How a Minsky Moment Happens, and How to Spot One

How a Minsky Moment Happens, and How to Spot One

A Minsky moment is an economic term describing a period of optimism that ends with a market crash. It describes the point at which a market boom marked by speculative trading and increasing debt suddenly gives way to a freefall marked by plunging market sentiment, asset values, and economic activity.

It is named for American economist Hyman Minsky, who studied the characteristics of financial crises, and whose “financial instability hypothesis” offered reasons why financial markets were and would be inherently unstable. Minsky died in 1996, and the phrase “Minsky moment” was coined in 1998, when a portfolio manager used it in reference to the 1997 Asian debt crisis, which was widely blamed on currency speculators.

How Does a Minsky Moment Happen?

A Minsky Moment refers to something sudden, though the economist maintained that it doesn’t arise all at once. He identified three stages by which a market builds up to the convoluted speculation and complete instability that finally undoes even the longest bull markets.

1.    The Hedge Phase: This often comes in the wake of a market collapse. In this phase, both banks and borrowers are cautious. Banks only lend to borrowers with income to cover the principal of the loan and interest payments; and borrowers are wary of taking on more debt than they’re highly confident they can repay entirely.

2.    Speculative Borrowing Phase: As economic conditions improve, debts are repaid and confidence rises. Banks become willing to make loans to borrowers who can afford to pay the interest but not the principal, but the bank and the borrower don’t worry because most of these loans are for assets — stocks, real estate and so on — that are appreciating in value. The banks are also betting that interest rates won’t go up.

3.    The Ponzi Phase: The third and final phase leading up to the Minsky Moment is named for the iconic fraudster Charles Ponzi. Ponzi invented a scheme that offers fake investments, and gathers new investors based on the returns earned by the original investors. It pays the first investors from new investments, and so on, until it collapses.

In Minsky’s theory, the Ponzi phase arrives when confident borrowers and lenders graduate to a new level of risk-taking and speculation: when lenders lend to borrowers without enough cash flow to cover the principal payments or the interest payments. They do so in the expectation that the underlying assets will continue rising, allowing the borrower to sell those assets at prices high enough for them to cover their debt.

The longer the growth swing in the market, the more debt investors take on. While those investments are still rising and generating returns, the borrowers can use that money to pay off the debt and the interest payments. But assets eventually go down in value, in any market, even just for a while.

At this point, the investors are relying on the growth of those assets to repay the loans they’ve taken out to buy them. Any interruption of that growth means they can’t repay the debt they’ve taken on. That’s when the lenders call in the loans. And the borrowers have to sell their assets — at any price — to repay the lenders. When there are thousands of investors doing this at the same time, the values of the underlying assets plummet. This is the Minsky moment.

In addition to plunging prices, a Minsky moment is usually accompanied by a steep drop in market-wide liquidity. That lack of liquidity can stop the daily functioning of the economy, and it’s the part of these crises that causes central banks to intervene as a lender of last resort.

The Minsky Moment and the 2008 Subprime Mortgage Crisis

The 2008 subprime mortgage crisis offered a very clear and relatable example of this kind of escalation, as many people borrowed money to buy homes they couldn’t afford. They did so believing that the property value would go up fast enough that they could flip the house to cover their borrowing costs, while earning a tidy profit.

Minsky theorized that a lengthy economic growth cycle tends to generate an outsized increase in market speculation. But that accelerating speculation is often funded by large amounts of debt on the part of both large and small investors. And that tends to increase market instability and the likelihood of sudden, catastrophic collapse.

Accordingly, the 2008 financial crisis was marked by a sudden drop and downward momentum fueled investors selling assets to cover short-term debts. Some of those included margin calls, which are when an investor is forced to sell securities to cover the collateral needed to borrow money from a brokerage.

How to Predict the Next Minsky Moment

While Hyman Minsky provided a framework of the three escalating phases that lead up to a market collapse, there’s no way to tell how long each phase will last. Using its framework can help investors understand where they are in a broader economic cycle, but people will disagree on how much debt is too much, or the point at which speculation threatens the stability of the markets.

Most recently, market-watchers keep an eye on the high rates of corporate debt in trying to detect a coming Minsky moment. And even the International Monetary Fund has sounded warning bells over high debt levels, alongside slowing growth around the planet.

But other authorities have warned of other Minsky moments over the years that haven’t necessarily happened. It calls to mind the old joke: “The stock market has forecast nine of the last five recessions.”

The Takeaway

A Minsky moment is named after an economist who described the way that markets overheat and collapse. And the concept can help investors understand where they are in a market cycle. It’s a somewhat high-level concept, but it can be useful to know what the term references.

There’s also a framework that may help investors predict, or at least keep an eye out for, the next Minsky moment. That said, nobody knows what the future holds, so that’s important to keep in mind.

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SoFi Invest encompasses two distinct companies, with various products and services offered to investors as described below: Individual customer accounts may be subject to the terms applicable to one or more of these platforms.
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What Is a Trust Fund?

A trust fund can help shelter your assets and determine how they are managed now or in the future. Generally a part of estate planning, trust funds can help minimize estate taxes, provide financial support to your loved ones, or even donate money to your favorite charitable cause.

There are numerous types of trust funds out there, and there likely isn’t a one-size-fits-all option. The trust you select will depend on your goals and unique circumstances, so it’s important to know the ins and outs of trust funds before deciding which option is right for you.

Trust Fund Definition

A trust fund is a legal tool or arrangement in which individuals can choose to place assets of various types into a special account. They’re often used to hold those assets, like stocks or real estate, for a beneficiary, like a family member, or even a company.

The purpose of a trust is to hold assets for the beneficiary without giving them direct control over the funds or property — the control remains with a third party designated by the individual creating the trust.

As an example, say a high-net-worth philanthropist desires to leave a legacy to his favorite cause when he dies. He creates a charitable trust that will add the charity as a beneficiary when he passes away. At that time, the predetermined assets move into the trust. A third party, otherwise known as the trustee, will manage the money or assets in the trust and make distributions to the charity following the trust’s terms.

How Do Trust Funds Work?

There are a few key parties involved in a trust fund agreement. They include:

•   Grantor. This person is the creator of the trust. The grantor outlines the trust guidelines, designating the funds or other assets that will go into a trust as well as the rules that govern it.

•   Trustee. The grantor will name a third party the trustee. This person is responsible for managing trust assets, completing any trust obligations such as distributions, and upholding the fiduciary standard (employed by fiduciary advisors), or, always acting in the best interest of all beneficiaries. A trustee is anyone the grantor deems appropriate for handling the terms of the trust.

•   Beneficiary. The beneficiary is the one who will reap the benefits of the assets or property in the trust.

The grantor determines the terms of the trust, choosing how and when the resources are given to the beneficiary.

Say, for example, a grantor wants to establish a trust fund for their grandchild with the stipulation that the funds can only go toward college expenses. In this case, the grantor can write the trust’s terms to reflect these wishes rather than let the beneficiary spend a financial windfall however they please.

Through use of the “spendthrift clause,” a grantor can also prevent a beneficiary from spending the trust’s assets in a particular manner, such as to pay off credit card debt.

Additionally, when the grantor passes away, trust assets are often guarded against creditors, and can bypass the extensive and sometimes costly probate process. Of course, whether that happens depends on the type of trust the grantor sets up.

Different Types of Trust Funds

The needs of the grantor will determine which trust is suitable for their situation. A financial professional or attorney can help outline the features of each trust and help find a suitable solution for the grantor’s trust needs. Some of the most common types of trust funds include:

•   Irrevocable trust: Once established, this trust cannot be changed or revoked in any way — not even by the grantor.

•   Revocable trusts: Also known as living trusts, revocable trusts permit the grantor to make modifications at will or cancel the trust altogether.

•   Charitable trust: Grantors can establish a trust with a charitable organization as the beneficiary. Typically, charitable trusts can help minimize the grantor’s tax obligation, such as reducing estate taxes.

•   Constructive trust: This type of trust is an indirect trust that the court creates, believing that there was intention on the part of a property owner to disperse it in a precise manner.

•   Special needs trust: Those who have children with special needs may use this type of trust to create support for their child well after their passing. Any asset transferred to the trust will not prohibit the beneficiary from any government funding or benefits they would receive otherwise.

How to Establish a Trust Fund

When creating a trust, it’s important to seek knowledgeable and responsible people or professionals to help create and manage it. For starters, even though it’s not technically necessary to hire a trust attorney, it’s probably a good idea to do so to ensure all legal requirements are upheld and the terms of the trust are solidified.

A trust attorney should be able to identify different trusts that can meet the unique needs of the grantor. From lowering a tax bill to securing assets, trust attorneys understand the intricacies of each type of trust’s advantages, which can help the grantor meet their trust fund objectives.

Depending on the grantor’s circumstances and state of residence, attorney fees can amount to several thousand dollars. To find a trusted attorney, you can start by asking friends and family members for referrals. You can also browse the internet for reviews and cost estimates.

It’s also essential to select a responsible trustee to manage the funds. Since it’s the trustee’s responsibility to manage and distribute the assets, they must be trustworthy and understand the magnitude of the role. After all, the grantor is putting their hard-earned money into the hands of someone else. Using a third-party trustee may help the family avoid scuffles about how assets are divided up.

Why Set Up a Trust Fund?

With the benefits trust funds provide, there are many reasons why a trust fund may make sense for your estate-planning efforts. When asking “Is a trust fund right me?“, consider a few topics:

•   Tax reduction. Depending on the size of an estate, some states may levy an estate or inheritance tax. For 2023, an estate tax return is required for estates that exceed $12,920,000. To avoid taxation, a trust may make sense.

•   Control over asset distribution. A trust gives a grantor greater power over their wealth, since they can set the terms for how the trustee manages the assets.

•   Bypassing probate. When someone passes away, by law, their will must complete the probate process. The creation of a trust can help the estate owner bypass this often costly and extensive process.

•   Safeguarding assets. Depending on the trust, assets can be guarded against creditors and/or asset misuse by the beneficiaries. A trust can also protect a beneficiary with special needs so that they can continue to receive both the financial support from the trust and any other government benefits after their caretaker passes away.

•   Philanthropic efforts. Trusts give individuals who are passionate about a cause a way to support the mission long after they are gone.

Trusts are worth considering for those concerned with how their assets, property, or life insurance benefits will be managed after their passing. Although everyone has a unique situation that may require an array of estate planning tools, a trust fund can be a valuable addition to the mix if the creator can capitalize on trust benefits.

The Takeaway

A trust fund is a special legal arrangement that allows for the protection of certain assets for beneficiaries. Creating a trust may be advantageous for people who have built some wealth and want to control what happens to it once they are gone. There are a number of different types of trusts, each tailored to the needs of the grantor, and sometimes the beneficiary as well.

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SoFi Invest®
INVESTMENTS ARE NOT FDIC INSURED • ARE NOT BANK GUARANTEED • MAY LOSE VALUE
SoFi Invest encompasses two distinct companies, with various products and services offered to investors as described below: Individual customer accounts may be subject to the terms applicable to one or more of these platforms.
1) Automated Investing and advisory services are provided by SoFi Wealth LLC, an SEC-registered investment adviser (“SoFi Wealth“). Brokerage services are provided to SoFi Wealth LLC by SoFi Securities LLC.
2) Active Investing and brokerage services are provided by SoFi Securities LLC, Member FINRA (www.finra.org)/SIPC(www.sipc.org). Clearing and custody of all securities are provided by APEX Clearing Corporation.
For additional disclosures related to the SoFi Invest platforms described above please visit SoFi.com/legal.
Neither the Investment Advisor Representatives of SoFi Wealth, nor the Registered Representatives of SoFi Securities are compensated for the sale of any product or service sold through any SoFi Invest platform.

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

Tax Information: This article provides general background information only and is not intended to serve as legal or tax advice or as a substitute for legal counsel. You should consult your own attorney and/or tax advisor if you have a question requiring legal or tax advice.

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How to Save Big with Senior Discounts

Did you know that you can start taking advantage of what are known as senior discounts well before retirement age? In fact, you can often save money when you are as young as 55 and in some cases even 50.

In fact many “senior” discounts can be accessed through membership in the AARP (the American Association of Retired Persons). Anyone age 50 or older can join (membership runs $16 a year, though discounts may be offered).

And, the sooner you start working those senior discounts, the more you could potentially put into retirement savings, which could lead to a more significant nest egg when you really do reach retirement age.

Read on to learn about some smart ways you might start saving as a senior or soon-to-be senior.

Travel Senior Discounts

Many major airlines, hotel chains, cruise lines, and rental car companies offer senior discounts, sometimes as much as 30 percent off, which can help bring down vacation costs.

These deals aren’t always obvious, however. You may have to track them down on company websites or simply call directly and ask.

💡 Quick Tip: Typically, checking accounts don’t earn interest. However, some accounts do, and online banks are more likely than brick-and-mortar banks to offer you the best rates.

Here are some different ways you may be able to score senior deals on travel.

Airline Senior Discounts

You may not always find a code or a drop-down menu when booking online, but you can often get good discounts on air travel if you call the airline directly.

Some airline discounts to look for:

•   Delta offers senior discounts in certain markets, but not online.

•   United Airlines may offer senior fares to selected travel destinations for customers who are 65 and older (when booking online or over the phone).

•   British Airways offers exclusive AARP Member offers, including up to $200 off.

Car Rentals

AARP membership can get you some significant discounts on car rentals and there are some companies that offer independent discounts. Some to look for:

•   Alamo provides deals through its Senior Circle program.

•   Avis gives AARP Members up to 30% off Avis base rates.

•   Budget offers AARP members up to 30% off, and sometimes also a free upgrade and other exclusive benefits.

•   Hertz offers travelers 50 and up to 20% off base rates, and they can also take advantage of additional program benefits.

Cruises

Cruise lines, such as Carnival, Norwegian Cruise Line, Celebrity Cruises, and Royal Caribbean, commonly offer discounts to those travelers that are 55 and older.

It’s best to call the cruise line before booking to see what is currently available, as some won’t advertise specific deals on their websites, yet may have special senior offers.

Another savvy savings tip is to wait to get the best deal available to you, and then ask to apply your senior discount on top.

Hotels

Senior discounts are available at many hotel chains, but are not always advertised.

Again, many of the programs are aligned with AARP membership, but there are plenty of others that offer their own independent discount.

A few deals to keep an eye out for:

•   Cambria Suites offers up to 10% off with advance reservations to those 60 or older, as well as to AARP members (50+).

•   Travel Lodge gives guests age 60 and older special savings off the best available room rate when booking online or over the phone (ask for the “senior rate”).

•   Choice Hotels gives those who are 60+, or an AARP member, up to 10 percent with advance reservations.

•   Motel 6 offers adults 60+ a discount of 8% off of their best available nightly rates at each of their 1,400+ locations across the United States and Canada.

•   Hilton Hotels & Resorts gives adults 50+ 10 to 25 percent when booking online through Hilton’s AARP page .

National Parks

For just $80, those age 62 or over can get a lifetime pass to the National Parks , which also includes access to more than 2,000 other federal sites.

An annual pass to all of these parks is just $20.

Applicants must provide documentation of age and United States residency or citizenship.

💡 Quick Tip: When you feel the urge to buy something that isn’t in your budget, try the 30-day rule. Make a note of the item in your calendar for 30 days into the future. When the date rolls around, there’s a good chance the “gotta have it” feeling will have subsided.

Amtrak

If you like the idea of traveling by train, then you may want to look up the Amtrak senior discount–travelers 65 years of age and older are eligible to receive a 10% discount on most rail fares on most Amtrak trains.

Retail Discounts for Seniors

As a senior, you can often save big with many retailers. Some stores provide a senior discount on a specific day, such as every Wednesday or the first Tuesday of the month.

One of the best (and best known) is Kohl’s, which typically offers 15% off every single Wednesday for those 60 and older. The money you save could help build your retirement savings.

According to The Senior List, other major retailers that may offer discounts to those 55+ include:

•   TJMaxx

•   Belk

•   Ross Stores

•   Lenscrafters

•   Michael’s

Restaurant Deals for Seniors

This is probably one of the richest sources of discounts available to seniors.

Whether it’s on a certain day or during a specific block of time, many restaurants offer something, so it’s a good idea to ask around at your favorite places and to also check restaurant websites.

Many eateries also have senior menus that offer discounts to diners over a certain age.

Promotions vary according to location, but here are a few deals you may keep an eye out for.

•   Arby’s: 10% off purchases for seniors and a free drink at participating locations.

•   Denny’s: a 55-plus menu, which offers discounted prices for seniors.

•   McDonald’s: discounts on beverages and coffee at some locations.

•   IHOP: a 55-plus menu, which offers deals for seniors.

•   Outback Steakhouse: AARP cardholders can score 10% off.

•   Bubba Gump Shrimp Co:. 10% off for AARP cardholders.

Senior Discounts on Groceries

Many major grocery stores offer senior discounts on certain days. Some local independent grocery stores will offer small discounts too, so it never hurts to ask your go-to market about senior deals.

You may also want to look for these commonly offered discounts to save money on food:

•   Fred Meyer: 10% off on select items on the first Tuesday of every month for those 55 and older.

•   New Seasons: 10% off for seniors on Wednesdays on select items.

•   Hy-Vee: 5% off on Wednesdays for seniors at participating locations.

💡 Quick Tip: If you’re creating a budget, try the 50/30/20 budget rule. Allocate 50% of your after-tax income to the “needs” of life, like living expenses and debt. Spend 30% on wants, and then save the remaining 20% towards saving for your long-term goals.

Senior Deals on Movie Tickets

Major movie chains often offer great discounts on tickets for seniors. Some deals are all day every day, while others require going on a specified day and/or block of time.

Regal, for instance, offers 20% off for AARP members purchasing tickets online, plus discounts on popcorn and other snacks.

Another example is Showcase Cinemas, which usually offers lower-priced tickets to adults 60 and over (as well as deals on popcorn and drinks) on Wednesdays.

Local, independent theaters also commonly offer discounted tickets to seniors, so it’s always worthwhile asking.

Senior Discounts at Drug Stores

Almost every pharmacy out there is interested in getting your business, and offers some sort of senior discount program.

Rite Aid, Costco, CVS, and Walgreens all commonly offer types of membership programs (and sometimes also special monthly discount days) for older adults with savings that can really add up.

It can also be wise to check for discounts with local, independent pharmacies for senior deals as well — they’re not always advertised.

Recommended: Ways to Cut Back on Spending

Senior Cell Phone Savings

T-Mobile, AT&T, and Verizon all typically offer cell phone plans with senior discounts.

If you’re 55 or older, you can very likely get a good deal on a plan.

Some smaller carriers also provide special services and more ways to save. For instance, Consumer Cellular, which already offers affordable, customizable, no-contract plans, has an established relationship with AARP, so there’s a discount on monthly service for any existing member.

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The Takeaway

You might not even think to look for, let alone ask for, a “senior discount” if you’re under age 65. But if you’re 50 or older, you may be missing out on a great way to cut back on spending.

Senior discounts are offered by many retailers, movie theaters, airlines, rental cars, cell phone carriers, restaurants and more.

Some are tied to AARP membership (available to those 50+ for a small annual fee), while others are offered independently, with varying age limitations. Whatever you save could help build your savings or help you make special purchases for less.

Better banking is here with SoFi, NerdWallet’s 2024 winner for Best Checking Account Overall. Enjoy up to 4.60% APY on SoFi Checking and Savings.


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SoFi members with Qualifying Deposits can earn 4.60% APY on savings balances (including Vaults) and 0.50% APY on checking balances. Qualifying Deposits means one or more deposits that, in the aggregate, are equal to or greater than $5,000 to an account holder’s SoFi Checking and Savings account (“Qualifying Deposits”) during a 30-day Evaluation Period (as defined below). Qualifying Deposits only include those deposits from the following eligible sources: (i) ACH transfers, (ii) inbound wire transfers, (iii) peer-to-peer transfers (i.e., external transfers from PayPal, Venmo, etc. and internal peer-to-peer transfers from a SoFi account belonging to another account holder), (iv) check deposits, (v) instant funding to your SoFi Bank Debit Card, (vi) push payments to your SoFi Bank Debit Card, and (vii) cash deposits. Qualifying Deposits do not include: (i) transfers between an account holder’s Checking account, Savings account, and/or Vaults; (ii) interest payments; (iii) bonuses issued by SoFi Bank or its affiliates; or (iv) credits, reversals, and refunds from SoFi Bank, N.A. (“SoFi Bank”) or from a merchant.

SoFi Bank shall, in its sole discretion, assess each account holder’s Direct Deposit activity and Qualifying Deposits throughout each 30-Day Evaluation Period to determine the applicability of rates and may request additional documentation for verification of eligibility. The 30-Day Evaluation Period refers to the “Start Date” and “End Date” set forth on the APY Details page of your account, which comprises a period of 30 calendar days (the “30-Day Evaluation Period”). You can access the APY Details page at any time by logging into your SoFi account on the SoFi mobile app or SoFi website and selecting either (i) Banking > Savings > Current APY or (ii) Banking > Checking > Current APY. Upon receiving a Direct Deposit or $5,000 in Qualifying Deposits to your account, you will begin earning 4.60% APY on savings balances (including Vaults) and 0.50% on checking balances on or before the following calendar day. You will continue to earn these APYs for (i) the remainder of the current 30-Day Evaluation Period and through the end of the subsequent 30-Day Evaluation Period and (ii) any following 30-day Evaluation Periods during which SoFi Bank determines you to have Direct Deposit activity or $5,000 in Qualifying Deposits without interruption.

SoFi Bank reserves the right to grant a grace period to account holders following a change in Direct Deposit activity or Qualifying Deposits activity before adjusting rates. If SoFi Bank grants you a grace period, the dates for such grace period will be reflected on the APY Details page of your account. If SoFi Bank determines that you did not have Direct Deposit activity or $5,000 in Qualifying Deposits during the current 30-day Evaluation Period and, if applicable, the grace period, then you will begin earning the rates earned by account holders without either Direct Deposit or Qualifying Deposits until you have Direct Deposit activity or $5,000 in Qualifying Deposits in a subsequent 30-Day Evaluation Period. For the avoidance of doubt, an account holder with both Direct Deposit activity and Qualifying Deposits will earn the rates earned by account holders with Direct Deposit.

Members without either Direct Deposit activity or Qualifying Deposits, as determined by SoFi Bank, during a 30-Day Evaluation Period and, if applicable, the grace period, will earn 1.20% APY on savings balances (including Vaults) and 0.50% APY on checking balances.

Interest rates are variable and subject to change at any time. These rates are current as of 10/24/2023. There is no minimum balance requirement. Additional information can be found at https://www.sofi.com/legal/banking-rate-sheet.


Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

Third-Party Brand Mentions: No brands, products, or companies mentioned are affiliated with SoFi, nor do they endorse or sponsor this article. Third-party trademarks referenced herein are property of their respective owners.

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What Is a Pension Plan & How Does It Work?

A pension plan is a retirement plan offered by employers that guarantees income to workers after retirement. Pension plans are also known as defined-benefit plans because the monthly benefits the worker will receive during retirement is defined.

When defining those benefits, a pension may offer an exact dollar amount to be paid in retirement, such as $100 per month. But more often, the benefit involves calculating a number of factors, including how much the worker earned while working, how long they served the company, and how senior they were when they retired.

How to Get a Pension Plan

Unlike other different types of retirement plans, such as IRAs and Roth IRAs, an investor who wants to save for retirement can’t just go out and invest in a pension. Like 401(k)s, pensions need to be offered by an employer.

While pension plans were once a mainstay of how companies took care of their workers, they’ve become increasingly rare in recent decades. Only a small relative percentage of private sector employers offered some form of pension to their employees as of 2023.

The biggest reason why companies no longer offer pensions is that it’s cheaper for them to offer defined contribution plans, such as 401(k) or 403(b) plans. But if an American works for the federal, state or local government, there’s a good chance that they may qualify for a pension. Among state and local government workers who participate in a retirement savings plan, a majority are in a pension plan.

How Pension Plans Differ from Other Retirement Plans

The key difference between pension plans and other retirement plans comes down to the difference between a “defined benefit” plan like a pension, and a “defined contribution” plan.

In a defined benefit plan, such as a pension, it’s clear how much workers will receive. In a defined contribution plan, it’s conversely clear to employees how much they put into it. Unlike a pension, a defined contribution plan doesn’t promise a given amount of benefits once the employee retires.

There are some plans, such as a 401(k) plan or 403(b) plans, in which an employer has the option to contribute. They are not, however, required to. In these plans, the employee and possibly the employer will invest in the employee’s tax-advantaged retirement account. At the time of the employee’s eventual retirement, the amount in the fund can depend heavily on how well the investments in the account performed.

There are still other retirement plans, like IRAs and Roth IRAs, which a worker can also fund. Like 401(k) plans, the ultimate payout often depends largely on the performance of the investments in the plan. But unlike 401(k)s, an employer isn’t involved or required to sponsor an IRA.

One big advantage that pensions have over defined contribution plans is that pensions are guaranteed by the federal government through the Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation. It effectively guarantees the benefits of pension-plan participants. But the PBGC does not cover people with defined contribution plans.

Recommended: What Is a Money Purchase Pension Plan (MPPP)?

What to Do If You Have a Pension Plan

Workers with pension plans should talk to a representative in their human resources department and find out what the plan entitles them to. Every pension plan is unique. An employee may benefit from looking into the specifics, especially in terms of how much the plan might pay, whether it includes health and medical benefits, and what kind of benefits it will offer a spouse or family members if the worker dies first.

For someone just starting in their career, they may also want to ask when their pension benefits vest. In many plans, the benefits vest immediately, while others vest in stages, over the course of as many as seven years, which could affect their plans to move on to a new job or company.

One way to get a better handle on what a pension may pay over time is to inquire about the unit benefit formula. Utilizing that formula is how an employer tallies up its eventual contribution to a pension plan based on years of service.

Most often, the formula will use a percentage of the worker’s average annual earnings, and multiply it by their years of service to determine how much the employee will receive. But an employee can use it themselves to see how much they might expect to receive after 20 or 30 years of service.

Pros of a Pension Plan

Perhaps the biggest pro of a defined-benefit plan is the guarantee of predictable income from the day a worker retires until the day they die. That’s the core promise that the PBGC protects.

Many pension plans also include related medical and other benefits for the employee, as well as related benefits for surviving spouses. Those benefits vary widely from plan to plan and are worth investigating for workers with a pension. Employees who are considering a new role in an organization that offers a pension should also research such features.

A defined contribution plan can also motivate the worker to regularly calculate the amount they’ll have to live on after they retire, and when they can retire. That can open up questions about what they’ll do if they get sick or need at-home care. And by asking those questions, they can look into things like supplemental medical insurance or long-term care insurance, in order to better protect themselves down the road.

Cons of a Pension Plan

But the greatest strength of a pension plan — its reliability and its guarantee — can also be its biggest weakness from a planning standpoint. That’s because a pension can give would-be retirees a false sense of security.

A pension, with its well-insured promise of income, can lead people to ignore important questions and avoid strict budgeting for basic living expenses. That flat monthly income can also lead people to believe that their expenses will be the same each month.

And that can lead retirees to avoid planning for increased overall living expenses due to the effects of inflation or sudden, unexpected expenses that inevitably crop up. There’s also the likelihood that their expenses later in life could be significantly higher, as they’re able to accomplish fewer daily necessities themselves.

That’s why, regardless of how thorough a pension plan is, it can pay to save for retirement in other ways, including through a 401(k), IRA or Roth IRA. Just because a worker has a pension, that doesn’t mean that it’s the only retirement plan that’s right for them. And employees will benefit from preparing for retirement early.

The Takeaway

Pension plans are a type of savings plan that are offered by employers, potentially guaranteeing income to workers after they retire. Pension plans are defined-benefit plans, and differ in some key ways from IRAs or 401(k)s. Pensions have become less common in recent decades, and they have their pros and cons, like any other financial product or service.

Workers could get started investing today by opening an account with SoFi Invest®. SoFi Invest offers an active investing platform that allows users to choose their stocks and ETFs without paying commissions, but other fees apply.

SoFi Invest also offers an automated investing solution that invests users’ money based on their goals and risk tolerance without charging a advisory fee.

For a limited time, opening and funding an Active Invest account gives you the opportunity to get up to $1,000 in the stock of your choice.


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Neither the Investment Advisor Representatives of SoFi Wealth, nor the Registered Representatives of SoFi Securities are compensated for the sale of any product or service sold through any SoFi Invest platform.

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

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11 Financial Steps to Take After a Spouse’s Death

11 Financial Planning Steps to Take After a Spouse’s Death

The death of a spouse can be one of the hardest things a person ever has to go through. It can be extremely difficult to process how we feel during such a difficult time. In addition, losing a spouse can also cause financial strain.

Depending on the circumstances, it could mean a loss of income or a bigger tax bill. Fortunately, there are certain steps you can take to avoid the worst impacts of an already precarious situation.

Here. you’ll learn 11 financial steps to take after a spouse’s death. This insight can help as you move through a deeply challenging time.

The Difficulty of Losing a Spouse

As you navigate this difficult and uncertain time, it’s important to surround yourself with the right people. A spouse can be someone’s biggest source of emotional support, and you may need someone to provide that support where your spouse would have in the past.

Who that person might be won’t be the same for everyone. Perhaps you have a relative or a close friend who will be there for you. If necessary and if you have the means, you could also consider working with a professional therapist. For many people, the best solution will be to talk to a few people.

During this time of tremendous grief and stress, it can be wise to remember to take care of yourself. While there will be a lot to manage during this time, it’s important to get the rest, good nutrition, and the other forms of self-care that you need.

11 Financial Steps to Take After Losing a Spouse

Taking the right steps after losing a spouse can help you avoid financial stress later. You should ensure you have documents in order, update records, and submit applications as necessary.

Here are 11 steps that will help with this endeavor and can provide a form of financial self-care as you get these matters under control.

1. Organize Documents

One of your first steps should be to gather and organize documents. You may need several documents, such as a birth certificate, death certificate, and marriage license. You will likely want to order or make several copies of each, as you might need them multiple times as you work through the steps ahead.

2. Update Financial Accounts

You may have several financial accounts that need updating, especially if you and your spouse had joint finances. For example, you might have checking, savings, and investment accounts with both names. You might also have credit cards in both names. Contact the financial institution for each account and let them know it needs updating.

3. Review Your Spouse’s Estate and Will

Review your spouse’s estate and will to see how their assets should be handled. Their planning documents, such as a will, are usually filed with an attorney or held in a safety deposit box. Contact the attorney with whom your spouse filed the documents to find the paperwork if necessary.

If they didn’t already have a will or estate plan, you can work with an attorney to determine next steps. State law will likely play a role in determining how assets are managed. Working with a lawyer skilled in this area can be an important aspect of financial planning after the death of a spouse.

4. Review Retirement Accounts

Your spouse may have left retirement accounts, such as a 401(k) or individual retirement account (IRA). Check whether you are the beneficiary of your spouse’s retirement accounts. If you are the beneficiary of any of them, you will need to establish that with the institution holding the account. When that’s settled, it will likely be up to you to determine how to handle the funds.

While it is possible to transfer all of the money to your accounts, that isn’t always the best move. For instance, if you roll a 401(k) into your IRA and need the money before age 59½, there will be a 10% penalty on the withdrawal. There may be tax consequences, too.

In some cases, the best choice may be to leave the money where it is until you reach retirement age, if you haven’t already.

5. Consider Your Tax Situation

A spouse’s death can also create tax complications. For example, the tax brackets when filing as an individual are lower than those for married couples filing jointly. If you are still working, you might find yourself suddenly in a higher tax bracket, especially if you are the breadwinner. As a result, you might decide to reduce your taxable income by putting more money in a traditional IRA or 401(k).

6. Review Social Security Benefits

Another financial step to take after a spouse’s death: Review Social Security benefits if your partner was already receiving them. If you’re working with a funeral director, check if they notified the Social Security Administration of your spouse’s passing; if not, you may take steps to do so by calling 800-772-1213.

If you were both receiving benefits, you might be able to receive a higher benefit in the future. Which option makes the most sense depends on each of your incomes.

For instance, if your spouse made significantly more, you might opt for a survivor benefit.

Recommended: 9 Common Social Security Myths

7. Apply for Survivor Benefits

Survivor benefits let you claim an amount as much as 100% of your spouse’s Social Security benefit. For instance, if you are a widow or widower and are at your full retirement age, you can claim 100% of the deceased worker’s benefit. Another option is to apply for a survivor benefits now and receive the other, higher benefit later.

You can learn more about survivors benefits on the Social Security website.

8. Review Your Budget

If you had joint finances with your spouse, you should revise your budget. Chances are, both your expenses and your income have changed. While you may have lost the income your spouse earned, your Social Security benefits may have increased.

Your revised budget should reflect all these changes and reflect how to make ends meet in your new situation. This kind of financial planning after the death of the spouse can be invaluable as you move forward.

9. Downsize if Necessary

As you review your budget, you may realize your living expenses will be too much to cover without your spouse’s income. Maybe you want a fresh start, or maybe you decide the big house you owned together is too much space these days. You might move into a smaller house and sell a car you no longer need.

Whatever the case, downsizing your life can be a way to not only lower costs but also simplify things as you enter this new phase. Financial planning for widows

10. File a Life Insurance Claim

If your spouse had a life insurance policy with you as the beneficiary, now is the time to file a claim. It might include a life insurance death benefit. You can start by contacting your insurance agent or company. Life insurance claims can sometimes take time to process, so it’s best to submit the claim as soon as possible.

Your spouse might have had multiple policies as well, such as an individual policy and a group policy through work. You might have to do some research and file multiple claims as a result. And, once you receive a life insurance benefit, you will need to make a decision about the best place for that money.

11. Meet With a Financial Advisor

These steps might be a lot to process, and you might feel overwhelmed thinking about everything you must do. And you may not know the best way to handle the myriad decisions — benefits, retirement accounts, investments, etc. You likely don’t want to make an unwise decision, nor wind up raising your taxes.

Fortunately, some financial advisors specialize in this very situation. It can be worth meeting with one at this moment in your life, at least for a consultation. They can help you decide how to handle your assets as you move forward and help you do some financial planning for widows. That can help to both reduce your money stress and set you up for a more secure future.

The Takeaway

For many people, there is nothing more emotionally challenging than losing a spouse. It can also be a financially challenging time as well. As you navigate this difficult time, there is no shame in seeking a helping hand. By taking steps like reviewing estate plans, filing a life insurance claim, and applying for survivor benefits, you can take control of your finances as you move into this new stage of life.

3 Money Tips

1.    If you’re saving for a short-term goal — whether it’s a vacation, a wedding, or the down payment on a house — consider opening a high-yield savings account. The higher APY that you’ll earn will help your money grow faster, but the funds stay liquid, so they are easy to access when you reach your goal

2.    When you feel the urge to buy something that isn’t in your budget, try the 30-day rule. Make a note of the item in your calendar for 30 days into the future. When the date rolls around, there’s a good chance the “gotta have it” feeling will have subsided.

3.    When you overdraft your checking account, you’ll likely pay a non-sufficient fund fee of, say, $35. Look into linking a savings account to your checking account as a backup to avoid that, or shop around for a bank that doesn’t charge you for overdrafting.

Better banking is here with SoFi, NerdWallet’s 2024 winner for Best Checking Account Overall. Enjoy up to 4.60% APY on SoFi Checking and Savings.

FAQ

Which is the most important financial step to take after a spouse’s death?

There isn’t one single step that is most important. However, filing insurance claims, reviewing your spouse’s will, applying for any survivor benefits, and updating financial accounts are among some of the important moves to make.

How can I help a widow financially?

How you can help a widow depends on your expertise and how long it has been since the widow lost their spouse. If the death happened recently, they might still need help submitting documents and updating accounts. However, they might need emotional support long after that process is done.

Are there any tax breaks for widows?

Widows may qualify for certain tax breaks, such as state property tax credits. Check with your state’s department of revenue to find out what tax breaks are available, if any.


Photo credit: iStock/martin-dm

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SoFi members with direct deposit activity can earn 4.60% annual percentage yield (APY) on savings balances (including Vaults) and 0.50% APY on checking balances. Direct Deposit means a deposit to an account holder’s SoFi Checking or Savings account, including payroll, pension, or government payments (e.g., Social Security), made by the account holder’s employer, payroll or benefits provider or government agency (“Direct Deposit”) via the Automated Clearing House (“ACH”) Network during a 30-day Evaluation Period (as defined below). Deposits that are not from an employer or government agency, including but not limited to check deposits, peer-to-peer transfers (e.g., transfers from PayPal, Venmo, etc.), merchant transactions (e.g., transactions from PayPal, Stripe, Square, etc.), and bank ACH funds transfers and wire transfers from external accounts, do not constitute Direct Deposit activity. There is no minimum Direct Deposit amount required to qualify for the stated interest rate.

SoFi members with Qualifying Deposits can earn 4.60% APY on savings balances (including Vaults) and 0.50% APY on checking balances. Qualifying Deposits means one or more deposits that, in the aggregate, are equal to or greater than $5,000 to an account holder’s SoFi Checking and Savings account (“Qualifying Deposits”) during a 30-day Evaluation Period (as defined below). Qualifying Deposits only include those deposits from the following eligible sources: (i) ACH transfers, (ii) inbound wire transfers, (iii) peer-to-peer transfers (i.e., external transfers from PayPal, Venmo, etc. and internal peer-to-peer transfers from a SoFi account belonging to another account holder), (iv) check deposits, (v) instant funding to your SoFi Bank Debit Card, (vi) push payments to your SoFi Bank Debit Card, and (vii) cash deposits. Qualifying Deposits do not include: (i) transfers between an account holder’s Checking account, Savings account, and/or Vaults; (ii) interest payments; (iii) bonuses issued by SoFi Bank or its affiliates; or (iv) credits, reversals, and refunds from SoFi Bank, N.A. (“SoFi Bank”) or from a merchant.

SoFi Bank shall, in its sole discretion, assess each account holder’s Direct Deposit activity and Qualifying Deposits throughout each 30-Day Evaluation Period to determine the applicability of rates and may request additional documentation for verification of eligibility. The 30-Day Evaluation Period refers to the “Start Date” and “End Date” set forth on the APY Details page of your account, which comprises a period of 30 calendar days (the “30-Day Evaluation Period”). You can access the APY Details page at any time by logging into your SoFi account on the SoFi mobile app or SoFi website and selecting either (i) Banking > Savings > Current APY or (ii) Banking > Checking > Current APY. Upon receiving a Direct Deposit or $5,000 in Qualifying Deposits to your account, you will begin earning 4.60% APY on savings balances (including Vaults) and 0.50% on checking balances on or before the following calendar day. You will continue to earn these APYs for (i) the remainder of the current 30-Day Evaluation Period and through the end of the subsequent 30-Day Evaluation Period and (ii) any following 30-day Evaluation Periods during which SoFi Bank determines you to have Direct Deposit activity or $5,000 in Qualifying Deposits without interruption.

SoFi Bank reserves the right to grant a grace period to account holders following a change in Direct Deposit activity or Qualifying Deposits activity before adjusting rates. If SoFi Bank grants you a grace period, the dates for such grace period will be reflected on the APY Details page of your account. If SoFi Bank determines that you did not have Direct Deposit activity or $5,000 in Qualifying Deposits during the current 30-day Evaluation Period and, if applicable, the grace period, then you will begin earning the rates earned by account holders without either Direct Deposit or Qualifying Deposits until you have Direct Deposit activity or $5,000 in Qualifying Deposits in a subsequent 30-Day Evaluation Period. For the avoidance of doubt, an account holder with both Direct Deposit activity and Qualifying Deposits will earn the rates earned by account holders with Direct Deposit.

Members without either Direct Deposit activity or Qualifying Deposits, as determined by SoFi Bank, during a 30-Day Evaluation Period and, if applicable, the grace period, will earn 1.20% APY on savings balances (including Vaults) and 0.50% APY on checking balances.

Interest rates are variable and subject to change at any time. These rates are current as of 10/24/2023. There is no minimum balance requirement. Additional information can be found at https://www.sofi.com/legal/banking-rate-sheet.


Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

External Websites: The information and analysis provided through hyperlinks to third-party websites, while believed to be accurate, cannot be guaranteed by SoFi. Links are provided for informational purposes and should not be viewed as an endorsement.

Tax Information: This article provides general background information only and is not intended to serve as legal or tax advice or as a substitute for legal counsel. You should consult your own attorney and/or tax advisor if you have a question requiring legal or tax advice.

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