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Guide to Financial Therapy

Money and your psyche can be deeply intertwined, and that’s where financial therapy can play a role. Financial therapy merges the emotional support of a psychotherapist with the money insights of a financial planner.

Working with a financial therapist can help clients begin to process their underlying feelings about money while optimizing behaviors related to their cash. This can minimize stress and anxiety, while honing plans for earning, spending, and saving more effectively.

Financial therapists can also assist couples in overcoming differences in their money habits and their approaches to cash management. The result? Possibly resolving and lessening money fights while building teamwork.

Read on to learn if this kind of professional counseling could help you, and, if that’s the case, what to expect from financial therapy and where to find a qualified professional.

What Is Financial Therapy?

A basic financial therapy definition is that it’s a practice that combines behavioral therapy with financial coaching. The goal is to help improve an individual’s feelings and behavior around money.

A certified financial therapist (or financial psychologist) can assist with issues such as money stress, overspending, or concerns about debt. But this differs from, say, a financial advisor who is helping you maximize your gain on investments or plan for your child’s future college expenses.

It also differs from financial coaching, which helps establish good money habits. Financial therapy can go deeper psychologically speaking. It can help a person work through childhood trauma related to money as well as money-related disorders.

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How Financial Therapy Works

According to the Financial Therapy Association (FTA) , financial therapy is a process informed by both therapeutic and financial expertise that helps people think, feel, and behave differently with money to improve overall well-being.

The profession sprang out of increasing evidence that money can be intrinsically tied to our hopes, frustrations, and fears, and also have a significant impact on our mental health.

What’s more, money can also have a major impact on our relationships. Indeed, research has shown that fighting about money is one of the top causes of conflict among couples.

And, while it might seem like bad habits and money arguments are things you can simply resolve on your own, the reality is that it’s often not that simple. That’s where financial therapy can help.

•   Many financial roadblocks, such as chronic overspending or constantly worrying about money, often aren’t exclusively financial. In many cases, psychological, relational, and behavioral issues are also at play.

•   Financial therapy can help patients recognize problematic behaviors, such as compulsive or impulsive shopping. It also aims to help people understand how various relationships and experiences may have led them to develop those behaviors as coping mechanisms or to form unrealistic or unhealthy beliefs.

•   Along with offering practical financial advice, a financial therapist can reduce the feelings of shame, anxiety, and fear related to money. It can help people who are struggling to recommit to money goals.

The reasons why financial therapy can help are the same as why traditional psychological therapy can help: It can lead people to understand that they can do something to improve their situation. That, in turn, can instigate changes and healthier behaviors.

Like conventional therapy, the number of sessions needed will vary, depending on the situation. A financial therapy relationship can last from a few months to longer.

Generally, a financial therapist’s work is “done” when you feel your finances are orderly and you have the skills to keep them that way in the future.

Recommended: Tips for Recovering from Money Addiction

Financial Therapists vs. Financial Advisors

Financial advisors are professionals who help manage your money.

They are typically well-informed about their clients’ specific situations and can help with any number of money-related tasks, such as managing investments, brokering the purchase of stocks and funds, or creating a retirement plan.

However, psychological therapy is not why financial advisors are hired, nor is it their area of expertise.

If a person requires real emotional support or needs help breaking bad money habits, a licensed mental health professional, such as a financial therapist, should likely be involved.

A certified financial therapist (someone trained by the FTA) can work with you specifically on the emotional aspects of your relationship with money and provide support that gets to the root of deeper issues.

Due to the interdisciplinary nature of financial therapy, professionals who enroll in FTA education and certification include psychologists, marriage and family therapists, social workers, financial planners, accountants, counselors, and coaches. Some experts recommend being sure that the professional you work with is first and foremost a licensed therapist with a deep understanding of psychology.

Financial TherapistsFinancial Advisors
Address psychology relating to moneyAdvise on managing and investing money
Can be certified by the FTACan be certified as CPA, CFP, CFA, and ChFC, among other designations
Focus on behaviors and attitudesFocus on budgeting and growth

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Financial Therapy vs. Other Therapy

If you are having issues related to money (say, losing sleep due to anxiety or arguing with your partner about spending), you might think almost any mental health professional could help.

A financial therapist, however, can be your best bet in this situation. These professionals have special training and expertise related to how money can impact a person’s emotional wellness.

They also are also trained in techniques to help clients overcome issues related to money. In other words, they are laser-focused on the kind of emotional responses and problematic habits that crop up around money.

Do You Need a Financial Therapist?

If you’re considering whether a financial therapist could help you, you may want to think about your general relationship to money.

If you feel you have anxiety about money, or unhealthy behaviors and feelings when it comes to spending, budgeting, saving, or investing, you might benefit from exploring financial therapy.

Often, unhealthy saving, spending, or working habits are a symptom of other negative habits related to mental health (feelings of low self-worth, for instance).

Keep in mind that it’s possible to have an unhealthy relationship with money even if your finances are good on paper.

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Top 4 Reasons People Seek Financial Therapists

Here’s a more specific look at why a person might benefit from financial therapy.

1. Avoiding Money Management

Some people hide from their finances. They don’t budget, don’t know exactly how much they earn, pay bills late (or not at all). Working with a financial therapist could expose the root of this behavior and improve financial management.

2. Money Stress

Many people have anxiety around their money. This could involve worrying about how they will pay off their debt to worrying about going bankrupt, even though they are earning a good salary. Others may feel guilty about spending money or carry a lot of trauma about money from their childhood. A financial therapist can work to explore and resolve these emotions.

3. Fighting About Finances

If you often argue with your partner, friends, or other loved ones about money, you might find that a financial therapist can help you defuse this source of tension. It can help couples deal with what’s known as financial infidelity.

4. Poor Money Habits

Do you tend to “shop til you drop” when bored? Have you spent or gambled away your emergency fund? Do you overwork yourself in an effort to accumulate wealth? Do you tend to hop from one “get rich quick” scheme to another? A financial therapist could help you break these habits and develop new, beneficial ones.

These are some of the scenarios that a financial therapist could help you with.

Finding a Financial Therapist

Like choosing any therapist, you often need to shop around a bit to find the right fit—someone you feel you can relate to, trust, and you also feel understands you.

For those who may not have access to a financial therapy professional in their backyard, many offer services via video conferencing.

You can start your search with the Find A Financial Therapist tool on the FTA website, which features members and lists their credentials and specialties.

Your accountant or financial counselor might also be a good source of referrals.

As with choosing any other financial expert or mental health professional, it’s a good idea to speak with a few potential candidates. In your initial conversations with candidates, you may want to discuss the therapist’s training and specific area of expertise, as well as your needs and situation. This can help you assess how good a match they are.

It can also be a good idea to ask how long they have been providing financial therapy services, what their fees are, as well as if some or all of the fee may be covered by your medical insurance.

The Takeaway

Financial therapy merges financial with emotional support to help people deal with and improve stress, decision-making, and habit-forming related to money.

If you frequently feel stressed and/or overwhelmed when you think about money (or you simply avoid thinking about money as much as possible), you might be able to benefit from at least a few sessions of financial therapy.

While it might seem like hiring a financial therapist is another expense that could complicate an already difficult financial situation, it might be better to view it as an investment in your emotional and financial wellness, one that could help you build financial stability and wealth in the future. It can be an important facet of your overall money management.

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What does a financial therapist do?

A financial therapist combines expertise in psychology and finances to help people improve their attitudes toward money and their habits relating to money. They can help individuals manage such issues as money anxiety, overspending, and financial infidelity.

Is financial therapy the same as financial planning?

Financial therapy and financial planning are not the same thing. Financial therapy can help a person improve their attitude toward money and their behaviors related to money. Financial planning is focused on budgeting, debt management, and growth of wealth.

Can therapy help with finances?

Therapy can help with finances. You might have stress related to money due to childhood trauma centered on finances. Or you might be compulsively overspending or ignoring your money due to emotions about such matters. Financial therapy could help you work through these and other issues.


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SoFi Bank reserves the right to grant a grace period to account holders following a change in Direct Deposit activity or Qualifying Deposits activity before adjusting rates. If SoFi Bank grants you a grace period, the dates for such grace period will be reflected on the APY Details page of your account. If SoFi Bank determines that you did not have Direct Deposit activity or $5,000 in Qualifying Deposits during the current 30-day Evaluation Period and, if applicable, the grace period, then you will begin earning the rates earned by account holders without either Direct Deposit or Qualifying Deposits until you have Direct Deposit activity or $5,000 in Qualifying Deposits in a subsequent 30-Day Evaluation Period. For the avoidance of doubt, an account holder with both Direct Deposit activity and Qualifying Deposits will earn the rates earned by account holders with Direct Deposit.

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Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

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Why Would a Company Stop Paying Dividends?

Why Would a Company Cut Its Dividends?

When companies reduce the dividends they pay investors, or stop paying them altogether, it can mean different things. Sometimes it’s a result of lower earnings or a shortage of available cash. Other times, a company is uncertain about the future, and wants to keep cash on hand to protect it against unforeseen risks or seize unexpected opportunities.

And sometimes, it’s because the company’s leadership thinks they can offer shareholders more value by investing the cash currently earmarked for dividends back into the business itself.

A Look At How Dividends Work

The reason that a company will offer a dividend in the first place is to reward shareholders. In some cases, companies pay dividends only to preferred stock shareholders, or pay a higher rate to certain classes of shareholders than others.

Most companies offer the regular cash payouts because management believes that paying a dividend is a better use of that capital than any strategic growth opportunities the company would otherwise invest in.

Companies that offer dividends are usually established businesses in mature industries, such as healthcare or utilities. They typically pay out their dividends on a regular schedule, annually, semi-annually, or even monthly.

Investors often rely on dividends, either as part of their investing strategy, or as a source of income. Dividend-paying stocks are especially popular among retirees, who use the income to help cover living expenses. Companies suspending dividends run the risk of alienating a sizable portion of their shareholders.

It’s important for investors to understand why a company in their portfolio has cut its dividend, and to use that information to determine whether that stock still makes sense for their broader investing strategy or whether it might be time to sell the stock. Sometimes when a company cuts its dividend, its stock price will also fall.


💡 Quick Tip: Before opening any investment account, consider what level of risk you are comfortable with. If you’re not sure, start with more conservative investments, and then adjust your portfolio as you learn more.

Examples of Dividend Cuts

History has provided many examples of companies that reduced, suspended or eliminated their dividends. We’ll start with a recent example, and cite several others from the past few years.

Intel — Dividend Reduction

In early 2023, Intel announced that it was cutting its quarterly dividend by almost two-thirds. That put the company’s dividends at their lowest levels since before the financial crisis in 2007. Intel’s leadership cited slowing business growth and an attempt to reallocate capital as the primary reasons for the dividend reduction.

Meredith Corp. — Dividend Suspension

In April of 2020, media company Meredith Corp, suspended its dividend payments. The move came just over two months after it had announced a dividend hike. The company eliminated its dividend amid widespread reductions in expenditures, including salary cuts after it had seen significant advertising cancellations and delays.

Antero Midstream — Dividend Reduction

In February of 2021, Antero Midstream reduced its dividend by 27%. The company, which builds and operates pipelines, storage facilities and other infrastructure for natural gas, and water handling and treatment, cut the dividend in order to grow.

By cutting its annual dividend from $1.23 a share to just 90 cents, Antero Midstream was able to free up an estimated $65 million to invest in new infrastructure. Unlike some other companies who eliminate or trim their dividend because of business reversals, Antero made the move in response to promising signals about growth opportunities. Even with the cut, the company maintained a 10.3% dividend.

Estee Lauder — Dividend Suspension and Reinstatement

Also in 2020, Estee Lauder announced it would suspend its dividend payments. At the time, the cosmetics giant paid an annual dividend of $1.92. The company projected that as fewer people went out socially during the pandemic at the time, they’d spend less on makeup — a projection proven correct. At the time, the company also announced other spending cuts, suspending stock buybacks and cutting executive pay by as much as 30%.

But as shops, restaurants, and bars began reopening in the first quarter of 2021, makeup sales also rose. As Estee Lauder benefited from higher sales it responded by reinstating its quarterly dividend. In May of 2021, it announced a quarterly dividend of 53 cents per share.

Healthpeak Properties — Dividend Reduction

Healthpeak Properties, a real estate investment trust (REIT) focused on properties related to life sciences, medical offices and senior housing, cut its quarterly dividend payment in February of 2021 from 37 cents per share to 30 cents per share.

At the time, Healthpeak had $1.6 billion in free cash flow. But it had concerns about the future, given the potential of recent pandemic-related mortalities to drive down demand for senior housing. Its net income in 2020, at $413.6 million, was already much lower than the $787 million it had made in dividend payouts in 2020. The dividend reduction freed up an estimated $150 million in cash flow for Healthpeak, which the company intended to use to transition its holdings away from senior housing.

National CineMedia — Dividend Reduction

During the pandemic, people stopped going to the movies. That had a major impact on theater chains, but also on companies like National CineMedia, which sells pre-screening advertising at theaters across the United States.

That’s why the company cut its quarterly dividend from seven cents to five cents per quarter in early March of 2021. At the time of the cut, the company was in solid financial shape, with enough cash to cover its expenses. But even with ample cash, the company trimmed its dividend amid concerns about how long it will take for theaters to return to pre-pandemic normals.

The Walt Disney Company — Dividend Suspension

In May of 2020, The Walt Disney Company announced it would suspend its dividend payments due to the impact of the coronavirus on its theme parks.

The dividend suspension occurred as the company’s earnings had plummeted due to the pandemic. By eliminating its semi-annual dividend, which it had kept at 88 cents a share since 2018, the company saved $1.6 billion of much-needed cash to preserve liquidity.

While Disney has not announced plans to reinstate its dividend, the company’s entry into the video-streaming business with its Disney+ service has many investors looking at the stock as less of an income investment, and more as a long-term growth play.


💡 Quick Tip: All investments come with some degree of risk — and some are riskier than others. Before investing online, decide on your investment goals and how much risk you want to take.

The Takeaway

Companies cut their dividends for many reasons, using the move as a way to preserve cash for future investments or during uncertain times. While investing in dividend stocks can be a smart way to generate income or increase returns on a portfolio, it’s important for investors to understand that dividends are not guaranteed in perpetuity and to consider changes in a company’s dividend payout as one factor in analyzing the value of that stock.

If you want to make dividends an important component in your investing strategy, you’ll need to do a good amount of research. There’s also some luck involved — you never know what might inspire companies to cut dividends.

Ready to invest in your goals? It’s easy to get started when you open an investment account with SoFi Invest. You can invest in stocks, exchange-traded funds (ETFs), mutual funds, alternative funds, and more. SoFi doesn’t charge commissions, but other fees apply (full fee disclosure here).

For a limited time, opening and funding an Active Invest account gives you the opportunity to get up to $1,000 in the stock of your choice.


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SoFi Invest®
INVESTMENTS ARE NOT FDIC INSURED • ARE NOT BANK GUARANTEED • MAY LOSE VALUE
SoFi Invest encompasses two distinct companies, with various products and services offered to investors as described below: Individual customer accounts may be subject to the terms applicable to one or more of these platforms.
1) Automated Investing and advisory services are provided by SoFi Wealth LLC, an SEC-registered investment adviser (“SoFi Wealth“). Brokerage services are provided to SoFi Wealth LLC by SoFi Securities LLC.
2) Active Investing and brokerage services are provided by SoFi Securities LLC, Member FINRA (www.finra.org)/SIPC(www.sipc.org). Clearing and custody of all securities are provided by APEX Clearing Corporation.
For additional disclosures related to the SoFi Invest platforms described above please visit SoFi.com/legal.
Neither the Investment Advisor Representatives of SoFi Wealth, nor the Registered Representatives of SoFi Securities are compensated for the sale of any product or service sold through any SoFi Invest platform.

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

Claw Promotion: Customer must fund their Active Invest account with at least $25 within 30 days of opening the account. Probability of customer receiving $1,000 is 0.028%. See full terms and conditions.

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How to Sell Options for Premium

How to Sell Options for Premium

Many investors are looking to drive returns on their options trading strategies, and selling options for premiums is one way to do that. Option premiums are a sort of fee or initial price an option holder pays in order to trade contracts, and there is room to make a profit utilizing them.

But keep in mind that options trading is an advanced investment strategy, and that it may be over your head, particularly if you’re a new or young investor. That said, options premiums do have profit potential — if you know what you’re doing.

What Is An Option Premium?

An option premium is the price an option buyer pays to purchase options contracts at a fixed rate when the contract term ends. A seller, conversely, receives the payment. In other words, it is the current market price of an option contract, and the amount the seller makes when someone purchases the contract.

When investors buy options contracts, they are purchasing a derivative instrument that gives them the right to trade the underlying asset represented by the contract at a specific price within a predetermined period of time. The premium is the amount that the option writer receives if the contract holder exercises their right to buy or sell the asset.

The premium amount depends on how much time there is left until the option contract expires, the price of the underlying asset, and how volatile or risky it is.

Recommended: How To Trade Options: A Guide for Beginners

What Is Selling Options Premium?

Many investors are familiar with the process of investing in and trading options, but the other side of the market is to be on the seller side (writing options) and make a profit by selling for a premium.

Selling options is an options trading strategy in which an investor sells a buyer the right to purchase a stock at a predetermined price at some time in the future. The premium amount is collected upfront as a payment for the options seller taking on the risk that the underlying asset will rise or fall in value within the timeframe of the contract. The premium is not refundable.

The options seller can make a profit from the premium. In addition, if the buyer doesn’t exercise their right to trade the asset, when the contract expires the seller still holds the asset as well.

However, option selling also carries some investment risk. If the option ends up “in the money” for the buyer, the option writer could lose money, since they’ll have to sell the stock for less than its market price.

How Is an Options Premium Calculated?

The main factors that affect an option contract price are implied volatility, stock price, time value, and intrinsic value. Options writers receive premiums upfront when a buyer purchases a call or a put.

When an investor looks at options contract prices, they receive a per share quote, but each contract typically represents 100 shares of underlying stock. Investors will decide to either buy call or put options, depending on how they expect the stock’s price to perform in the future.

For example, an investor could decide to purchase a call option. The seller offers it to them for a $4 premium. If the investor purchases one contract which represents 100 shares of that stock, they would pay $400 for it. If the buyer never executes the contract (because the price of the stock is at or below the strike price when the contract expires), the seller’s profit is $400, or the entire premium.


💡 Quick Tip: How do you decide if a certain trading platform or app is right for you? Ideally, the investment platform you choose offers the features that you need for your investment goals or strategy, e.g., an easy-to-use interface, data analysis, educational tools.

Stock Price

If an investor buys a call option, they are hoping the underlying stock price increases, whereas if they buy a put option they hope it decreases. When the stock price goes up, the call option premium goes up and the put option premium goes down. And vice versa.

Recommended: What Makes Stock Prices Go Up or Down?

Time Value

Time value reflects the expiration date of the option contract. If the option has a longer time left until its expiration date, it has more time to pass the strike price. That makes it more valuable because it gives the investor more time to exercise their right to trade for a profit. The decrease in time value over time is called time decay.

The closer the option gets to expiring, the more the time decay increases. The value of the options contract declines over time due to time decay, which is a risk investors should consider. Options buyers want the stock to quickly move up and down so that the time decay doesn’t affect their profits, whereas options sellers want the premium to decrease, which happens with every day that goes by.

Time value is calculated by subtracting intrinsic value from the premium.

Intrinsic Value

The intrinsic value of options is the difference between the current underlying stock price and the option’s strike price. This difference is referred to as the “moneyness” of the option, where the intrinsic value of the option is how far in the money the option is.

If the price of the underlying asset is higher than the option strike price, a call option is in the money, making it worth more and priced higher. If the stock price is lower than the option contract strike price, this makes a put option in the money and worth more. If an option is out of the money it has no intrinsic value.

Implied Volatility

High premium options often reflect securities with higher volatility. If there is a high level of implied volatility, this means there is a prediction that the underlying asset will have bigger price moves in the future, making the option more expensive.

A low level of implied volatility will make it cheaper. It’s best for investors to purchase options that have steady or increasing volatility, because this can lead to bigger profits and a higher likelihood that the option will reach the investor’s desired price. Those who are selling options prefer to have decreasing volatility, because this lowers the premium and allows them to buy back the option at a lower price.

Other Factors

Other factors that influence premium prices include:

•   Current interest rates

•   Overall market conditions

•   The quality of the underlying asset

•   Any dividend rate associated with the underlying asset

•   The supply and demand for options associated with the underlying asset

Options Premiums and the Greeks

Certain Greek words are associated with types of risks involved in options trading. Investors can look at each type of risk to figure out which options they want to buy.

•   Delta: The sensitivity of an option price to changes in the underlying market

•   Gamma: The amount that an option’s delta moves with each point of movement of the underlying market asset

•   Theta: That amount that an option price decays over time

•   Vega: The amount that underlying market volatility affects the option

•   Rho: The amount that interest rate changes affect the option price


💡 Quick Tip: Options can be a cost-efficient way to place certain trades, because you typically purchase options contracts, not the underlying security. That said, options trading can be risky, and best done by those who are not entirely new to investing.

The Takeaway

Options are one type of derivatives that give the buyer the right, but not the obligation, to buy or sell an asset. To sell options for a premium, options writers must consider several factors that could determine the future price of that asset. Selling options for premium is potentially a profitable trading strategy.

Note, though, that trading options is risky and advanced. It can be a confusing, muddled section of the financial markets, and it can be very easy for investors to get in over their heads. If you’re interested in trading options, it may be best to speak with a financial professional first.

Ready to invest in your goals? It’s easy to get started when you open an investment account with SoFi Invest. You can invest in stocks, exchange-traded funds (ETFs), mutual funds, alternative funds, and more. SoFi doesn’t charge commissions, but other fees apply (full fee disclosure here).

For a limited time, opening and funding an Active Invest account gives you the opportunity to get up to $1,000 in the stock of your choice.


Photo credit: iStock/sefa ozel

SoFi Invest®
INVESTMENTS ARE NOT FDIC INSURED • ARE NOT BANK GUARANTEED • MAY LOSE VALUE
SoFi Invest encompasses two distinct companies, with various products and services offered to investors as described below: Individual customer accounts may be subject to the terms applicable to one or more of these platforms.
1) Automated Investing and advisory services are provided by SoFi Wealth LLC, an SEC-registered investment adviser (“SoFi Wealth“). Brokerage services are provided to SoFi Wealth LLC by SoFi Securities LLC.
2) Active Investing and brokerage services are provided by SoFi Securities LLC, Member FINRA (www.finra.org)/SIPC(www.sipc.org). Clearing and custody of all securities are provided by APEX Clearing Corporation.
For additional disclosures related to the SoFi Invest platforms described above please visit SoFi.com/legal.
Neither the Investment Advisor Representatives of SoFi Wealth, nor the Registered Representatives of SoFi Securities are compensated for the sale of any product or service sold through any SoFi Invest platform.

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

Claw Promotion: Customer must fund their Active Invest account with at least $25 within 30 days of opening the account. Probability of customer receiving $1,000 is 0.028%. See full terms and conditions.

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Eurex Exchange: European Futures and Options Market

What Is the Eurex?

If you’re thinking about trading futures and options, it’s important to understand the exchanges where such transactions take place. The Eurex Exchange — the shorter name for the European Futures and Options Market — is one of the largest derivatives markets in the world.

Here’s what you need to know about the Eurex.

Defining Eurex Exchange

What exactly is the Eurex definition? The Eurex Exchange facilitates the European-based derivatives market, handling digital trading volume and contract settlement for global traders in 700 markets across the world. Large volumes traded on the Eurex include common stock indexes and more complex securities, such as derivatives, which are securities that derive their price from their underlying assets.

Eurex is one of several global derivatives exchanges, including the Chicago Board Options Exchange.


💡 Quick Tip: How do you decide if a certain trading platform or app is right for you? Ideally, the investment platform you choose offers the features that you need for your investment goals or strategy, e.g., an easy-to-use interface, data analysis, educational tools.

History of the Eurex

The Eurex Exchange was co-founded in 1988 by Deutsche Börse AG and the SIX Swiss Exchange and was billed as one of the largest and one of the first all-electronic trading exchanges. That partnership lasted until 2012, when Deutsche Börse AG bought out SIX Swiss and now stands as the sole owner of the Eurex.

Headquartered in Frankfurt, Germany, the exchange has nine offices spread across the globe, in Chicago, London, Paris, Tokyo, Hong Kong, Singapore, Leipzig, Eschborn, Zurich, and Frankfurt (headquarters). That makes it easier for the Eurex to trade in non-European bourses and thus gives the Eurex a thoroughly global presence.

Recommended: Exploring Different Types of Investments

Understanding Eurex Exchange and What It Does

The Eurex definition is this: The Eurex Exchange is an international exchange that facilitates trading for European-based derivatives. The Eurex products include European stocks, bonds, and stock indexes. The Eurex also handles clearing (the timely transfer of funds) and contract settlements.

The Eurex Exchange network is totally electronic, and it’s widely considered one of the best in the world.

The Eurex’s Trading Technology and Management

Eurex launched as an all-digital trading exchange at a time when manual “open cry” trading still remained the primary way of doing business. At that time, buyers and sellers would gather in closed areas (called “trading pits” in Wall Street lingo) and shout trade orders to market makers, who would gather the trades and execute them on behalf of traders.

In strictly electronic trading, buyers and sellers execute options and futures contracts from thousands of miles away via a digital-based trading platform. That also provides increased liquidity for traders. Since Eurex is 100% automated, market investors have quick access to a wide array of investment products, making it easier to move in and out of volatile positions in fast-moving markets.

Rolled out in 2013, the Eurex’s trademark T7 trading platform handles all the exchange’s electronic derivative trading volume, connecting traders from 35 countries who execute about seven million futures and options trading contracts for each daily trading session.

That makes Eurex one of the most widely used derivatives trading platforms in the world for listed and over-the-counter futures and options trading.


💡 Quick Tip: How to manage potential risk factors in a self-directed investment account? Doing your research and employing strategies like dollar-cost averaging and diversification may help mitigate financial risk when trading stocks.

Eurex Exchange Products

Eurex offers a wide range of trading options, including various Euro-based debt instruments, common Euro-based stocks and stocks indices, along with its mainstay futures and options derivative trading products.

Here’s a list of the exchange’s most widely-traded investment vehicles.

•   Stock derivatives, including more than 1,000 futures and approximately 900 options

•   Interest rate derivatives, including fixed-income, money market, and interest rate swaps

•   Equity index derivatives, including derivatives from 12 primary European index, such as EURO STOXX and MSCI

•   Dividend-based derivatives, including singles stocks and indexes

•   Volatility derivatives

•   Exchange-traded fund derivatives

•   Foreign currency (FX) derivatives

•   Commodity-based derivatives

•   Property/real estate derivatives

The exchange recently launched a platform for trading digital assets.

Recommended: The Black-Scholes Model, Explained

The Takeaway

The Eurex is an important exchange that global derivatives traders use to execute their strategy. Individual investors can typically access the exchange through their brokers.

However, it’s not necessary to invest on the Eurex or trade derivatives in order to build a portfolio, especially for beginning investors. For instance, individuals could instead set up an investment account if they don’t already have one, and start exploring assets that could help them achieve their financial goals and make sense for their situation.

Ready to invest in your goals? It’s easy to get started when you open an investment account with SoFi Invest. You can invest in stocks, exchange-traded funds (ETFs), mutual funds, alternative funds, and more. SoFi doesn’t charge commissions, but other fees apply (full fee disclosure here).

Invest with as little as $5 with a SoFi Active Investing account.


Photo credit: iStock/Halfpoint

Third-Party Brand Mentions: No brands, products, or companies mentioned are affiliated with SoFi, nor do they endorse or sponsor this article. Third-party trademarks referenced herein are property of their respective owners.

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

SoFi Invest®
INVESTMENTS ARE NOT FDIC INSURED • ARE NOT BANK GUARANTEED • MAY LOSE VALUE
SoFi Invest encompasses two distinct companies, with various products and services offered to investors as described below: Individual customer accounts may be subject to the terms applicable to one or more of these platforms.
1) Automated Investing and advisory services are provided by SoFi Wealth LLC, an SEC-registered investment adviser (“SoFi Wealth“). Brokerage services are provided to SoFi Wealth LLC by SoFi Securities LLC.
2) Active Investing and brokerage services are provided by SoFi Securities LLC, Member FINRA (www.finra.org)/SIPC(www.sipc.org). Clearing and custody of all securities are provided by APEX Clearing Corporation.
For additional disclosures related to the SoFi Invest platforms described above please visit SoFi.com/legal.
Neither the Investment Advisor Representatives of SoFi Wealth, nor the Registered Representatives of SoFi Securities are compensated for the sale of any product or service sold through any SoFi Invest platform.

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What Is a Money Purchase Pension Plan (MPPP)? How Is It Different From a 401k?

What Is a Money Purchase Pension Plan (MPPP)? How Is It Different From a 401(k)?

A money purchase pension plan or MPPP is an employer-sponsored retirement plan that requires employers to contribute money on behalf of employees each year. The plan itself defines the amount the employer must contribute. Employees may also have the option to make contributions from their pay.

Money purchase pension plans have some similarities to more commonly used retirement plans such as 401(k)s, pension plans, and corporate profit sharing plans. If you have access to a MPPP plan at work, it’s important to understand how it works and where it might fit into your overall retirement strategy.

What Is a Money Purchase Pension Plan?

Money purchase pension plans are a type of defined contribution plan. That means they don’t guarantee a set benefit amount at retirement. Instead, these retirement plans allow employers and/or employees to contribute money up to annual contribution limits.

Like other retirement accounts, participants can make withdrawals when they reach their retirement age. In the meantime, the account value can increase or decrease based on investment gains or losses.

Money purchase pension plans require the employer to make predetermined fixed contributions to the plan on behalf of all eligible employees. The company must make these contributions on an annual basis as long as the plan is maintained.

Contributions to a money purchase plan grow on a tax-deferred basis. Employees do not have to make contributions to the plan, but they may be allowed to do so, depending on the plan. The IRS does allow for loans from money purchase plans but it does not permit in-service withdrawals.


💡 Quick Tip: Before opening an investment account, know your investment objectives, time horizon, and risk tolerance. These fundamentals will help keep your strategy on track and with the aim of meeting your goals.

What Are the Money Purchase Pension Plan Contribution Limits?

Each money purchase plan determines what its own contribution limits are, though the amount can’t exceed maximum limits set by the IRS. For example, an employer’s plan may specify that they must contribute 5% or 10% of each employee’s pay into that employee’s MPPP plan account.

Annual money purchase plan contribution limits are similar to SEP IRA contribution limits. For 2023, the maximum contribution allowed is the lesser of:

•   25% of the employee’s compensation, OR

•   $66,000

The IRS routinely adjusts the contribution limits for money purchase pension plans and other qualified retirement accounts based on inflation. The amount of money an employee will have in their money purchase plan upon retirement depends on the amount that their employer contributed on their behalf, the amount the employee contributed, and how their investments performed during their working years. Your account balance may be one factor in determining when you can retire.

Rules for money purchase plan distributions are the same as other qualified plans, in that you can begin withdrawing money penalty-free starting at age 59 ½. If you take out money before that, you may owe an early withdrawal penalty.

Like a pension plan, money purchase pension plans must offer the option to receive distributions as a lifetime annuity. Money purchase plans can also offer other distribution options, including a lump sum. Participants do not pay taxes on their accounts until they begin making withdrawals.

The Pros and Cons of Money Purchase Pension Plans

Money purchase pension plans have some benefits, but there are also some drawbacks that participants should keep in mind.

Pros of Money Purchase Plans

Here are some of the advantages for employees and employers who have a money purchase plan.

•   Tax benefits. For employers, contributions made on behalf of their workers are tax deductible. Contributions grow tax-free for employees, allowing them to put off taxes on investment growth until they begin withdrawing the money.

•   Loan access. Employees may be able to take loans against their account balances if the plan permits it.

•   Potential for large balances. Given the relatively high contribution limits, employees may be able to accumulate account balances higher than they would with a 401(k) retirement plan, depending on their pay and the percentage their employer contributes on their behalf.

•   Reliable income in retirement. When employees retire and begin drawing down their account, the regular monthly payments through a lifetime annuity can help with budgeting and planning.

Disadvantages of Money Purchase Pension Plan

Most of the disadvantages associated with money purchase pension plans impact employers rather than employees.

•   Expensive to maintain. The administrative and overhead costs of maintaining a money purchase plan can be higher than those associated with other types of defined contribution plans.

•   Heavy financial burden. Since contributions in a money purchase plan are required (unlike the optional employer contributions to a 401(k)), a company could run into issues in years when cash flow is lower.

•   Employees may not be able to contribute. Depending on the terms of a plan, employees may not be able to make contributions to the plan. However, if the employer offers both a money purchase plan and a 401(k), employees could still defer part of their salary for retirement.



💡 Quick Tip: Want to lower your taxable income? Start saving for retirement with a traditional IRA. The money you save each year is tax deductible (and you don’t owe any taxes until you withdraw the funds, usually in retirement).

Money Purchase Pension Plan vs 401(k)

The main differences between a pension vs 401(k) have to do with their funding and the way the distributions work. In a money purchase plan, the employer provides the funding with optional employee contribution.

With a 401(k), employees fund accounts with elective salary deferrals and option employer contributions. For both types of plans, the employer may implement a vesting schedule that determines when the employee can keep all of the employer’s contributions if they leave the company. Employee contributions always vest immediately.

The total annual contribution limits (including both employer and employee contributions) for these defined contribution plans are the same, at $66,000 for 2023. But 401(k) plans allow for catch-up contributions made by employees aged 50 or older. For 2023, the total employee contribution limit is $22,500 with an extra catch-up contribution of $7,500.

Both plans may or may not allow for loans, and it’s possible to roll amounts held in a money purchase pension plan or a 401(k) over into a new qualified plan or an Individual Retirement Account (IRA) if you change jobs or retire.

Recommended: IRA vs 401(k)–What’s the Difference?

Employees may also be able to take hardship withdrawals from a 401(k) if they meet certain conditions, but the IRS does not allow hardship withdrawals from a money purchase pension plan.

Here’s a side-by-side comparison of a MPPP and a 401(k):

MPPP Plan

401(k) Plan

Funded by Employer contributions, with employee contributions optional Employee salary deferrals, with employer matching contributions optional
Tax status Contributions are tax-deductible for employers, growth is tax-deferred for employees Contributions are tax-deductible for employers and employees, growth is tax-deferred for employees
Contribution limits (2023) Lesser of 25% of employee’s pay or $66,000 $22,500, with catch-up contributions of $7,500 for employees 50 or older
Catch-up contributions allowed No Yes, for employers 50 and older
Loans permitted Yes, if the plan allows Yes, if the plan allows
Hardship withdrawals No Yes, if the plan allows
Vesting Determined by the employer Determined by the employer

The Takeaway

Money purchase pension plans are a valuable tool for employees to reach their retirement goals. They’re similar to 401(k)s, but there are some important differences.

Whether you save for retirement in a money purchase pension plan, a 401(k), or another type of account the most important thing is to get started. The sooner you begin saving for retirement, the more time your money will have to grow through the power of compounding returns.

Ready to invest for your retirement? It’s easy to get started when you open a traditional or Roth IRA with SoFi. SoFi doesn’t charge commissions, but other fees apply (full fee disclosure here).


Easily manage your retirement savings with a SoFi IRA.

FAQ

Here are answers to some additional questions you may have about money pension purchase plans.

What is a pension money purchase scheme?

A money purchase pension plan or money purchase plan is a defined contribution plan that allows employers to save money on behalf of their employees. These plans are similar to profit-sharing plans ,and companies may offer them alongside a 401(k) plan as part of an employee’s retirement benefits package.

Can I cash in my money purchase pension?

You can cash in a money purchase pension at retirement in place of receiving lifetime annuity payments. Otherwise, early withdrawals from a money purchase pension plan are typically not permitted, and if you do take money early, taxes and penalties may apply.

Is final salary pension for life?

A final salary pension is a defined benefit plan. Unlike a defined contribution plan, defined benefit plans pay out a set amount of money at retirement, typically based on your earnings and number of years of service. Final salary pensions can be paid as a lump sum or as a lifetime annuity, meaning you get paid for the remainder of your life.

Photo credit: iStock/ferrantraite


Third-Party Brand Mentions: No brands, products, or companies mentioned are affiliated with SoFi, nor do they endorse or sponsor this article. Third-party trademarks referenced herein are property of their respective owners.

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

SoFi Invest®
INVESTMENTS ARE NOT FDIC INSURED • ARE NOT BANK GUARANTEED • MAY LOSE VALUE
SoFi Invest encompasses two distinct companies, with various products and services offered to investors as described below: Individual customer accounts may be subject to the terms applicable to one or more of these platforms.
1) Automated Investing and advisory services are provided by SoFi Wealth LLC, an SEC-registered investment adviser (“SoFi Wealth“). Brokerage services are provided to SoFi Wealth LLC by SoFi Securities LLC.
2) Active Investing and brokerage services are provided by SoFi Securities LLC, Member FINRA (www.finra.org)/SIPC(www.sipc.org). Clearing and custody of all securities are provided by APEX Clearing Corporation.
For additional disclosures related to the SoFi Invest platforms described above please visit SoFi.com/legal.
Neither the Investment Advisor Representatives of SoFi Wealth, nor the Registered Representatives of SoFi Securities are compensated for the sale of any product or service sold through any SoFi Invest platform.

SOIN0723113

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