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Sep

2023

The Monte Carlo Simulation & Its Use in Finance

The Monte Carlo Method & Its Uses in Finance

By Colin Dodds | Growing Wealth, invest, Investing | Comments Off

A Monte Carlo simulation is a mathematical technique used by investors and others to estimate the probability of different outcomes given a situation where multiple variables may come into play.

Monte Carlo simulations are used in such a wide range of industries — e.g., physics, engineering, meteorology, finance, and more — that the term doesn’t refer to a single formula, but rather a type of multivariate modeling technique. Multivariate modeling is a statistical method that uses multiple variables to forecast outcomes. A Monte Carlo simulation is an example of this type of calculation, which provides a range of potential outcomes using a probability distribution.

What Is the Monte Carlo Method?

A Monte Carlo simulation calculates a probability distribution for any variable that has inherent uncertainty. It then recalculates the results thousands of times over, each time using a different set of random numbers pertaining to each variable, to produce a vast array of outcomes that are then averaged together. In this way, a Monte Carlo analysis enables researchers from many industries to run multiple trials, and thus to define the potential outcome or risk of an event or a decision.

Applying mathematics to investment or business scenarios is difficult precisely because there are so many random variables involved in any single decision or any single investment or portfolio of investments. That’s why a Monte Carlo analysis can be more informative compared with predictive models that use fixed inputs.

The ability to apply mathematics to situations where many elements are probable, and then rank the likelihood of possible outcomes in order to gauge the potential for risk, is a chief advantage of Monte Carlo simulations.

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Monte Carlo Method History

Using simulations to solve problems dates back to the 19th century, and perhaps even earlier, when simulations were an experimental way to test theories, analyze data, or support scientific intuition using statistics. But these simulations typically dealt with established deterministic problems. A modern Monte Carlo analysis, however, inverts that structure by using probabilities to solve the problem.

One of the first known uses of a modern Monte Carlo simulation dates back to the 1930s, when physicist Enrico Fermi experimented with an early form of the method to understand the diffusion of neutrons.

Physicists Stanislaw Ulam and John von Neumann are credited with developing and refining the current Monte Carlo method while working at the Los Alamos National Laboratory on nuclear weapons in the 1940s. Of course, the technique needed a code name, and Monte Carlo was chosen because the element of chance also drives the games at a casino (the Monte Carlo region of Monaco is well-known as a gambling hub).

Soon, the simulation method gained traction in the fields of physics, chemistry, and operations research, thanks to its adoption by the Rand Corporation and the U.S. Air Force. From there, it spread to many of the natural sciences, and eventually found its way to finance.

How the Monte Carlo Method is Used in Finance

In terms of practicality in the financial space, the Monte Carlo method has numerous potential uses.

For instance, money managers might use a Monte Carlo analysis to estimate risk levels for different investments when constructing a portfolio. Corporate finance managers might use a Monte Carlo simulation to assess the impact of variables like future sales, commodities prices, interest rates, currency fluctuations, and so on. Brokers might use a Monte Carlo analysis to calculate the risks of stock options.

Monte Carlo Simulation Method

The Monte Carlo simulation works by constructing a model of possible outcomes based on an estimated range of possible conditions. It does this by creating a curve of different variables for each unknown variable, and inserting random numbers between the minimum and maximum value for each variable, and running the calculation over and over again.

A Monte Carlo experiment will run the calculation thousands upon thousands of times. Along the way, it will produce a large number of possible outcomes.

But even for a simple investment, there are a host of factors that will affect its outcome. There are interest rates, regulations, market swings, as well as factors innate to that investment, such as the sales and revenue of the underlying business, or its competitive landscape, or disruptive technology, and so on.

And as an investor seeks to peer further into the future, more possible variables emerge. Using a Monte Carlo simulation to understand those potential investment risks requires using a growing number of inputs as the time horizon grows longer.

After an investor runs a Monte Carlo simulation, the calculation will deliver a range of possible outcomes, with a probability score assigned to each outcome. By weighing the probability scores of different outcomes, an investor can proceed with a better sense of the risks and possible rewards of a given investment decision.

Monte Carlo Simulation Steps

Using a Monte Carlo simulation is a complicated process that requires a background in mathematics, though some investors have created Monte-Carlo-like models using spreadsheet software. Some of those homespun programs can be used to try to project possible price trajectories of a given asset.

If you wanted to get an idea of how the Monte Carlo method could be used to estimate potential stock movements, the steps to do so would look something like the following — but note that this is a very simplistic, pared down model.

• Step 1: Use historical price data of a stock to generate a set of daily returns data

• Step 2: Use that data set to determine further variables, such as standard deviations and variance

• Step 3: Define a random input or variable

• Step 4: Run a simulation (again, this will require software or a program) and analyze the results

In Monte Carlo fashion, the user will repeatedly run the equation an arbitrary number of times, to see how often each outcome occurs. The frequency of each outcome will reflect the likelihood of each outcome.

The results will most likely form a bell curve, with the most likely result in the middle of the curve. But as with any bell curve, those results also indicate that there is an equal chance that the actual result will be either higher or lower than the number in the middle.

Estimating Risk Using the Monte Carlo Method

The Monte Carlo method can be used to determine the likelihood of certain risks when investing, but there are some important things to take into consideration.

For one, a Monte Carlo simulation is only as good as the data that’s programmed into it. No matter how well the simulation is run, its predictive powers can easily be undone by factors that haven’t been added into the equation. For example, when using a Monte Carlo simulation to decide whether or not to buy a given stock, the model could seem to deliver a clear picture of the risks and rewards of the investment.

In that example, the problems arise if the programmer or investor leaves out one single factor, such as macro trends, the effectiveness of company leadership, cyclical factors, political changes, and so on.

There’s a chance that factor could be the one that completely subverts the simulation. And those variables are potentially without limit.

Who Uses Monte Carlo Simulations, and How

Nonetheless, large institutional investors might use Monte Carlo simulations as a tool in their projections and decision making. And its use for investors isn’t limited to hedge fund managers and spreadsheet wizards. There are even online Monte Carlo simulators that can help people save for retirement.

Those tools are designed for the average investor to input some basic information like their savings, and years until retirement to help them understand the likelihood that they will be able to reach their financial goals, and whether they will have enough income in retirement. Those calculators use a generic set of parameters for their calculations, with inputs such as interest rates, and a generic portfolio allocation.

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The Takeaway

A Monte Carlo simulation is a mathematical technique used to estimate possible outcomes of an uncertain event, such as the movement of securities.

The basis of this analysis is that the probability of different outcomes cannot be determined because random variables cannot be predicted. Therefore, a Monte Carlo simulation will constantly repeat random samples to achieve certain results that can be used to gauge the likelihood of various outcomes, and therefore different risk levels associated with different choices.

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FAQ

What are the advantages of using the Monte Carlo method compared to other numerical techniques?

Though many other numerical techniques have the same goal as the Monte Carlo method, it may be advantageous in that it tests out numerous random variables and then works to an average, rather than starting from an average — which is not to say that it’ll always provide a superior result than another technique.

How is randomness or probability incorporated into the Monte Carlo method?

The Monte Carlo method incorporates randomness or probability into the mix by using random numbers and distributions of probability, which could include formulas or data sets associated with random variables.

Are there any techniques to improve the efficiency or speed of Monte Carlo simulations?

There are potential techniques and strategies to improve upon the base Monte Carlo method model, and they’re all fairly high-level and abstract (remember, it was developed by physicists at Los Alamos!). For the typical investor, it may not be worth looking too far into.

What are some historical origins and applications of the Monte Carlo method?

The Monte Carlo method’s origins can be traced back to the 1930s and the experiments of physicist Enrico Fermi, and later, others during the 1940s working on nuclear weapon development. It can be used to determine the probability of different outcomes or results that may not easily be predicted.

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Sep

2023

Advance/Decline Line: Definition, Formula, Examples

By Paulina Likos | Growing Wealth, invest, Investing, Terminology | Comments Off

The Advance/Decline line, or A/D line, is a technical stock market indicator used by traders to measure the overall health of the stock market. This measurement tells market participants whether there are more stocks rising or falling on a trading day, and whether a majority of stocks are pushing the market in either direction.

For traders who are looking for greater insight into market trend analysis, the A/D line may be a suitable indicator to help determine where the market is trending, how strong that trend is, and the direction the market could be going in the short-term.

What Is the Advance/Decline Line (A/D)?

The advance/decline line (A/D) is a market indicator that traders use during stock technical analysis to estimate the breadth, or the overall strength or weakness of the stock market. The A/D line monitors how many stocks are currently trading above or below the previous day’s close. Traders may follow these changes over time to try to forecast the direction of the market.

In a particular index, like the S&P 500, Nasdaq, or Dow Jones Industrial Average, stocks go up and down. But just because some stocks move in one direction, it doesn’t mean that all stocks move in that same direction. Sometimes it can be difficult for investors to discern whether the direction of the market is being influenced by larger stocks that hold more weight in an index, or by a majority of stocks that are pushing the markets in a particular direction.

The purpose of the A/D line is to see how it correlates with the price movement of the index it’s being compared to. Traders and investors can use the A/D line to see how many stocks are rising or declining to form an estimate on market direction.

Where Is the Advance/Decline Line on a Chart?

Market participants can find the advance/decline line above or below a stock index chart. Investors can reference the A/D line and compare it to the chart stock market indexes to better understand the strength of the market and to help gauge the direction of where the market might be headed.

Advance/Decline Line vs the Arms Index

The Arms Index — also known as the story-term trading index (TRIN) — is another technical analysis indicator used to estimate market sentiment and measure volatility. It’s a ratio between advancing and declining stocks versus the volume of stocks whose price increases or decreases. In other words, the TRIN compares advancing and declining stocks to their volume and shows whether the volume is flowing toward advancing or declining stocks.

If more volume is trending toward declining stocks, the TRIN for that day will be greater than one. If more A/D volume correlates with advancing stocks, then the TRIN will be below one for that day. A high TRIN reading could signal to traders that stock selling may be on the horizon. A TRIN reading below one could indicate a buying opportunity.

Traders may use the TRIN ratio as a short-term market gauge to measure overbought or oversold market levels, while the A/D line can be used to gauge longer term market sentiment by measuring the rise and fall of stock over a period of time.

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Advance/Decline Line Formula

The A/D Line is calculated by taking the difference between the number of stocks that advance and the number of stocks that decline, compared to the prior close. This value is added to the previous day’s A/D Line value. If there are more declining stocks versus advancing stocks on a particular day, then traders will see the A/D line start to move downward. If there are more stocks that are advancing, the A/D number is going to be increasing. Here is the formula:

Advance/Decline Line = Number of advancing stocks – Number of declining stocks + Previous A/D Line value

Calculating the Advance/Decline Line (A/D)

The A/D line is a cumulative, daily calculation that is plotted each day so market participants can see the direction of where stocks are moving. When reading the A/D line, it’s important for traders to look at the direction of the line and not its value.

Traders may use the A/D line to help decide which trades to place next. For example, if the market shows more declining stocks than advancing stocks, this means a majority of stocks closed at a lesser value than their previous day close. As a result, traders may anticipate that the market will fall in the near term, and may choose to sell because the market trend is moving in a bearish direction.

Some indexes, like the S&P 500, are market-cap weighted, which means the larger companies hosted in the index influence the direction of the index. The A/D line allows investors to look at stocks on a level playing field. When a market rises, for example, the A/D line shows investors whether this rise was driven by a majority of stocks increasing or if the rise was caused by a select few of stocks that hold a larger weight in the index.

What Does the Advance/Decline Line Show?

The advance/decline line shows traders the degree of participation of stocks in a market that is either rising or falling and whether the majority of stocks are moving in a similar direction of the market.

The line is a representation of stocks that are ticking up or down cumulatively, adding stock movements each day to see the trend of advancing stocks vs. declining stocks. If there were more declining stocks than advancing stocks on a particular day, the A/D line would start to slope downward. If there were more advancing stocks than declining stocks on the day, then the A/D line would slope upwards.

Sometimes there might be a difference in direction between the index and the A/D line. This is called a divergence, and it can happen in one of two ways.

Bearish Divergence: Declining Line

If the index is on an upward trend but the A/D line has a negative slope, this is known as a bearish divergence. The increase in the index may be driven by some stocks, but this scenario signals to traders the market may reverse and trend downward in the short term.

Bullish Divergence: Rising Line

If the index is on a downward trend but the A/D line has a positive slope, this is called a bullish divergence. The index seems to be bearish, but the A/D line tells market participants there are more advancing than declining stocks during the period that the index is declining. This may signal a trend reversal in market prices and indicate the market has more strength than meets the eye.

Example of Using the A/D Line

Traders use the A/D line to compare it to the price movement of the index.

For example, when an index you’re monitoring is moving to new highs, you want to see the A/D line moving new highs to confirm the index’s direction.

If the index and the A/D line are both hitting new highs, the market is hitting a bullish trend. If the stock market reaches a new peak but the A/D line reaches a lower peak than the previous rally, that means fewer stocks are participating in a higher move and the rally could be coming to an end. This could suggest that the strength of the market is driven by a few names with larger market caps.

Is the A/D Line a Good Indicator?

The A/D line is considered a reputable and popular measurement for traders to gather reliable insight into the strength of a market trend. Note that there are many market indicators out there, and each will have good and bad use cases. But generally, the A/D line may be a good choice for many investors to utilize.

When the price of an asset changes, traders will want to know whether it’s best to buy or sell. With the A/D line, traders can estimate price trends of assets and potential reversals by reviewing the direction of the A/D line, which is considered to be a reasonably reliable indicator in predicting trends since it shows market participants how the market is behaving.

Pros of the A/D Line

Traders can find the A/D Line indicator either above or below a stock chart on a trading platform and may use it as a tool to try to time the market and potentially catch a particular stock price.

By gauging the direction of where markets are headed, the A/D Line can help traders forecast stock price movements on the upside or downside. This may help market participants position their trades favorably.

Cons of the A/D Line

It’s important for market participants to be careful to not rely on the A/D Line as their only market indicator. While the A/D Line offers insight into overall market direction, it may not be able to capture minor market changes.

The A/D Line does not capture price changes between trading gaps, or when a stock’s price moves higher or lower throughout the trading day even though there’s not much trading going on.

Another limitation is that even though the line shows the general direction of where the market is trending, either a positive or negative slope, the A/D line doesn’t show the precise percentage the stock moved.

How Investors Can Use the Advance/Decline Line

The A/D line is positioned against an index to help spot market trends and reversals. Traders who trade on the major indexes can use the A/D line to gauge overall market sentiment. Market participants can look at a historical A/D line to see how the market performed in different periods of time.

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The Takeaway

The Advance/Decline Line is a tool used by traders and investors to forecast the direction of where the overall stock market is headed. The A/D Line is a well-known market indicator used to predict and confirm trends and forecast market reversals.

The A/D Line offers a great visual guide that may help traders make decisions on market strategies and positions in the short term. But while there are benefits of using this metric, it’s important for market participants to know the A/D line’s drawbacks as well.

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FAQ

What is considered a good Advance/Decline ratio?

An advance/decline ratio of one or more is generally considered to be good, as it’s a signal that a stock is in a stable or on an upward trend. Conversely, a ratio of less than one is a sign that it could be declining.

What is the 10-day Advance/Decline line?

The 10-day advance/decline line is a technical indicator that allows investors to get a measure of the average number of daily advancers minus decliners within an index or specific sector over the previous ten trading days.

What does a period of decline in investment mean?

A period of decline in investment is a broad description of a period of deflation in the investment market. It could take the form of an overall drop in the value of investments.

Photo credit: iStock/utah778

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Sep

2023

How Do Banks Make Money?

By Krystal Etienne | Budgeting & Goals, money | Comments Off

If you wonder how banks make money, here’s the answer: They do so by charging money for providing services as well as financial products. Among the ways they profit are by collecting interest on loans and assessing fees for banking services.

Here, you’ll learn more about how banks make money, the different kinds of banks that offer services, and the kinds of fees you may pay as a customer. By knowing these details, you’ll be better able to choose the right financial institution for you and probably hold onto more of your cash.

What Exactly is a Bank?

In general, a bank is a financial institution licensed to receive deposits and make loans. Some banks also offer financial services, such as safe deposit boxes and currency exchange.

There are several different types of banks, and though they all generally provide similar services, each type has a few unique traits that can make it especially useful for certain types of customers and goals. Here are some of the most common types of banks.

Retail Banks

Traditional banks that serve the general public, such as Wells Fargo, Bank of America, and Chase, are retail banks. Their focus is to help people manage their personal wealth.

Retail banks are generally easily accessible, often having hundreds of branches across the country and they provide the most basic of financial services for regular use.

Commercial or Corporate Banks

These banks specialize in providing financial support and assistance to small and large-scale businesses. Many also have retail divisions as well.

Where a standard retail bank might only be able to provide small personal loans, commercial banks often have the capacity to provide larger and more substantial loans, as well as other services, to help support new and expanding business ventures.

Online Banks

These are institutions that provide financial services just like any other bank, except they do not maintain any actual storefronts. To apply for an account with an online bank, such as Ally, SoFi, or Synchrony, applications must be submitted online and the entire banking experience is primarily conducted remotely via an internet browser or app.

Because online banks generally don’t have the expenses that come with maintaining a storefront, they can often offer higher interest rates and lower fees than many brick-and-mortar banks.

However, because they don’t have storefronts, you typically can’t make cash deposits.

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Central Banks

In many countries, banks are regulated by the national government or central bank. In the U.S., the Federal Reserve System is the central bank of the U.S. It consists of 12 Federal Reserve banks that stretch across the country.

These central banks are responsible for implementing monetary policy, maintaining the stability of the financial system, controlling inflation, and providing financial services to banks and credit unions. The Federal Reserve banks are essentially banks for other banks, as well as the government.

Investment Banks

Morgan Stanley and Goldman Sachs are examples of investment banks. These banks specialize in managing some of the largest and most complex types of commercial transactions, such as merger and acquisition activity, initial public offerings, or financing large infrastructure projects like building bridges. Investment bankers often work on deals that involve raising capital and acquisitions.

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How do Banks Make Their Profits?

With the wide variety of financial products and services that banks offer, they create many opportunities for revenue. Those revenue streams generally fall into one of three categories:

Interest

One of the primary sources of income for banks and financial institutions comes from interest collected on the various loans that they offer.

Banks use the money from their clients’ checking and saving accounts to offer loan services. They then charge interest on these loans (based on the credit history of the borrower and the current federal funds rate). Banks then profit from the net interest margin. That’s the difference between the higher interest income charged for their loans and the lower interest paid out to clients on their bank accounts.

Interchange Fees

When people use their bank-issued credit and debit cards at a store, that store typically pays a processing fee, known as an interchange fee.

These fees are paid by the merchant’s bank to the consumer’s bank for processing a card payment. This fee is to help ensure security, payment, fraud protection and a speedy transfer of funds, and is typically a small flat fee plus a percentage of the total purchase.

Interchange fees help explain why some establishments maintain minimum purchase amounts for credit or debit card purchases.

Banking Fees

Banks typically bring in a significant amount of their money by charging customers fees to use their products and services. Banks may charge fees to create and maintain a bank account, as well as to execute a transaction. They may be recurring or one-time only charges.

All banks should be upfront about all of their fees and disclose them somewhere accessible to their customers. You can often find a bank’s fee schedule online or in the documents you received when you opened your account.

It can be a good idea to learn about the types of fees that your bank charges in order to avoid or minimize fees and also catch any errors. If fees seem unreasonably high, you might also decide to switch to a different bank or financial institution that charges less.

Some of the more common bank fees include:

Service fee: A monthly fee charged for keeping an account open.

Account maintenance fee: A monthly fee charged for managing an account.

Withdrawal limit fee: Charged when a customer exceeds the maximum number of monthly withdrawals allowed on a savings account.

ATM fee: Charged when withdrawing funds from an ATM terminal outside of your bank’s network.

Card replacement fee: Charged when a lost or stolen debit or credit card is reissued.

Overdraft fee: Applied when a customer’s bank balance falls below zero. Interest can also accrue on the overdrawn amount, as the bank may see this as a short-term loan.

Non-sufficient funds (NSF) fee: Charged when a customer makes a transaction but doesn’t have enough money in their account to cover it. The transaction “returns” or “bounces,” and the bank charges the customer an NSF fee.

International transaction fee: Charged when making a debit card purchase in a foreign currency or withdrawing foreign currency from an ATM.

Cashier’s check fee: A fee for purchasing an official check from your bank.

Stop payment fee: Applied when requesting that a bank stop payment on a pre-written check from your account.

Wire transfer fee: Charged for electronically transferring funds from one bank to another.
Paper statement fee: A fee for providing monthly bank statements in the mail rather than digital statements online.

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Credit Unions vs Banks

Are you wondering about the difference between a credit union vs. a bank? A credit union is a nonprofit, member-owned financial institution that, like a bank, makes loans and offers checking and savings accounts.

Members purchase shares in the credit union, and that money is pooled together to provide a credit union’s services. Individuals interested in banking with a credit union must fit specific eligibility requirements (sometimes regional, employment-related, or requiring direct relation to an existing member) and apply for membership.

Unlike a bank (which is a for-profit business), a credit union returns its profits to members, which means it may have lower fees and better interest rates on savings accounts and loans than traditional retail banks.

Because they are often smaller entities, however, credit unions tend to provide a limited range of services compared to banks. They may also have fewer locations and ATMs.

Recommended: Alternatives to Traditional Banking

The Takeaway

To make a profit and cover their operating expenses, banks typically charge for the services they provide.

When a bank lends you money, for example, it charges interest on the loan. When you open a deposit account, such as a checking or savings account, there are typically fees for that as well. Even fee-free checking and savings accounts often come with some fees.

It can be wise to take a second look at the fees outlined in your banking contract in order to get ahead of any surprise charges down the line. And to look for a fee-free bank if you are getting hit with fees.

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SoFi members with Qualifying Deposits can earn 4.60% APY on savings balances (including Vaults) and 0.50% APY on checking balances. Qualifying Deposits means one or more deposits that, in the aggregate, are equal to or greater than $5,000 to an account holder’s SoFi Checking and Savings account (“Qualifying Deposits”) during a 30-day Evaluation Period (as defined below). Qualifying Deposits only include those deposits from the following eligible sources: (i) ACH transfers, (ii) inbound wire transfers, (iii) peer-to-peer transfers (i.e., external transfers from PayPal, Venmo, etc. and internal peer-to-peer transfers from a SoFi account belonging to another account holder), (iv) check deposits, (v) instant funding to your SoFi Bank Debit Card, (vi) push payments to your SoFi Bank Debit Card, and (vii) cash deposits. Qualifying Deposits do not include: (i) transfers between an account holder’s Checking account, Savings account, and/or Vaults; (ii) interest payments; (iii) bonuses issued by SoFi Bank or its affiliates; or (iv) credits, reversals, and refunds from SoFi Bank, N.A. (“SoFi Bank”) or from a merchant.

SoFi Bank shall, in its sole discretion, assess each account holder’s Direct Deposit activity and Qualifying Deposits throughout each 30-Day Evaluation Period to determine the applicability of rates and may request additional documentation for verification of eligibility. The 30-Day Evaluation Period refers to the “Start Date” and “End Date” set forth on the APY Details page of your account, which comprises a period of 30 calendar days (the “30-Day Evaluation Period”). You can access the APY Details page at any time by logging into your SoFi account on the SoFi mobile app or SoFi website and selecting either (i) Banking > Savings > Current APY or (ii) Banking > Checking > Current APY. Upon receiving a Direct Deposit or $5,000 in Qualifying Deposits to your account, you will begin earning 4.60% APY on savings balances (including Vaults) and 0.50% on checking balances on or before the following calendar day. You will continue to earn these APYs for (i) the remainder of the current 30-Day Evaluation Period and through the end of the subsequent 30-Day Evaluation Period and (ii) any following 30-day Evaluation Periods during which SoFi Bank determines you to have Direct Deposit activity or $5,000 in Qualifying Deposits without interruption.

SoFi Bank reserves the right to grant a grace period to account holders following a change in Direct Deposit activity or Qualifying Deposits activity before adjusting rates. If SoFi Bank grants you a grace period, the dates for such grace period will be reflected on the APY Details page of your account. If SoFi Bank determines that you did not have Direct Deposit activity or $5,000 in Qualifying Deposits during the current 30-day Evaluation Period and, if applicable, the grace period, then you will begin earning the rates earned by account holders without either Direct Deposit or Qualifying Deposits until you have Direct Deposit activity or $5,000 in Qualifying Deposits in a subsequent 30-Day Evaluation Period. For the avoidance of doubt, an account holder with both Direct Deposit activity and Qualifying Deposits will earn the rates earned by account holders with Direct Deposit.

Members without either Direct Deposit activity or Qualifying Deposits, as determined by SoFi Bank, during a 30-Day Evaluation Period and, if applicable, the grace period, will earn 1.20% APY on savings balances (including Vaults) and 0.50% APY on checking balances.

Interest rates are variable and subject to change at any time. These rates are current as of 10/24/2023. There is no minimum balance requirement. Additional information can be found at https://www.sofi.com/legal/banking-rate-sheet.

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

Third-Party Brand Mentions: No brands, products, or companies mentioned are affiliated with SoFi, nor do they endorse or sponsor this article. Third-party trademarks referenced herein are property of their respective owners.

SOBK0823020

Sep

2023

31 Ways to Save for a Home

By Kylie Ora Lobell | Financial Independence, Home Ownership, money | Comments Off

You want to become a homeowner but aren’t sure how you’re going to save up for your down payment. Typically, you’re going to need at least 3% to 5% for a down payment for a conventional mortgage, or 20% on a loan that doesn’t require private mortgage insurance.

Fortunately, there are a number of methods you can use to stash away money for your future home. Here are some of the best ways to save for a house and get one step closer to your dream.

1. Creating a Budget

Living on a budget may not be easy, but in the long run it can help you save money to put toward a home purchase. Creating a budget to track where your money is going is a good first step in a house savings plan.

Some effective ways to do this are recording expenses in a spreadsheet or using a budgeting app to determine your spending practices and identify where changes can be made to meet your savings goal.

💡 Quick Tip: Want to save more, spend smarter? Let your bank manage the basics. It’s surprisingly easy, and secure, when you open an online bank account.

2. Using Cash Envelopes

The theory behind this method is that it may be harder to part with cash than it is to swipe a debit or credit card. The cash envelope budgeting method involves distributing cash each month (or pay period) into envelopes based on categories you establish. When you’re out of cash for each category, you stop spending.

3. Deleting Your Stored Cards

Do you store your payment information on Amazon or other e-commerce stores? If so, it’s time to consider deleting them from each store or from your browser settings. If you have to manually input your card each time you want to make a purchase, you may just stop spending so much money online.

4. Downsizing Your Life

Another one of the tips for saving for a house involves downsizing your life. This could mean moving to a smaller rental or to a more affordable area of town. Just keep in mind that there is always a flip side to downsizing. For instance, your smaller apartment may not include parking, so you might be taking on an expense you didn’t have before. Moving to a different part of town might mean spending more on transportation costs getting to work each day. It’s a good idea to weigh the pros and cons before making any big decisions.

5. Setting Up Automatic Transfers

Reaching your savings goals might happen faster by setting up automatic transfers from checking account to savings account each time you’re paid. If your paycheck is direct-deposited, you may also be able to split the deposit into more than one account, on a percentage or dollar-amount basis.

6. Postponing Vacation

This method can reap plenty of savings if your usual vacation is a costly one. Instead of taking a big trip, a staycation may be entertaining and less expensive. Check out your local newspaper’s website to find free activities and events in your area. Art museums sometimes offer free admission days, and area nature trails are generally free and can be a good way to have fun and get exercise in one fell swoop. Now is the time to be creative since you’re working on your house savings plan.

7. Tackling Your Debt

If you get 4.50% APY in your high-yield savings account, but you carry a credit card balance with an interest rate of 23.99%, it may make more sense to put your money towards your debt right now rather than savings.

8. Eating at Home

Dining out is expensive. The average American household spends more than $3,000 per year on eating out. By skipping the takeout and restaurants and cooking your meals at home, you can add that money to your house savings plan.

9. Making Your Own Coffee

It’s a cliche, but it’s true: If you skip the lattes, you could boost your savings. The average American spends $92 per month on coffee, which adds up to about $1,100 per year. Purchasing a coffee maker and brewing your own cup of joe as opposed to hitting up a coffee shop every day will likely improve your home savings plan.

10. Using Coupons at the Grocery Store

Looking for coupons for items you normally buy anyway can trim your grocery bill. Coupons can be found on coupon websites and on brands’ websites.

Recommended: Tips for Grocery Shopping on a Budget

11. Buying Things on Sale

Just because you want something doesn’t mean you need to have it right away. Waiting to buy things when they go on sale is another one of the best tips for saving for a house. Along with looking at stores’ advertised sales, you could always create a Google alert to find out when things go on sale by typing in your favorite stores’ names + sales on Google Alerts.

💡 Quick Tip: If you’re saving for a short-term goal — whether it’s a vacation, a wedding, or the down payment on a house — consider opening a high-yield savings account. The higher APY that you’ll earn will help your money grow faster, but the funds stay liquid, so they are easy to access when you reach your goal.

12. Using Promo Codes

Promo codes are like coupons for online purchases. Browser extensions that search the web for deals can bring those promo codes to you and save you precious search time and effort.

13. Cutting Out Cable

Cable television can be a major monthly expense for some households, sometimes hundreds of dollars every month. One of the best ways to save is to cut the cord, switch to streaming services, and potentially pay much less per month on your favorite entertainment by saving on streaming services.

14. Canceling Your Subscriptions

You may be spending money on monthly subscriptions without realizing how much. Canceling subscriptions to things like lifestyle boxes you aren’t using anymore or magazines you don’t read can add up to significant savings.

15. Making the Most of the Library

The local library is a fantastic resource. You can borrow books, magazines, and movies instead of buying them, and some libraries even offer access to free audiobooks. Libraries are funded by taxes, so you’re probably already contributing to this resource—there’s little reason to pay twice for items it provides as a public service.

16. Canceling Your Gym Membership

Gym memberships can be pricey, but exercise is not. Using free, online workout videos and things in your home as exercise equipment (e.g., stepping on your stairs, doing wall or table pushups, or using a chair for barre exercises), or walking around your neighborhood can save money over a gym membership.

17. Shopping Around for Insurance

You may be overpaying for insurance. Comparing rates and getting different quotes for your car, renter’s, pet, health, and other types of insurance can ensure you’re getting the best deal possible.

18. Steering Clear of Checking Account Fees

Is your bank charging you a monthly maintenance fee just to keep your account open? If so, it might be worth looking into switching banks or asking your bank how you can avoid these fees. For example, if you have a direct deposit into the account or maintain a minimum daily account balance, you may be eligible for a fee-free account.

19. Selling Your Stuff

Do you have things you never use anymore? Could they fetch some cash? Holding a garage sale or selling your stuff online might net a few dollars to add to your house savings plan. You’ll probably want to buy new things for your new home anyway, and selling your old things will allow you to save up.

20. Asking Your Boss for a Raise

During your annual performance review, consider asking for a raise, highlighting your accomplishments and why you deserve more money. Be specific about improvements you’ve made to the company by backing up your accomplishments with data.

21. Switching to a Better Job

If you aren’t making enough money in your current position, then consider switching to a higher-paying job. It’s a good idea to keep your current job until you find a new one, though.

22. Taking on a Side Hustle

If you have the time and energy, earning extra money on nights and weekends with a side hustle might be an option. For instance, you could start a dropshipping business, take up freelancing, or do affiliate marketing.

23. Signing Up for a Travel Rewards Credit Card

If you need to travel or you are still planning a vacation, using a travel rewards credit card may be a good idea. These cards offer certain rewards for different categories such as travel, gas, and dining out, and allow you to put your rewards towards flights, hotels, rental cars, and more. Plus, many of them offer other ways to save, such as providing you with rental car and baggage delay insurance or no foreign transaction fees.

24. Getting a Cash Back Credit Card

With a cash-back credit card, you can earn cash rewards every time you spend. Putting that cash back toward a statement credit or bank transfer will help accelerate your savings.

25. Renting Your Spare Room

If you have an extra room in your apartment that you aren’t using, you could get a roommate or list it on a rental site to reduce your overall living expenses. Just make sure that you get permission from your landlord before inviting anyone else to move in.

26. Renting Out Your Storage Space

Another one of the best ways to save for a house is to rent out your unused storage space on a peer-to-peer site. You could generate income without having to do much work at all, and you won’t have to live with someone else—just their stuff.

27. Making Your House Savings Plan Known

Your Aunt Mildred may always get you boxes of chocolates for your birthday, and your dad might give you gift cards for Amazon. But letting your family and friends know you’re trying to save for a home might plant the seed for them to give you cash instead. If you’re getting married, this is a time to tell people about your plans so that instead of registry gifts, they might give you cash for your future home.

28. Opening a High-Yield Savings Account

Putting your money into a regular savings account may not result in much of a return. However, putting money in a high yield savings account may net more interest and get you closer to reaching your savings goals. A high-yield savings account typically offers 20 to 25 times the national average of a typical savings account.

29. Hiring an Accountant at Tax Time

If you’ve been doing your taxes on your own every year, you may have missed potential tax savings you might be eligible for. A tax professional may be able to maximize your savings, possibly resulting in a larger refund, or minimize taxes you owe.

30. Saving Your Tax Refund

If you get a tax refund, consider saving it instead of spending it. The money can be a nice addition to your down payment, possibly even earning interest in high-yield savings account until you need it.

31. Changing Your Tax Withholding

Among the best ways to save for a house is by keeping more money from your paycheck. If your withholding is too high, the IRS is essentially holding your money for you all year round. Instead of getting a large tax refund, keeping your money now and investing it in an interest-bearing account will help you save up for your home.

The Takeaway

Saving for a house takes some time and effort, but there are many different ways to do it. For instance, by eating out less, you could potentially save thousands of dollars a year. Launching a side hustle could increase your income. And opening a high-yield savings account, which typically offers considerably higher interest rates than a traditional savings account, could also help your money grow — and help you achieve your dream of home ownership.

Better banking is here with SoFi, NerdWallet’s 2024 winner for Best Checking Account Overall. Enjoy up to 4.60% APY on SoFi Checking and Savings.

Photo credit: iStock/Talaj

Third-Party Brand Mentions: No brands, products, or companies mentioned are affiliated with SoFi, nor do they endorse or sponsor this article. Third-party trademarks referenced herein are property of their respective owners.

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

SoFi® Checking and Savings is offered through SoFi Bank, N.A. ©2023 SoFi Bank, N.A. All rights reserved. Member FDIC. Equal Housing Lender.
The SoFi Bank Debit Mastercard® is issued by SoFi Bank, N.A., pursuant to license by Mastercard International Incorporated and can be used everywhere Mastercard is accepted. Mastercard is a registered trademark, and the circles design is a trademark of Mastercard International Incorporated.

4.60% APY
SoFi members with direct deposit activity can earn 4.60% annual percentage yield (APY) on savings balances (including Vaults) and 0.50% APY on checking balances. Direct Deposit means a deposit to an account holder’s SoFi Checking or Savings account, including payroll, pension, or government payments (e.g., Social Security), made by the account holder’s employer, payroll or benefits provider or government agency (“Direct Deposit”) via the Automated Clearing House (“ACH”) Network during a 30-day Evaluation Period (as defined below). Deposits that are not from an employer or government agency, including but not limited to check deposits, peer-to-peer transfers (e.g., transfers from PayPal, Venmo, etc.), merchant transactions (e.g., transactions from PayPal, Stripe, Square, etc.), and bank ACH funds transfers and wire transfers from external accounts, do not constitute Direct Deposit activity. There is no minimum Direct Deposit amount required to qualify for the stated interest rate.

SoFi members with Qualifying Deposits can earn 4.60% APY on savings balances (including Vaults) and 0.50% APY on checking balances. Qualifying Deposits means one or more deposits that, in the aggregate, are equal to or greater than $5,000 to an account holder’s SoFi Checking and Savings account (“Qualifying Deposits”) during a 30-day Evaluation Period (as defined below). Qualifying Deposits only include those deposits from the following eligible sources: (i) ACH transfers, (ii) inbound wire transfers, (iii) peer-to-peer transfers (i.e., external transfers from PayPal, Venmo, etc. and internal peer-to-peer transfers from a SoFi account belonging to another account holder), (iv) check deposits, (v) instant funding to your SoFi Bank Debit Card, (vi) push payments to your SoFi Bank Debit Card, and (vii) cash deposits. Qualifying Deposits do not include: (i) transfers between an account holder’s Checking account, Savings account, and/or Vaults; (ii) interest payments; (iii) bonuses issued by SoFi Bank or its affiliates; or (iv) credits, reversals, and refunds from SoFi Bank, N.A. (“SoFi Bank”) or from a merchant.

SoFi Bank shall, in its sole discretion, assess each account holder’s Direct Deposit activity and Qualifying Deposits throughout each 30-Day Evaluation Period to determine the applicability of rates and may request additional documentation for verification of eligibility. The 30-Day Evaluation Period refers to the “Start Date” and “End Date” set forth on the APY Details page of your account, which comprises a period of 30 calendar days (the “30-Day Evaluation Period”). You can access the APY Details page at any time by logging into your SoFi account on the SoFi mobile app or SoFi website and selecting either (i) Banking > Savings > Current APY or (ii) Banking > Checking > Current APY. Upon receiving a Direct Deposit or $5,000 in Qualifying Deposits to your account, you will begin earning 4.60% APY on savings balances (including Vaults) and 0.50% on checking balances on or before the following calendar day. You will continue to earn these APYs for (i) the remainder of the current 30-Day Evaluation Period and through the end of the subsequent 30-Day Evaluation Period and (ii) any following 30-day Evaluation Periods during which SoFi Bank determines you to have Direct Deposit activity or $5,000 in Qualifying Deposits without interruption.

SoFi Bank reserves the right to grant a grace period to account holders following a change in Direct Deposit activity or Qualifying Deposits activity before adjusting rates. If SoFi Bank grants you a grace period, the dates for such grace period will be reflected on the APY Details page of your account. If SoFi Bank determines that you did not have Direct Deposit activity or $5,000 in Qualifying Deposits during the current 30-day Evaluation Period and, if applicable, the grace period, then you will begin earning the rates earned by account holders without either Direct Deposit or Qualifying Deposits until you have Direct Deposit activity or $5,000 in Qualifying Deposits in a subsequent 30-Day Evaluation Period. For the avoidance of doubt, an account holder with both Direct Deposit activity and Qualifying Deposits will earn the rates earned by account holders with Direct Deposit.

Members without either Direct Deposit activity or Qualifying Deposits, as determined by SoFi Bank, during a 30-Day Evaluation Period and, if applicable, the grace period, will earn 1.20% APY on savings balances (including Vaults) and 0.50% APY on checking balances.

Interest rates are variable and subject to change at any time. These rates are current as of 10/24/2023. There is no minimum balance requirement. Additional information can be found at https://www.sofi.com/legal/banking-rate-sheet.

SOBK0923005

Sep

2023

Spare Change Savings

By Kylie Ora Lobell | Budgeting & Goals, Financial Independence, money | Comments Off

Whenever you collect change – maybe in a cup by the front door–you likely already know the benefits of spare change savings.

You generally don’t miss the coins you drop into your collection each day. But once you get around to putting the whole pile in the bank (or a coin machine), you could end up with a few hundred bucks.

Today, spare change saving or “round-up” apps make the process even simpler. They automatically calculate the difference between the amount you charge on your debit or credit card and the next dollar amount. They then divert that virtual change into a savings account.

Spare change savings (also known as “micro-saving”) can be a great way to kick start your savings and also help you start automating your finances. However, not all spare change apps are created equal.

Some of these apps charge fees, which can quickly erode your savings. And some actually invest your savings, which may not be ideal if you’re saving for a short-term goal, such as building an emergency fund or buying a car.

Here are some key things you may want to keep in mind when choosing a spare change savings app.

How Does Spare Change Saving Work?

The philosophy behind spare change savings is “little and often.” Every time you spend money, whether it’s on gas, groceries or dining out, an app rounds up that purchase and saves the change for you.

Spare change savings apps typically connect to your credit and/or debit card, take the virtual change from your linked checking account, and put the money into a savings account. For instance, if you buy a sandwich for $5.80, the app will automatically transfer 20 cents from your checking account into a savings account. It’s one way to automate your finances.

Some spare change apps put your money into a traditional savings account or a checking and savings account. Others invest your money in small portfolios, based on your risk tolerance and financial situation. There are also spare change apps that use saved funds to pay off debts that you designate, such as credit cards or student loans.

💡 Quick Tip: Help your money earn more money! Opening a bank account online often gets you higher-than-average rates.

Get up to $300 when you bank with SoFi.

Open a SoFi Checking and Savings Account with direct deposit and get up to a $300 cash bonus. Plus, get up to 4.60% APY on your cash!

The Benefits of Spare Change Savings

There are a number of potential benefits to spare change savings. Below are some of the reasons you may want to try using one of these apps.

They can make saving easy and automatic

One of the biggest advantages of spare change savings is that it’s automatic. You don’t have to remember to bring your change to the bank or transfer money from checking to savings after you get paid in order to save money from your salary. And, unlike the change jar, the money saved is out of sight and out of mind.

If you’re struggling to save money, setting up a spare change savings app can help jumpstart the process and make it relatively pain-free.

Your savings can earn interest

Unlike the piggy bank method, a spare change app can put your savings into an account that can earn interest and help your money grow over time.

Some spare change savings apps, known as “micro-investing” apps, will offer users the opportunity to invest their money in stocks, bonds, and/or exchange-traded funds (ETFs). This involves risk, but if these investments do well, your savings could grow considerably.

They can make investing less intimidating

Micro-investing apps can make it easier to get started with investing, even if you currently don’t know anything about it. Generally, they’ll recommend a portfolio based on your goals and time horizon, turning your spare change into an investment on a small scale–a good way to experiment.

There may be extra ways to save

Some spare change savings apps partner up with other brands that will kick in a percentage of every purchase you make to your savings account. For example, if an app partners with Macy’s or Apple, every time you make a purchase from one of those retailers, a small percent of the total you spend would get added to your savings account (in addition to the round-up amount taken from your checking account).

💡 Quick Tip: Want a simple way to save more everyday? When you turn on Roundups, all of your debit card purchases are automatically rounded up to the next dollar and deposited into your online savings account.

Disadvantages of Spare Change Savings

There are some potential downsides to spare change savings apps. Here are a few drawbacks you may want to consider before signing up for one of these apps.

They may charge fees

Some spare change apps charge monthly (and other) fees for using their services. Before signing up for an app, it’s a good idea to read the fine print and look into what, if any, fees you may be charged and how often.

Even if the fees are small, they could quickly eat into your savings, especially since the dollar amounts you’re putting away are small.

It’s possible to lose money through investments

If you choose to put your spare change savings into investments, there is some risk involved. Depending on market fluctuations, your money could grow. On the other hand, you could potentially lose some or all of your savings.

Micro-investing may not be ideal for emergency funds

If you go with an app that invests your savings, you may not be able to access the money immediately, which could be an issue if you’re faced with a financial emergency.

Another potential problem is that if your account is down in value at the time you need to withdraw the money, you would have to take a loss instead of waiting for market conditions to improve.

You might get hit with an overdraft fee

If your checking account is close to zero after you make a transaction, and then the spare change app rounds-up the transaction and withdraws additional funds, you could end up overdrafting your account. This could result in getting hit with a hefty overdraft fee.

The Takeaway

While each spare change app functions slightly differently, they all revolve around the same basic concept: You save small increments of cash that you likely won’t miss. The money gets put into a savings account. You can then use the money to work toward your savings goals.

Spare change apps aren’t for everyone, however. If you’re living paycheck to paycheck and at risk of overdrafting your account, these apps may not be ideal for you. And if you don’t yet have an emergency fund built up, you may not want to choose an app that invests your savings.

On the other hand, if you’re looking for creative ways to jumpstart your financial goals, a spare change app (with low or no fees) may be the tool you’re looking for. Just make sure you have a savings account for that spare change to go into.

Better banking is here with SoFi, NerdWallet’s 2024 winner for Best Checking Account Overall. Enjoy up to 4.60% APY on SoFi Checking and Savings.

Photo credit: iStock/Nattakorn Maneerat

Third-Party Brand Mentions: No brands, products, or companies mentioned are affiliated with SoFi, nor do they endorse or sponsor this article. Third-party trademarks referenced herein are property of their respective owners.

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

4.60% APY
SoFi® Checking and Savings is offered through SoFi Bank, N.A. ©2023 SoFi Bank, N.A. All rights reserved. Member FDIC. Equal Housing Lender.
The SoFi Bank Debit Mastercard® is issued by SoFi Bank, N.A., pursuant to license by Mastercard International Incorporated and can be used everywhere Mastercard is accepted. Mastercard is a registered trademark, and the circles design is a trademark of Mastercard International Incorporated.

SoFi members with direct deposit activity can earn 4.60% annual percentage yield (APY) on savings balances (including Vaults) and 0.50% APY on checking balances. Direct Deposit means a deposit to an account holder’s SoFi Checking or Savings account, including payroll, pension, or government payments (e.g., Social Security), made by the account holder’s employer, payroll or benefits provider or government agency (“Direct Deposit”) via the Automated Clearing House (“ACH”) Network during a 30-day Evaluation Period (as defined below). Deposits that are not from an employer or government agency, including but not limited to check deposits, peer-to-peer transfers (e.g., transfers from PayPal, Venmo, etc.), merchant transactions (e.g., transactions from PayPal, Stripe, Square, etc.), and bank ACH funds transfers and wire transfers from external accounts, do not constitute Direct Deposit activity. There is no minimum Direct Deposit amount required to qualify for the stated interest rate.

SoFi members with Qualifying Deposits can earn 4.60% APY on savings balances (including Vaults) and 0.50% APY on checking balances. Qualifying Deposits means one or more deposits that, in the aggregate, are equal to or greater than $5,000 to an account holder’s SoFi Checking and Savings account (“Qualifying Deposits”) during a 30-day Evaluation Period (as defined below). Qualifying Deposits only include those deposits from the following eligible sources: (i) ACH transfers, (ii) inbound wire transfers, (iii) peer-to-peer transfers (i.e., external transfers from PayPal, Venmo, etc. and internal peer-to-peer transfers from a SoFi account belonging to another account holder), (iv) check deposits, (v) instant funding to your SoFi Bank Debit Card, (vi) push payments to your SoFi Bank Debit Card, and (vii) cash deposits. Qualifying Deposits do not include: (i) transfers between an account holder’s Checking account, Savings account, and/or Vaults; (ii) interest payments; (iii) bonuses issued by SoFi Bank or its affiliates; or (iv) credits, reversals, and refunds from SoFi Bank, N.A. (“SoFi Bank”) or from a merchant.

SoFi Bank shall, in its sole discretion, assess each account holder’s Direct Deposit activity and Qualifying Deposits throughout each 30-Day Evaluation Period to determine the applicability of rates and may request additional documentation for verification of eligibility. The 30-Day Evaluation Period refers to the “Start Date” and “End Date” set forth on the APY Details page of your account, which comprises a period of 30 calendar days (the “30-Day Evaluation Period”). You can access the APY Details page at any time by logging into your SoFi account on the SoFi mobile app or SoFi website and selecting either (i) Banking > Savings > Current APY or (ii) Banking > Checking > Current APY. Upon receiving a Direct Deposit or $5,000 in Qualifying Deposits to your account, you will begin earning 4.60% APY on savings balances (including Vaults) and 0.50% on checking balances on or before the following calendar day. You will continue to earn these APYs for (i) the remainder of the current 30-Day Evaluation Period and through the end of the subsequent 30-Day Evaluation Period and (ii) any following 30-day Evaluation Periods during which SoFi Bank determines you to have Direct Deposit activity or $5,000 in Qualifying Deposits without interruption.

SoFi Bank reserves the right to grant a grace period to account holders following a change in Direct Deposit activity or Qualifying Deposits activity before adjusting rates. If SoFi Bank grants you a grace period, the dates for such grace period will be reflected on the APY Details page of your account. If SoFi Bank determines that you did not have Direct Deposit activity or $5,000 in Qualifying Deposits during the current 30-day Evaluation Period and, if applicable, the grace period, then you will begin earning the rates earned by account holders without either Direct Deposit or Qualifying Deposits until you have Direct Deposit activity or $5,000 in Qualifying Deposits in a subsequent 30-Day Evaluation Period. For the avoidance of doubt, an account holder with both Direct Deposit activity and Qualifying Deposits will earn the rates earned by account holders with Direct Deposit.

Members without either Direct Deposit activity or Qualifying Deposits, as determined by SoFi Bank, during a 30-Day Evaluation Period and, if applicable, the grace period, will earn 1.20% APY on savings balances (including Vaults) and 0.50% APY on checking balances.

Interest rates are variable and subject to change at any time. These rates are current as of 10/24/2023. There is no minimum balance requirement. Additional information can be found at https://www.sofi.com/legal/banking-rate-sheet.

SOBK0923006