A market sell-off occurs when a large pool of investors decide to sell stocks. When they do this, stock prices fall as a result. A market sell-off may be due to external events, such as public health emergencies or natural disasters. But sometimes, sell-offs can be triggered by earnings reports that failed expectations, technological disruption, or internal shifts within an industry.
During a market sell-off, stock prices tumble. That stock volatility might lead other investors to wonder whether they should sell as well, whether they should hold their current investments, or whether they should buy while stock prices are low. There are a lot of things to consider.
Understanding Bull Markets vs Bear Markets
Understanding the overall stock market environment can help investors understand how sell-offs exist within the market.
It’s not uncommon to see references to a bull market and a bear market. A bull market is when the stock market is showing gains. There are no specific levels of increase that indicates a bull market, but the phrase is commonly used when stocks are “charging ahead” — and is generally considered a good thing.
A bear market, on the other hand, is typically used to describe situations when major indexes fall 20% or more from their recent peak, and remain there for at least two months.
💡 Looking for more differences? Check out our bear vs bull market comparison.
There are also “corrections.” This is when the market falls 10% or more from a recent stock market high. Market corrections are called such because historically, they “correct” prices to a longer-term trend, rather than hold them at a high that’s not sustainable. Sometimes, corrections turn into a bear market. Other times, corrections reach a low and then begin to climb back to a more level price, avoiding a bear market.
What to Do During a Market Sell-Off
A sell-off can make news, and can make investors feel on-edge. After all, investors don’t want to lose money and some investors fear that a sell-off portends more bad news, like a bear market.
Other investors see sell-offs as an opportunity to buy stocks at lower prices before the market bounces back. But a sell-off or correction may not trigger a dramatic change in every investor’s portfolio. That’s because a sell-off or correction may be limited to a certain market sector or group of stocks, such as if a tariff impacted select companies.
So, what should an investor do during a market sell-off? That depends on the goals of an investor. Market sell-offs are “normal” fluctuations of the market, and investors who have a diversified portfolio may not do anything. Others may choose to either buy or sell—and neither decision is one-size-fits-all.
Pros & Cons of Selling During a Sell-Off
Some investors may get spooked and sell stocks in fear that the market will slide further. But while taking money out of the market may give investors confidence and cash in their pockets, removing money from the market might make it hard for investors to decide when to re-invest in the market in the future. As a result, they may miss opportunities to take advantage of compounding interest in investments.
Pros & Cons of Buying During a Sell-Off
Other investors may see a sell-off as an opportunity to invest when the market is down. They might buy stocks at a lower price, then wait for the market to bounce back. But a market sell-off may not necessarily be the optimum time to buy stocks, especially if it’s unclear what’s driving the sell-off.
Many investors pride themselves on their perceived ability to “time the market,” or buy stocks right before they begin to rise again. But the truth is that “timing the market” often relies on luck, deep knowledge of the industry, timing, or a combination of all three.
For many investors, the best way to “time” the market may be to invest when they can afford to do so in a diversified portfolio, and allow their money to ride out the highs and lows of market movements.
Why Risk Tolerance Matters During Market Sell-Offs
Understanding your own risk tolerance — and investment goals — can help an investor decide how to handle a market sell-off. Risk tolerance is the amount of risk an investor is willing to take, and depends on several factors.
• Risk capacity. This is your ability to handle a risk. For example, people who are depending on their investment portfolio to fund their lives, such as retirees, may have a lower risk tolerance than young people who have years for their portfolio to make up losses.
• Benchmarks. Are there benchmarks their portfolio has to hit at set periods of time so that their portfolio reaches the goals they have set?
• Emotional tolerance. All investors have different emotional capacity for risk tolerance, that may be independent from the actual amount of money within the portfolio.
Understanding your personal risk tolerance can help you build an investment portfolio that may be less vulnerable to market sell-offs and can also give you less trepidation during a sell-off.
💡 Quick Tip: When people talk about investment risk, they mean the risk of losing money. Some investments are higher risk, some are lower. Be sure to bear this in mind when investing online.
How Diversification Can Help Protect a Portfolio From Sell-Offs
A portfolio diversification strategy may be different between investors, but the underlying logic of any diversification strategy is that they shouldn’t put all of their eggs in one basket. Since it’s not unusual for a sell-off to affect only parts of the market, a diverse portfolio may be able to better ride out a market sell-off than a portfolio that is particularly weighted toward one sector, industry, or exchange.
Some investors may diversify with a range of assets in their portfolio. Others may diversify their portfolio with a range of domestic and international stocks. And others may see diversification as a way to invest beyond the market, such as investing directly in real estate, art, or other different types of alternative investments that are independent of market movement.
Another way some investors ensure diversification within their portfolio is to focus the majority of their portfolio on exchange-traded funds (ETFs) and mutual funds, instead of individual stocks. ETFs and mutual funds can contain hundreds or even thousands of securities across asset classes, which can potentially make the fund less vulnerable to market dips.
Protecting a Portfolio From Sell-Offs
In addition to building a portfolio that’s less vulnerable to market volatility, investors have several options to further protect their portfolio. These preventative investment measures can remove emotion during a market dip or sell-off, so that an investor knows that there are stopgaps and safeguards for their portfolio.
Stop Losses
This is an automatic trade order that investors can set up so that shares of a certain stock are automatically traded or sold when they hit a price predetermined by an investor. This can protect an investment for an individual stock or for an overall market drop. There are several stop loss order variants, including a hard stop (the trade will execute when the stock reaches a set price) and a trailing stop (the price to trade changes as the price of the stock increases).
Put Options
Put options are another type of order that allow investors to sell at a set price during a certain time frame; “holding” the price if the stock drops lower and allowing the investor to sell at the higher price even if the stock drops further.
Limit Orders
Investors can also set limit orders. These allow an investor to choose the price and number of shares they wish to buy of a certain stock. The trade will only execute if the stock hits the set price. This allows investors freedom from tracking numbers as price points shift.
💡 Quick Tip: When you’re actively investing in stocks, it’s important to ask what types of fees you might have to pay. For example, brokers may charge a flat fee for trading stocks, or require some commission for every trade. Taking the time to manage investment costs can be beneficial over the long term.
The Takeaway
A market sell-off is triggered when a large group of investors sell their stocks at once, causing stock prices to drop. A sell-off can be caused by world events, industry changes, or even corporate news.
There is no single smart way to react to a sell-off. Different investors will gravitate toward different strategies. But by researching companies and setting up a portfolio based on risk tolerance, an investor can feel confident that their portfolio can withstand market volatility.
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