What Is a Stock Market Bubble?
A stock market bubble is often caused by speculative investing. As investors bid up the stock price, it becomes detached from its real value. Eventually, the bubble bursts, and investors who bought high and didn’t sell fast enough are left holding shares they overpaid for.
Stock market bubbles are notoriously difficult to spot, but they’re famous for potentially causing large-scale consequences, such as market crashes and recessions.
For investors on an individual level, entering the market in the later stages of a bubble could mean painful losses. But misdiagnosing a stock market bubble or exiting from positions too early can result in an investor missing out on potential gains.
Here’s a deeper dive into what causes stock market bubbles and how they develop.
Five Stages of a Market Bubble
Modern-day investors and market observers typically categorize market bubbles based on the principles of Hyman P. Minsky, a 20th century economist whose financial-instability hypothesis became widely cited after the 2008 financial crisis.
Minsky debunked the notion that markets are always efficient. Instead, he posited that underlying forces in the financial system can push actors–such as bankers, investors and traders–toward making bad decisions.
Minsky’s work discussed how bubbles tend to follow a pattern of human behavior. Below is a closer look at the five stages of a bubble cycle:
1. Displacement
Displacement is the phase during which investors get excited about something — typically a new paradigm such as an invention like the Internet, or a change in economic policy, like the cuts to short-term interest rates during the early 2000s by Federal Reserve Chair Alan Greenspan.
For instance, one example of displacement can be the enthusiasm for cryptocurrencies that picked up in 2017. While the cryptocurrency market technically began back in 2009, mainstream institutional and retail investors started gravitating toward crypto coins and tokens like Bitcoin in a bigger way in 2017.
2. Boom
That excitement for a new paradigm next leads to a boom. Prices for the new paradigm rise, gradually gathering more momentum and speed as more and more participants enter the market. Media attention also rapidly expands about the new investing trend.
This phase captures the initial price increases of any potential bubble. For instance, after Greenspan cut interest rates in the early 2000s, real-estate prices and new construction of homes boomed. Separately, after the advent of the Internet in the 1990s, shares of technology and dot-com companies began to climb.
3. Euphoria
The boom stage leads to euphoria, which in Minsky’s credit cycle has banks and other commercial lenders extending credit to more dubious borrowers, often creating new financial instruments. In other words, more speculative actions take place as people who are fearful of missing out jump in and fuel the latest craze. This stage is often dubbed as “froth” or as Greenspan called it “irrational exuberance.”
For instance, during the dot com bubble of the late 1990s, companies went public in IPOs even before generating earnings or sales. In 2008, it was the securitization of mortgages that led to bigger systemic risks in the housing market.
4. Profit-Taking
This is the stage in which smart investors or those that are insiders sell stocks. This is the “Minsky Moment,” the point before prices in a bubble collapse even as irrational buying continues.
History books say this took place in 1929, just before the stock market crash that led to the Great Depression. In the decade prior known as the “Roaring 20s,” speculators had made outsized risky bets on the stock market. By 1929, some insiders were said to be selling stocks after shoeshine workers started giving stock tips–which they took to be a sign of overextended exuberance.
5. Panic
Panic is the last stage and has historically occurred when monetary tightening or an external shock cause asset values to start to fall. Some firms or companies that borrowed heavily begin to sell their positions, causing greater price dips in markets.
After the Roaring 20s, tech bubble, and housing bubble of the mid-2000s, the stock market experienced steep downturns in each instance–a period in which panic selling among investors ensued.
Recommended: Should I Take My Money Out of the Stock Market?
The Takeaway
One of the prevailing beliefs in the financial world is that markets are efficient. This means that asset prices have already accounted for all the information available. But market bubbles show that sometimes actors can discount or misread signs that asset values have become inflated. This typically happens after long stretches of time during which prices have marched higher.
Stock market bubbles are said to occur when there’s the illusion that share prices can only go higher. While bubbles and boom-and-bust cycles are part of markets, investors should understand that stock volatility is usually inevitable in stock investing.
Investing has historically been an important part of wealth-building for individuals, and the benchmark S&P 500 Index has an average market return of 7% annually after adjusting for inflation.
Ready to invest in your goals? It’s easy to get started when you open an investment account with SoFi Invest. You can invest in stocks, exchange-traded funds (ETFs), mutual funds, alternative funds, and more. SoFi doesn’t charge commissions, but other fees apply (full fee disclosure here).
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