Investment banking is a specialized area of the financial services industry that focuses on aiding governments, corporations and other entities to raise capital and complete mergers and acquisitions. The term “investment banker” refers to an individual who works for an investment bank that offers these services.
Investment banking is a prestigious career, and becoming an investment banker can be lucrative for those willing to complete the necessary education and training. It’s also a growing field. The Bureau of Labor Statistics projects that the number of investment banking and related jobs could grow 4% over the next decade.
But what does an investment banker do, exactly? How much do investment bankers earn? And what’s required to become one?
Here’s a closer look at what a Wall Street career entails.
What Is an Investment Banker?
Investment bankers work for investment banks, which are effectively middlemen between entities that need capital and entities that provide it. In simpler terms, investment bankers help their clients to expand and grow their businesses or operations.
Another way to think of an investment banker is as a financial advisor to governments, corporations, and other businesses. As part of their professional duties, they may guide clients in making financial decisions that directly or indirectly affect their bottom line.
Investment bankers are most often associated with Wall Street, though they work in cities throughout the world. Some of the largest investment banks in the United States include Goldman Sachs & Co., Morgan Stanley, J.P. Morgan, Bank of America Merrill Lynch, and Blackstone.
Recommended: How to Choose the Right Financial Advisor
What Do Investment Bankers Do Exactly?
Investment bankers play an important role in helping companies achieve their financial goals. When a corporation is planning an upcoming expansion project, for instance, its board may turn to an investment bank for help. An investment banker can analyze the company’s financial situation to determine the best way to meet its needs.
In terms of the specific tasks an investment banker may carry out, that depends largely on the type of clients they work with.
Assisting With Initial Public Offerings
Investment bankers can play a critical role in helping clients secure capital. Depending on the client, this can be done through a variety of means, including the launch of an initial public offering.
An initial public offering, or IPO, allows private companies to offer shares of its stock to the public for the first time. The investment banker assists by creating a prospectus explaining the details of the IPO, marketing it to potential investors, and navigating Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) compliance rules.
Investment bankers are key to whether the company’s IPO is a success. They help determine the initial price of the offering, which is critical. Going too high could scare off investors while going too low could undercut their client’s profits.
IPO investing at your fingertips.
Don’t miss your chance – get in at the IPO price.
Bond Issuance
Government agencies and corporations often use bonds as a fundraising tool. For example, if a city government needs money to improve local roads they might issue a municipal bond to fund the project. Investors purchase the bonds on the bond market, giving the government the capital it needs to complete the road updates. Investors can hold onto the bond and earn interest on it, or they can sell it to another investor.
As with an IPO, an investment banker’s role in issuing bonds may include preparing the bond issuance documents, setting a price, submitting it to the SEC for approval, and marketing the bond to investors to raise capital.
Recommended: Federal Reserve Interest Rates, Explained
Equity and Debt Financing
Equity and debt financing are two other ways that companies can tap into funding. With equity financing, companies raise capital by selling an ownership share in the business. Venture capital and private equity are common examples of equity financing.
Debt financing involves taking out loans or lines of credit, without giving up ownership stakes. An investment banker can help companies assess which type of financing makes more sense for their business model, and help them work through the process of securing the funding.
For example, investment bankers may work with startups to pitch angel investors, while they might help more established companies compare and select loan options.
Mergers and Acquisitions
Another common task that investment bankers assist companies with is mergers and acquisitions. In a merger, two companies enter into an agreement to become a single business entity. Each company is treated as an equal in the transaction. An acquisition, on the other hand, involves one company purchasing another.
In either type of arrangement, companies may use investment bankers to oversee the process. This could involve negotiating the terms of a merger or acquisition and reporting the details of the transaction to the SEC to ensure compliance. When a company considers an acquisition, investment bankers can also help identify and vet potential targets.
Recommended: What Happens to a Stock During a Merger?
Investing and Asset Management
While investment bankers’ duties primarily revolve around raising capital for their clients, there are other services they may perform. This can include things like:
• Investment research and analysis
• Buying and selling securities
• Offering advisory services
• Asset management
These services are similar to what a personal financial advisor might offer their clients.
How to Become an Investment Banker
If you’re interested in a career in investment banking, there are a few things to know. In terms of education, a bachelor’s degree is typically a minimum requirement for most investment banker jobs. Though some investment banks may look for candidates that have earned a higher degree of education, such as an MBA or a graduate-level degree in finance.
Aside from education, there are certain skills that may help you be successful as an investment banker. Those include:
• Ability to perform under pressure
• Good communication skills
• Solid marketing skills
• Firm grasp of financial markets and modeling
• Strong attention to detail
Depending on your responsibilities, you may also need a securities license. That may include completing one of more of the following licensing exams:
• Series 7 General Securities Representative Qualification Examination (GS)
• Series 79 Investment Banking Representatives Exam
• Series 63 Uniform Securities Agent State Law Exam
Before you can take these exams, you first have to be employed and sponsored by a FINRA-member firm or other self-regulatory organization member.
Taking and passing the Securities Industries Essentials (SIE) Exam could help improve your chances of being hired as an intern or junior employee. That process begins early, with many banks hiring summer interns more than a year ahead of the start of the program.
How Much Do Investment Bankers Make?
Investment bankers generally earn above-average salaries. Even at the entry level, it’s possible to make $100,000 or more, and salaries for top Wall Street bankers can easily range into the millions or tens of millions. But investment banking is one of the hardest jobs on Wall Street. So if you’re not prepared to routinely work 100-hour weeks or constantly be on-call for your clients, it may not be the job for you.
The Takeaway
Investment bankers work primarily with institutional investors, governments and corporations rather than individual investors. But you can still benefit from the work investment bankers do behind the scenes indirectly.
When you open an investment account and purchase shares in an IPO, for example, or purchase a stock following a merger you’re leveraging an investment banker’s expertise to boost your portfolio. With the SoFi Invest investing platform, you can do both. That includes getting a first look at IPOs before a company goes public. It’s easy to get started investing with SoFi and there are no hidden fees.
Photo credit: iStock/fizkes
SoFi Invest®
The information provided is not meant to provide investment or financial advice. Also, past performance is no guarantee of future results.
Investment decisions should be based on an individual’s specific financial needs, goals, and risk profile. SoFi can’t guarantee future financial performance. Advisory services offered through SoFi Wealth, LLC. SoFi Securities, LLC, member FINRA / SIPC . SoFi Invest refers to the three investment and trading platforms operated by Social Finance, Inc. and its affiliates (described below). Individual customer accounts may be subject to the terms applicable to one or more of the platforms below.
1) Automated Investing—The Automated Investing platform is owned by SoFi Wealth LLC, an SEC registered investment advisor (“Sofi Wealth“). Brokerage services are provided to SoFi Wealth LLC by SoFi Securities LLC, an affiliated SEC registered broker dealer and member FINRA/SIPC, (“Sofi Securities).
2) Active Investing—The Active Investing platform is owned by SoFi Securities LLC. Clearing and custody of all securities are provided by APEX Clearing Corporation.
3) Cryptocurrency is offered by SoFi Digital Assets, LLC, a FinCEN registered Money Service Business.
For additional disclosures related to the SoFi Invest platforms described above, including state licensure of Sofi Digital Assets, LLC, please visit www.sofi.com/legal.
Neither the Investment Advisor Representatives of SoFi Wealth, nor the Registered Representatives of SoFi Securities are compensated for the sale of any product or service sold through any SoFi Invest platform. Information related to lending products contained herein should not be construed as an offer or prequalification for any loan product offered by SoFi Bank, N.A.
Third-Party Brand Mentions: No brands, products, or companies mentioned are affiliated with SoFi, nor do they endorse or sponsor this article. Third-party trademarks referenced herein are property of their respective owners.
Investing in an Initial Public Offering (IPO) involves substantial risk, including the risk of loss. Further, there are a variety of risk factors to consider when investing in an IPO, including but not limited to, unproven management, significant debt, and lack of operating history. For a comprehensive discussion of these risks please refer to SoFi Securities’ IPO Risk Disclosure Statement. IPOs offered through SoFi Securities are not a recommendation and investors should carefully read the offering prospectus to determine whether an offering is consistent with their investment objectives, risk tolerance, and financial situation.
New offerings generally have high demand and there are a limited number of shares available for distribution to participants. Many customers may not be allocated shares and share allocations may be significantly smaller than the shares requested in the customer’s initial offer (Indication of Interest). For SoFi’s allocation procedures please refer to IPO Allocation Procedures.
SOIN0421159
