers student veteran support in a variety of ways, including its Sport Clips Help A Hero Scholarship, which awards qualified applicants up to $5,000 per semester (per family), as well as the Student Veteran Support Grant, which is designed to be used for events and outreach efforts that assist veterans who are currently enrolled in college. The Student Veteran Support Grant can be used for up to $500 per event up to twice per fiscal year for a total of $1,000.

Recommended: Types of Federal Student Loans

Private Student Loans for Military Dependents

Finally, military dependents may also choose to look into private student loans to fund their education.

Private student loans are, as their name suggests, not backed by the government and are instead offered by private banks, credit unions, and lenders. They do come with certain advantages — for example, they generally don’t carry the same lifetime maximums as publicly funded student loans, and you may have more flexibility when it comes to your loan term and repayment schedule.

However, private student loans sometimes carry higher interest rates than federal loans do, and your (or your cosigner’s) credit report will be pulled in order to qualify you — which isn’t the case for loans from the government. Because private loans lack the borrower protections afforded to federal student loans, they are most often considered as a last resort option.

The Takeaway

As a military dependent, you have a lot of options to consider when it comes to financial aid. Be sure to look into scholarships offered by the American Legion, AMVETS, Paralyzed Veterans of America, and the VFW. Military dependents should also apply for a Pell Grant, which doesn’t need to be repaid. And federal subsidized student loans give borrowers a break on some accrued interest.

For some, private student loans offer an attractive combination of accessibility and flexibility. (Keep in mind, though, that private student loans tend not to be eligible for student loan forgiveness and other programs.)

If you’ve exhausted all federal student aid options, no-fee private student loans from SoFi can help you pay for school. The online application process is easy, and you can see rates and terms in just minutes. Repayment plans are flexible, so you can find an option that works for your financial plan and budget.


Cover up to 100% of school-certified costs including tuition, books, supplies, room and board, and transportation with a private student loan from SoFi.

FAQ

Do military dependents get free college?

Not automatically, but there are programs specifically designed to help military members and their dependents pay for college.

Does the military pay spouses’ student loans?

No, the military does not have programs that directly pay off a spouse’s existing student loans. Military loan repayment programs are incentives offered to the service member as part of their enlistment contract, not their spouse.

However, military spouses can take advantage of other benefits and federal programs to manage or potentially forgive their student debt.

Can military dependents get FAFSA?

Yes, military dependents can qualify for federal financial student aid using the FAFSA®, or Free Application for Federal Student Aid. The FAFSA is a good first place to turn when looking for financial aid because it can match you with low-cost, need-based options like Direct Subsidized Loans.


Photo credit: iStock/Liudmila Chernetska

SoFi Private Student Loans
Please borrow responsibly. SoFi Private Student loans are not a substitute for federal loans, grants, and work-study programs. We encourage you to evaluate all your federal student aid options before you consider any private loans, including ours. Read our FAQs.

Terms and conditions apply. SOFI RESERVES THE RIGHT TO MODIFY OR DISCONTINUE PRODUCTS AND BENEFITS AT ANY TIME WITHOUT NOTICE. SoFi Private Student loans are subject to program terms and restrictions, such as completion of a loan application and self-certification form, verification of application information, the student's at least half-time enrollment in a degree program at a SoFi-participating school, and, if applicable, a co-signer. In addition, borrowers must be U.S. citizens or other eligible status, be residing in the U.S., Puerto Rico, U.S. Virgin Islands, or American Samoa, and must meet SoFi’s underwriting requirements, including verification of sufficient income to support your ability to repay. Minimum loan amount is $1,000. See SoFi.com/eligibility for more information. Lowest rates reserved for the most creditworthy borrowers. SoFi reserves the right to modify eligibility criteria at any time. This information is subject to change. This information is current as of 4/22/2025 and is subject to change. SoFi Private Student loans are originated by SoFi Bank, N.A. Member FDIC. NMLS #696891 (www.nmlsconsumeraccess.org).

SoFi Bank, N.A. and its lending products are not endorsed by or directly affiliated with any college or university unless otherwise disclosed.

SoFi Loan Products
SoFi loans are originated by SoFi Bank, N.A., NMLS #696891 (Member FDIC). For additional product-specific legal and licensing information, see SoFi.com/legal. Equal Housing Lender.


Non affiliation: SoFi isn’t affiliated with any of the companies highlighted in this article.

Third-Party Brand Mentions: No brands, products, or companies mentioned are affiliated with SoFi, nor do they endorse or sponsor this article. Third-party trademarks referenced herein are property of their respective owners.

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What Is the Cost of Attendance in College?

College cost of attendance is an estimate of the total cost of attending college for one academic year. It includes the cost of fall and spring tuition, books, supplies, room and board, transportation, loan fees, and other miscellaneous expenses.

Here’s how to calculate the cost of attendance, why it matters, and how it can affect financing an education.

Key Points

•   The cost of attendance (COA) estimates total expenses for one academic year, including tuition, fees, room, board, books, and supplies.

•   COA is broader than tuition, encompassing additional costs like transportation and personal expenses.

•   Average COA for public four-year colleges is $30,990 (in state) and $50,920 (out of state); private colleges average $65,470.

•   Net price, the actual cost after grants and scholarships, is typically lower than the COA.

•   Filling out the FAFSA® is key for accessing federal aid, including grants, scholarships, work-study, and federal loans.

The Cost of Attendance for College

The cost of attendance (COA) for college is an estimate of the total cost of attending a college for one year, and is often referred to as the “sticker price.” It includes both direct expenses (those billed by the university like tuition, fees, and on-campus housing) and indirect expenses (those not billed by the school such as books, supplies, transportation, and personal expenses).

Cost of attendance is used to help colleges determine the amount of financial aid a student is eligible for, including grants, scholarships, and federal student loans.


💡 Quick Tip: You can fund your education with a competitive-rate, no-fees-required private student loan that covers up to 100% of school-certified costs.

The Difference Between Cost of Attendance and Tuition

Tuition covers the actual cost of academic instruction. COA, on the other hand, includes other expenses the student will likely incur while attending college. COA includes things like room and board, books and supplies, and transportation costs.

Schools are required to publish the COA on their website so the information is readily accessible to students. Schools also generally publish more than one COA. For example, state universities may list a COA for in-state vs. out-of-state students. Most colleges will provide multiple COAs based on different student scenarios, such as living on or off campus.

The COA is calculated by financial aid offices using previous student spending, surveys, and local cost data. Your actual costs may be different than the COA.

What Is the Average College Cost of Attendance?

According to the College Board, the average cost of attendance at public four-year institutions in 2025-2026 was $30,990 for in-state students and $50,920 for out-of-state students. The average cost of attendance at private nonprofit four-year institutions in 2025-2026 was $65,470.

Think of COA as a rough budget for the year. It includes tuition and fees, along with expenses outside the classroom like food, transportation, and supplies.

According to The College Board, the average published cost for tuition and fees for the 2023-24 school year was $11,260 for students at public four-year institutions with in-state tuition and was $41,540 for students at private nonprofit four-year universities.

Recommended: What is the Average Cost of College Tuition?

What Does Cost of Attendance Include?

A college or university’s COA includes:

•  Tuition (the amount you owe to attend college for classes and instruction)

•  Fees (additional charges to cover the costs of certain services)

•  Housing (the cost of living on campus)

•  Meal plans (the cost to dine on campus)

•  Institutional health insurance (if required)

•  Indirect expenses (textbooks, a reasonable amount for a laptop, local transportation, and other personal expenses).

Recommended: Ways to Cut Costs on College Textbooks

Finding a School’s Cost of Attendance

Hunting down a university’s COA is an important first step in calculating the expenses around college and how to pay for it. Since legislation passed in 2011, it’s mandatory for U.S. two-year and four-year institutes to share the COA on their websites. However, that doesn’t mean it’s always easy to find.

One way to look for the COA online is to simply put “[NAME OF SCHOOL] + COST OF ATTENDANCE” into a search engine.

Or anyone can go the old-school route and call a college’s financial aid office to get the information over the phone.

A school will also include its cost of attendance on a student’s financial award letter.

College Cost of Attendance List

The COA for colleges can vary widely depending on a school’s location, whether it is private or public, and other factors. Some programs may have additional fees and costs (like lab fees) which could increase the cost of attendance for certain majors or programs.

The following table provides an overview of the published COA for undergraduate students living on-campus at several schools around the country during the 2025-2026 school year. Costs are for first-year undergraduates and assume the student will be living on campus.

School

Type

Cost of Attendance

Cornell University (Ithaca, NY) Private $96,268
Dartmouth College (Hanover, NH) Private $95,490
Rice University (Houston, TX) Private $91,562
Vanderbilt (Nashville, TN) Private $97,374
University of Chicago (Chicago, IL) Private $98,301
California Institute of Technology (Pasadena, CA) Private $93,912
Gonzaga University (Spokane, WA) Private $79,798
University of California (Los Angeles) Public In-state: $43,137
Out-of-state: $80,739
University of North Carolina (Chapel Hill) Public In-state: $27,766
Out-of-state: $64,846
University of Massachusetts (Amherst) Public In-state: $38,455
Out-of-state: $61,727
University of Oregon (Eugene) Public In-state: $38,607
Out-of-state: $68,931
Oklahoma State University (Stillwater) Public In-state: $33,700
Out-of-state: $49,220
University of Alabama (Tuscaloosa) Public In-state: $34,608
Out-of-state: $58,530
University of Michigan (Ann Arbor) Public In-state: $38,548
Out-of-state: $84,164

*2022-2023 school year COA.

Can I Borrow More Than the Cost of Attendance?

No, you typically cannot borrow more than the cost of attendance (COA) because student loans are generally capped at the COA, minus any other financial aid you receive. This limit ensures you don’t borrow more than you need for your educational expenses.

💡 Quick Tip: It’s a good idea to understand the pros and cons of private student loans and federal student loans before committing to them.

Cost of Attendance and Net Price

Net price is the actual amount a student is expected to pay after grants and scholarships have been deducted from the cost of attendance. It represents the “real” cost to the student because it subtracts gift aid, which doesn’t need to be repaid, from the total cost.

Colleges typically have a net price calculator on their websites. You enter your information into the calculator and it will show you what students like you currently pay to attend the college. This number isn’t binding but can give you an idea of what types of aid are available at that school. The numbers you get from the net price calculator isn’t binding on the college, but it can give you a good idea of what types of aid you’ll be eligible for at that school.

Paying for College

While net price may be lower than COA, it may still be shockingly high. The question remains, how will you pay for college?

Students often rely on a variety of financing options. A great first step is to fill out the FAFSA®. This is how students can apply for all forms of federal aid, including federal grants, scholarships, work-study, and federal student loans. If your financial aid package isn’t enough to cover the cost of attending your chosen college, there are other funding options to consider. Here are some to keep in mind:

Private Student Loan

Private student loans are available through banks, credit unions, and online lenders. Interest rates and loan terms are generally determined by an applicant’s personal financial factors such as credit score and income. Consider shopping around at a few different lenders to find the best rate and terms for your personal situation.

Applicants without an extensive credit history or a relatively low credit score may find that adding a cosigner to their application can help them qualify for a loan or qualify for more competitive rates and terms.

For those interested in pursuing a graduate degree, there are student loans for graduate programs available, too.

Credit Card

Schools may allow students to pay for their tuition with a credit card. Most schools do charge a fee (often between 2% to 3%) for this convenience, which can offset any rewards you may be earning on your credit card. In addition, credit cards have fairly substantial interest rates. Therefore, paying for tuition with a credit card may not make the most financial sense.

On the other hand, when credit cards are used responsibly, they can be helpful tools to help students establish and build their credit history. Students could use credit cards to pay for books, food, gas, or other transportation costs. Be sure to pay attention to interest rates and pay off your credit card each month to avoid credit card debt.

Personal Savings

If you have been saving for college, using those funds to pay for tuition or other college costs can help you avoid borrowing for college. When you borrow student loans to pay for college, you’ll end up paying interest, which increases the total cost of your education. By paying for some expenses with savings, you may be able to reduce the overall bill.

Scholarships

Often awarded based on merit or other personal criteria (like gender, ethnicity, hobbies, or academic interest), scholarships are available from a variety of sources, including employers, individuals, private companies, nonprofits, communities, religious groups, and professional and social organizations. You can find out about opportunities through your high school guidance office, the financial aid office of your chosen college, and by using an online scholarship search tool.

The Takeaway

The cost of attendance (COA) is a vital metric for anyone planning to attend college. It represents the estimated total yearly cost including both direct costs like tuition and fees, and indirect costs such as housing, books, and personal expenses.

While the COA can seem daunting, it’s important to remember that the “net price” — what you actually pay after grants and scholarships are applied — is often much lower. By thoroughly researching a school’s COA, using net price calculators, and exploring all available funding options, including federal aid, scholarships, savings, and private student loans, you can make informed decisions to cover your education costs responsibly.

If you’ve exhausted all federal student aid options, no-fee private student loans from SoFi can help you pay for school. The online application process is easy, and you can see rates and terms in just minutes. Repayment plans are flexible, so you can find an option that works for your financial plan and budget.


Cover up to 100% of school-certified costs including tuition, books, supplies, room and board, and transportation with a private student loan from SoFi.

FAQ

What does cost of attendance mean for college?

The cost of attendance (COA) is an estimate for the total cost of attending a college for a single year. The COA includes tuition, room and board, books and supplies, transportation, and other miscellaneous personal costs. The items required for inclusion in the COA are outlined by federal law and each college or university is required to publish the details for the college’s COA on the school website.

What is the difference between cost of attendance and tuition?

A school’s tuition is the price for academic instruction. The cost of attendance includes the cost of tuition in addition to other expenses including room and board, books and supplies, transportation, and more.

How much does college cost per year?

The cost of college can vary based on many factors including your location, whether you attend a private or public university, if you receive in-state vs. out-of-state tuition, and the type of program you are enrolled in. According to the College Board, the average cost of attending a four-year nonprofit private institution was $65,470 during the 2025-26 school year. During the same time period, the average cost for tuition and fees at public four-year institutions with in-state tuition was $30,990.


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Terms and conditions apply. SOFI RESERVES THE RIGHT TO MODIFY OR DISCONTINUE PRODUCTS AND BENEFITS AT ANY TIME WITHOUT NOTICE. SoFi Private Student loans are subject to program terms and restrictions, such as completion of a loan application and self-certification form, verification of application information, the student's at least half-time enrollment in a degree program at a SoFi-participating school, and, if applicable, a co-signer. In addition, borrowers must be U.S. citizens or other eligible status, be residing in the U.S., Puerto Rico, U.S. Virgin Islands, or American Samoa, and must meet SoFi’s underwriting requirements, including verification of sufficient income to support your ability to repay. Minimum loan amount is $1,000. See SoFi.com/eligibility for more information. Lowest rates reserved for the most creditworthy borrowers. SoFi reserves the right to modify eligibility criteria at any time. This information is subject to change. This information is current as of 4/22/2025 and is subject to change. SoFi Private Student loans are originated by SoFi Bank, N.A. Member FDIC. NMLS #696891 (www.nmlsconsumeraccess.org).

SoFi Bank, N.A. and its lending products are not endorsed by or directly affiliated with any college or university unless otherwise disclosed.

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Non affiliation: SoFi isn’t affiliated with any of the companies highlighted in this article.

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How to Track Home Improvement Costs — and Why You Should

Embarking on a home renovation to transform your living space is an exciting endeavor. Home improvements are also an investment that can significantly increase the value of your property, so it’s important to track expenses to be prepared for capital gains tax when you sell your home. Tracking home improvement costs can also help homeowners stick to a budget and ensure a greater return on investment.

Let’s take a closer look at how to track home improvement costs, which upgrades qualify for tax purposes, and options for financing a home renovation.

Key Points

•   Tracking home improvement costs can help reduce or eliminate capital gains tax when you sell your home.

•   The IRS allows qualifying home improvement costs to be added to your primary residence’s original cost basis, lowering your taxable profit.

•   Qualifying improvements must add value, prolong the life, or adapt the home for new uses; routine repairs and replaced items do not qualify.

•   Maintain detailed records, including receipts, invoices, and before-and-after photos, and keep them for three years after the tax return for the sale year.

•   Common financing options for home improvements include a home equity line of credit (HELOC), cash-out refinance, personal loan, or credit card.

Why Track Home Improvement Costs?

Amid all the work and logistics that goes into renovations, tracking home improvement costs might not feel like a high priority. However, having documented home improvement costs can help reduce potential capital gains tax when it’s time to sell your home.

The IRS allows qualifying home improvement costs to be added to the original purchase price of the property, known as the cost basis, when calculating capital gains on a home sale. The basis is subtracted from the home sale price to determine if you’ve realized a gain and subsequently owe tax. But by adding home improvement expenses to your cost basis, the profit from the sale that’s subject to taxes decreases — lowering or even potentially exempting you from property gains tax.

Besides home improvements, other factors that affect property value, like location and the current housing market, could make a property sale subject to capital gains tax.

Here’s an example of how capital gains tax on a home sale works: A married couple who purchased a home for $200,000 in 2001 and sold it for $750,000 in 2025 would have a $550,000 realized gain. Assuming that the sellers made this home their main residence for two of the last five years, they’d be able to exclude $500,000 of the gain from taxes. The remaining $50,000 would be taxed at 0%, 15%, or 20% based on the sellers’ income and how long they owned the property.

However, the sellers spent $70,000 on home improvements during their 23 years of homeownership, so the capital gains calculation would be revised to: $750,000 – ($200,000 + $70,000) = $480,000. Tracking home improvement costs in this example exempted the sellers from needing to pay capital gains taxes.

Note that single filers may exclude only the first $250,000 of realized gains from the sale of their home. Eligibility for the exclusion also requires living in the home for at least two years out of the last five years leading up to the date of sale. Those who own vacation homes should note that the IRS has very specific rules about what constitutes a main residence.

💡 Quick Tip: A Home Equity Line of Credit (HELOC) brokered by SoFi lets you access up to $500,000 of your home’s equity (up to 90%) to pay for, well, just about anything. It could be a smart way to consolidate debts or find the funds for a big home project.

Qualifying vs. Nonqualifying Improvements

The IRS sets guidelines that determine what home improvements can be added to your cost basis for calculating capital gains tax. Thus, not every dollar spent on sprucing up your home’s curb appeal or living space needs to be tracked for tax purposes. Generally, tracking costs is a good idea for any home improvements that increase your home’s value and fall outside general repair and upkeep to maintain the property’s condition.

Qualifying Improvements

According to the IRS, improvements that add value to the home, prolong its useful life, or adapt it to new uses can qualify. This includes the following categories and home improvements:

•   Home additions: Bedroom, bathroom, deck, garage, porch, or patio

•   Home systems: HVAC systems, central humidifier, central vacuum, air/water filtration systems, wiring, security systems, law and sprinkler systems.

•   Lawn & grounds: Landscaping, driveway improvements, fencing, walkways, retaining walls, and pools

•   Exterior: Storm windows, roofing, doors, siding

•   Interior: Built-in appliances, kitchen upgrades, flooring, wall-to-wall carpeting, fireplaces

•   Insulation: Attic, walls, floors, pipes, and ductwork

•   Plumbing: Septic system, water heater, soft water system, filtration system

It’s also important to track any tax credits or subsidies received for energy-related home improvements, such as solar panels or a heat pump system, since these incentives must be subtracted from the cost basis.

Recommended: How to Find a Contractor for Home Renovations and Remodeling

Nonqualifying Expenses

Owning a home requires routine maintenance and occasional repairs — think fixing a leaky pipe or mowing the lawn. And the longer you own your home, the greater the chance you reapproach past home improvements with a fresh design or modern technologies. The IRS considers regular maintenance and any home improvement that’s been later replaced as nonqualifying costs.

For instance, a homeowner could have installed wall-to-wall carpet and later swapped it out for hardwood floors. In this case, the hardwood floors would qualify, but not the carpeting.

Recommended: The Costs of Owning a Home

How to Track Your Costs

Developing a system for tracking home improvement costs depends in part on where you are in the process. Here’s how to get track home improvement costs before, during, and after a renovation project.

Before You Renovate

The average cost to renovate a house can vary from $20,000 to $80,000 based on the size of the home and type of improvements. Given this range in cost expectations, it’s helpful to create an itemized budget that estimates the cost for each improvement. It’s hardly uncommon for renovations to take more time and money than expected, so consider budgeting an extra 10% to 20% for the unexpected. “One strategy to approaching home improvements is to create your dream list but have alternates in mind in case your budget or material availability creates a need to alter the project down the road. For example, you may love the look of marble flooring, but its price point might be higher than you initially estimated. Having a cost-efficient back-up plan can keep your budget in check,” says Brian Walsh, CFP® and Head of Advice & Planning at SoFi.

Your itemized budget can be leveraged for tracking home improvement costs once the project starts. Simply plug in the completion date, cost, and description for each improvement, and keep receipts, to itemize the expense as it’s incurred.

Recommended: How to Make a Budget in 5 Steps

Keep Detailed Records

Tracking home improvement costs goes beyond crunching the numbers. The IRS requires documentation to adjust the cost basis on a property. As improvements are made, catalog contractor and store receipts and take pictures before and after the work is done to document the improvements for your records. Store these records digitally in a secure and accessible location; the IRS recommends keeping records for three years after the tax return for the year in which you sell your home.

Catch Up After the Fact

Tracking home improvement costs after the work has been completed is doable, but it requires more effort. If your renovations required any building permits, your municipality should have records on file.

For other projects, start by searching your email for receipts and records. This can help you find a paper trail and track down documentation. Reach out to contractors you worked with for copies of missing receipts or invoices. If you paid with a check or credit card, you can browse through your previous statements or contact the bank for assistance.

Consult a Tax Pro

Taxes are complicated. If you have any doubts about what improvements qualify, consult a tax professional for assistance. Homeowners who used their property as a home office or rented it for any duration could especially benefit from a tax pro. Any property depreciation that was claimed in previous tax years may need to be recaptured if the home sale price exceeds the cost basis.

Home Improvement Financing Options

Renovations and upgrades to your home can be expensive. Many homeowners use a combination of savings and financing to pay for home improvements.

•   HELOC: A home equity line of credit lets homeowners tap into their existing equity to fund a variety of expenses, such as home improvements. With a HELOC, you can take out what you need as you need it, rather than the full amount you’re approved for, which could be up to 90% of your equity. You only pay interest on the amount you draw.

•   Cash-out refinance: Some owners take out a new home loan that allows them to pay off their old mortgage but also provides them with a lump sum of cash that they can use for home repairs (or other expenses). How much you might be able to borrow using this cash-out refi process will depend on the amount of equity you have in your home. (Your equity is the home’s market value minus whatever you owe on your home loan.)

•   Personal loan: An unsecured personal loan could be a good option for quick funding that doesn’t require using your home as collateral. The interest rate and whether you qualify are largely based on your credit score.

•   Credit card: Financing a home improvement with a credit card can help earn cash back or rewards on your investment. However, these perks should be weighed against the risk of higher interest rates. If using a 0% interest credit card, crunch the numbers to ensure you can pay off the balance before the introductory offer expires.

The Takeaway

Tracking home improvement costs from the start can help stick to your project budget and lead to significant tax savings when it comes time to sell your property. A HELOC is one way to fund home improvements, and may be especially useful to borrowers who aren’t sure how much money they will need for home projects. If you’re unsure whether a home improvement qualifies under the IRS rules around capital gains tax on home sales, consult a tax professional.

SoFi now partners with Spring EQ to offer flexible HELOCs. Our HELOC options allow you to access up to 90% of your home’s value, or $500,000, at competitively lower rates. And the application process is quick and convenient.

Unlock your home’s value with a home equity line of credit brokered by SoFi.

FAQ

Does the IRS require receipts for home improvements?

Although you aren’t required to provide receipts to the IRS when filing your taxes, you should have them as proof of the money you spent on home improvements in the event that you are audited. Keep all receipts for significant renovations for as long as you own the home and three years after the tax year in which you sell the property.

Will my property taxes increase if I remodel?

If your renovation requires pulling a building permit, there is a good chance your taxes will increase on your next home assessment because tax assessors can access building department records.

If I sell my home at a loss is the loss tax deductible?

Selling your home at a loss does not provide you with a tax deduction. In this instance, the IRS treats the loss differently than it does a loss resulting from an investment in, say, the stock market.


Photo credit: iStock/Cucurudza

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*SoFi requires Private Mortgage Insurance (PMI) for conforming home loans with a loan-to-value (LTV) ratio greater than 80%. As little as 3% down payments are for qualifying first-time homebuyers only. 5% minimum applies to other borrowers. Other loan types may require different fees or insurance (e.g., VA funding fee, FHA Mortgage Insurance Premiums, etc.). Loan requirements may vary depending on your down payment amount, and minimum down payment varies by loan type.

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

Tax Information: This article provides general background information only and is not intended to serve as legal or tax advice or as a substitute for legal counsel. You should consult your own attorney and/or tax advisor if you have a question requiring legal or tax advice.

²SoFi Bank, N.A. NMLS #696891 (Member FDIC), offers loans directly or we may assist you in obtaining a loan from SpringEQ, a state licensed lender, NMLS #1464945.
All loan terms, fees, and rates may vary based upon your individual financial and personal circumstances and state.
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