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Most physicians can expect to earn a good living once they complete their education and training. But by the time they graduate and start their first job, many new doctors are also likely to find themselves deep in student loan debt.

That debt may make it difficult for physicians to qualify for a conventional home mortgage — even though they have a promising financial future. That’s where home loans for doctors come in. Some lenders offer special mortgages called physician loans or doctor mortgage loans. These loans have terms designed to meet the unique needs of newcomers to this profession. Note: SoFi does not offer physician mortgages, but it does offer home mortgage loans with a low down payment for first-time homebuyers.

Read on for a look at how physician mortgages work, some pros and cons, and what it can take to qualify.

What Are Physician Mortgage Loans?

Physician mortgage loans are private mortgages designed specifically to meet the needs of doctors, dentists, medical residents, and fellows. The terms and benefits of these home loans for medical doctors can vary from one lender to the next. But they generally offer more generous terms and/or looser qualifying requirements than conventional home loans. This can make borrowing easier for physicians who have a high income potential but may be struggling with student loan debt or haven’t been able to set aside enough for a down payment.

How Physician Mortgage Loans Differ from Traditional Loans

Doctor loans are a type of nonconforming loan, which means they aren’t backed by the federal government like FHA loans, and they aren’t bound by the same Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac standards as conventional loans. Here are a few important differences you can expect to find with this type of mortgage vs. a conventional loan:

Recommended: Different Types of Mortgage Loans

Low or No Down Payment

Most lenders require at least a 3% to 5% down payment for a conventional mortgage, with the lowest rates typically available to first-time homebuyers. Lenders who offer physician mortgages may not require any money down. (Or the down payment amount required may be very low.)

No Private Mortgage Insurance (PMI)

With a conventional loan, private mortgage insurance, which is meant to protect the lender in case of a default, is usually added to borrowers’ monthly payments until they reach 20% equity in their home. Though PMI rates vary, they typically range from 0.50% to 2% of the loan amount. But doctor loans don’t require PMI, even though the borrower may not make any down payment.

Flexible Debt-to-Income (DTI) Ratio Requirements

As part of their underwriting, lenders typically calculate a borrower’s DTI ratio (all monthly debt payments ÷ gross monthly income = DTI). For conventional mortgages, they usually require a DTI ratio below 45%, although some require the DTI to be below 36%. But lenders who provide physician loans may look at a borrower’s student loans (which they expect to be high) as separate from other debt and not include them in the DTI, or they may include the student loans but set a higher DTI limit.

You may want to keep in mind, though, that just because you can get a loan with a higher DTI ratio doesn’t mean you should. A home affordability calculator can help you see what might fit into your budget and a mortgage calculator can show you what your monthly payments would look like at different interest rates.

It might also be helpful to talk to a financial advisor about how much house you can really afford, and what the costs of homeownership could mean for your overall financial well-being.

Looser Employment and Salary Requirements

Proving that you have stable employment as well as an adequate income is usually part of qualifying for a conventional loan. (Lenders generally like to see at least two years of work history.) Employment requirements may vary with a doctor loan, but lenders who offer these types of mortgages typically understand that a new doctor could be working as an intern, resident, or fellow, and may not be earning as much starting out as they will take home even just a few years into their career. (Borrowers still can expect to provide paperwork that documents their salary and employment, however, along with their medical license.)

Recommended: Understanding Mortgage Basics

Benefits of Physician Mortgage Loans

If you’re eager to get into your own home once you wrap up medical school, a physician home loan may make that possible — and less expensive. Avoiding PMI on a new home could save you hundreds or even thousands of dollars a year, for example. And if you don’t have to make a down payment, you can use that money for other expenses.

Lenders also may offer higher loan amounts with a physician loan than with other loan types. And though some lenders offer doctor loans with fixed rates, most come with variable interest rates, so you can expect to start out with a lower, more affordable interest rate when you begin making payments. (That means you’ll have an adjustable rate after a fixed introductory period, so your monthly payments could change. But if the rate becomes unmanageable down the road, you can look at refinancing to a conventional loan with a more competitive mortgage rate.)

How to Qualify for a Physician Mortgage Loan

Though the underwriting requirements may be more relaxed for doctor loans, you should be prepared to provide the following:

•   Proof of identity (this might include your driver’s license, Social Security number, or other documentation)

•   Proof of employment and income (you may be able to use an employment contract if you don’t yet have a W-2, pay stubs, or similar documents)

•   Documentation of assets and debts

•   A contract for your home purchase, including the purchase price

•   Information about the type of home you’re purchasing (condo, single-family home, etc.)

•   Proof of a medical degree (M.D., D.O., D.D.S., etc.) that meets the lender’s requirements

Other parts of the mortgage process — from determining what you can afford to choosing mortgage terms to closing on the deal — will likely be similar to what you’d expect if you were applying for just about any type of loan.

The Takeaway

If you’re finally starting your career as a doctor and you’re wondering if student debt or minimal savings could keep you from reaching the goal of home ownership — despite your income potential — a physician home loan may be an option worth researching.

Because these special loans typically don’t require a down payment or private mortgage insurance payments, and the eligibility requirements are often less strict than for conventional loans, doctors may not have to wait until they’re on firmer financial footing to purchase a home.

Of course, you’ll want to compare all the pros and cons of a physician mortgage — or any home loan. Buying a home is a big decision, and you’ll likely want to balance your eagerness to reach this milestone with your ability to keep pace with your mortgage payments and your debt payments, as well as other expenses.

Looking for an affordable option for a home mortgage loan? SoFi can help: We offer low down payments (as little as 3% - 5%*) with our competitive and flexible home mortgage loans. Plus, applying is extra convenient: It's online, with access to one-on-one help.

FAQ

What credit score do I need to get a physician mortgage loan?

A credit score of at least 700 or 720 may be required to get a physician loan, although some lenders may accept a lower credit score. Each lender has its own criteria.

Are physician mortgage loans available for residents and fellows?

Employment requirements may vary, but lenders who offer these types of loans typically understand that a new doctor could be working as an intern, resident, or fellow.

How do interest rates compare for physician mortgage loans vs. conventional loans?

Doctor’s mortgage loans generally come with a variable interest rate. After a fixed introductory period, your payments could go up or down, depending on several factors. With conventional mortgages, you may have a wider range of interest rate types to choose from.

Photo credit: iStock/nortonrsx

SoFi Loan Products
SoFi loans are originated by SoFi Bank, N.A., NMLS #696891 (Member FDIC). For additional product-specific legal and licensing information, see SoFi.com/legal. Equal Housing Lender.

SoFi Mortgages
Terms, conditions, and state restrictions apply. Not all products are available in all states. See SoFi.com/eligibility-criteria for more information.

SOHL-Q125-061

If you own a home, a home equity line of credit (HELOC) lets you tap into your home equity to finance renovations or other expenses. Before borrowing against your home equity, it’s worth asking, how does a HELOC affect credit scores?

Taking out a new credit account has an impact on your credit score. But how a home equity line of credit affects credit scores depends on multiple factors, including your payment history and existing credit.

Here’s a look at how a HELOC could affect your credit score across the entire lifespan of the line of credit, from filing your application to closing a HELOC account — plus tips to maintain your credit score.

Understanding HELOCs and Credit Scores

First, let’s start with a HELOC definition. A HELOC, or home equity line of credit, is a revolving line of credit that typically allows homeowners to borrow up to 90% of their home’s value, minus the outstanding mortgage principal. Borrowers can draw against their approved credit line as needed until the end of the draw period, which is usually 5 or 10 years, before having to repay the balance over another 10 to 25 years. That’s HELOCs explained, in a nutshell.

Meanwhile, your credit score is calculated based on how you manage debt payments, also known as credit. A variety of factors affect your credit score, including payment history, credit utilization, length of credit history, credit mix, and applications for new credit. Your credit score appears as a three-digit number. Credit score ranges run from 300 to 850, with scores of 670 or higher being considered good to excellent.

Impact of Applying for a HELOC on Your Credit

So how does a HELOC impact credit scores? Similar to other types of credit, applying for a HELOC involves a credit check, which is added to your credit report.

Hard Inquiries

When you apply for a HELOC, lenders will run a credit check to assess your creditworthiness. This involves requesting to review your credit report, which is known as a hard inquiry.

A record of any hard inquiry, sometimes referred to as a hard pull, is registered on the credit report. Having one hard inquiry could lower your FICO® Score by up to five points, but only for one year.

To avoid multiple hard credit pulls, you can check to see if lenders offer HELOC prequalification with a soft credit pull instead.

New Credit Accounts

Applying for a HELOC means opening a new credit account. This could decrease the average age of your credit accounts and ding your credit score by a few points.

Effects of Using a HELOC on Your Credit

Once you’ve been approved for a HELOC, how you begin using funds and managing payments can affect your credit. Let’s explore what goes into these HELOC credit score impacts.

Credit Utilization Ratio

Your credit utilization ratio is a calculation of how much of your credit you’re using. In other words, it’s the percentage of your credit limit you’re using on all your revolving credit accounts, such as credit cards, combined.

So does a HELOC affect your credit score and credit utilization ratio? While HELOCs operate like a revolving line of credit, they’re secured by a property. This means that it isn’t included in your credit utilization ratio as part of your FICO score.

Using funding from a HELOC to pay off high-interest debt like credit cards could lower your credit utilization ratio and boost your credit score. Maintaining a credit utilization ratio below 30% is recommended to qualify for financing or get mortgage preapproval.

Payment History

Payment history is the largest component of a credit score. Making consistent, on-time payments each month on a HELOC could help build your credit score over time. On the flip side, failing to stay current on payments could hurt your credit score and ultimately put your property at risk.

HELOCs are typically structured to have higher monthly payments after the draw period ends. Once the repayment period begins, you won’t have the ability to continue drawing funds. You can use a HELOC repayment calculator to see what your monthly payment would be based on how much you owe on a HELOC, your repayment term, and interest rate.

Credit Mix

Your credit mix refers to the number and types of credit accounts you have, including student loans, home loans, credit cards, and car loans. Demonstrating your ability to manage different types of debts can benefit your credit score.

Taking out a HELOC could improve your credit mix (and credit score) if you don’t have other types of revolving credit, especially for borrowers without much credit history.

Bottom line: The HELOC–credit score connection can be significant.

Recommended: FHA Loans

Closing a HELOC and Its Credit Implications

Paying off and closing a HELOC can have impacts on your credit. (Paying the balance off on a HELOC removes the lender’s lien on your home.) Here are some potential credit implications to consider when closing a HELOC.

Account Age

If you’ve been making payments on a HELOC for several years, closing the account could potentially lower the average age of your accounts. How much this impacts your credit score will depend on the age of your other accounts.

But if the account is in good standing with no late payments, it can still factor into your credit history for several years after closure.

Credit Availability

Closing a HELOC won’t affect your credit utilization for your FICO score. But if you don’t have other revolving lines of credit, it could reduce your credit mix, potentially putting a small dent in your credit score.

Strategies to Minimize Negative Credit Impact

Applying for a HELOC — or opening any new credit account — can initially lower your credit score by a few points. But there are several ways to reduce further damage to your credit score.

Timely Payments

As a reminder, your payment history is the largest component that goes into calculating your credit score. Continually making on-time payments each month can build up your credit. Conversely, paying less than the minimum or missing a monthly payment could harm your credit score.

Note that the interest on monthly payments could be eligible for a tax deduction, like mortgage interest, if used to make substantial improvements on your home. You’ll want to discuss this with your tax advisor.

Managing Credit Utilization

As you manage monthly HELOC payments, keep an eye on the balances for other revolving lines of credit, such as credit cards. Again, keeping a credit utilization ratio below 30% is considered beneficial for your credit score.

Monitoring Credit Reports

Periodically checking your credit report can help detect any instances of fraud or payment errors and inform strategies to improve your credit score. Requesting a credit report is free, and it’s a good idea to do so before applying for a new loan or credit card to understand how lenders will evaluate you as a borrower.

Recommended: Mortgage Rates

The Takeaway

How does a home equity line of credit affect credit scores? Applying for a HELOC involves a hard credit check, which can have some impact on your credit. However, making timely payments, keeping a strong credit mix, and maintaining a low credit utilization ratio can mitigate these effects and strengthen your credit over time.

SoFi now partners with Spring EQ to offer flexible HELOCs. Our HELOC options allow you to access up to 90% of your home’s value, or $500,000, at competitively lower rates. And the application process is quick and convenient.

FAQ

Does opening a HELOC significantly lower my credit score?

Opening a HELOC typically involves a hard credit check which can lower your credit score by several points. Whether this is significant will depend on what score you start with — if your credit score is teetering near an important benchmark, such as the 669-670 dividing line between “fair” and “good” credit, it may be an important effect. The hard credit check can stay on your credit report for 12 to 24 months.

How does a HELOC affect my credit utilization ratio?

A HELOC typically does not affect your credit utilization ratio, as it’s secured with a property as collateral versus other revolving lines of credit, such as credit cards, which are unsecured.

Will closing a HELOC improve my credit score?

Closing a HELOC can have a negative effect on your credit score by reducing your credit mix and age of accounts. However, if you made on-time payments over the life of the loan, that will be reflected on your credit history for several years.

Can a HELOC help diversify my credit mix?

Yes, a HELOC can help diversify your credit mix and show lenders that you’re a responsible borrower. If you have installment credit like a mortgage, student loans, or personal loans, taking out a HELOC would provide a form of revolving credit to your credit mix.

How can I use a HELOC responsibly to maintain a good credit score?

Paying off higher-interest debt, such as personal loans or credit cards, and funding home improvements that may make it possible for you to deduct the interest paid on a HELOC, are examples of how to responsibly use a HELOC. Making monthly payments on time and in full is essential to safeguarding your credit score when taking out a HELOC.

Photo credit: iStock/kate_sept2004

SoFi Loan Products
SoFi loans are originated by SoFi Bank, N.A., NMLS #696891 (Member FDIC). For additional product-specific legal and licensing information, see SoFi.com/legal. Equal Housing Lender.

SoFi Mortgages
Terms, conditions, and state restrictions apply. Not all products are available in all states. See SoFi.com/eligibility-criteria for more information.

SOHL-Q125-057

If someone has a lot of money, you might say they’re rich or even wealthy. But there’s actually a difference between wealthy and rich, both in terms of how much money you’re talking about and how someone uses their financial resources.

A rich person can have a lot of money or earn a high income, but their money may only go so far if their lifestyle is extravagant or they take on significant debt. They may live in the moment or spend freely. A wealthy person, by contrast, is generally more focused on securing their long-term financial picture.

Is it better to be rich vs. wealthy? Here’s a closer look. Understanding the difference between them can help you to shape your personal financial plan.

What Does “Rich” Mean?

If you ask friends, family members, or coworkers whether they’d like to be rich, quite a few of them might say yes. After all, if everyone was satisfied with their financial situation, then get-rich-quick schemes wouldn’t exist. But what is the difference between rich and wealthy, and does it matter?

If you look up “rich” in a dictionary, the most common definition centers on what a person has. Someone who’s rich has a lot of possessions and material wealth. So a rich celebrity or social media influencer, for example, might own multiple homes, cars, or jewelry that’s worth millions. They may spend their time jet-setting around the world or partying with other rich people.

That’s what it means to be rich in a financial sense, but someone could also be rich in other ways. For example, someone who has an extensive personal network may be said to be rich in friends. And someone who’s well-educated or well-traveled may be described as being rich in knowledge or experience.

Recommended: What Is the Average Pay in the United States Per Year? 

What Does “Wealthy” Mean?

When discussing what it means to be wealthy vs. rich, it’s easy to assume they’re similar. Both rich people and wealthy people may maintain a lifestyle that’s posh and out of reach for the average person. The distinction between wealthy and rich, however, is that wealth is more sustainable and lasting than simple riches.

There are different ways to measure wealth. The Census Bureau, for instance, uses net worth to estimate the wealth of American households. Net worth is the difference between your assets (what you own) and your liabilities (what you owe). Someone who is wealthy may prioritize accumulating assets that produce income or appreciate in value over time, while limiting their exposure to debt.

Wealthy people may enjoy much higher incomes than everyday people, and, importantly, they may spend less than they earn. Some wealthy people are born into money; others build their fortunes through a combination of career, entrepreneurship, and careful investment.

When talking about wealth, some make the distinction between new money vs. old money. New money is earned while old money is passed down from generation to generation. In the U.S., many of the wealthiest individuals are well-known business owners or investors, like Jeff Bezos, Bill Gates, and Mark Zuckerberg to name a few. Some of these billionaires were born into wealthy families while others were not.

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Key Differences Between Rich and Wealthy

When comparing rich vs. wealthy people, the way they approach money matters. Rich people may see money as a means to buy things and maintain a certain lifestyle. Wealthy people, on the other hand, may view money as a means of creating more money, either through investments or business ventures.

Here’s a closer look at the difference between wealthy and rich.

Amount of Money

There’s no set dollar amount at which someone goes from being rich to wealthy. Instead, it’s largely about perception. For example, you might feel rich if you normally keep $500 in your bank account and you decide to use a tax refund to bump that up to $5,000. Meanwhile, someone who wins $100 million in the lottery after working a minimum-wage job for years might think of themselves as rich rather than wealthy.

Generally, the higher your net worth, the closer you get to the wealthy vs. rich divide. Someone who has $10 million in assets and no debt, for example, may be in a better position to invest and fund philanthropic efforts than someone who’s making $200,000 a year but has a negative net worth because of debt. The person with the $10 million in assets is wealthy, while the other person’s earning power could put them in the “rich” bucket, though their debt actually erases that upon a closer look.

Investments

People who are rich may put spending and funding their lifestyle ahead of investing. So even though they might pull in a six- or even seven-figure income each year, a lot of that money goes right back out of their bank accounts. They might have some retirement savings if they’re participating in, say, their 401(k) at work, but investing may get pushed to the back burner.

Wealth investing can look very different. Wealthy people tend to invest their money so they can grow it and turn it into more money. They may have money in real estate, the stock market, and other investments that provide them with passive income or aids in building additional wealth for themselves and future generations.

How They Live Their Lives

Money can be a tool for improving your quality of life, but what that life looks like can be very different if you’re rich vs. wealthy. A rich person might think nothing of dropping $10,000 on a shopping trip or last-minute travel. They tend to live in the moment and may not consider how spending that money today might affect them tomorrow.

A wealthy person may still enjoy the finer things, but their approach might be more balanced. For example, billionaire Warren Buffett is one of the wealthiest people in the U.S., but he notably lived in a relatively modest home that he purchased in 1958 for over seven decades. Other wealthy millionaires and billionaires may similarly adopt a frugal mindset or focus on giving away large amounts of their wealth to good causes.

Hobbies

Certain hobbies and pastimes are the domain of the rich or wealthy, simply because of how much they cost. Yachting, big game hunting, and polo are just a few examples of activities that are associated with wealthier people who can afford the associated costs.

Rich people may also indulge in those kinds of pastimes but on a smaller scale than those who are wealthy. Instead of buying their own private yacht or plane, for example, they might lease one when they want to plan a getaway. Or instead of going to their private island for the summer, they may splurge on a couple of weeks’ vacation in Bora Bora or St. Kitts.

Expenses

Rich and wealthy people can have very different expenses, depending on their lifestyle. A rich person may have a mortgage payment, car payments, private school tuition payments for their kids, and all the regular day-to-day living expenses like utilities and food. They may also have credit card bills or student loans to pay each month.

Wealthy people may not have debt-related expenses, such as a mortgage or car payment, since they might own those assets outright. If they use credit cards, those bills might get paid in full each month rather than accruing interest.

Ultra wealthy people may have unique expenses that the rich don’t, such as maintenance for one or more vacation homes, insurance for a private jet or yacht, and staff payroll if they employ housekeepers, landscapers, and other individuals to work in their home. They may also pay out expenses to financial advisors or investment advisors for wealth management services.

Streams of Income

A rich person may rely on their paychecks from working a regular job as their main source of income. They might also earn money from side hustles or businesses they own, but generally, they’re working for a living in some way. If they don’t keep up their pace at work, they could lose that status of being rich.

An oft-cited IRS study suggests that the average millionaire has seven different streams. They may have a job, but a large part of their income may come from different types of investments or business ventures. Wealthy people can also generate income from pensions or annuities. It this way, they are less beholden to what you might call the daily grind.

Recommended: Aiming to Become a Millionaire? These Steps Could Help 

Budgeting and Financial Planning

Rich people might make a six-figure or even seven-figure income or more, but they may not save or invest much of that income. (Think about those actors and singers you may have read about who have frittered away their fortunes on luxury real estate, travel, fashion, food, and wine.) They might have a budget, but not always stick to it. Perhaps they’re spending more than they make as they attempt to cover their lifestyle. Some rich people may not be very forward-thinking in terms of planning for retirement or other long-term goals.

Wealthy people may not have to live by a strict budget either if their assets substantially outpace their spending. But they may take financial planning more seriously and be proactive about things like investing and retirement planning. They may also focus on estate planning and the best ways to pass on as much of their wealth as possible while minimizing taxes for their heirs.

Is It Plausible to Become Wealthy?

Can a regular person become wealthy? The answer is that it depends on where you’re starting, where you want to go, and your strategy for getting there. Building wealth in your 30s, for example, could be easier if you have a solid income, no debt, and you’re committed to living well below your means. The odds of starting a billion-dollar company and becoming wealthy overnight are, on the other hand, much slimmer.

Having a clear plan and getting an early start are two of the keys to building wealth. The longer you have to save and invest money, the more room that money has to grow through the power of compounding interest. It’s also important to choose investments wisely to maximize their growth potential. Understanding your individual time horizon for investing and your risk tolerance can help you to decide which investment types to include in your portfolio.

Talking to a financial advisor can help you get some clarity on what you might need to do to begin building sustainable wealth. An advisor can review your situation, offer advice, or suggest tactics for creating a realistic budget, paying down debt, saving, and investing for the long-term.

Banking With SoFi

Whether you consider yourself rich, wealthy, or neither of the above, where you keep your money matters. Finding a bank that offers you a competitive rate on your savings and charges few, or no fees can help you make the most of the money you have.

Interested in opening an online bank account? When you sign up for a SoFi Checking and Savings account with eligible direct deposit, you’ll get a competitive annual percentage yield (APY), pay zero account fees, and enjoy an array of rewards, such as access to the Allpoint Network of 55,000+ fee-free ATMs globally. Qualifying accounts can even access their paycheck up to two days early.

FAQ

Is a millionaire wealthy?

Whether a millionaire is wealthy or not depends on their financial situation and lifestyle. Being a millionaire means having assets worth at least one million dollars, but true wealth involves more than just a high net worth. It also includes financial stability, freedom from debt, and the ability to sustain one’s lifestyle without relying heavily on active income. A millionaire can be wealthy if their assets provide long-term financial security and passive income.

Is six-figures rich?

Someone with a six-figure income might consider themselves to be rich if they’re able to enjoy an upgraded lifestyle. For example, traveling frequently or buying luxury items are often associated with people who are rich. However, if that person lives in an expensive city and is supporting a family, they might not feel rich at all, despite their income. In other words, it depends on personal circumstances.

Is it better to be rich or wealthy?

Being rich vs. wealthy isn’t necessarily a matter of one being better than another. It all comes down to what you do with your money. If you think of yourself as rich, can live the lifestyle you want, and are avoiding debt while investing wisely, then you may be both rich and wealthy. And remember that being wealthier might ensure that you’re financially secure, but it doesn’t guarantee greater happiness.

About the author

Rebecca Lake

Rebecca Lake has been a finance writer for nearly a decade, specializing in personal finance, investing, and small business. She is a contributor at Forbes Advisor, SmartAsset, Investopedia, The Balance, MyBankTracker, MoneyRates and CreditCards.com. Read full bio.

SOBNK-Q324-070

Discretionary income is defined as the cash you have available to spend after your necessary payments are covered. Those necessities are typically made up of basic living expenses, such as housing, utilities, food, healthcare, insurance costs, as well as minimum payments on debt.

So what does discretionary income equal in daily life? It’s the post-tax money you can put toward things like eating out, entertainment, travel, clothing, electronics, and gym memberships. You might think of discretionary income as paying for the wants in life vs. the needs.

Read on for a closer look at the meaning of discretionary income, including examples, how to calculate discretionary income, plus tips on how to make the most of your discretionary income.

What Is Discretionary Income?

Discretionary income is defined as the amount of post-tax income that is left over after you have paid for all your essential expenses. Essential expenses include your mortgage or rent, utilities, car payments, as well as food, healthcare, and occasionally clothing (if it is needed, not just wanted). To phrase it another way, no, a Netflix subscription or your AM latte isn’t a “necessity.”

Also worth noting (warning, buzzkill ahead): Discretionary income isn’t just to be spent on cool stuff and fun experiences. It’s also important to put at least some of this money towards savings and making extra payments on any debt. This can help you build wealth and financial security over time.

7 Examples of Discretionary Income and Expenses

Discretionary expenses are the things people buy with their discretionary income. Here are some examples:

Entertainment and Eating Out

This category includes such expenses as dining out, getting drinks, splurge-y takeout food (pizza delivery, we’re looking at you!), and fancy coffees. In terms of entertainment, the following is typically considered discretionary: Concert, play, and movie tickets, as well as museum admission, books, magazines, streaming services, and similar costs.

Recommended: How to Save on Streaming Services

Vacations and Travel

Taking a vacation, whether you go to the other side of the planet or an hour’s drive away, is not a necessity, despite how you may feel about it.

Luxury Items

These expenses could be anything from a pricey sports car to designer clothes to jewelry to wine. While clothing and a car may be necessities in life, when you pay extra for top-notch prestige brands, you enter the realm of discretionary expenses.

Memberships and Hobbies

Yes, joining a gym or taking up a musical instrument are admirable pursuits. But they are not essential. For this reason, things like yoga or Pilates classes, crafting supplies, and similar expenses are considered discretionary.

Personal Care

A basic haircut or bottle of shampoo may not be discretionary, but pricey blowouts, manicures, massages, skincare items, and the like are.

Upgrading Items

If your current phone is functional but you still decide to buy the latest one, that’s a discretionary expense. The same holds true for being bored with your couch and getting a new one or remodeling your bathroom just because.

Gifts

Of course you want to show you care for your loved ones. But buying presents for others isn’t something you absolutely have to do, so this should be earmarked as a discretionary expense.

How Is Discretionary Income Used?

In addition to making the types of purchases listed above, discretionary income can also be used to save for future purchases and getting ahead on long-term financial goals.

Common Uses of Discretionary Income

Here’s a more detailed look at some of the different ways you can use discretionary income:

•   “Fun” spending: Many people use discretionary income to purchase goods or experiences that they can enjoy right away.

•   Saving for short-term goals: Another common use of discretionary income is to put it in a high-yield savings account earmarked for goals like taking a vacation or making a down payment on your dream house.

•   Paying down debt: While minimum payments on debts are generally considered necessary expenses, making extra payments is a common — and potentially smart — way to use discretionary funds.

•   Investing: Another way many people use discretionary income is to invest it in the market for long-term goals like retirement or a child’s future college education.

•   Charitable donations: Doing good with your discretionary dollars is another common and positive way to spend discretionary income.

💡 Quick Tip: Don’t think too hard about your money. Automate your budgeting, saving, and spending with SoFi’s seamless and secure mobile banking app.

How to Calculate Discretionary Income

The formula for calculating discretionary income is:

Discretionary Income = Gross Income − Taxes − Essential Expenses

Start by assessing your average monthly take-home income (gross income − taxes). You can do this by scanning the last several months of financial statements. Or if your only source of income is your paycheck, you can simply look at your paystubs.

Next, you’ll need to tally up your essential expenses. These may include:

•   Rent/mortgage payment

•   Utilities

•   Internet/phone bills

•   Groceries

•   Minimum debt payments (credit cards, student loans or car loans)

•   Insurance premiums

•   Medical expenses

•   Transportation costs

Once you know how much you’re spending on essentials, you can subtract that number from your monthly take-home income. The result is your monthly discretionary income.

Factors That Affect Discretionary Income Calculation

A number of things can influence the amount of discretionary income you have to spend, such as:

•   Income level: Higher earnings generally increase discretionary income, provided you don’t increase your living expenses as your income goes up.

•   Living costs: Living in an area with a high cost of living raises essential costs and, in turn, lowers discretionary income.

•   Debt level: Needing to make monthly payments on loans, credit cards, and other financial obligations reduces funds available for discretionary spending.

•   Tax rates: Higher income and/or property taxes lowers your take-home pay, resulting in less discretionary income.

•   Inflation: Rising prices for goods and services increases essential expenses, which shrinks discretionary income.

What Is a Good Amount of Discretionary Income?

Generally, a good amount of discretionary income means you have enough funds after covering your essential expenses to be able to save, invest, and still enjoy the pleasures of life. The 50/30/20 budgeting formula offers one way to allocate your income. It suggests using 50% of your take-home pay on needs, 30% on wants (discretionary purchases), and 20% on goals (saving and paying more than the minimum on debts).

For example, if your monthly take-home income is $5,000, $2,500 would be siphoned off for necessities, $1,500 would be allotted for wants, and $1,000 would go toward goals like saving and investing.

Managing Your Discretionary Income for Financial Success

Making the most of your discretionary income involves thoughtful planning and smart money management. Here are some strategies to consider:

•   Track your spending: “It’s the last thing that many people want to do on their precious weekends, but tracking spending is essential. There is real truth to the saying ‘What gets measured gets improved,’” says Brian Walsh, CFP® and Head of Advice & Planning at SoFi. You may find some easy places to cut back, freeing up more money for saving.

•   Slash necessary expenses: Consider ways you might be able to reduce the cost of essentials, such as switching to a more affordable insurance, cell phone, or internet provider; meal-planning to cut food spending; or moving to a less expensive location.

•   Set financial goals: Having specific goals — like purchasing a home, funding a child’s future education, or retiring early — can help you stay focused and use your discretionary income wisely.

•   Grow your income: To boost discretionary income, you might ask for a raise at work or look into side jobs, freelance work, or ways to earn passive income.

•   Avoid lifestyle creep: As your income rises, try to resist the temptation to increase spending. Consider funnelling the extra funds into savings or investments to build wealth and strengthen your financial future.

Discretionary vs Disposable Income

The terms “discretionary income” and “disposable income” are often used interchangeably but they are not the same thing.

Key Differences

While discretionary and disposable income both refer to income left over after certain financial obligations are met, they differ in scope.

•   Disposable income refers to the money you have left from your earnings after taxes are taken out but before any other deductions are removed. It’s the total amount you have available to spend, which is typically a much higher number than your discretionary income.

•   Discretionary income is a subset of disposable income — it’s the amount of money left after your taxes and all necessary expenses are paid. You use it for “extras” like entertainment, savings, and investments.

It’s important to note that the government and courts may have slightly different definitions of these terms. In bankruptcy cases, for example “disposable income” is the amount that remains after subtracting allowed bankruptcy expenses from your monthly gross income.

If you have student loans, the federal government uses a discretionary spending formula to set your repayment amount under income-driven repayment plans. For many plans, they define “discretionary income” as the difference between your annual income and 150% of the poverty guideline for your family size and state.

Get Ready to Bank Better with SoFi

Once you know how much discretionary income you have, it’s a good idea to set some of it aside in a savings account that pays an above-average interest rate.

Interested in opening an online bank account? When you sign up for a SoFi Checking and Savings account with eligible direct deposit, you’ll get a competitive annual percentage yield (APY), pay zero account fees, and enjoy an array of rewards, such as access to the Allpoint Network of 55,000+ fee-free ATMs globally. Qualifying accounts can even access their paycheck up to two days early.

FAQ

What is the meaning of discretionary income?

Discretionary income is defined as the amount of money you have left after covering essential expenses like taxes, rent or mortgage, utilities, and groceries. It represents the portion of your income that can be used for nonessential spending, such as entertainment, dining out, and vacations.

What is an example of discretionary income?

Discretionary income is the money left after paying for essentials like rent, groceries, and utilities. So, for example, if you earn $4,000 a month after taxes, spend $2,500 on necessities, and have $1,500 left, that’s your discretionary income. You could use that $1,500 for dining out, entertainment, and/or saving for a vacation. How you spend this money reflects your financial priorities and lifestyle choices.

What is the difference between discretionary and disposable income?

Disposable income is the money left after paying taxes and is used to cover both essential and nonessential expenses. Discretionary income, on the other hand, is the portion of disposable income left after covering necessities, like housing, food, and utilities. You can use this money for entertainment, shopping, or saving.

How does discretionary income impact financial planning?

Discretionary income is the money you have left after covering all of your essential expenses. It plays a key role in financial planning because it determines how much you can save, invest, and spend on nonessentials each month. Higher discretionary income gives you more flexibility in your budget, allowing you to save for emergencies and other goals, invest for future growth, and enjoy life’s pleasures.

Can discretionary income be invested?

Yes, discretionary income can be invested to grow your wealth over time. After covering essential expenses, you can allocate discretionary income to stocks, bonds, mutual funds, or retirement accounts. Investing part of your discretionary income can help you build financial security, generate passive income, and achieve long-term goals like sending a child to college or retiring comfortably.

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SOBNK-Q125-081

What Is Swing Trading?

Short-term price fluctuations in the market are known as swings, and swing trading aims to capitalize on these price movements, whether up or down.

The swings typically occur within a range, from a couple of days to a couple of weeks. Traders may try to capture a part of a larger price trend: for example, if a price dips, but a rebound is expected.

While day traders typically stay in a position only for minutes or hours, swing traders typically invest for a few days or weeks. Swing trading can be profitable, but it’s higher risk, and it’s important to bear in mind the potential costs and tax implications of this strategy.

How Swing Trading Works

Swing trading can be a fairly involved process, and traders employ different types of analysis and tools to try and gauge where the market is heading. But for simplicity’s sake, you may want to think of it as a method to capture short-to-medium term movements in share prices.

Investors are, in effect, trying to capture the “swing” in prices up or down. It avoids some day trading risks, but allows investors to take a more active hand in the markets than a buy-and-hold strategy.

With that in mind, swing trading basically works like this: An investor uses an online brokerage (or a traditional one) to buy a stock, anticipating that its price will appreciate over a three-week period. The stock’s value does go up, and after three weeks, the investor sells their shares, generating a profit.

Conversely, an investor may want to take a short position on a stock, betting that the price will fall.

Either way there are no guarantees, and swing trading can be risky if the stocks the investor holds move in the opposite direction.

Generally, a swing trader uses a mix of technical and fundamental analysis tools to identify short- and mid-term trends in the market. They can go both long and short in market positions, and use stocks, exchange-traded funds (ETFs), and other securities that exhibit pricing volatility.

It is possible for a swing trader to hold a position for longer than a few weeks, though a position held for a month or more may actually be classified as trend trading.

Cost and Tax Implications

A swing trading strategy is somewhere in between a day-trading strategy and trend-trading strategy. They have some methods in common but may also differ in some ways — so it’s important to know exactly which you plan to utilize, especially because these shorter-term strategies have different cost and tax factors to consider.

Frequent trades typically generate higher trading fees than buy-and-hold strategies, as well as higher taxes. Unless you qualify as a full-time trader, your short-term gains can be taxed as income, rather than the more favorable capital gains rate (which kicks in when you hold a security for at least a year).

Recommended: Stock Trading Basics

Day Trading vs Swing Trading

Like day traders, swing traders aim to capture the volatility of the market by capitalizing on the movements of different securities.

Along with day traders and trend traders, swing traders are active investors who tend to analyze volatility charts and price trends to predict what a stock’s price is most likely to do next. This is using technical analysis to research stocks — a process that can seem complicated, but is essentially trying to see if price charts can give clues on future direction.

The goal, then, is to identify patterns with meaning and accurately extrapolate this information for the future. The strategy of a day trader and a swing trader may start to diverge in the attention they pay to a stock’s underlying fundamentals — the overall health of the company behind the stock.

Day traders aren’t particularly interested in whether a company stock is a “good” or “bad” investment — they are simply looking for short-term price volatility. But because swing traders spend more time in the market, they may also consider the general trajectory of a company’s growth.

Pros and Cons of Swing Trading

Pros of Swing Trading

To understand the benefits of swing trading, it helps to understand the benefits of long-term investing — which may actually be the more suitable strategy for some investors.

The idea behind buy-and-hold strategies is quite simply that stock markets tend to move up over long periods of time, or have a positive average annual return. Also, unlike trading, it is not zero-sum, meaning that all participants can potentially profit by simply remaining invested for the maximum amount of time possible.

1. Time and Effort

Further, long-term investing may require less time and effort. Dips in the market can provide the opportunity to buy in, but methodical and regular investing is generally regarded higher than any version of attempting to short-term time the market.

Swing trading exists on the other end of the time-and-effort continuum, although it generally requires much less effort and attention than day trading. Whereas day traders must keep a minute-by-minute watch on the market throughout the trading days, swing trading does not require that the investor’s eyes be glued to the screen.

Nonetheless, swing trading requires a more consistent time commitment — and an awareness of external events that can impact prices — than buy-and-hold strategies.

2. Income

Compared to long-term investing, which comes into play with retirement accounts like a 401(k), traditional IRA or Roth IRA, swing trading may create more opportunity for an investor to generate income.

Most long-term investors intend to keep their money invested — including profits — for as long as possible. Swing traders are using the short-term swings in the market to generate profit that could be used as income, and they tend to be more comfortable with the risks this strategy typically entails.

3. Avoidance of Dips

Finally, it may be possible for swing traders to avoid some downside. Long-term investors remain invested through all market scenarios, which includes downturns or bear markets. Because swing traders are participating in the market only when they see opportunity, it may be possible to avoid the biggest dips.

That said, markets are highly unpredictable, so it’s also possible to get caught in a sudden downturn.

Cons of Swing Trading

Though there is certainly the potential to generate a profit via swing trading, there’s also a substantial risk of losing money — and even going into debt.

1. Expenses & Taxes

It can be quite expensive to swing trade, as noted above. Although brokerage or stock broker commissions won’t be quite as high as they would be for day traders, they can be substantial.

Also, because the gains on swing trades are typically short-term (less than a year), swing investors would likely be taxed at higher capital gains rates.

In order to profit, traders will need to out-earn what they are spending to engage in swing trading strategies. That requires being right more often than not, and doing so at a margin that outpaces any losses.

2. Time Intensive

Swing trading might not be as time-consuming or as stressful as day trading, but it can certainly be both. Many swing traders are researching and trading every day, if not many times a day. What can start as a hobby can easily morph into another job, so keep the time commitment in mind.

3. Requires Expertise

Within the investing community, there is significant debate as to whether the stock market can be timed on any sort of regular or consistent basis.

In the short term, stock prices do not necessarily move on fundamental factors that can be researched. Predicting future price moves is nothing more than just that: trying to predict the future. Short of having a crystal ball, this is supremely difficult, if not impossible, to do, and is best suited to experienced investors.

Swing Trading Example

Here’s a relatively simple example of a swing trade in action.

An investor finds a stock or other security that they think will go up in value in the coming days or weeks. Let’s say they’ve done a fair bit of analysis on the stock that’s led them to conclude that a price increase is likely.

Going Long

The investor opens up a position by purchasing 100 shares of the stock at a price of $10 per share. Obviously, the investor is assuming some risk that the price will go down, not up, and that they could lose money.

But after a week, the stock’s value has gone up $1, and they decide to close their position and sell the 100 shares. They’ve capitalized on the “swing” in value, and turned a $100 profit.

Of course, the trade may not pan out in the way the investor had hoped. For example:

•   The stock could rise by $0.50 instead of $1, which might not offer the investor the profit she or he was looking for.

•   The stock could lose value, and the investor is faced with the choice of selling at a loss, or holding onto the stock to see if it regains its value (which entails more risk exposure).

Going Short

Swing traders can also take advantage of price drops and short a stock that they think is overvalued. They borrow 100 shares of stock from their brokerage and sell the shares for $10 per share for a total of $1,000 (plus any applicable brokerage fees).

If their prediction is correct, and the price falls to $9 per share, the investor can buy back 100 shares at $9 per share for $900, return the borrowed shares, and pocket the leftover $100 as profit ($1,000 – $900 = $100).

If they’re wrong, the investor misses the mark, and the price rises to $11 per share. Now the investor has to buy back 100 shares for $11 per share for a total of $1,100, for a loss of $100 ($1,000 – $1,100 = -$100), not including fees.

Swing Trading Strategies

Each investor will want to research their own preferred swing trading strategy, as there is not one single method. It might help to designate a specific set of rules.

Channel Trading

One such strategy is channel trading. Channel traders assume that each stock is going to trade within a certain range of volatility, called a channel.

In addition to accounting for the ups and downs of short-term volatility, channels tend to move in a general trajectory. Channels can trend in flat, ascending, or descending directions, or a combination of these directions.

When picking stocks for a swing trading strategy using channels, you might buy a stock at the lower range of its price channel, called the support level. This is considered an opportune time to buy.

When a stock is trading at higher prices within the channel, called the resistance level, swing traders tend to believe that it is a good time to sell or short a stock.

MACD

Another method used by swing traders is moving average convergence/divergence, or “MACD.” The MACD indicator looks to identify momentum by subtracting a 26-period exponential moving average from the 12-period exponential moving average, or EMA.

Traders are seeking a shift in acceleration that may indicate that it is time to make a move.

Other Strategies

This is not a complete list of the types of technical analysis that traders may integrate into their strategies.

Additionally, traders may look at fundamental indicators such as SEC filings and special announcements, or watch industry trends, regulation, etc., that may affect the price of a stock. Trading around earnings season may also present an opportunity to capitalize on a swing in value.

Similarly, they may watch the news or reap information from online sources to get a sense of general investor sentiment. Traders can use multiple swing trading methods simultaneously or independently from one another.

Swing Trading vs Day Trading

Traders or investors may be weighing whether they should learn swing trading versus day trading. Although the two may have some similarities, day trading is much more fast-paced, with trades occurring within minutes or hours to take advantage of very fast movements in the market.

Swing trading, conversely, gives investors a bit more time to take everything in, think about their next moves, and make a decision. It’s a middle ground between day trading and a longer-term investing strategy. It allows investors to utilize some active investing strategies, but doesn’t require them to monitor the markets minute by minute to make sure they don’t lose money.

Swing Trading vs Long-Term Investing

Long-term investing tends to be a lower risk strategy in general. Investors are basically betting that the market will trend higher over the long term, which is typically true, barring any large-scale downturns. But this strategy doesn’t give investors the opportunity to really trade based on market fluctuations.

Swing trading does, albeit not as much as day trading. If you want to get a taste for trading, and put some analysis tools and different strategies to work, then it may be worth it to learn swing trading.

Is Swing Trading Right for You?

Whether swing trading is a smart investing strategy for any individual will come down to the individual’s goals and preferences. It’s good to think about a few key things: How much you’re willing to risk by investing, how much time you have to invest, and how much risk you’re actually able to handle on a psychological or emotional level — i.e., your risk tolerance.

If your risk tolerance is relatively low, swing trading may not be right for you, and you may want to stick with a longer-term strategy. Similarly, if you don’t have much to invest, you may be better off buying and holding, effectively lowering how much you’re putting at risk.

The Takeaway

Swing traders invest for days or weeks, and then exit their positions in an effort to generate a quick profit from a security’s short-term price movements. That differentiates them from day traders or long-term investors, who may be working on different timelines to likewise reap market rewards.

There are also different methods and strategies that swing traders can use. There is no one surefire method, but it might be best to find a strategy and stick with it if they want to give swing trading an honest try. Be aware, though, that it carries some serious risks — like all stock trading.

Invest in what matters most to you with SoFi Active Invest. In a self-directed account provided by SoFi Securities, you can trade stocks, exchange-traded funds (ETFs), mutual funds, alternative funds, options, and more — all while paying $0 commission on every trade. Other fees may apply. Whether you want to trade after-hours or manage your portfolio using real-time stock insights and analyst ratings, you can invest your way in SoFi's easy-to-use mobile app.

FAQ

Is swing trading actually profitable?

Swing trading can be profitable, but there is no guarantee that it will be. Like day trading or any other type of investing, swing trading involves risk, though it can generate a profit for some traders.

Is swing trading good for beginners?

Many financial professionals would likely steer beginning investors to a buy-and-hold strategy, given the risks associated with swing or day trading. However, investors looking to feel out day trading may opt for swing trading first, as they’ll likely use similar tools or strategies, albeit at a slower pace.

How much do swing traders make?

It’s possible that the average swing trader doesn’t make any money at all, and instead, loses money. It depends on their skill level, experience, market conditions, and a bit of luck.