What Would Happen if I Deposited $10,000 Into My Bank Account?

What Would Happen if I Deposited $10,000 Into My Bank Account?

A cash deposit of more than $10,000 into your bank account requires special handling. Your bank must report the deposit to the federal government. That’s because the IRS requires banks and businesses to file Form 8300 and a Currency Transaction Report, if they receive cash payments over $10,000. Depositing more than $10,000 will not result in immediate questioning from authorities, however. The report is done simply to help prevent fraud and money laundering. You have nothing to lose sleep over so long as you are not doing anything illegal.

Key Points

•   Banks are required to report when customers deposit more than $10,000 in cash at once.

•   A Currency Transaction Report must be filled out and sent to the IRS and FinCEN.

•   The Bank Secrecy Act of 1970 and the Patriot Act of 2001 dictate that banks keep records of deposits over $10,000 to help prevent financial crime.

•   Structuring a deposit is when an individual splits up several deposits so that a single deposit of more than $10,000 cash does not happen.

•   Penalties for not filing Form 8300 or filing a fraudulent form include fines and possible prison sentences.

Are Financial Institutions Required to Report Large Deposits?

Banks and credit unions are required to report when a customer deposits cash over $10k. Maximum deposit limits vary by bank, but in this case, anything above $10,000 (even a penny more) is the amount to know.
The Bank Secrecy Act and the Patriot Act dictate that financial institutions create a paper trail of financial activity that could be suspicious. The reasoning is that law enforcement authorities can better control money laundering activities and tax evasion by having a record of these larger deposits. Other malicious activities like terrorism, drug trading, and broad financial crimes might be prevented.

Do You Have to Report Large Deposits?

You might have to report large deposits to your bank account if you own a business. (Performing a small direct deposit typically does not need to be reported.) The IRS rules also apply to financial activities performed by a business or individual involved in the business. You must complete IRS Form 8300 to report any transaction or even a series of related transactions that total $10,000.

About that “series of related transactions” part: Transactions are considered related when they take place within 24 hours of each other or if the person or business simply suspects they are related.

What Is IRS Form 8300?

IRS Form 8300 is used to help regulators prevent financial crime. The form is separate from other banking guidelines like funds availability rules. It is sent to the IRS and the Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (FinCEN). The form is used to report cash payments over $10,000 received in a trade or business.

On IRS Form 8300 , you must identify the individual from whom the cash was received and the person on whose behalf the transaction was conducted. In addition, you need to include a description of the transaction and method of payment. Additional disclosure of information may spell out the business that received the cash and whether multiple parties were involved.

What Happens When Deposits Are Reported?

A paper trail of potentially suspicious deposits is created after Form 8300 is transmitted to the IRS. Depositing cash at an ATM or with a bank teller, so long as it is below the $10K threshold, will usually not be reported. Law enforcement agencies can use the paper trail for future investigations if conditions warrant it.

To understand this in a bit more detail, know that first, when a cash deposit of more than $10,000 is reported, you are identified through your Social Security number (SSN) and other personal information.

What Is the Bank Secrecy Act?

The Bank Secrecy Act of 1970, mentioned above, may sound somewhat intimidating. What it actually does is require that banks keep records of each customer who deposits more than $10,000 in cash at one time in a single account. The paper trail is sent to various law enforcement groups to track where the money moves to. The Bank Secrecy Act includes civil and criminal penalties for entities not complying with the requirements.

Moreover, the 2001 Patriot Act made the Bank Secrecy Act broader; it can now better detect activity related to terrorism. Again, this is nothing to be concerned about as long as you aren’t engaged in any illegal activities like bank fraud.

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Reporting the Deposit

There are several steps involved in reporting a cash deposit over $10,000, whether the deposit is made to a standard or premium checking account or a savings account. There is likely nothing to be concerned about if you are just going about your daily business and not involved in illegal activity.

Banks Must Verify ID and Other Important Information

The Currency Transaction Report is used to verify a depositor’s information. The SSN, name, and address are provided to the FinCEN.

Banks Will Review All Cash Transactions

Financial institutions go through all their channels when a suspicious deposit over $10,000 is made. A series of several smaller amounts that add up to a deposit of more than $10,000 is also treated as a large deposit. Cash put into an account at a teller window or through an ATM can be linked and considered a structured deposit (more on that below). These are much more serious potential events than everyday banking activities, such as making a small cash deposit or ATM withdrawal.

Banks Will Determine If You Are Structuring Deposits

Structuring a deposit is when an individual splits up several deposits so that a single deposit of more than $10,000 cash does not happen. Someone might do this to avoid the bank having to file a Currency Transaction Report to FinCEN and resulting in a paper trail. This suspicious activity raises red flags as it suggests someone is intentionally trying to fly under the regulators’ radar. If a bank determines someone is structuring, then that activity might face additional scrutiny.

All Information Will Go Into a Currency Transaction Report

The personal information and deposit details mentioned earlier go into a Currency Transaction Report within 15 days of the transaction being considered. Reports are kept on file at the bank for five years, too. Once again, however, most people need not be too concerned with this, provided your banking is legal. Rather, it may be better to focus on account basics, like savings account withdrawal fees, not the ramifications of pernicious illegal activity, as long as they are following all the laws.

Penalties for Non-Compliance

You may wonder what happens if an individual tries to skirt the protocols described above. Here are details:

•   Civil penalties for not filing Form 8300 include fines of $250 per return. If this is considered to be intentional disregard, the fine can be the greater of $25,000 or the amount of cash received in the transaction up to $100,000.

•   Criminal penalties for not filing Form 8300 or filing a fraudulent form include a monetary fine of up to $100,000 for individuals and $500,000 for businesses. Prison sentences of up to five years are also a possible penalty for non-compliance.

Are There Any Exemptions to Consider?

A bank can file for an exemption if one of its business customers routinely deposits over $10k. It’s important to know that some businesses cannot get an exemption. For example, law firms, pawn dealers, accounting firms, and trade unions are some corporation types for which the IRS will not grant an exemption.

The Takeaway

You don’t have anything to worry about if you deposit more than $10,000 in cash to your checking account or your savings account, assuming you are doing nothing wrong. A large deposit is simply reported by a bank to regulators to track possible suspicious activity. Businesses must also file IRS Form 8300 within a specific time frame after a $10,000 cash payment.

Structuring deposits (breaking up funds into smaller amounts for deposit, so as to avoid filing a form 8300) is another no-no. Since there are significant penalties for attempting to skirt the law, it’s wise to not attempt such moves.

No matter how much you are (lawfully) depositing, it’s wise to make sure you have the bank account best suited to your needs and financial situation. For instance, you could look for an online high-yield savings account and/or an account that has no or low account fees. Explore the options to see what may be right.

Interested in opening an online bank account? When you sign up for a SoFi Checking and Savings account with direct deposit, you’ll get a competitive annual percentage yield (APY), pay zero account fees, and enjoy an array of rewards, such as access to the Allpoint Network of 55,000+ fee-free ATMs globally. Qualifying accounts can even access their paycheck up to two days early.


Better banking is here with SoFi, NerdWallet’s 2024 winner for Best Checking Account Overall.* Enjoy up to 3.60% APY on SoFi Checking and Savings.

FAQ

How much money can I deposit in the bank without being reported?

A deposit over $10,000 is the amount to consider; amounts under that threshold may not have to be reported. There’s a catch, though: If a customer makes several small cash payments or deposits within a 12-month window, filing Form 8300 might have to be done should the payments or deposits exceed $10,000. These are known as “structured” deposits and can raise red flags if not reported.

How often can you deposit $10,000?

You can deposit more than $10,000 whenever you’d like, but just be aware that the receiving financial institution is required to report those funds to the IRS. If you are a business owner and depositing over $10k in cash is a frequent practice, the bank can file an exemption after the first large deposit to avoid filling out future reports to the IRS.

How do you explain a large deposit?

Depositing over $10k only results in an IRS form being filed by the bank. You often won’t have to do anything to explain it unless you are suspected of fraud or money laundering. The money is deposited like any other amount would be.


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Third-Party Brand Mentions: No brands, products, or companies mentioned are affiliated with SoFi, nor do they endorse or sponsor this article. Third-party trademarks referenced herein are property of their respective owners.

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

SoFi Checking and Savings is offered through SoFi Bank, N.A. Member FDIC. The SoFi® Bank Debit Mastercard® is issued by SoFi Bank, N.A., pursuant to license by Mastercard International Incorporated and can be used everywhere Mastercard is accepted. Mastercard is a registered trademark, and the circles design is a trademark of Mastercard International Incorporated.

3.60% APY
Annual percentage yield (APY) is variable and subject to change at any time. Rates are current as of 11/12/25. There is no minimum balance requirement. Fees may reduce earnings. Additional rates and information can be found at https://www.sofi.com/legal/banking-rate-sheet

Eligible Direct Deposit means a recurring deposit of regular income to an account holder’s SoFi Checking or Savings account, including payroll, pension, or government benefit payments (e.g., Social Security), made by the account holder’s employer, payroll or benefits provider or government agency (“Eligible Direct Deposit”) via the Automated Clearing House (“ACH”) Network every 31 calendar days.

Although we do our best to recognize all Eligible Direct Deposits, a small number of employers, payroll providers, benefits providers, or government agencies do not designate payments as direct deposit. To ensure you're earning the APY for account holders with Eligible Direct Deposit, we encourage you to check your APY Details page the day after your Eligible Direct Deposit posts to your SoFi account. If your APY is not showing as the APY for account holders with Eligible Direct Deposit, contact us at 855-456-7634 with the details of your Eligible Direct Deposit. As long as SoFi Bank can validate those details, you will start earning the APY for account holders with Eligible Direct Deposit from the date you contact SoFi for the next 31 calendar days. You will also be eligible for the APY for account holders with Eligible Direct Deposit on future Eligible Direct Deposits, as long as SoFi Bank can validate them.

Deposits that are not from an employer, payroll, or benefits provider or government agency, including but not limited to check deposits, peer-to-peer transfers (e.g., transfers from PayPal, Venmo, Wise, etc.), merchant transactions (e.g., transactions from PayPal, Stripe, Square, etc.), and bank ACH funds transfers and wire transfers from external accounts, or are non-recurring in nature (e.g., IRS tax refunds), do not constitute Eligible Direct Deposit activity. There is no minimum Eligible Direct Deposit amount required to qualify for the stated interest rate. SoFi Bank shall, in its sole discretion, assess each account holder's Eligible Direct Deposit activity to determine the applicability of rates and may request additional documentation for verification of eligibility.

See additional details at https://www.sofi.com/legal/banking-rate-sheet.

This article is not intended to be legal advice. Please consult an attorney for advice.

External Websites: The information and analysis provided through hyperlinks to third-party websites, while believed to be accurate, cannot be guaranteed by SoFi. Links are provided for informational purposes and should not be viewed as an endorsement.

*Awards or rankings from NerdWallet are not indicative of future success or results. This award and its ratings are independently determined and awarded by their respective publications.

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22 Money Moves To Make This Month

Getting more from your money doesn’t have to be a long-term project. Making some simple and strategic money moves over the next 30 days can help you reduce spending and increase savings, and take some of the stress out of dealing with finances.

The methods below can put you on track to achieving your financial goals.

Key Points

•   Set financial goals to guide your spending and saving.

•   Create a budget to manage expenses and increase savings.

•   Set up direct deposit and automatic savings transfers.

•   Increase retirement contributions to maximize employer matches.

•   Negotiate bills and cut small expenses to save more.

Steps to Manage Your Personal Finances

As you put these personal finance moves into practice, remember that you’re aiming for progress, not perfection. Rather than try to tackle all the tips listed below in the next 30 days, you might simply choose a few to focus on.

1. Set Financial Goals

If you haven’t done so already, set some important long-term goals, like saving for retirement or your child’s child’s education. This can help you figure out how much money you need to dedicate to these milestones.

Setting short-term goals can be helpful, too. Maybe you’re saving for a special vacation next year. Or perhaps you’re planning to buy a new car in five years. Mapping out your game plan could help get you there.

2. Create a Budget

Start by adding up your necessary expenses, such as housing costs, utilities, insurance, car payments, and groceries, and subtract that amount from your monthly take-home income. Put what’s left toward paying down debt, and then make deposits into a high-yield bank account where your money can grow.

3. Set Up Direct Deposit

Are you still trekking to the bank to deposit your paycheck? Sign up for direct deposit so your money can go directly to your bank account.

While you’re at it, set up an automatic transfer so that a portion of your paycheck goes into savings every month.

Recommended: How to Manage Money

4. Increase Retirement Contributions

If you’re eligible to participate in your company’s 401(k) plan, make sure your contributions are enough to take advantage of your employer’s matching funds, if they offer a matching contribution.

Each matching contribution varies by company. Many companies match 50 cents for every dollar you contribute, up to 6%.

5. Make $10 or $25 in Spending Cuts

Look for small expenses you can cut, and then direct the extra cash to savings or paying down debt, such as credit card debt. For instance, bring lunch to work a couple of days a week instead of eating out.

6. Look for Helpful Apps

A good app can help you monitor your spending and savings, keep you on budget, and set financial goals. Research your options and also see what your bank has to offer. Many institutions provide free budgeting apps that integrate directly with your online banking account, create budgets, and help track your money in one place.

7. Negotiate Your Bills

Call your Internet and cell phone providers to ask about lowering your monthly bills. There may be discounts or cheaper plans you can take advantage of.

When you call, be firm but courteous. Check out competitors’ rates, and if they’re lower, use those prices as a bargaining chip in your conversation.

8. Review Insurance Policies

Do you have enough car and home insurance to cover your needs? Do you have too much? Review your policies and add or subtract coverage as necessary. And shop around for providers that offer good coverage for less money.

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*Earn up to 4.30% Annual Percentage Yield (APY) on SoFi Savings with a 0.70% APY Boost (added to the 3.60% APY as of 11/12/25) for up to 6 months. Open a new SoFi Checking & Savings account and enroll in SoFi Plus by 1/31/26. Rates variable, subject to change. Terms apply here. SoFi Bank, N.A. Member FDIC.

9. Check Your Credit Score

Your credit score is a number that represents your creditworthiness. Lenders use it to determine whether to let you borrow money and at what interest rate. Check your credit score. If it needs some work, focus on ways to improve your credit profile, such as reducing debt and paying your bills on time.

10. Review Your Credit Report for Potential Mistakes

You can request a free credit report from the major credit reporting bureaus — Experian®, Transunion®, and Equifax® — at Annual CreditReport.com. Review your report for mistakes that could be negatively affecting your credit score, and contact the credit bureaus about any errors you find.

11. Look for Credit Cards that Offer the Best Rewards

Earn on your spending with credit cards that offer rewards. Look for those that match your interests. For instance, if you love to travel, find a card that offers travel rewards. But watch out for cards with high interest rates. If you’re not someone who pays their card off every month, it may be worth steering clear of these.

12. Use Credit Card Points

Your credit card rewards aren’t doing you any good if you don’t redeem them. So have some fun and plan a trip or a new purchase with the rewards you’ve accumulated.

13. Consider Refinancing Your Loans

If you have outstanding loans, such as a mortgage or student loan debt, explore refinancing at a lower interest rate.

A lower rate could help you save money in the long run. You may even be able to accelerate your repayment, depending on the terms you select when you refinance.

14. Sell Some Stuff to Make Money

If you’ve done some decluttering of the extra items around your house, think about selling the things you no longer need. They’ll go to a new home, and you’ll get some extra cash in your pocket.

15. Consider Cutting Costly Habits

The cost of certain habits can really add up. If you’ve been meaning to quit smoking or stop impulse shopping, for instance, use financial planning as an incentive to do so. You’ll save money and potentially get on the road to a happier, even healthier, you.

16. Talk about Money with Your Partner

Set aside some time to discuss finances with your significant other. Discuss goals for your money, spending habits, repaying debts, and so on. Conversations like this help make sure you’re both on the same page, and can help prevent money conflicts in the future.

17. Figure Out Your Market Value

Has it been a while since you’ve had a pay raise? Do some research to determine what you’re worth and how much you should be making. Then, use that information to ask your boss for a salary increase, or to find a job that pays you more.

18. Negotiate Credit Card APR

If your credit cards carry a high-interest rate, ask the credit card company to lower your APR to help you manage your debt. If you have a low credit score, they may say no. But you won’t know unless you ask.

Even if they turn you down, speaking to the credit card company may be helpful. For instance, they should be able to tell you what you can do to make lowering your interest rate more likely.

19. Use Your FSA Funds

If flexible spending accounts (FSAs) are part of your employee benefits package, be sure to use them for doctors appointments or qualified purchases. Money in these accounts may not carry over year to year, so if you don’t use it, you lose it.

20. Cancel Unused Subscriptions and Memberships

Did you subscribe to a music or other monthly service you rarely use? Score extra savings by canceling unused subscriptions. The Federal Trade Commission (FTC) recently announced “Click to Cancel,” a rule that requires companies that sell subscriptions to make canceling a service as easy as it was to sign up. Companies have until July 14, 2025 to comply.

21. Talk to a Financial Planner

When it comes to making money moves, you don’t have to go it alone. A financial planner can help you develop your goals and suggest strategies to help you reach them. You can look for a qualified planner with an hourly fee you can afford. It may be worth it if it can help you save more overall.

22. Consider a New Bank Account

As you take steps to improve your financial health, it makes sense to evaluate your bank account. There may be options that offer you more, such as a lower (or no) minimum balance, lower (or no) fees, and/or higher interest. Explore what’s out there to see what’s most beneficial for you.

The Takeaway

Smart money moves you can make this month include setting goals, reviewing and adjusting your budget, checking for unnecessary subscriptions, spending your FSA funds, using your credit card points, checking your credit score, and re-evaluating your bank account to make sure you’re earning a competitive rate and not getting dinked by monthly fees.

Interested in opening an online bank account? When you sign up for a SoFi Checking and Savings account with direct deposit, you’ll get a competitive annual percentage yield (APY), pay zero account fees, and enjoy an array of rewards, such as access to the Allpoint Network of 55,000+ fee-free ATMs globally. Qualifying accounts can even access their paycheck up to two days early.


Better banking is here with SoFi, NerdWallet’s 2024 winner for Best Checking Account Overall.* Enjoy up to 3.60% APY on SoFi Checking and Savings.

FAQ

Where is the best place to put money right now?

The best place to put money right now depends on your financial goals and risk tolerance. For short-term savings, a high-yield savings account or money market account is safe and accessible. For longer-term growth, consider low-cost index funds or diversified mutual funds. If you’re risk-averse, certificates of deposit (CDs) or bonds offer stability. High-growth potential can be found in stocks or real estate, but these come with higher risk.

What is the 15-65-20 rule for money?

The 15-65-20 rule is a budgeting guideline that suggests dividing your income into three categories: 15% for savings and investments, 65% for essential living expenses (like housing, food, and utilities), and 20% for discretionary spending (like entertainment and hobbies). This rule helps ensure you save for the future, cover your necessities, and still enjoy life. It represents a balanced approach to financial management.

How to grow your money in a month?

To grow your money in a month, focus on short-term, low-risk strategies. Start by cutting unnecessary expenses and redirecting that money into a high-yield savings account or money market account. Consider selling unused items online for quick cash. You can also take on a side hustle like freelancing or gig work to boost your income. While investing in stocks can offer returns, it carries risk — so stick to safe, more liquid options if you need to access the money soon.


SoFi Checking and Savings is offered through SoFi Bank, N.A. Member FDIC. The SoFi® Bank Debit Mastercard® is issued by SoFi Bank, N.A., pursuant to license by Mastercard International Incorporated and can be used everywhere Mastercard is accepted. Mastercard is a registered trademark, and the circles design is a trademark of Mastercard International Incorporated.

Annual percentage yield (APY) is variable and subject to change at any time. Rates are current as of 11/12/25. There is no minimum balance requirement. Fees may reduce earnings. Additional rates and information can be found at https://www.sofi.com/legal/banking-rate-sheet

Eligible Direct Deposit means a recurring deposit of regular income to an account holder’s SoFi Checking or Savings account, including payroll, pension, or government benefit payments (e.g., Social Security), made by the account holder’s employer, payroll or benefits provider or government agency (“Eligible Direct Deposit”) via the Automated Clearing House (“ACH”) Network every 31 calendar days.

Although we do our best to recognize all Eligible Direct Deposits, a small number of employers, payroll providers, benefits providers, or government agencies do not designate payments as direct deposit. To ensure you're earning the APY for account holders with Eligible Direct Deposit, we encourage you to check your APY Details page the day after your Eligible Direct Deposit posts to your SoFi account. If your APY is not showing as the APY for account holders with Eligible Direct Deposit, contact us at 855-456-7634 with the details of your Eligible Direct Deposit. As long as SoFi Bank can validate those details, you will start earning the APY for account holders with Eligible Direct Deposit from the date you contact SoFi for the next 31 calendar days. You will also be eligible for the APY for account holders with Eligible Direct Deposit on future Eligible Direct Deposits, as long as SoFi Bank can validate them.

Deposits that are not from an employer, payroll, or benefits provider or government agency, including but not limited to check deposits, peer-to-peer transfers (e.g., transfers from PayPal, Venmo, Wise, etc.), merchant transactions (e.g., transactions from PayPal, Stripe, Square, etc.), and bank ACH funds transfers and wire transfers from external accounts, or are non-recurring in nature (e.g., IRS tax refunds), do not constitute Eligible Direct Deposit activity. There is no minimum Eligible Direct Deposit amount required to qualify for the stated interest rate. SoFi Bank shall, in its sole discretion, assess each account holder's Eligible Direct Deposit activity to determine the applicability of rates and may request additional documentation for verification of eligibility.

See additional details at https://www.sofi.com/legal/banking-rate-sheet.

*Awards or rankings from NerdWallet are not indicative of future success or results. This award and its ratings are independently determined and awarded by their respective publications.

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

We do not charge any account, service or maintenance fees for SoFi Checking and Savings. We do charge a transaction fee to process each outgoing wire transfer. SoFi does not charge a fee for incoming wire transfers, however the sending bank may charge a fee. Our fee policy is subject to change at any time. See the SoFi Bank Fee Sheet for details at sofi.com/legal/banking-fees/.
Disclaimer: Many factors affect your credit scores and the interest rates you may receive. SoFi is not a Credit Repair Organization as defined under federal or state law, including the Credit Repair Organizations Act. SoFi does not provide “credit repair” services or advice or assistance regarding “rebuilding” or “improving” your credit record, credit history, or credit rating. For details, see the FTC’s website .

Third-Party Brand Mentions: No brands, products, or companies mentioned are affiliated with SoFi, nor do they endorse or sponsor this article. Third-party trademarks referenced herein are property of their respective owners.

Third Party Trademarks: Certified Financial Planner Board of Standards Center for Financial Planning, Inc. owns and licenses the certification marks CFP®, CERTIFIED FINANCIAL PLANNER®

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5 Tips to Hedge Against Inflation

Inflation refers to the ever-increasing price of goods and services as measured against a particular currency. The purchasing power of a currency depreciates as a result of rising prices. Put differently, a rising rate of inflation equates to a decreasing value of a currency.

To achieve financial freedom and build wealth over long periods of time, it’s vital to understand the concept of inflation, and some strategies to protect or hedge against it.

Key Points

•   Inflation decreases currency value, impacting savers negatively.

•   Moderate inflation encourages spending, benefiting economic growth.

•   ETFs offer diversified investment, potentially hedging against inflation.

•   Gold has historically maintained purchasing power, serving as a long-term inflation hedge.

•   Gold prices can rise sharply during periods of rapid inflation, though this is never assured.

What Is Inflation, and How Is It Measured?

Inflation is most commonly measured by the Consumer Price Index (CPI), which averages the national cost of many consumer items such as food, housing, healthcare, and more.

The opposite of inflation is deflation, which happens when prices fall. During deflation, cash becomes the most valuable asset because it can buy more. During inflation, other assets become more valuable than cash because it takes more currency to purchase them.

As for which assets tend to perform best during times of inflation? This is a much-debated topic among investment analysts and economists, with many differing opinions. And while there may be no single answer to that question, there are still some generally agreed-upon concepts that can help to inform investors on the subject.

Is Inflation Good or Bad for Investors?

For the average person who tries to save money without investing much, inflation could generally be seen as negative. A decline in the purchasing power of the saver’s currency leads to them being less able to afford things, ultimately resulting in a lower standard of living.

For wealthier investors who hold a lot of financial assets, however, inflation might be perceived in a more positive light. As the prices of goods and services rise, so do financial assets. This leads to increasing wealth for some investors. And because currencies always depreciate over the long-term, those who hold a diversified basket of financial assets for long periods of time tend to realize significant returns.

It’s generally thought that there is a certain level of inflation that contributes to a healthier economy by encouraging spending without damaging the purchasing power of the consumer. The idea is that when there is just enough inflation, people will be more likely to spend some of their money sooner, before it depreciates, leading to an increase in economic growth.

When there is too much inflation, however, people can wind up spending most of their income on necessities like food and rent, and there won’t be much discretionary income to spend on other things, which could restrict economic growth.

Central banks like the Federal Reserve try to control inflation through monetary policy. Sometimes their policies can create inflation in financial assets, like quantitative easing has been said to do.

5 Tips for Hedging Against Inflation

There are a number of different strategies investors use to hedge against inflation. The common denominators tend to be hard assets with a limited supply and financial assets that tend to see large capital inflows during times of currency devaluation and rising prices.

Here are five tips that may help investors hedge against inflation.

1. Consider Investing in Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITs)

A Real Estate Investment Trust (REIT) is a company that deals in real estate, either through owning, financing, or operating a group of properties. Through buying shares of a REIT, investors can gain exposure to the assets that the company owns or manages.

REITs are income-producing assets, like dividend-yielding stocks. They pay a dividend to investors who hold shares. In fact, REITs are required by law to distribute 90% of their income to investors.

Holding REITs in a portfolio might make sense for some investors as a potential inflation hedge because they are tied to a hard asset—real estate. During times of high inflation, hard assets tend to rise in value against their local currencies because their supply is limited. There will be an ever-increasing number of dollars (or euros, or yen, etc.) chasing a fixed number of hard assets, so the price of those things will tend to go up.

Owning physical real estate — like a home, commercial complex, or rental property — also works as an inflation hedge. But most investors can’t afford to purchase or don’t care to manage such properties. Holding shares of a REIT provides a much easier way to get exposure to real estate.

2. Know How Bonds and Equities Could React to Inflation

The recurring theme regarding inflation hedges is that the price of everything goes up. What investors are generally concerned with is choosing the assets that go up in price the fastest, with the greatest possible return.

In some cases, it might be that stocks and bonds very quickly rise very high in price. But in an economy that sees hyperinflation, those holding cash won’t see their investment, i.e., cash, have the purchasing power it may have once had.

In such a scenario, the specific securities aren’t as important as making sure that capital gets allocated to stocks or bonds in some amount, instead of holding all capital in cash.

3. Consider Investing in Certain Exchange-Traded Funds

An exchange-traded fund (ETF) that tracks a particular stock index or group of investment types is another way to get exposure to assets that are likely to increase in value during times of inflation and can also be a strategy to maximize diversification in an investor’s portfolio.

ETFs are generally passive investments, which may make them a good fit for those who are new to investing or want to take a more hands-off approach to investing. Since they are considered a diversified investment, they may be a good hedge against inflation.

4. Consider Gold and Gold Mining Stocks

For thousands of years, humans have used gold as a store of value. Although the price of gold or other precious metals can be somewhat volatile in the short term, few assets have maintained their purchasing power as well as gold in the long term. Like real estate, gold is a hard asset with limited supply.

Still, the question of “is gold a hedge against inflation?” has different answers depending on whom you ask. Some critics claim that because there are other variables involved and the price of gold doesn’t always track inflation exactly, that it is not a good inflation hedge. And there might be some circumstances under which this holds true.

Investors seeking to add gold to their portfolio have a variety of options. Physical gold coins and bars might be the most obvious example, although these are difficult to obtain and store safely. But investors can also invest in mining companies, or others that have exposure to the gold market.

5. Do Your Homework About Inflation and the Market

Ultimately, no assets are 100% protected from inflation, but some investments might be better than others for some investors. Understanding how inflation affects investments is the beginning of growing wealth over time and achieving financial goals.

The Takeaway

Inflation is marked by a period of rising prices, and is a normal side effect of a healthy economy — within certain bounds. Inflation may have positive effects for certain people, and bad ones for others, but overall, inflation is generally a negative for savers and consumers. Still, there may be certain investment strategies that can help hedge against inflation.

Ready to invest in your goals? It’s easy to get started when you open an investment account with SoFi Invest. You can invest in stocks, exchange-traded funds (ETFs), mutual funds, alternative funds, and more. SoFi doesn’t charge commissions, but other fees apply (full fee disclosure here).

¹Opening and funding an Active Invest account gives you the opportunity to get up to $3,000 in the stock of your choice.

FAQ

What is inflation?

Inflation refers to the tendency of prices to rise over time, and is often measured by the Consumer Price Index, or CPI.

Is inflation good for investors?

While inflation is generally a bad thing for consumers and savers, it’s debatable as to whether it’s a positive thing for investors. It largely depends on the specific assets the investor holds.

What assets do some investors invest in during times of inflation?

Some investors may invest in precious metals like gold, real estate through vehicles like REITs, or various stock or bond-related instruments. But it’s important to remember that no asset is likely to be immune to inflation.



INVESTMENTS ARE NOT FDIC INSURED • ARE NOT BANK GUARANTEED • MAY LOSE VALUE

SoFi Invest is a trade name used by SoFi Wealth LLC and SoFi Securities LLC offering investment products and services. Robo investing and advisory services are provided by SoFi Wealth LLC, an SEC-registered investment adviser. Brokerage and self-directed investing products offered through SoFi Securities LLC, Member FINRA/SIPC.

For disclosures on SoFi Invest platforms visit SoFi.com/legal. For a full listing of the fees associated with Sofi Invest please view our fee schedule.

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

¹Claw Promotion: Probability of Member receiving $1,000 is a probability of 0.026%; If you don’t make a selection in 45 days, you’ll no longer qualify for the promo. Customer must fund their account with a minimum of $50.00 to qualify. Probability percentage is subject to decrease. See full terms and conditions.

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Intrinsic Value vs Market Value, Explained

The term market value refers to the current market price of a security. Intrinsic value represents the price at which investors believe the security should be trading, based on company fundamentals.

When it comes to value vs. growth stocks, value investors look for companies that are out of favor and below their intrinsic value. The idea is that sooner or later stocks return to their intrinsic value. A deeper understanding of intrinsic value vs. market value may help your strategy.

What Is Market Value?

In a sense, there is only one measure of market value: the price the market assigns to a stock, based on existing demand.

Market value tends to be influenced by public sentiment and macroeconomic factors. Fear and greed are the primary emotions that drive markets. During a stock market crash, for example, fear may grip investors and the market value of many stocks could fall well below their fair market values.

News headlines can drive stock prices above or below their intrinsic value. After reading a company’s annual report that’s positive, investors may pile into a stock. Even though better-than-expected earnings might increase the intrinsic value of a stock to a certain degree, investors can get greedy in the short-term and create overextended gains in the stock price.

The rationale behind value vs. price, and behind value investing as a whole, is that stocks tend to overshoot their fair market value to the upside or the downside.

When this leads to a stock being oversold, the idea is that investors could take advantage of the buying opportunity. It’s assumed that the stock will then eventually rise to its intrinsic value, and could be sold at a profit.


💡 Quick Tip: All investments come with some degree of risk — and some are riskier than others. Before investing online, decide on your investment goals and how much risk you want to take.

What Is Intrinsic Value?

It can be tricky to figure out how to evaluate a stock. Analysts can come to different conclusions about the intrinsic value of a stock, depending on which factors they examine, and how they interpret them. The factors that can be used to determine intrinsic value are related to the fundamental operations of a company.

Some assets can be considered intangible because they have no physical, measurable value — but they impact a company’s performance and bottom line. Intangible assets include things like copyrights, patents, company reputation, consumer loyalty, and so on.

Tangible assets include things like cash reserves, corporate bonds, equipment, land, manufacturing capacity, etc. These tend to be easier to value because they can be assigned a dollar value.


💡 Quick Tip: Newbie investors may be tempted to buy into the market based on recent news headlines or other types of hype. That’s rarely a good idea. Making good choices shouldn’t stem from strong emotions, but a solid investment strategy.

Calculating Intrinsic Value vs Market Value

There can be multiple different ways to determine the intrinsic value of an asset. These methods are broadly referred to as valuation methods, or using fundamental analysis on stocks or other securities.

How Intrinsic Value Is Different

Using fundamental measures to assess share price — such as cash flow, assets vs. liabilities, and earnings — enables investors to get a sense of a stock’s inherent value versus relying on market sentiment, which can drive the price of an asset above or below its fundamental value.

It depends on the investor’s view. There are different philosophies about what determines value vs. price, and whether a stock can even be considered overvalued relative to its intrinsic worth.

•   Efficient market adherents argue that the market has already priced in all information into the security’s price, which makes it hard to view a security as over- or undervalued.

•   Technical analysts believe that the future value of a stock can be determined by a careful reading of trading patterns and price charts, and are less interested in intrinsic factors.

•   Momentum investors similarly focus on price trends, and buy and sell according to market sentiment (without factoring in possible intrinsic value factors).

By contrast, an intrinsic value strategy would argue that fear and greed can influence the market price of any security, and that knowing the fundamentals gives a far more accurate picture of the value of a stock versus its price.

Recommended: How to Analyze a Stock

How to Calculate Intrinsic Value

Intrinsic value investors rely on certain measures like free cash flow (which indicates that a company has enough cash to invest in its priorities), as well as its price-to-book (P/B) ratio and price-to-earnings (P/E) ratio.

•   The P/B ratio helps investors assess whether the company value (based on share price) is above or below total assets.

•   The P/E ratio represents the company’s share price divided by the company’s earnings per share, and indicates whether the price reflects earnings.

Intrinsic investors may also consider earnings reports, interest rate fluctuations, economic indicators, as well as market trends when evaluating a stock.

Overall, though, evaluating free cash flow is essential to calculating intrinsic value. For this reason the Discounted Cash Flow (DCF) model is commonly used by intrinsic investors.

The Dividend Discount Model

For dividend-yielding stocks, for example, the dividend discount model provides a mathematical formula that aims to find the intrinsic value of a stock based on its dividend growth over a certain period of time. Dividends are periodic payouts given to shareholders by a company.

Upon calculating the dividend discount, an investor could then compare it to the current market value of a stock.

•   If the market value was lower, then the stock could be seen as undervalued and a good buy.

•   If the market value was higher, then the stock could be seen as overvalued and not worth buying or possibly an opportunity to sell short.

Another method for estimating intrinsic value is discounted cash flow analysis. This method attempts to determine the value of an investment in terms of its projected future cash flows.

While the dividend discount model and discounted cash flow analysis can be seen as objective ways to determine a stock’s value, they also have a large subjective component. Analysts must choose a timeframe to use in their model. Using different timeframes can lead to different conclusions.

Longer timeframes are often thought of as being more accurate because they include more data points. But they could also dilute the significance of more recent trends.

Example Using Dividend Discount Model

For example, if a company had years of steady dividend growth, but recently slashed its dividend by 50%, a dividend discount model analysis based on a long timeframe would show this reduction in dividend payments to be less severe than an analysis based on a shorter time frame.

The longer timeframe would include previous years of dividend growth, which would theoretically outweigh the recent reduction.

The reduction may have come from a large decrease in earnings. If that trend were to continue, the company could be doomed to the point of having to suspend its dividends. So in this hypothetical example, a shorter time frame could actually lead to a more realistic conclusion than a longer one.

Calculating Market Value

The determination of market value is rather simple by comparison. Someone can either simply look at what price a stock is trading at or calculate its current market capitalization.

The formula for market capitalization or market cap is:

Total number of outstanding shares multiplied by the current stock price.

Dividing market cap by number of shares also leads to the current stock price.

Sometimes companies engage in corporate stock buybacks, whereby they purchase their own shares, which reduces the total number of shares available on the market.

This increases the price of a stock without any fundamental, tangible change taking place. Value investors might say that stocks pumped up by share buybacks are overvalued. This process can lead to extreme valuations in stocks, as can extended periods of market euphoria.

The Takeaway

Intrinsic value and market value describe the value of a security as it’s currently trading versus where its underlying fundamentals suggest it should be trading. Using the intrinsic value vs market value method is likely best suited to a long-term buy-and-hold strategy.

Ready to invest in your goals? It’s easy to get started when you open an investment account with SoFi Invest. You can invest in stocks, exchange-traded funds (ETFs), mutual funds, alternative funds, and more. SoFi doesn’t charge commissions, but other fees apply (full fee disclosure here).

Invest with as little as $5 with a SoFi Active Investing account.

FAQ

What’s the difference between fair value and market value?

Fair value is the estimate of a company’s intrinsic value, whereas market value reflects the actual market price of company shares. While they may be used interchangeably, the two terms are different.

What if intrinsic value is higher than market price?

When an investor or analyst determines that the intrinsic value of a stock is higher than the market price, that could indicate the stock is undervalued. Value investors typically seek out such stocks, believing their price could rise over time to match the true value.

Why is it hard to calculate intrinsic value?

Intrinsic value is a more complex calculus, and can vary depending on the factors someone chooses to evaluate. This is partly because intrinsic value includes the dollar value of tangible assets, cash flow, liabilities, and so on — as well as intangible assets like patents, copy rights, brand reputation, and so forth.


INVESTMENTS ARE NOT FDIC INSURED • ARE NOT BANK GUARANTEED • MAY LOSE VALUE

SoFi Invest is a trade name used by SoFi Wealth LLC and SoFi Securities LLC offering investment products and services. Robo investing and advisory services are provided by SoFi Wealth LLC, an SEC-registered investment adviser. Brokerage and self-directed investing products offered through SoFi Securities LLC, Member FINRA/SIPC.

For disclosures on SoFi Invest platforms visit SoFi.com/legal. For a full listing of the fees associated with Sofi Invest please view our fee schedule.

Disclaimer: The projections or other information regarding the likelihood of various investment outcomes are hypothetical in nature, do not reflect actual investment results, and are not guarantees of future results.

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

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Tail Risk Explained: Woman investing on phone

Tail Risk, Fat Tails, and What They Mean for Investors


Editor's Note: Options are not suitable for all investors. Options involve risks, including substantial risk of loss and the possibility an investor may lose the entire amount invested in a short period of time. Please see the Characteristics and Risks of Standardized Options.

Tail risk refers to the possibility that an investment could outperform or underperform its average return by a large amount. While many investors worry primarily about left-tail risk — the possibility of large losses — extreme gains can also wreak havoc with some types of strategies.

The term “tail risk” refers to the tails on a bell curve: While the fat middle of the bell curve represents the most probable returns, the tails — both positive and negative — represent the least likely outcomes.

Key Points

•   Tail risk refers to the tails of a bell curve: i.e., the extremes of an asset’s price movements.

•   Tail risk is measured by standard deviations: i.e., how far a price varies from the mean.

•   Tail risk describes the risk that an investment will fall or rise by more than three standard deviations from its mean price.

•   Some financial models are based on the idea of normal price distributions, but in reality, tail events impact market returns.

•   While many investors are concerned about left-tail risk, which indicates the probability of losses, extreme gains could be problematic as well.

What Is Tail Risk?

Tail risk is defined by a concept called standard deviation. As a metric, standard deviation shows how widely the price of an asset fluctuates above and below its average. For a volatile stock, the standard deviation will be high, while the standard deviation for a stock with a steady value will be low — because the price doesn’t vary much from its mean.

Standard deviation is an important number that investors use to understand how historically volatile a stock is, as well as the level of volatility they can project for it in the future. That projection is based on the underlying assumption that the price changes of a stock will follow the pattern of what’s considered a normal distribution.

What is a normal distribution of returns?

Normal distribution is a statistical term used to describe the probability of an event, and it shapes the bell curve. If you flip a coin 10,000 times, how often will it land on heads or tails? Each time, there is a 50% probability it will land on heads or tails, and the curve describes the likelihood that those 10,000 flips will come out 50/50. The fat middle of the curve says it will be close to 50/50, but there are extremely low probabilities at the low (or skinny) ends of the bell curve that it could be more like 80/20 heads or 80/20 tails.

If you flip a coin 10,000 times, how often will it land on heads or tails? Each time, there is a 50% probability it will land on heads or tails, and the curve describes the likelihood that those 10,000 flips will come out 50/50. The fat middle of the curve says it will be close to 50/50, but there are extremely low probabilities at the extremes of the bell curve that it could be more like 80/20 heads vs. tails or tails vs. heads.

The normal distribution approach to probability predicts that a stock selling at a mean price of $45 with a $5 standard deviation is 95% certain to sell between $35 and $55 at the close of that day’s market.

“Tail risk” is used to describe the risk that an investment will fall or rise by more than three standard deviations from its mean price. To continue the example, the hypothetical stock $45 stock has entered the domain of tail risk if, at the end of the trading day, it is priced at $30 or below, or at $60 or above.


💡 Quick Tip: Before opening any investment account, consider what level of risk you are comfortable with. If you’re not sure, start with more conservative investments, and then adjust your portfolio as you learn more.

What are Fat Tail Risks?

Unpredictable events can be predictable in some senses, in that they happen in the markets on a regular basis. And those markets, such as the one following the onset of the pandemic in early 2020, exhibit much “fatter” tails. Another period characterized by having an extremely fat tail was the 2008 Financial Crisis.

They’re called “fat tails” because the outcomes that had been on the extremes were suddenly happening, instead of the ones previously considered probable. This condition is also called by the mathematical term leptokurtosis. As a general rule, because they deviate so wildly from the expected norm, fat tail events present great risk as well as great opportunities for investors.

Tail Risk Strategy

Financial models such as Harry Markowitz’s modern portfolio theory (MPT) or the Black-Scholes Merton option pricing model, employ the assumption that the returns of a given asset will remain between the mean and three standard deviations.

The assumptions made in these long-term market projections can help with planning. But they’re not realistic regarding how investors receive their market returns over the long term. Rather, the bulk of their returns, no matter how diversified their portfolio, are largely the result of positive tail events. The power of tail events over long periods is one reason that experts tell investors to stay in the markets during fat-tail periods of volatility, even if it is stressful at the time.

Why Investors Hedge Tail Risks

Left-tail events also have the potential to have an extremely negative impact on portfolios. That’s why many investors hedge their portfolios against these events — aiming to improve long-term results by reducing risk. But these strategies necessarily come with short-term costs.

Downside Protection

One strategy that’s designed to protect against tail risks involves taking short positions that counterbalance the rest of a portfolio, also known as buying downside protection. For example, if an investor is heavily invested in U.S. equities, they may consider investing in derivatives on the Chicago Board Options Exchange (CBOE) Volatility Index (VIX), which correlates to the inverse of the S&P 500 index. (Using short strategies is also one way to invest during a bear market.)

Another way to hedge by buying downside protection is to purchase out-of-the-money put options. When the assets connected to these put options go down, the put options become more valuable. Granted, buying those options costs money, but it can be a strategy to consider for investors who believe the markets are likely to be volatile for a while.

Tail Risk Parity

Tail risk parity is a way to structure a portfolio based on the expectations that events that have a negative impact on one asset class will likely be a boon to others. This requires looking at each asset class in terms of how it might fare in the event of a particular crisis, and then finding an asset class that would likely do well in that same circumstance, and then keeping them in balance within your portfolio.

Managed Futures Funds

Other investors who want to trim their exposure to tail risks may invest in managed futures funds. These funds buy long and short futures contracts in equity indexes, and can thrive during times of crisis in the markets.

The Takeaway

A tail risk is the risk that an event with a low likelihood of happening could happen with any given asset. There are a few different ways to mitigate the impact of tail risk in an investment portfolio, but for long-term investors, it can be helpful to keep in mind that tail risk is responsible for most returns over time.

Ready to invest in your goals? It’s easy to get started when you open an investment account with SoFi Invest. You can invest in stocks, exchange-traded funds (ETFs), mutual funds, alternative funds, and more. SoFi doesn’t charge commissions, but other fees apply (full fee disclosure here).

Invest with as little as $5 with a SoFi Active Investing account.

FAQ

What is left-tail risk and right-tail risk?

Left- and right-tail risk refer to the likelihood of dramatic price changes at the extreme ends of the bell curve, both losses (left tail) and gains (right tail).

How do you limit tail risk?

While investment outcomes can’t be predicted, investors can seek to mitigate tail risk by investing in less volatile securities, and possibly hedging downside risk by taking short positions.

What is a tail event?

A tail event refers to a statistically unlikely outcome that can drive an asset’s price outside of its normal range.


INVESTMENTS ARE NOT FDIC INSURED • ARE NOT BANK GUARANTEED • MAY LOSE VALUE

SoFi Invest is a trade name used by SoFi Wealth LLC and SoFi Securities LLC offering investment products and services. Robo investing and advisory services are provided by SoFi Wealth LLC, an SEC-registered investment adviser. Brokerage and self-directed investing products offered through SoFi Securities LLC, Member FINRA/SIPC.

For disclosures on SoFi Invest platforms visit SoFi.com/legal. For a full listing of the fees associated with Sofi Invest please view our fee schedule.

Options involve risks, including substantial risk of loss and the possibility an investor may lose the entire amount invested in a short period of time. Before an investor begins trading options they should familiarize themselves with the Characteristics and Risks of Standardized Options . Tax considerations with options transactions are unique, investors should consult with their tax advisor to understand the impact to their taxes.

Investment Risk: Diversification can help reduce some investment risk. It cannot guarantee profit, or fully protect in a down market.

Disclaimer: The projections or other information regarding the likelihood of various investment outcomes are hypothetical in nature, do not reflect actual investment results, and are not guarantees of future results.

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

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