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Which Debt to Pay Off First: Student Loan or Credit Card

It’s a common dilemma: Should you pay off credit cards or student loans first? The answer isn’t totally cut and dried. But if your credit card interest rates are higher than your student loan interest rates, paying down credit cards first will probably save you more money in interest.

But don’t stop there. Keep reading to learn how to calculate what’s best for your situation, and why. Along the way, you’ll learn more about how credit cards work, the complexities of student loans, and two very different strategies for paying down debt.

Prioritizing Your Debts

Experts are split over the best debt to pay off first. Some recommend you tackle the smallest balance first because of the psychological boost that comes from erasing a debt entirely.

However, from a purely financial standpoint, you’re better off paying off the debt that carries the highest interest rate first. That’s because the higher the interest rate, and the longer you hold the debt, the more you end up paying overall. This usually means tackling high-interest credit card debt first.

Keep in mind that prioritizing one debt over another does not mean that you stop paying the less urgent bill. It’s important to stay on top of all debts, making at least minimum monthly payment on each.

Failing to make bill payments can hurt your credit score, which can have all sorts of effects down the road. For example, a poor credit score can make it difficult to secure new loans at low rates when you want to buy a new car or home, or to take out a business loan.

You might consider setting up automatic payments on your loans. Automatic payments can make it easier to pay bills on time and juggle multiple payments.

If you’re having trouble making your monthly payments, consider strategies to make your payments more manageable, such as refinancing.

Student Loan vs Credit Card Debt

Before we get into if it’s better to pay off credit cards or student loans first, let’s look at how each debt is structured.

Student Loan Debt

A student loan is a type of installment loan used to pay for tuition and related schooling expenses for undergraduate or postgraduate study. Borrowers receive a lump sum, which they agree to pay back with interest in regular installments, usually monthly, over a predetermined period of time. In this way, student loans are similar to other installment loans such as mortgages, car loans, and personal loans.

At a high level, there are two types of student loans: federal and private. The U.S. government is the single largest source of student loans. Federal student loans have low fixed interest rates: Current rates are 4.99% for undergrad loans, and 7.44% for graduate and professional loans. These loans come with protections like income-driven repayment plans, deferment and forbearance, and loan forgiveness.

Private student loans are managed by banks, credit unions, and online lenders. They may have a fixed or variable interest rate, which is tied to the borrower’s credit score and income. Average interest rates range from 3.22% to 13.95% for a fixed rate, and from 1.29% to 12.99% for variable.

Private student loans don’t come with the same protections as federal student loans. For instance, they are not eligible for President Biden’s loan forgiveness plan.

Payback timelines vary widely. As with other loans, the longer your repayment timeline, the lower your monthly payment will be — but you’ll pay more in interest over the life of the loan. The shorter your repayment period, the larger your monthly payment, and the less interest you’ll pay.

Recommended: Types of Federal Student Loans

Credit Card Debt

Credit cards offer a type of revolving credit, where account holders can borrow money as needed up to a set maximum. You can either pay off the balance in full or make minimum monthly payments on the account. Any remaining balance accrues interest.

Credit cards usually come with higher interest rates than installment loans. The average credit card interest rate in September 2022 was 21.59%. But an individual credit card holder’s rate depends on their credit score. People with Excellent credit will pay an average of 18.04%, while those with Bad credit will pay closer to 25.14%.

Depending how the account is managed, credit card debt can be either very expensive or essentially free. If you always pay off credit cards in full each month, no interest usually accrues. However, if you make only minimum payments, your debt can spiral upward.

Recommended: Taking Out a Personal Loan to Pay Off Credit Card Debt

Should I Pay Off Credit Card or Student Loan First?

When it comes to student loan vs credit card debt, there’s no universal answer that fits everyone in every situation. A number of factors can tip the scales one way or another, especially the interest rates on your loan and credit card.

We’ll explore two scenarios: one in which paying off credit cards is the best move, and another where student loans get priority.

The Case for Paying Down Credit Cards First

If you are carrying high-interest credit card debt, you’ll likely want to focus on paying off credit cards first. As you saw above, the average credit card interest rate (21.59%) is significantly higher than the maximum student loan interest rate (13.95%). Even if your credit card interest rate is lower than average, it’s unlikely to be much lower than your student loan’s rate.

Credit card debt can add up quickly, and the higher the interest rate, the faster your debt can accumulate. Making minimum payments still means you’re accruing interest on your balance. And as that interest compounds (as you pay interest on your interest), your balance can get more difficult to pay off.

A high balance can also hurt your credit score, which is partially determined by how much outstanding debt you owe.

Paying Off Credit Card Debt

Once you decide to focus on paying off credit cards first, start by finding extra funds to send to the cause. Look for places in your budget where you can cut costs, and direct any savings to paying down your cards. Also consider earmarking bonuses, tax refunds, and gifts of cash for your credit card payment.

Next, make a list of your credit card balances in order of highest interest rate to lowest. The Debt Avalanche method refers to paying off the credit card with the highest interest rate first, then taking on the credit card with the next highest rate.

It bears repeating that focusing on one debt doesn’t mean you put off the others. Don’t forget to make minimum payments on your other cards while you put extra effort into one individual card.

You may also choose to use a Debt Snowball strategy. When using this method, order your credit cards from smallest to largest balance. Pay off the card with the smallest balance first. Once you do, move on to the card with the next smallest balance, adding the payment from the card you paid off to the payment you’re already making on that card.

The idea here is that, like a snowball rolling down a hill gets bigger and faster as it rolls, the momentum of paying off debt in this way can help you stay motivated and pay it off quicker.

Managing Your Student Loans

Meanwhile, it’s important that you continue making regular student loan payments while you’re prioritizing your credit card debt. For one thing, you shouldn’t just stop paying your student loans. If you do, federal student loans go into default after 270 days (about 9 months). From there, your loans can go to a collections agency, which may charge you fees for recouping your debt. The government can also garnish your wages or your tax return.

You can, however, typically adjust your student loan repayment plan to make monthly payments more manageable. If you have federal loans, consider an income-driven repayment plan, which bases your monthly payment on your discretionary income.

While this may reduce your monthly student loan payments, it extends your loan term to 20 to 25 years. That can end up costing you more in interest. So make sure the extra interest payments don’t outweigh the benefits of paying down your credit card debt first.

Refinancing Your Student Loans

It can also be a smart idea to refinance student loans. When you refinance a loan or multiple loans, a lender pays off your current loans and provides you with a new one, ideally at a lower rate.

You can use refinancing to serve a couple of purposes. One option is to lower your monthly payment by lengthening the loan term. This can free up some room in your budget, making it easier to stay on top of your monthly payments and redirect money to credit card payments. Just remember that lengthening the loan term can result in you paying more interest over the course of your loan.

Or you can shorten your loan term instead. This can be a good way to kick your student loan repayment into overdrive. Your payments will increase, but you’ll reduce the cost of interest over the life of the loan. In other words, you’re giving equal weight to paying off your student loans and your credit card debt.

When you refinance with SoFi, there are no origination or application fees.

To see how refinancing with SoFi can help you tackle your student loan debt, take advantage of our student loan refinancing calculator.

Take control of your debt by refinancing your student loans. You can get a quote from SoFi in as little as two minutes.

FAQ

Should you pay off your student loans or your credit cards first?

The answer depends on a number of factors, especially the interest rates on your loans and credit cards. But if your credit cards carry high interest rates, you’ll likely save more money in interest by paying off your credit cards before your student loans.

What is the best debt to pay off first?

From a purely financial perspective, it’s best to pay off your highest interest-rate debt first. This is called the Debt Avalanche method. Paying off the most expensive debt (usually credit cards) first will save you the most money in interest.

Is it smart to pay off credit card debt with student loans?

This is probably not a good idea. First of all, paying off credit cards with student loans may violate your student loan agreement, which limits the use of funds to tuition and related expenses. If you use a credit card exclusively for educational expenses like textbooks and computers, you might be able to use loan funds to pay it off. However, you should check your loan agreement carefully to make sure this is allowed.


SoFi Loan Products
SoFi loans are originated by SoFi Bank, N.A., NMLS #696891 (Member FDIC). For additional product-specific legal and licensing information, see SoFi.com/legal. Equal Housing Lender.


SoFi Student Loan Refinance
If you are a federal student loan borrower, you should consider all of your repayment opportunities including the opportunity to refinance your student loan debt at a lower APR or to extend your term to achieve a lower monthly payment. Please note that once you refinance federal student loans you will no longer be eligible for current or future flexible payment options available to federal loan borrowers, including but not limited to income-based repayment plans or extended repayment plans.


Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

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How Marriage Can Affect Your Student Loan Payments

Editor's Note: For the latest developments regarding federal student loan debt repayment, check out our student debt guide.

Your marriage status can affect your financial life in unexpected ways, and student loans are no exception. If you have an income-driven repayment plan, your spouse’s income might change your monthly payment calculation. But such challenges also present opportunities. For instance, you may be able to rejigger your student loan payments to save money on interest, lower your monthly payment, or shorten your repayment term so you can become debt-free faster.

Here we’ll show you how getting married affects student loans. Learn strategies for restructuring your debts, and tips for saving money that you can put toward other goals.

Marriage and Student Loan Repayments

Your marital status can affect everything from loan payments to tax breaks. Understanding how marriage impacts student loans (yours or your partner’s) can help you craft a new repayment plan and get ahead of your other financial goals. That way, you can focus on more urgent matters, like who’s making dinner tonight.

How Marriage and Student Loans Can Affect Your Taxes

If you paid student loan interest in the previous tax year, you may qualify for a student loan deduction. But your eligibility can change depending on if you are filing jointly or separately.

According to the IRS, as of the 2021 tax year, a single person (or head of household) with a modified adjusted gross income (MAGI) under $85,000 may be able to deduct up to $2,500 of qualified student loan interest paid in a given year. (Eligible MAGI for married filing jointly for this deduction is under $170,000.)

However, if you’re married but filing separately, that student loan interest deduction goes away. You can only take advantage if you file jointly. (See below for other deductions you may not qualify for if filing separately.)

Helping Each Other with Repayments

If you want to help your spouse with their student loan repayment, whether they have private or federal loans, you can. When one spouse takes out a loan before the marriage, typically that loan still belongs to the original borrower. However, you can choose to put both your names on the loan, and be equally responsible for the debt, by refinancing together.

Refinancing student loans gets you a brand-new loan in both your names. At the same time, you may be able to qualify for a lower interest rate or better terms. However, you will forfeit your federal student loan benefits if you refinance federal loans with a private lender.

Marriage Could Complicate Your Income-Driven Repayment Plan

When you’re married and filing separately (vs. jointly), student loan servicers count only your individual income. But if you file jointly and you or your spouse is enrolled in the Revised Pay As You Earn (REPAYE) plan — one of four income-driven repayment plans — you could see your monthly payments increase. When filing your taxes jointly, your combined AGI replaces your individual income in REPAYE’s calculations.

For the three other income-driven repayment plans — Pay As You Earn (PAYE), Income-Based Repayment (IBR), and Income-Contingent Repayment (ICR) — you can potentially avoid higher payments by filing separately. However, when you do this you lose the ability to use the student loan interest deduction.

Filing separately also means you’ll no longer be able to qualify for the Earned Income Tax Credit, the American Opportunity Credit, and Lifetime Learning Credit. There is no one blanket answer for every married couple. Given the complexity of tax law, you’ll want to consult a tax professional to determine which option is best for you both.

Tips for Tackling Student Loan Debt Together

So what’s the best strategy for paying down student loans without letting them come between you and your spouse? Here are five tips to a debt-free happily ever after.

Tip #1: Create Your Big Financial Picture

Preparing to take on a big financial goal usually requires some conversation and preparation upfront. Before making any decisions, sit down and talk about your short- and long-term financial objectives, and make sure you’re both on the same page (or as close to it as possible). This can be an overwhelming topic, so see if you can break it down into chunks.

Have you established a household budget? How do student loans — and paying them off — fit into your long-term and short-term goals? Should you start aggressively paying off debt, or might it be better for you to ramp up over time? What other factors (e.g., buying a home, changing careers, having children) might influence your decisions?

Not only can this exercise give you more clarity to create an action plan, it can also be kind of fun. After all, planning a life together is part of the reason you got married in the first place. The key is to listen to each other.

Tip #2: Take Advantage of Technology

Once you’re clear on the big picture, it’s time to get into the weeds. Many people have more than one student loan, often with multiple lenders, so a good place to start is to gather all of your loan information together. You can use an online student loan management tool (try https://studentaid.gov/loan-simulator/) to compare repayment options and analyze prepayment strategies.

After crunching the numbers, your debt payoff strategy may include putting extra money toward your loans each month, which means creating and sticking to a budget that supports that goal.

Using a debt payoff planner can help you keep track of your debt payments, maintain spending within a budget, and show how close you are to paying off your debt in full. Tracking your spending may not feel good at first, but over time, this kind of discipline can help you see where your money goes and make conscious choices about your spending. Once you have your budget in place, these apps can be set up to alert you both when spending is getting off track.

Tip #3: Define the Who, What, When

Whether your finances are separate or combined, you’ll probably want to come to an agreement on how to collectively pay all of your financial obligations. Many couples address this based on each person’s share of the total household income.

For example, if one person contributes 40% of the household income, and the other 60%, the former might pay 40% of the shared bills and the latter 60%. Others find it simpler and more cohesive to have one household checking account and pay all bills from there. Or you can combine the two tactics, and have each spouse contribute a prorated amount to the joint bank account.

However you decide to split things up, consider setting up automatic payments for all household bills, because missed student loan payments can potentially impact both spouses’ credit. And a weak credit rating can make your future financial objectives tougher to achieve.

Tip #4: Look For Opportunities to Optimize

So now you’ve established a plan and a budget, and you know who’s on point for each bill. You’re on the path to getting student loan debt off your plate. Is there anything else you can do to speed up the process?

Short of winning the lottery, the most common ways to accelerate student loan payoff are prepayment (meaning, paying more than the minimum) or lowering the interest rate, the latter of which is most commonly accomplished through refinancing.

If you qualify to refinance your student loans, you’ll have to decide on your primary goal:

•   Lower your monthly payment by choosing a longer term. This frees up money in your budget, but you’ll potentially pay more in interest over the long term.

•   Lower your interest rate. This saves you money in interest over the long term. (It can also lower your monthly payment, but don’t count on it.)

•   Shorten the repayment period. This can save you money on interest over the life of the loan, and get you debt-free faster.

Tip #5: Be on the Same Team

Living with debt is stressful for any couple. But being in a committed relationship has its advantages. There’s a reason that weight loss experts often recommend finding a “buddy” to help cheer you on and keep you honest on your diet and exercise journey. The same applies to achieving a big financial goal like paying off student loan debt.

Keep it positive and the lines of communication open, and you may find that the journey to being debt-free makes your marriage stronger.

Refinancing Student Loans Separately vs. Jointly

If you and your new spouse decide you want to do more things with your money — have a child, buy a home, or invest more in retirement savings — it may be time to refinance student loans. Once again, you’ll need to run some numbers and decide whether to refinance your student loans together or separately.

When you apply to refinance your student loans, lenders typically evaluate your credit score and financial fitness. This determines your new interest rate and loan terms. The goal is for the new loan to be a better deal than your existing loans.

With a lower interest rate, you can reduce the amount of money you spend over the life of the loan. And with only one monthly student loan payment to worry about, your finances can be easier to manage.

But are you better off going it alone or together?

Refinancing Student Loans Separately

When you’re married, refinancing your student loans separately has pros and cons.

Advantages of refinancing separately Disadvantages of refinancing separately
You’re not responsible for anyone’s debts but your own. Financial responsibility may not be equitably distributed.
You can choose the loan you want, without compromise. If you hit a financial rough spot, you alone are on the hook for payments.
Your own credit score and history determine your interest rate and loan terms. If your credit score is weak, you’ll pay a higher interest rate.

Even if you’re married, refinancing student loans separately may be right for you if any of the following statements are true:

•   Your credit score and history are much stronger than your spouse’s, and you want to qualify for the lowest interest rate possible.

•   You and your spouse have different goals for refinancing — for instance, a lower monthly payment vs. saving money in interest.

•   Your spouse hopes to qualify for Public Service Loan Forgiveness (PSLF).

•   Your spouse is enrolled in an income-based repayment plan or is taking advantage of other federal repayment protections.

•   One of you has a much higher student loan balance, while the other has almost paid off their loans.

Refinancing Student Loans Jointly

On the other hand, there are compelling arguments for being married and refinancing student loans jointly.

Advantages of refinancing jointly Disadvantages of refinancing jointly
One of you is a stay-at-home parent who can’t qualify for refinancing alone. It can be difficult to get out of spousal consolidation if your relationship sours.
You want to simplify your student loans into one single payment. If your spouse dies before the loans are paid off, you’ll have to shoulder the burden alone (federal student loans are forgiven upon death only if held separately).
It’s possible you’ll both benefit from a lower interest rate than you’ll qualify for separately. There are few lenders who allow spousal consolidation of student loans.

Refinancing student loans jointly may be right for you given one of these scenarios:

•   Your credit score and history are much weaker than your spouse’s, and you can’t afford the interest rate and loan terms you qualify for alone.

•   You’re a stay-at-home parent with no earned income, making it difficult to qualify separately.

•   It’s important to both of you to be on the same team financially.

Refinance Student Loans With SoFi

For some couples, a lower interest rate can mean more flexibility and a more manageable repayment plan. After all, the average graduate holds 8-12 student loans. That gives married couples 16-24 different loan payments to make each month. Refinancing together can transform a student loan mess into a single, affordable payment.

To see how refinancing might impact your student loans and your partner’s, take a look at SoFi’s student loan refinance calculator. With SoFi, there are no application or origination fees, and no prepayment penalties.

Thinking about refinancing your student loans? Save thousands of dollars thanks to flexible terms and low fixed or variable rates.

FAQ

Does getting married affect student loan payments for you and your spouse?

If you or your spouse is enrolled in an income-driven repayment plan, you may see your payments increase after marriage. You can potentially avoid higher payments by filing your taxes separately. However, you’ll forfeit the ability to use the student loan interest deduction.

Is my spouse responsible for my student loans?

Loans taken out before the marriage still belong to the original borrower. Your spouse is not responsible for them unless they cosigned the loans with you. You can choose to put both your names on your loans, and be equally responsible for the debt, by refinancing together.

Does marriage affect financial aid?

Marriage typically has a positive effect on qualifying for financial aid. If you are under 24 and married, your parents’ income will no longer be considered in financial aid calculations, but your spouse’s will — this usually means your household income drops. However, if your spouse has significant income or assets, that can negatively affect your eligibility for financial aid.


SoFi Loan Products
SoFi loans are originated by SoFi Bank, N.A., NMLS #696891 (Member FDIC). For additional product-specific legal and licensing information, see SoFi.com/legal. Equal Housing Lender.


SoFi Student Loan Refinance
If you are a federal student loan borrower, you should consider all of your repayment opportunities including the opportunity to refinance your student loan debt at a lower APR or to extend your term to achieve a lower monthly payment. Please note that once you refinance federal student loans you will no longer be eligible for current or future flexible payment options available to federal loan borrowers, including but not limited to income-based repayment plans or extended repayment plans.


Non affiliation: SoFi isn’t affiliated with any of the companies highlighted in this article.

Tax Information: This article provides general background information only and is not intended to serve as legal or tax advice or as a substitute for legal counsel. You should consult your own attorney and/or tax advisor if you have a question requiring legal or tax advice.

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

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Yes! Current Students Can Apply for Biden's Loan Forgiveness

Yes! Current Students Can Apply for Biden’s Loan Forgiveness

Editor's Note: For the latest developments regarding federal student loan debt repayment, check out our student debt guide.

Students currently enrolled in college and graduate school are eligible to apply for forgiveness of up to $20,000 of the federal student loans they’ve received if they meet certain family income requirements, according to information posted by Federal Student Aid (FSA), an office of the U.S. Department of Education (DOE).

When President Joe Biden’s plan for one-time loan cancellation was announced in August, it was clear that college graduates with federal loans were eligible, as were those who had dropped out of college but still needed to pay back their federal loans.

Now it has become apparent that students enrolled in college before June 30, 2022, will also be able to apply for federal loan forgiveness.

“Borrowers are eligible for debt relief regardless of whether they’re in repayment, in school, or in grace, as long as they meet the income requirements and have eligible loans,” according to the FSA Fact Sheet “One Time Student Loan Debt Relief .”

Recommended: Student Loan Forgiveness: Programs for Relief and Mass Forgiveness

What Are the Requirements for Students to Apply for Forgiveness?

Current students can apply for forgiveness for federal loans if they received them before June 30, 2022. (Unfortunately, this means that freshmen who started this fall aren’t eligible.) If the students are dependents of their parents, FSA will be looking at the annual income of the parents to certify eligibility, not the student.

“If you were enrolled in school as a dependent student for financial aid purposes between July 1, 2021, and June 30, 2022, your eligibility is based on parent income. After you fill out your own application form, we’ll contact you so your parent can complete a Parent Income Form,” explains the FSA Fact Sheet.

Current undergraduates and graduate students can apply for forgiveness, as can those who did not complete their degree. “Current students and borrowers who have federally held undergraduate, graduate, and Parent PLUS loans that were distributed on or before June 30, 2022 are eligible for the relief, said Megan Walter, a policy analyst for the National Association of Student Financial Aid Administrators,” in U.S. News & World Report.

For dependent students, the important question is “What is the income of your parents?” The income cutoff for this one-time debt cancellation is $125,000 for a single parent or $250,000 for the household. If the student’s parents meet this eligibility requirement, then the student could receive up to $10,000 in debt relief.

As for the $20,000 in debt relief that has been announced, the only students eligible to apply for it are those who have already received a Pell Grant and whose parents’ household incomes do not exceed $250,000.

A Pell Grant is awarded to undergraduate students with low or moderate income. If you’re unsure, you can log in to StudentAid.gov to see if you received a Pell Grant.

Recommended: How to Apply for Biden’s Student Loan Forgiveness

When Will the Loan Forgiveness Application Be Available?

The application for one-time federal student loan forgiveness went live online on Oct. 17, 2022. After you apply, the DOE will determine your eligibility and will contact you if they need more information. Your loan servicer will notify you when your relief has been processed.

Nearly 8 million borrowers may be eligible to receive relief without applying for it because the DOE already has their income information. But if you are uncertain whether you fall into that group, it’s recommended that you fill out the application.

Qualified borrowers whose repayments are set to resume or start in 2023 are advised to apply without delay in order to receive relief before the pause on all federal loan payments expires after Dec. 31, 2022.

Which Federal Student Loans Are Eligible for Forgiveness?

Subsidized loans, unsubsidized loans, parent PLUS loans, and graduate PLUS loans held by the Department of Education (ED) are eligible for forgiveness programs. The following specific types of federal student loans with an outstanding balance as of June 30, 2022, also qualify for relief:

•   William D. Ford Federal Direct Loan (Direct Loan) Program loans

•   Federal Family Education Loan (FFEL) Program loans held by ED or in default at a guaranty agency

•   Federal Perkins Loan Program loans held by ED

•   Defaulted loans (includes ED-held or commercially serviced Subsidized Stafford, Unsubsidized Stafford, parent PLUS, and graduate PLUS; and Perkins loans held by ED)

Consolidation loans are also eligible for relief, as long as all of the underlying loans that were consolidated were ED-held loans and were disbursed on or before June 30, 2022.

Additionally, consolidation loans comprised of any FFEL or Perkins loans not held by ED are also eligible, as long as the borrower applied for consolidation before Sept. 29, 2022, says the FSA website.

What About Private Student Loans?

Private (non-federal) loans are not eligible for Biden’s debt relief. Also, if you consolidated federal loans into a private loan, the consolidated private loan is not eligible for debt relief. Once you refinance, you cannot apply for any of Biden’s forgiveness programs for that loan.

Will the Canceled Student Loan Debt be Taxable?

One-time student loan debt relief won’t be taxed at the federal level. Some states may be taxing this debt relief, however, so check with your state of residence for the latest information.

The FSA site said, “If you would like to opt out of debt relief for any reason — including because you are concerned about a state tax liability — contact your loan servicer by phone or email and tell them that you don’t want to receive one-time student loan debt relief.”

Recommended: What Biden’s Student Loan Debt Relief Means for Your Taxes

Is Federal Student Loan Relief a Certainty?

Biden’s debt relief plan may face obstacles. The burden placed on students by their large loans has been a burning controversy for years. Some 43 million Americans are paying down their student loans. The average student debt per person is over $37,000, with half of all student borrowers still owing $20,000 more than 20 years after they entered school.

When President Biden announced his student loan relief plan in August, he said, “In keeping with my campaign promise, my Administration is announcing a plan to give working and middle class families breathing room as they prepare to resume federal student loan payments in January 2023.”

Biden has emphasized that the debt relief targets low- and middle-income families.

Nonetheless, the relief plan has met with opposition. Some say it will worsen inflation, others believe that Biden does not have the authority for a debt cancellation. And there are those who say that debt relief is unfair to people who made personal sacrifices to pay off their loans without government forgiveness.

Several lawsuits have been filed to try to halt the one-time debt cancellation. As of October 12, none had succeeded in stopping Biden’s relief plan.

Recommended: What You Need to Know About the Challenges to Biden’s Student Loan Forgiveness

The Takeaway

Current students are eligible for President Biden’s one-time student loan debt forgiveness of up to $20,000 if their federal loans were disbursed before June 30, 2022, and if income criteria is met. If the student is a dependent, the annual income the FSA will be looking at is that of the parents, not the student. That income can’t exceed $125,000 for a single parent or $250,000 for the household.

3 Student Loan Tips

  1. Can’t cover your school bills? If you’ve exhausted all federal aid options, private student loans can fill gaps in need, up to the school’s cost of attendance, which includes tuition, books, housing, meals, transportation, and personal expenses.
  2. Parents and sponsors with strong credit and income may find much lower rates on no-fee private parent student loans than federal parent PLUS loans. Federal PLUS loans also come with an origination fee.
  3. Even if you don’t think you qualify for financial aid, you should fill out the FAFSA form. Many schools require it for merit-based scholarships, too. You can submit it as early as Oct. 1.

Recommended: FAFSA Guide

Cover up to 100% of school-certified costs including tuition, books, supplies, room and board, and transportation with a private student loan from SoFi.

FAQ

How old do student loans have to be to qualify for Biden’s forgiveness plan?

Federal student loans received by a student before June 30, 2022 will be eligible for one-time relief as long as the income requirement for eligibility is met.

How long do I have to apply for debt relief?

Once the application is live, you’ll have until December 31, 2023, to submit your application for student loan debt relief.


Photo credit: iStock/Drazen Zigic

Third-Party Brand Mentions: No brands, products, or companies mentioned are affiliated with SoFi, nor do they endorse or sponsor this article. Third-party trademarks referenced herein are property of their respective owners.

In our efforts to bring you the latest updates on things that might impact your financial life, we may occasionally enter the political fray, covering candidates, bills, laws and more. Please note: SoFi does not endorse or take official positions on any candidates and the bills they may be sponsoring or proposing. We may occasionally support legislation that we believe would be beneficial to our members, and will make sure to call it out when we do. Our reporting otherwise is for informational purposes only, and shouldn’t be construed as an endorsement.

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Tax Information: This article provides general background information only and is not intended to serve as legal or tax advice or as a substitute for legal counsel. You should consult your own attorney and/or tax advisor if you have a question requiring legal or tax advice.

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

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Make an Offer on a House in 6 Steps

It can be hard to find the sweet spot when making an offer on a home, but the home-buying process involves more than naming a price.

Assuming that you’ve been preapproved for a mortgage and that you’re finding homes in your price range, there’s a usual method to follow in submitting an offer that stands out but also protects you.

In a red-hot market chock-full of bidding wars, waived contingencies, and cash buyers, a house hunter may end up making multiple offers without success and getting caught up in the frenzy.

But, as interest rates climb, the market is showing signs of cooling a bit. So let’s imagine a less heated market. Here’s a general guide to submitting an offer that can take you from homebuyer to homeowner. Read on to learn:

•   What making an offer on a house involves

•   The steps for making an offer in real estate

•   What to do if you change your mind when making offers in real estate

Making an Offer on a House

So let’s say you’ve found that mid-century ranch or sleek townhome of your dreams. You’re ready to go for it. Here’s how the process of making an offer in real estate typically goes.

1. Determine Your Offer Price

A home’s listing price is often determined by comparing it to similar homes in the area that are for sale, then adjusting up or down based on additional amenities or detrimental issues. But as the old saying goes, “A home is generally worth what someone is willing to pay for it.”

You might find a property that’s fairly well-priced and consider coming in close to asking, but you may want to adjust your offer if you feel that it’s priced too high or needs a lot of work.

There are lots of things to consider when trying to find the right offer price.

•   A common way to break down a listing amount is by price per square foot, but that often includes only the heated, livable spaces. A home can (and should) be priced higher than average for the area if it includes extra rooms like a garage or attic, outbuildings, or extra land, which add to its value. Superior workmanship or permitting in place for potential changes can also play a role in increasing a price.

•   Check the home’s history on the multiple listing service. It records every transaction related to the house, including previous buy and sell dates, price fluctuations, and how long the home has been on the market. It can give you a good idea of where the sellers are coming from in terms of what they paid for the property.

•   Take a look at other properties in the area that have recently sold. Is the price per square foot more or less than the home you have your eye on? One key to an accurate read on the local market is to ensure that you’re comparing apples to apples when it comes to the number of bedrooms, bathrooms, square footage, garage space, and other amenities. Your broker can likely provide what are known as “comparables” for the area to help with this process.

Recommended: Mortgage Pre-Approval Need to Knows

2. Incorporate All the Fees

It can also be important to look at factors not directly related to the price of the property that could affect your overall cash flow. One big consideration is closing costs, which typically average 2% to 6% of the total cost of the home. So let’s say you are considering a $400,000 mortgage; the closing costs (origination fees, title search, any points, and more) would be between $8,000 and $24,000.

Some closing costs are traditionally split by the buyer and seller, but if you’re short on cash, you may consider a higher offer price as long as the seller pays your portion of the closing costs.

It’s also important to estimate the amount of money you’ll spend making repairs or changes to the property once you move in. As long as the repairs are not related to health or safety issues, which could affect financing, one tactic could be to lower your offer price in order to free up cash for future upgrades.

Or you might plan on getting a home improvement loan or home equity line of credit after buying the house, provided you have enough equity to access those funds.

3. Determine Your Earnest Money Deposit

The next step in making an offer in real estate is to figure out your earnest money. What’s earnest money? It’s a good-faith deposit that buyers place with the offer up front, usually amounting to around 1% to 3% of the offer price, to show that they are serious, especially when there are multiple offers on a property.

It’s held in escrow by the title company. Showing purchase intent in this way can help a buyer get to the top of the seller’s list.

Customs and laws pertaining to an earnest money deposit can vary from state to state, and even from county to county, so it’s important to understand the rules that determine when the money is (and isn’t) refundable.

First-time homebuyers can
prequalify for a SoFi mortgage loan,
with as little as 3% down.


4. Protect Yourself With Contingencies

The time between a signed offer and closing day is called the due diligence period, and it’s when the buyer will normally set up a home inspection and possibly a land survey or other inspections for specialty items, such as a septic system or a pool, and the lender will order an appraisal.

Because the contract is signed before inspections and the appraisal take place, contingencies give you an out if you discover a deal-breaker.

Here are the most common contingencies when making offers in real estate:

•   Financing. This lays out the specifics of the financing that will be used by the buyer, which must be fully approved by the lender within the contingency period. This protects the buyer in case financing falls through.

•   Appraisal. If the appraisal comes back lower than the agreed-upon price, the seller and buyer may find themselves renegotiating.

•   Inspection. The buyer usually has 10 days after signing the contract to order an inspection, and the contingency remains in place until it comes back without uncovering any major issues with the property that were previously unknown. Based on the findings, the buyer can cancel the contract or negotiate repairs or the purchase price, which may be referred to as seller concessions if they agree to pay.

•   Title search. A preliminary title report shows the home’s past and present owners and any liens or judgments against the property. If any title disputes are unable to be resolved before closing, you have the option to exit the sale.

In some situations, the list of contingencies can be long. But once they’re all satisfied and lifted during the given timeframes, the option to buy turns into a binding commitment to purchase the home.

5. Submit a Written Offer

In real estate, the best way to make an offer official is to put it in writing. If you’re working with a real estate agent, the agent will have a form that you can fill out together that lists the offer price and contingencies and covers all the state rules and regulations.

If you’re flying solo, working with a real estate lawyer or title company can help to ensure that your offer covers all the necessary legal language and is legally valid.

This concept goes both ways. As the buyer, it’s a smart idea to make sure all correspondence, counteroffers, and property disclosures are put in writing by the seller as well.

Recommended: How to Win a Bidding War

6. Move Ahead, Move On, or Move Things Around

Once you submit your written offer, one of three things is likely to happen: The sellers sign the document and enter into a binding contract, they reject the offer outright, or they submit a counteroffer.

In this last case, the sellers might counter back with changes that are better suited to them. (If your offer includes a price reduction to accommodate repair costs, for example, the seller might ask for the full asking price and offer a credit back at closing instead.)

A counteroffer puts the ball back in the buyer’s court for approval, rejection, or another counteroffer, and it can keep going back and forth until both parties agree to the terms and sign the document or one party calls it a day.

What If You Change Your Mind About Buying a House?

Contingencies give you a way out in the event of some unforeseen issue, but what if you just decide you don’t want the house? Cold feet can be a real thing!

Although the laws vary by state on this topic as well, in most instances a buyer is allowed to withdraw an offer until the moment the offer is accepted, However, once the offer document is signed by both parties, it’s considered a binding agreement.

At that point, the sellers may be well within their rights to walk away with your earnest money if you don’t decide to move forward.

The Takeaway

How to make an offer on a house? It pays to understand comps, contingencies, the temperature of the market, earnest money, and counteroffers. Then, you consider your price, keeping track of all fees that will be involved, and make your bid in writing, typically with what’s known as an earnest money deposit, and await the seller’s response.

If you’re just starting to shop for mortgage financing options, getting a feel for your rate and loan amount might be inspiring.

SoFi offers fixed-rate home loans with competitive rates and as little as 3% down for qualifying first-time homeowners. Plus, the process is fast and simple.

Find your rate in a snap today.


SoFi Mortgages
Terms, conditions, and state restrictions apply. Not all products are available in all states. See SoFi.com/eligibility for more information.


SoFi Loan Products
SoFi loans are originated by SoFi Bank, N.A., NMLS #696891 (Member FDIC). For additional product-specific legal and licensing information, see SoFi.com/legal. Equal Housing Lender.


Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

Tax Information: This article provides general background information only and is not intended to serve as legal or tax advice or as a substitute for legal counsel. You should consult your own attorney and/or tax advisor if you have a question requiring legal or tax advice.

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How to Buy a House Without a Realtor

Most people you know who have bought a home have probably done so with the help of a Realtor® or real estate agent. In fact, 92% of home purchases in 2021 involved a Realtor or broker. (Realtors, by the way, are real estate agents who belong to the National Association of Realtors, requiring them to adhere to a certain code of ethics; we’ll use the terms interchangeably here.)

But considering the commissions that agents charge, typically 5% or 6%, you might be asking yourself, “Do I need a Realtor or real estate agent to buy a house?” The answer is no — you aren’t required to go through a professional to complete the transaction.

That said, doing without an agent is not a decision to make lightly. Buying a house is likely the biggest investment you’ll ever make. Consider that the median sales price of a house sold in mid-2022 was $428,700, according to Federal Reserve Economic Data.

So if you make a mistake in the home-buying process, there’s a lot of money and possibly other risks on the line.

What Does a Real Estate Agent Do?

Before you decide whether or not to forgo a real estate agent, it can be a good idea to brush up on what they actually do.

Real estate agents are licensed to help clients buy and sell real estate. Realtors, as mentioned, have to follow an ethics code, which includes putting their clients’ interests first.

Unlike many other professionals, most agents don’t bill by the hour or job; instead, they only get paid if you actually buy or sell the property.

Among the work that real estate agents do for buyers is:

•   Look for property listings that fit their clients’ goals

•   Check out listings in person

•   Write offers and counteroffers

•   Be present for inspections

•   Help negotiate with the seller

•   Troubleshoot any roadblocks that come up

They can also often help with a variety of referrals, whether to a mortgage broker, a home stager, a real estate lawyer, or a contractor.

How to Buy a House Without a Real Estate Agent

If you want to join the few buyers who forge ahead and buy a house without a Realtor, it’s important to prepare yourself to take on the tasks agents normally do.

Especially if you’re green, it’s essential to learn how you can prepare to buy a home. Here’s a rundown of some of the key responsibilities you will likely need to manage.

Step 1. Find a Mortgage Broker

Unless you are an all-cash buyer, a mortgage broker can explain the different types of mortgage loans to you. Then you’ll fill out an application.

Step 2. Get Pre-Approved For a Home Loan

Once your application is processed, a pre-approval letter will let you know how much house you can afford and reassure sellers that you’re serious about buying. To get pre-approved for a mortgage, the lender will consider your income, your debt-to-income ratio, credit scores, and ability to make a down payment and meet closing costs.

Step 3. Research Neighborhoods

As you zero in on neighborhoods that meet your criteria, then it’s a good idea to do your research and learn the price of recent sales. This will help you understand if the homes you tour are priced correctly.

💡 Recommended: Local Housing Market Trends by City

Step 4. Hire a Home Inspector

When you find a home you’re interested in, it’s recommended that you hire a home inspector. This professional will issue a report that lets you know the ins and outs of a home’s condition and may lead to further negotiation.

Step 5. Request a Seller’s Disclosure

Ask for a seller’s disclosure, a document that can contain information about repairs and upgrades the seller did on the home as well as problems they’re aware of. You can ask them about any structural problems; condition of the HVAC, plumbing, and electrical systems; mold and mildew; termite damage; the presence of lead paint, radon, and asbestos, and so forth.

Step 6. Make An Offer

The offer will include the amount you’re offering, what you’d like to stay in the home (such as appliances), and closing dates. Including an inspection contingency in the offer means you can cancel the contract if something goes wrong without losing your deposit.

💡 Recommended: How to Make An Offer On a House

Step 7. Hire a Real Estate Lawyer

It’s usually a good idea to hire a real estate lawyer to prepare documents and look over your contract before you sign it.

Step 8. Negotiate

Sellers, meanwhile, will likely include a loan contingency. During this part of the process, there may be counteroffers and negotiations between you and the seller about the price of the home or repairs you might want the seller to make. Keep copies of all communications as negotiations progress.

Step 9. Finalize Documentation and Close On Your Property

At the closing of the loan, you’ll need to sign documents and handle other aspects that a Realtor might typically help you with.

It is typically recommended that the buyer obtain owner’s title insurance, which protects the buyer against title defects such as mechanic’s liens and other after-closing problems. It usually costs about $1,000, but will vary with the price of your home and from state to state.

💡 Recommended: How Long Does It Take to Close On a House?

First-time homebuyers can
prequalify for a SoFi mortgage loan,
with as little as 3% down.


Benefits of Buying a House Without a Realtor

Buying a home without a real estate professional can have some upsides. Here’s a closer look at the benefits you might reap.

1. Commission Savings

The main appeal of taking the DIY approach to a home purchase is keeping costs down if you are putting your home up for sale. As briefly mentioned above, in a U.S. home sale, the seller’s and buyer’s agents usually split a commission equal to about 5% or 6% of the property price.

Given the recent median home price of approximately $428,700 noted above, that means a homeowner who does not use a Realtor would save a commission of between $21,435 (5%) and $25,722. The seller is typically responsible for this fee, paid at closing from sale proceeds, unless you agree with the seller and seller’s agent on an alternative arrangement.

Even though you’re not directly responsible for this expense if you are buying, sellers may increase the selling price of the home in order to cover the cost of commission. So keeping agents out of the mix could reduce your overall costs.

2. Info Galore

Here’s another positive: If you’re planning on buying a house without a Realtor, you likely have access to some of the same information that the pros do. Historically, agents had lots of insider tidbits about listings.

Now, you can instantly find out about new properties and neighborhood demographics with the click of a button online. That means taking the buying process into one’s own hands is considered by some as increasingly feasible. Plus, there are an array of great tools to help you with calculations, like a home affordability calculator.

And since no one knows what you are looking for as well as you do, the search process can sometimes be more efficient.

3. A Familiar Real Estate Deal

One situation where it might make sense to eschew an agent is if a friend or family member is selling you the property.

Although risks may still be involved, the transaction may be more straightforward if you are buying a house from a relative or someone you know well. You still want to make sure you and the seller are clear on the price, closing date, what furniture or fixtures will be included, contingencies, and more.

It is typically recommended that a buyer review and approve home inspections and obtain full loan approval in writing before lifting certain contingencies.

If it is known that a contingency date cannot be met or another material change takes place after the contract is written, such as a seller credit for closing costs, a contract addendum executed by all parties outlining the change is usually obtained.

Check out local real estate
market trends to help with
your home-buying journey.


Drawbacks of Buying Without a Realtor

Not hiring a real estate agent or Realtor to assist you with your home search comes with disadvantages and risks.

1. All the Work

You have to be constantly on the ball, keeping a lookout for properties and arranging a time with sellers to visit them.

The process can be exhausting and time consuming, and if you aren’t attentive, you could let great homes slip by or make the hunt longer than it might have been with a real estate agent.

You’ll also have to navigate the world of mortgages (from the mortgage basics to possibly buying points to bring down your rate) on your own, without a referral.

2. All the Risk

You’ll be on the hook for all the details of the transaction. Without an agent, you’ll need to determine the correct bid price and terms, watch the contract contingency dates, and know the ins and outs of the purchase contract.

Agents are experienced in helping to point to hidden flaws in the property or transaction.

If you don’t have a real estate agent in your corner to help research the proper bid price, you may risk paying more than you need to on the home — which may work out to more money spent, even with the cost of commission.

3. Your Pool of Knowledge May Not Be That Deep

Agents have access to information that’s not necessarily online, thanks to their connections with other real estate agents, inspectors, etc.

Then there’s the experience factor. Most agents operate under a seasoned broker who oversees and consults on various transactions.

It could take a lot of effort to figure out what a Realtor has learned through years on the job and ongoing education. That learning curve may not be worth your time, especially if you are home shopping and the buyer’s agent commission is covered by the seller with no apparent price bump based on comparable listings.

Factors to Consider When You Buy Without an Agent

So now that you have read about how to buy a home without a Realtor, as well as the pros and cons, perhaps you are still thinking that flying solo is right for you. If so, do one more check-in and consider these factors:

Market Knowledge

You will not have in-depth, ongoing insight into housing prices in the area where you are searching. A Realtor can help you understand pricing history, potential upcoming property-tax hikes, local drainage or flood potential, and more. They are often skilled at pointing out distinctive features as well as potential problem areas with homes.

Negotiation Strategy

Real estate agents typically have years of experience knowing when a home seller is negotiable and by how much. They can guide you through offers and counteroffers, as well as bidding wars. They also know next steps if a home inspection points out significant problem areas or if there are hitches as you work through your mortgage contingencies. This can save you time and stress, as well as keep your deal in play.

Red Tape and Paperwork

Bidding on and purchasing a home involves all kinds of paperwork, including mortgage applications, offers, contracts, title searches, and more. For someone who is not familiar with the process (you, quite possibly), this can be a steep, time-consuming, and possibly frustrating learning curve. A Realtor can help alleviate a chunk of this burden.

Professional Connections

As noted above, it can take a village of professionals to finalize a home sale. Some of the people who may be involved include mortgage brokers, home inspectors, roof inspectors, real estate lawyers, contractors, and more. Most real estate agents have an extensive network to quickly get you the connections you need to qualified professionals.

The Takeaway

Do you need a real estate agent to buy a house? No, you don’t. It’s entirely possible to learn how to buy a home without a Realtor and avoid paying the commission (or higher price that a broker’s fee can trigger). Just realize all of the work and risk involved in finding a home, making an offer, handling contingencies, and closing the deal.

Whether you do or don’t use a real estate agent, if you’re not an all-cash buyer, you’ll need to finance the purchase.

SoFi can help: We offer mortgage loans with competitive rates, and qualifying first-time homebuyers can put as little as 3% down.

Check your rate on a SoFi mortgage, and see how simple getting a home loan can be.


SoFi Mortgages
Terms, conditions, and state restrictions apply. Not all products are available in all states. See SoFi.com/eligibility for more information.


SoFi Loan Products
SoFi loans are originated by SoFi Bank, N.A., NMLS #696891 (Member FDIC). For additional product-specific legal and licensing information, see SoFi.com/legal. Equal Housing Lender.


Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

Tax Information: This article provides general background information only and is not intended to serve as legal or tax advice or as a substitute for legal counsel. You should consult your own attorney and/or tax advisor if you have a question requiring legal or tax advice.

Third-Party Brand Mentions: No brands, products, or companies mentioned are affiliated with SoFi, nor do they endorse or sponsor this article. Third-party trademarks referenced herein are property of their respective owners.

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