How to Gift a Stock

How to Gift a Stock

Gifting stock is a simple process, as long as your intended recipient has a brokerage account, too. You’ll just need their basic personal and account information. One reason to transfer shares of a stock, instead of selling them and gifting the proceeds, is that you’ll avoid realizing the capital gains and owing related taxes.

Key Points

•   There are several ways to gift stocks, such as setting up a custodial account for kids, setting up a DRIP, virtual transfers, and physically handing over stock certificates.

•   Gifting stocks can benefit the giver as well as the receiver, as the giver can take a tax deduction while avoiding capital gains tax.

•   The annual gift tax exclusion for 2023 is $17,000 per year, per person.

•   Gifting stocks to charities can benefit both the giver and the charity as the giver doesn’t have to pay capital gains taxes and the charity is tax-exempt.

•   Gifts can also be made via investing apps and stock gift cards.

8 Ways to Gift Stocks

There are several ways that stocks can be gifted.

1. Set Up a Custodial Account for Kids

Parents can set up a custodial brokerage account for their kids and transfer stocks, mutual funds, and other assets into it. They can also buy assets directly for the account. When the child reaches a certain age they take ownership of it.

This can be a great way to get kids interested in their finances and educate them about investing or particular industries. Teaching kids about short and long term investments by giving them a stock that will grow over time is a great learning opportunity. However, keep in mind that there is a so-called “kiddie tax” imposed by the IRS if a child’s interest and dividend income is more than $2,200.

2. Set up a DRiP

Dividend Reinvestment Plans, or DRiPs, are another option for gifting stocks. These are plans that automatically reinvest dividends from stocks, which allows the stock to grow with compound interest.

3. Gifting to a Spouse

When gifting stocks to a spouse, there are generally no tax implications as long as both people are U.S. citizens. A spouse can either gift a present interest or a future interest in shares, meaning the recipient spouse gets the shares immediately or at a specified date in the future.

According to the IRS , If the recipient spouse is not a U.S. citizen, there is an annual gift tax exclusion of $159,000. Any amount above that would be taxed.

4. Virtual Transfers and Stock Certificates

Anyone can transfer shares of stock to someone else if the receiver has a brokerage account. This type of gifting can be done with basic personal and account information. One can either transfer shares they already own, or buy them in their account and then transfer them. Some brokers also have the option to gift stocks periodically.

Individuals can also buy a stock certificate and gift that to the recipient, but this is expensive and requires more effort for both the giver and receiver. To transfer a physical stock certificate, the owner needs to sign it in the presence of a guarantor, such as their bank or a stock broker.

5. Gifting Stock to Charity

Another option is to give the gift of stocks to a charity, as long as the charity is set up to receive them. This can benefit both the giver and the charity, because the giver doesn’t have to pay capital gains taxes, and as a tax-exempt entity, the charity doesn’t either. The giver may also be able to deduct the amount the stock was worth from their taxes.

For givers who don’t know which charity to give to, one option is a donor-advised fund . While the giver can take a tax deduction on their gift in the calendar year in which they give it, the fund will distribute the gift to the charities over multiple years.

6. Passing Down Wealth

Gifting stocks to family members can be a better way to transfer wealth than selling them and paying taxes. For 2021, up to $15,000 per year, per person, can be transferred through gifting of cash, stocks, or a combination. This means a couple can gift $30,000 to one individual, free of the gift tax.

If a person wants to transfer stocks upon their death, they have a few options, including:

•  Make it part of their will.

•  Go through a beneficiary designation in a trust.

•  Create an inherited IRA.

•  Arrange a transfer on death designation in a brokerage account.

It’s important to look into each option and one’s individual circumstances to figure out the taxes and cost basis for this option.

7. Gifting Through an App

Another option is to find an investing app that has stock gifting features.

8. Gift Cards

It may be surprising to hear, but stocks can be given via gift cards. These may be physical or digital gift cards.

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*Customer must fund their Active Invest account with at least $25 within 30 days of opening the account. Probability of customer receiving $1,000 is 0.028%. See full terms and conditions.

The Benefits of Gifting Stocks

There are several upsides to giving (and receiving) stocks:

•  If you’re giving the gift of stocks to kids, it can begin their investing education and provide them with an asset that will grow over time.

•  For anyone receiving stock, there’s potential that the value of the gift will grow over time. (Though it must be said, the value could also diminish over time.)

•  If the giver already owns stock in the company, they may benefit on their taxes by transferring some or all of that stock to someone else. If a stock has appreciated in value, the owner would normally owe capital gains if they sell it. However, if they gift it, they don’t have to pay the taxes. Those gains do get transferred to the receiver—but depending on their tax bracket, they won’t owe any taxes when they sell. In that case, both the giver and receiver would avoid paying the capital gains.

Recommended: How to Buy Fractional Shares

Things to Consider When Giving a Stock Gift

Gifting stocks is relatively straightforward, but there are some things to keep in mind. In addition to the $15,000 per year gifting limit and the capital gains tax implications of gifting, timing of gifts is important, and gifting may not always be the best choice.

For instance, when gifting to heirs, it may be better to wait and allow them to inherit stocks rather than gifting them during life. This may reduce or eliminate the capital gains they owe.

Also, there is a lifetime gift exclusion for federal estate taxes, which was $11.58 million in 2020, which can be used to shelter giving that goes over $15,000. However, this is not a great tax option, due to the ways gifts and inherited stocks are taxed.

Generally a better way to give a substantial amount of money to someone is to establish a trust fund.

Tax Implications of Gifting Stocks

There are some tax ramifications of giving stock as a gift.

Capital Gains Tax

There are a few things to be aware of with the capital gains taxes. If the stock is gifted at a lower value than it was originally purchased at, and sold at a loss, the cost basis for the recipient is based on the fair market value of the stock on the date they received it.

However, if the price of the stock increases above the price that the giver originally paid, the capital gains are based on the value of the stock when the giver bought it. In a third scenario, if the stock is sold on the date of the gift at a higher than fair market value, but at a lower value than the giver’s cost basis, no gain or loss needs to be recorded by the recipient.

•  Tax implications for giving: When gifting stocks, the giver can avoid paying capital gains tax. can sometimes be a way for the giver and the receiver to avoid paying capital gains taxes.

•  Tax implications for receiving: The recipient won’t pay taxes upon receiving the stock. When they sell it, they may be exempt from capital gains taxes if they’re in a lower tax bracket (consider, for example, a minor or retired individual). Otherwise, if they sell at a profit, they should expect to pay capital gains tax. If the annual gifting limit is exceeded, there may be taxes associated with that and the giver will need to file an estate and gift tax return.

Recommended: What Are Capital Gains Taxes?

The Takeaway

Gifting stocks is a unique idea that may have benefits for both the giver and the receiver. As you plan for your future, you may decide to build up a portfolio of stocks that you intend to give to your children, parents, or others as you grow older.

You can easily start investing online with SoFi Invest®. The app lets you quickly buy and sell stocks right from your phone. You can also research and track specific stocks, and see all of your investing information in one simple dashboard.

Find out how to get started with SoFi Invest.

Photo credit: iStock/akinbostanci


SoFi Invest®
INVESTMENTS ARE NOT FDIC INSURED • ARE NOT BANK GUARANTEED • MAY LOSE VALUE
SoFi Invest encompasses two distinct companies, with various products and services offered to investors as described below: Individual customer accounts may be subject to the terms applicable to one or more of these platforms.
1) Automated Investing and advisory services are provided by SoFi Wealth LLC, an SEC-registered investment adviser (“SoFi Wealth“). Brokerage services are provided to SoFi Wealth LLC by SoFi Securities LLC.
2) Active Investing and brokerage services are provided by SoFi Securities LLC, Member FINRA (www.finra.org)/SIPC(www.sipc.org). Clearing and custody of all securities are provided by APEX Clearing Corporation.
For additional disclosures related to the SoFi Invest platforms described above please visit SoFi.com/legal.
Neither the Investment Advisor Representatives of SoFi Wealth, nor the Registered Representatives of SoFi Securities are compensated for the sale of any product or service sold through any SoFi Invest platform.

Tax Information: This article provides general background information only and is not intended to serve as legal or tax advice or as a substitute for legal counsel. You should consult your own attorney and/or tax advisor if you have a question requiring legal or tax advice.

External Websites: The information and analysis provided through hyperlinks to third-party websites, while believed to be accurate, cannot be guaranteed by SoFi. Links are provided for informational purposes and should not be viewed as an endorsement.

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

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What Is a Pattern Day Trader?

A pattern day trader is actually a designation created by the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (FINRA), and it refers to traders who day trade a security four or more times within a five-day period.

Because of their status, there are certain rules and stipulations that apply only to pattern day traders, which brokerages and investing firms must adhere to.

Read on to learn more about pattern day traders, what rules apply to them, and how they’re different from regular day traders.

Pattern Day Trader, Definition

The FINRA definition of a pattern day trader is clear: A brokerage or investing platform must classify investors as pattern day traders if they day trade a security four or more times in five business days, and the number of day trades accounts for more than 6% of their total trading activity for that same five-day period in a margin account.

When investors are identified as pattern day traders, they must have at least $25,000 in their trading account. Otherwise, the account could get restricted per FINRA’s day-trading margin requirement rules.

How Does Pattern Day Trading Work?

Pattern day trading works as the rules stipulate: An investor or trader trades a single security at least four times within a five business day window, and those moves amount to more than 6% of their overall trading activity.

Effectively, this may not look like much more than engaging in typical day trading strategies for the investor. The important elements at play are that the investor is engaging in a flurry of activity, often trading a single security, and using a margin account to do so.

Remember: A margin account allows the trader to borrow money to buy investments, so the brokerage that’s lending the trader money has an interest in making sure they can repay what they owe.

Example of Pattern Day Trading

Here is how pattern day trading might look in practice:

On Monday, you purchase 10 shares of Stock A using a margin account. Later that day, you sell the 10 shares of Stock A. This is a day trade.

On Tuesday, you purchase 15 shares of stock A in the morning and then sell the 15 shares soon after lunch. Subsequently, you purchase 5 shares of stock A, which you hold only briefly before selling prior to the market close. You have completed two day trades during the day, bringing your running total — including Monday’s trades — to three.

On Thursday, you purchase 10 shares of stock A and 5 shares of stock B in the morning. That same afternoon, you sell the 10 shares of stock A and the 5 shares of stock B. This also constitutes two day trades, bringing your total day trades to five during the running four-day period. Because you have executed four or more day trades in a rolling five business day period, you may now be flagged as a pattern day trader.

Note: Depending on whether your firm uses an alternative method of calculating day trades, multiple trades where there is no change in direction might only count as one day trade. For example:

•   Buy 20 shares of stock A

•   Sell 15 shares of stock A

•   Sell 5 shares of stock A

If done within a single day, this could still only count as one day trade.

Do Pattern Day Traders Make Money?

Yes, pattern day traders can and do make money — if they didn’t, nobody would engage in it, after all. But pattern day trading incurs much of the same risks of day trading. Day traders run the risk of getting in over their heads when using margin accounts, and finding themselves in debt.

This is why it’s important for aspiring day traders to make sure they have a clear and deep understanding of both margin and the use of leverage before they give serious thought to trading at a high level.

It’s the risks associated with it, too, that led to the development and implementation of the Pattern Day Trader Rule, which can have implications for investors.

What Is the Pattern Day Trader Rule?

The Pattern Day Trader Rule established by FINRA requires that an investor have at least $25,000 cash and other eligible securities in their margin account in order to conduct four or more day trades within five days. If the account dips below $25,000, the investor will need to bring the balance back up in order to day trade again.

Essentially, this is to help make sure that the trader actually has the funds to cover their trading activity if they were to experience losses.

Note that, according to FINRA, a day trade occurs when a security is bought and then sold within a single day. However, simply purchasing shares of a security would not be considered a day trade, as long as that security is not sold later on that same day, per FINRA rules. This also applies to shorting a stock and options trading.

The PDT Rule established by FINRA requires that an investor have at least $25,000 in their margin account in order to conduct four or more day trades within five days.

But merely day trading isn’t enough to trigger the PDT Rule.

All brokerage and investing platforms are required by FINRA, a nongovernmental regulatory organization, to follow this rule. Most firms provide warnings to their clients if they are close to breaking the PDT rule or have already violated it. Breaking the rule may result in a trading platform placing a 90-day trading freeze on the client’s account. Brokers can allow for the $25,000 to be made up with cash, as well as eligible securities.

Some brokerages may have a broader definition for who is considered a “pattern day trader.” This means they could be stricter about which investors are classified as such, and they could place trading restrictions on those investors.

A broker can designate an investor a pattern day trader as long as the firm has a “reasonable basis” to do so, according to FINRA guidelines.

Why Did FINRA Create the Pattern Day Trader Rule?

FINRA and the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) created the PDT margin rule during the height of the dot-com bubble in the late 1990s and early 2000s in order to curb excessive risk-taking among individual traders.

FINRA and the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) created the PDT margin rule amidst the heyday of the dot-com bubble in order to curb excessive risk taking among individual traders.

FINRA set the minimum account requirement for pattern day traders at $25,000 after gathering input from a number of brokerage firms. The majority of these firms felt that a $25,000 “cushion” would alleviate the extra risks from day trading. Many firms felt that the $2,000 for regular margin accounts was insufficient as this minimum was set in 1974, before technology allowed for the electronic day trading that is popular today.

Investing platforms offering brokerage accounts are actually free to impose a higher minimum account requirement. Some investing platforms impose the $25,000 minimum balance requirement even on accounts that aren’t margin accounts.

Pattern Day Trader vs Day Trader

As discussed, there is a difference between a pattern day trader and a plain old day trader. The difference has to do with the details of their trading: Pattern day traders are more active and assume more risk than typical day traders, which is what catches the attention of their brokerages.

Essentially, a pattern day trader is someone who makes a habit of day trading. Any investor can engage in day trading — but it’s the repeated engagement of day trading that presents an identifiable pattern. That’s what present more of a risk to a brokerage, especially if the trader is trading on margin, and which may earn the trader the PDT label, and subject them to stricter rules.

Does the Pattern Day Trader Rule Apply to Margin Accounts?

As a refresher: Margin trading is when investors are allowed to make trades with some of their own money and some money that is borrowed from their broker. It’s a way for investors to boost their purchasing power. However, the big risk is that investors end up losing more money than their initial investment.

Investors trading on margin are required to keep a certain cash minimum. That balance is used as collateral by the brokerage firm for the loan that was provided. The initial minimum for a regular margin account is $2,000 (or 50% of the initial margin purchase, whichever is greater). Again, that minimum moves up to $25,000 if the investor is classified as a “pattern day trader.”

FINRA rules allow pattern day traders to get a boost in their buying power to four times the maintenance margin excess — any extra money besides the minimum required in a margin account. However, most brokerages don’t provide 4:1 leverage for positions held overnight, meaning investors may have to close positions before the trading day ends or face borrowing costs.

If an investor exceeds their buying power limitation, they can receive a margin call from their broker. The investor would have five days to meet this margin call, during which their buying power will be restricted to two times their maintenance margin. If the investor doesn’t meet the margin call in five days, their trading account can be restricted for 90 days.

Does the Pattern Day Trader Rule Apply to Cash Accounts?

Whether the Pattern Day Trader Rule applies to other types of investing accounts, like cash accounts, is up to the specific brokerage or investing firm. The primary difference between a cash account vs. a margin account is that with cash accounts, all trades are done with money investors have on hand. Some trading platforms only apply the PDT rule to margin accounts and don’t apply it to cash accounts.

However, some platforms may adhere to FINRA rules that govern margin accounts even if they don’t offer margin trading. This means that a $25,000 minimum balance of cash and other securities must be kept in order for an investor to do more than four day trades in a five-business-day window.

Investors with cash accounts also need to be careful of free riding violations. This is when an investor buys securities and then pays for the purchase by using proceeds from a sale of the same securities. Such a practice would be in violation of the Federal Reserve Board’s Regulation T and result in a 90-day trading freeze.

Pros of Being a Pattern Day Trader

The pros to being a pattern day trader are somewhat obvious: High-risk trading goes along with the potential for bigger rewards and higher profits. Traders also have a short-term time horizon, and aren’t necessarily locking up their resources in longer-term investments, either, which can be a positive for some investors.

Also, the use of leverage and margin allows them to potentially earn bigger returns while using a smaller amount of capital.

Cons of Being a Pattern Day Trader

The biggest and most obvious downside to being a pattern day trader is that you’re contending with a significant amount of risk. Using leverage and margin to trade compounds that risk, too, so day trading does require thick skin and the ability to handle a lot of risk. (Make sure to consider your risk tolerance and investment objectives before engaging in day trading.) Given the intricacies of day trading, it can also be more time and research intensive.

Tips to Avoid Becoming a Pattern Day Trader

Here are some steps investors can take to avoid getting a PDT designation:

1.    Investors can call their brokerage or trading platform or carefully read the official rules on what kind of trading leads to a “Pattern Day Trader” designation, what restrictions can potentially be placed, and what types of accounts are affected.

2.    Investors can keep a close count of how many day trades they do in a rolling five-day period. It’s important to note that buying and selling during premarket and after-market trading hours can cause a trade to be considered a day trade. In addition, a large order that a broker could only execute by breaking up into many smaller orders may constitute multiple day trades.

3.    Investors can consider holding onto securities overnight. This will help them avoid making a trade count as a day trade, although with margin accounts, they may not have the 4:1 leverage afforded to them overnight.

4.    If an investor wants to make their fourth day trade in a five-day window, they can make sure they have $25,000 in cash and other securities in their brokerage account the night before to prevent the account from being frozen.

5.    Investors can open a brokerage account with another firm if they’ve already hit three day trades over five days with one trading platform. However, it’s good to keep in mind that the PDT rule is meant to protect investors from excessive risk taking.

It’s also important to know that taking time to make wise or careful investment decisions could be in the investor’s favor.

The Takeaway

Pattern day traders, as spelled out by FINRA guidelines, are traders who trade a security four or more times within five business days, and their day trades amount to more than 6% of their total trading activity using a margin account.

Being labeled a pattern day trader by a brokerage can trigger the PDT Rule, which means that the trader needs to keep at least $25,000 in their margin account.

While day trading can reap big rewards, it also has big risks — and that’s something that brokerages are keenly aware of, and why they may choose to have stricter requirements for pattern day traders.

If you’re an experienced trader and have the risk tolerance to try out trading on margin, consider enabling a SoFi margin account. With a SoFi margin account, experienced investors can take advantage of more investment opportunities, and potentially increase returns. That said, margin trading is a high-risk endeavor, and using margin loans can amplify losses as well as gains.


Get one of the most competitive margin loan rates with SoFi, 11%*

FAQ

What happens if you get flagged as a pattern day trader?

If you’re labeled as a pattern day trader, your brokerage may require you to keep at least $25,000 in cash or other assets in your margin account as a sort of collateral.

Do pattern day traders make money?

Yes, some pattern day traders make money, which is why some people choose to do it professionally. But many, perhaps most, lose money, as there is a significant amount of risk that goes along with day trading.

What is the pattern day trader rule?

The Pattern Day Trader Rule was established by FINRA, and requires traders to have at least $25,000 in their margin account in order to conduct four or more day trades within five days. If the account dips below $25,000 the trader needs to deposit additional funds.


*Borrow at 10%. Utilizing a margin loan is generally considered more appropriate for experienced investors as there are additional costs and risks associated. It is possible to lose more than your initial investment when using margin. Please see SoFi.com/wealth/assets/documents/brokerage-margin-disclosure-statement.pdf for detailed disclosure information.
SoFi Invest®
INVESTMENTS ARE NOT FDIC INSURED • ARE NOT BANK GUARANTEED • MAY LOSE VALUE
SoFi Invest encompasses two distinct companies, with various products and services offered to investors as described below: Individual customer accounts may be subject to the terms applicable to one or more of these platforms.
1) Automated Investing and advisory services are provided by SoFi Wealth LLC, an SEC-registered investment adviser (“SoFi Wealth“). Brokerage services are provided to SoFi Wealth LLC by SoFi Securities LLC.
2) Active Investing and brokerage services are provided by SoFi Securities LLC, Member FINRA (www.finra.org)/SIPC(www.sipc.org). Clearing and custody of all securities are provided by APEX Clearing Corporation.
For additional disclosures related to the SoFi Invest platforms described above please visit SoFi.com/legal.
Neither the Investment Advisor Representatives of SoFi Wealth, nor the Registered Representatives of SoFi Securities are compensated for the sale of any product or service sold through any SoFi Invest platform.

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

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What Would Happen if I Deposited $10,000 Into My Bank Account?

What Would Happen if I Deposited $10,000 Into My Bank Account?

A cash deposit of more than $10,000 into your bank account requires special handling. The IRS requires banks and businesses to file Form 8300, the Currency Transaction Report, if they receive cash payments over $10,000. Depositing more than $10,000 will not result in immediate questioning from authorities, however. The report is done simply to help prevent fraud and money laundering. You have nothing to lose sleep over so long as you are not doing anything illegal.

Key Points

•   Banks are required to report when customers deposit more than $10,000 in cash at once.

•   A Currency Transaction Report must be filled out and sent to the IRS and FinCEN.

•   The Bank Secrecy Act of 1970 dictates that banks keep records of deposits over $10,000 to help prevent financial crime.

•   Structuring a deposit is when an individual splits up several deposits so that a single deposit of more than $10,000 cash does not happen.

•   Penalties for not filing Form 8300 or filing a fraudulent form include fines and possible prison sentences.

Are Financial Institutions Required to Report Large Deposits?

Banks and credit unions are required to report when a customer deposits cash over $10k. Maximum deposit limits vary by bank, but in this case, anything above $10,000 (even a penny more) is the amount to know. The Bank Secrecy Act dictates that financial institutions create a paper trail of financial activity that could be suspicious. The reasoning is that law enforcement authorities can better control money laundering activities and tax evasion by having a record of these larger deposits. Other malicious activities like terrorism, drug trading, and broad financial crimes might be prevented.

Do I Have to Report Large Deposits?

You might have to report large deposits if you own a business. (Performing a small direct deposit typically does not need to be reported.) The IRS rules also apply to financial activities performed by a business or individual. You must complete IRS Form 8300 to report any transaction or even a series of related transactions that total $10,000.

About that “series of related transactions” part: Transactions are considered related when they take place within 24 hours or if the person or business simply suspects they are related.

What Is IRS Form 8300?

IRS Form 8300 is used to help regulators prevent financial crime. The form is separate from other banking guidelines like funds availability rules. It is sent to the IRS and the Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (FinCEN). The form is used to report cash payments over $10,000 received in a trade or business.

On IRS Form 8300 , you must identify the individual from whom the cash was received and the person on whose behalf the transaction was conducted. In addition, you need to include a description of the transaction and method of payment. Additional disclosure of information may spell out the business that received the cash and whether multiple parties were involved.

What Happens When Deposits Are Reported?

A paper trail of potentially suspicious deposits is created after Form 8300 is transmitted to the IRS. Depositing cash at an ATM or with a bank teller, so long as it is below the $10K threshold, will usually not be reported. Law enforcement agencies can use the paper trail for future investigations if conditions warrant it.

To understand this in a bit more detail, know that first, when a cash deposit of more than $10,000 is reported, you are identified through your Social Security number (SSN) and other personal information. FinCEN is now tracking you, but once again, it is nothing to be concerned about if you are following the law.

What Is the Bank Secrecy Act?

The Bank Secrecy Act of 1970, mentioned above, may sound somewhat intimidating. What it actually does is require that banks keep records of each customer who deposits more than $10,000 in cash at one time in a single account. The paper trail is sent to various law enforcement groups to track where the money moves to. The Bank Secrecy Act includes civil and criminal penalties for entities not complying with the requirements. Moreover, the 2001 Patriot Act made the Bank Secrecy Act broader; it can now better detect activity related to terrorism. Again, this is nothing to be concerned about as long as you aren’t engaged in any illegal activities like bank fraud.

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Reporting the Deposit

Here is the answer to “What happens if I deposit more than $10,000?” There are several steps involved in reporting a cash deposit over $10,000, whether that’s made to a standard or premium checking account or a savings account. There is likely nothing to be concerned about if you are just going about your daily business and not involved in illegal activity.

Banks Must Verify ID and Other Important Information

The Currency Transaction Report is used to verify a depositor’s information. The SSN, name, and address are provided to the FinCEN.

Banks Will Review All Cash Transactions

Financial institutions go through all their channels when a suspicious deposit over $10,000 is made. A series of several smaller amounts that sum to a deposit of more than $10,000 is also treated as a large deposit. Cash put into an account at a teller window or through an ATM can be linked and considered a structured deposit (more on that below). These are much more serious potential events than everyday banking activities, such as making a small cash deposit or ATM withdrawal.

Banks Will Determine If You Are Structuring Deposits

Structuring a deposit is when an individual splits up several deposits so that a single deposit of more than $10,000 cash does not happen. Someone might do this to avoid the bank having to file Form 8300 to the IRS and resulting in a paper trail. This suspicious activity raises red flags as it suggests someone is intentionally trying to fly under the regulators’ radar. If a bank determines someone is structuring, then that activity might face additional scrutiny.

All Information Will Go Into a Currency Transaction Report

The personal information and deposit details mentioned earlier go into a Currency Transaction Report within 15 days of the transaction being considered. Reports are kept on file at the bank for five years, too. Once again, however, most people need not be too concerned with this, provided your banking is legal. Rather, it may be better to focus on account basics, like savings account withdrawal fees, not the ramifications of pernicious illegal activity, as long as they are following all the laws.

Penalties for Non-Compliance

You may wonder what happens if an individual tries to skirt the protocols described above. Here are details:

•   Civil penalties for not filing Form 8300 include fines of $250 per return. If this is considered to be intentional disregard, the fine can be the greater of $25,000 or the amount of cash received in the transaction up to $100,000.

•   Criminal penalties for not filing Form 8300 or filing a fraudulent form include a monetary fine of up to $250,000 for individuals and $500,000 for businesses. Prison sentences of five years are also a possible penalty for non-compliance.

Are There Any Exemptions to Consider?

A bank can file for an exemption if one of its business customers routinely deposits over $10k. It’s important to know that some businesses cannot get an exemption. For example, law firms, pawn dealers, accounting firms, and trade unions are some corporation types for which the IRS will not grant an exemption.

The Takeaway

You don’t have anything to worry about if you deposit more than $10,000 in cash, assuming you are doing nothing wrong. A large deposit is simply reported by a bank to regulators to track possible suspicious activity. Businesses must also file IRS Form 8300, a Currency Transaction Report, within a specific time frame after a $10,000 cash payment. Structuring deposits (breaking up funds into smaller amounts for deposit, so as to avoid filing a form 8300) is another no-no. Since there are significant penalties for attempting to skirt the law, it’s wise to not attempt such moves.

If you’re looking for financial peace of mind, here’s another angle: See what SoFi offers. When you open an online bank account with direct deposit, your Checking and Savings can earn a competitive APY. Plus, you won’t pay any account or overdraft fees.

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FAQ

How much money can I deposit in the bank without being reported?

A deposit over $10k is the amount to consider; amounts under that threshold may not have to be reported. There’s a catch, though: If a customer makes several small cash payments or deposits within a 12-month window, filing Form 8300 might have to be done should the payments or deposits exceed $10,000. These are known as “structured” deposits and can raise red flags if not reported.

How often can you deposit $10,000?

You can deposit more than $10,000 whenever you’d like, but just be aware that the receiving financial institution is required to report those funds to the IRS. If you are a business owner and depositing over $10k in cash is a frequent practice, the bank can file an exemption after the first large deposit to avoid filling out future reports to the IRS.

How do you explain a large deposit?

Depositing over $10k only results in an IRS form being filed by the bank. You often won’t have to do anything to explain it unless you are suspected of fraud or money laundering. While many individuals wonder, “What happens if I deposit $10,000 or more?” the authorities are not going to arrive at your doorstep the next day. The money is deposited like any other amount would be.


SoFi members with direct deposit activity can earn 4.60% annual percentage yield (APY) on savings balances (including Vaults) and 0.50% APY on checking balances. Direct Deposit means a deposit to an account holder’s SoFi Checking or Savings account, including payroll, pension, or government payments (e.g., Social Security), made by the account holder’s employer, payroll or benefits provider or government agency (“Direct Deposit”) via the Automated Clearing House (“ACH”) Network during a 30-day Evaluation Period (as defined below). Deposits that are not from an employer or government agency, including but not limited to check deposits, peer-to-peer transfers (e.g., transfers from PayPal, Venmo, etc.), merchant transactions (e.g., transactions from PayPal, Stripe, Square, etc.), and bank ACH funds transfers and wire transfers from external accounts, do not constitute Direct Deposit activity. There is no minimum Direct Deposit amount required to qualify for the stated interest rate.

SoFi members with Qualifying Deposits can earn 4.60% APY on savings balances (including Vaults) and 0.50% APY on checking balances. Qualifying Deposits means one or more deposits that, in the aggregate, are equal to or greater than $5,000 to an account holder’s SoFi Checking and Savings account (“Qualifying Deposits”) during a 30-day Evaluation Period (as defined below). Qualifying Deposits only include those deposits from the following eligible sources: (i) ACH transfers, (ii) inbound wire transfers, (iii) peer-to-peer transfers (i.e., external transfers from PayPal, Venmo, etc. and internal peer-to-peer transfers from a SoFi account belonging to another account holder), (iv) check deposits, (v) instant funding to your SoFi Bank Debit Card, (vi) push payments to your SoFi Bank Debit Card, and (vii) cash deposits. Qualifying Deposits do not include: (i) transfers between an account holder’s Checking account, Savings account, and/or Vaults; (ii) interest payments; (iii) bonuses issued by SoFi Bank or its affiliates; or (iv) credits, reversals, and refunds from SoFi Bank, N.A. (“SoFi Bank”) or from a merchant.

SoFi Bank shall, in its sole discretion, assess each account holder’s Direct Deposit activity and Qualifying Deposits throughout each 30-Day Evaluation Period to determine the applicability of rates and may request additional documentation for verification of eligibility. The 30-Day Evaluation Period refers to the “Start Date” and “End Date” set forth on the APY Details page of your account, which comprises a period of 30 calendar days (the “30-Day Evaluation Period”). You can access the APY Details page at any time by logging into your SoFi account on the SoFi mobile app or SoFi website and selecting either (i) Banking > Savings > Current APY or (ii) Banking > Checking > Current APY. Upon receiving a Direct Deposit or $5,000 in Qualifying Deposits to your account, you will begin earning 4.60% APY on savings balances (including Vaults) and 0.50% on checking balances on or before the following calendar day. You will continue to earn these APYs for (i) the remainder of the current 30-Day Evaluation Period and through the end of the subsequent 30-Day Evaluation Period and (ii) any following 30-day Evaluation Periods during which SoFi Bank determines you to have Direct Deposit activity or $5,000 in Qualifying Deposits without interruption.

SoFi Bank reserves the right to grant a grace period to account holders following a change in Direct Deposit activity or Qualifying Deposits activity before adjusting rates. If SoFi Bank grants you a grace period, the dates for such grace period will be reflected on the APY Details page of your account. If SoFi Bank determines that you did not have Direct Deposit activity or $5,000 in Qualifying Deposits during the current 30-day Evaluation Period and, if applicable, the grace period, then you will begin earning the rates earned by account holders without either Direct Deposit or Qualifying Deposits until you have Direct Deposit activity or $5,000 in Qualifying Deposits in a subsequent 30-Day Evaluation Period. For the avoidance of doubt, an account holder with both Direct Deposit activity and Qualifying Deposits will earn the rates earned by account holders with Direct Deposit.

Members without either Direct Deposit activity or Qualifying Deposits, as determined by SoFi Bank, during a 30-Day Evaluation Period and, if applicable, the grace period, will earn 1.20% APY on savings balances (including Vaults) and 0.50% APY on checking balances.

Interest rates are variable and subject to change at any time. These rates are current as of 10/24/2023. There is no minimum balance requirement. Additional information can be found at https://www.sofi.com/legal/banking-rate-sheet.


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Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

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Stock Warrants: What Are They and How Do I Exercise Them?

What Is a Stock Warrant? Guide to Exercising Stock Warrants

Stock warrants are similar to options: A stock warrant offers investors the right, but not the obligation, to buy or sell a stock at a specific price by a set date.

That said, while it’s fairly easy to come by stock options, stock warrants are less common, especially in the U.S. Some investors may be familiar with stock warrants because they’re typically part of SPAC deals (special purpose acquisition company).

Although warrants and options do have some similarities (e.g. there are put warrants and call warrants), they also have substantial differences. Here’s what you need to know about how stock warrants work.

What Is a Stock Warrant?

Like a stock option, a stock warrant is a derivative contract that gives the holder the right, but not the obligation, to buy or sell the underlying security at the agreed-upon strike price on or before the expiration date of the contract.

Stock warrants are issued by the company that has the stock. They’re typically used as a way to raise capital, because the cost of the warrant (the premium) and the cost per share both flow to the company.

With U.S. warrants, the expiration date is the last date investors can exercise the warrant; with European-style warrants, the expiration date is the only date when investors can exercise their warrants. In the U.S. stock warrants typically don’t expire for a period of several years.

Investors pay a premium per share for the stock warrant (typically a fraction of the share price). Investors generally buy one warrant per one share of stock, but warrants can also be sold at a certain ratio, e.g. 4 to 1 (e.g. four warrants represent one share of the underlying security).

It’s important to know the terms of the warrant, so that you know what you’re buying, how much you’re paying, what it’s worth, and when the warrant expires.

Two Main Types of Warrants

Similar to options trading, investors can buy a call warrant or a put warrant. A call warrant allows investors to purchase shares from the company by the expiration date.

A put warrant allows them to sell the shares back to the company.

Stock warrants in general aren’t common in the U.S., especially with the decline of the SPAC market (more on that below). Put warrants tend to be less common than call warrants.


💡 Quick Tip: Before opening any investment account, consider what level of risk you are comfortable with. If you’re not sure, start with more conservative investments, and then adjust your portfolio as you learn more.

The Value of Warrants

Warrants have intrinsic value and time value, similar to options. Intrinsic value is how profitable the stock warrant would be if the investor exercised it now.

The time value of a warrant, put simply, is a function of how volatile the underlying shares are, and how much time is left until expiration. The more time the warrant has until it expires, the more time it has (potentially) to rise in value.

That’s why stock warrants can be traded on the secondary market.

When an investor exercises a stock warrant in order to purchase shares, the company issues new shares, which are dilutive to the existing shareholders.

Pros of Stock Warrants

The primary advantage of stock warrants is that for a relatively small upfront investment, investors have the right to purchase shares of stock — which, if they are lucky, may increase in value and deliver a substantial profit. The downside is that the warrant can expire worthless.

However, there is an advantage in terms of time: Stock warrants are often long-term — some are five, 10, or even 15 years. Ideally then, investors can wait for the best time to exercise their warrants.

Given the longer time horizon before warrants typically expire, investors can trade warrants on the secondary market, assuming the warrant still has value.

Cons of Stock Warrants

The leverage offered by a warrant cuts both ways, giving investors the potential for big gains or big losses — so these contracts can be quite risky.

Also, an investor may be entitled to dividends or have voting rights when they purchase actual shares of stock. That’s not true when investors buy warrants. Warrants don’t pay dividends and don’t offer voting rights.

Profits from selling stock warrants are taxed as ordinary income, which can be a higher tax rate for investors vs. the capital gains rate.

Pros

Cons

The low price of warrants can lead to big gains. Warrants can be risky, and a modest price drop in the underlying stock price can render the warrant worthless.
The longer time horizon gives investors the chance to buy/sell at the right time. Stock warrants don’t pay dividends and don’t come with voting rights.
Investors can trade their warrants on the secondary market before they expire, if they still have value. Profits from selling a stock warrant are taxed as income, not as capital gains.

The Complexity of Stock Warrants

Investors should bear in mind that, above all, stock warrants are not as simple as they can seem at first. In some ways the terms of stock warrants are more opaque than stock options.

If a stock pays dividends, that may lower the price of the stock warrant (as an inducement to investors, who won’t see dividends, but may see a higher payoff). But a stock warrant can also be structured so the share price incrementally rises over time, which may not be favorable to the investor.

Stock warrants are typically not considered very liquid, because there are so few of them.


💡 Quick Tip: If you’re an experienced investor and bullish about a stock, buying call options (rather than the stock itself) can allow you to take the same position, with less cash outlay. It is possible to lose money trading options, if the price moves against you.

Stock Warrants vs Stock Options

Warrants differ from options in a few important ways:

1.    A stock option is a contract entered into by two investors, whereas a warrant is issued by the company that issues the stock.

2.    Stock warrants also differ from options in that they can have expiration dates as far as 15 years in the future. Most options last for much shorter periods, and rarely more than three years.

3.    Warrants are a source of capital for the issuing company, whereas options are instruments traded between entities.

4.    Call warrants and options give the holder the right to buy a stock; puts give the holder the right to sell a stock. But there is a difference between put options and put warrants in that put options may be more advantageous because their price goes up when the stock price goes down. If you buy a put warrant from a company and the price goes down to zero, you may not be able to sell your stock back to the company.

Warrants

Options

Issued directly by a company Traded between investors
Expiration dates as long as 15 years Expiration dates typically less than a year
Source of capital for the company Potential profit or loss for investors, not the underlying company/entity
Put warrants may be more risky than put options Put options may be more advantageous than put warrants

How Do SPAC Warrants Work?

SPACs, which stands for special purpose acquisition companies, are shell companies that raise money by listing shares on a stock exchange, and then merging with private companies that wish to go public.

When it comes to SPACs, investors who buy in during the pre-listing process are given “units.” Each “unit” includes a share and a warrant or a fraction of a warrant. The warrants are meant to be additional compensation to pre-listing SPAC investors for agreeing to have their capital held in a trust until the merger.

SPAC Market Declines

While SPACs once saw considerable interest from investors only a few years ago, with billions flowing into these deals, SPACs are less common today. In 2022 alone, the number of SPAC mergers dropped by 22% — and the number of canceled SPACs doubled to about 55 last year.

In addition, institutional investors — hedge funds, mutual funds, and pensions — historically have had greater access to SPAC units, since units are allocated during the private placement stage of a SPAC deal.

This has been one of the criticisms lobbed at SPACs, with detractors arguing that it gives institutional investors a better risk-reward proposition than retail traders, who typically just buy regular shares in the market without the added potential value warrants can offer.

Recommended: SPAC vs. IPO

Example of Exercising SPAC Warrants

The SPACs’ shares “separate” from the warrants usually 52 days after the initial public offering or IPO. This allows unitholders to trade the warrants and shares separately. The fees for exercising or trading warrants can be more sizable than the fees for trading shares.

Here’s a case example of how an investor may exercise their SPAC warrant. A merger between the SPAC and the target company is completed, and 52 days later, the warrants become exercisable at their strike price, which is typically $11.50 in SPACs.

So let’s say the shares of the combined company are trading at $15, so higher than the strike price of $11.50. That means investors can exercise their warrants and buy additional shares at $11.50 and immediately sell them for $15.

The investor would then pocket the difference between the exercise price of $11.50 and the current share price of $15 for a tidy profit.

But if the share price is trading lower than the exercise price, the investor is in a wait-and-see situation — and if the share price never rises above the strike price, the warrants are essentially worthless.

Recommended: What to Know About SPACs Before You Invest in Them

Important Things to Know About SPAC Warrants

While SPAC warrants can be a lucrative opportunity, it’s also important to be aware that each SPAC and the terms of the warrant contracts need to be evaluated by investors on a case-by-case basis.

Remember, warrants offer an opportunity but they can also expire when worthless. For instance, it’s possible shares of the combined company never rise above the strike price of $11.50, making it impossible for investors to exercise the warrants.

Furthermore, the regulation of SPACs and their warrants could change. In April 2021, the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) changed how SPAC companies can classify warrants on their balance sheet. Many SPACs have considered warrants as equity. But under the new guidelines, in certain circumstances, SPAC companies need to classify warrants as liabilities.

Many SPACs in the pipeline have had to reevaluate their financial statements in order to make sure they’re in compliance with the new regulatory guidelines. Market observers interpreted the SEC’s move as an attempt to cool the red-hot SPAC market.

Why Do Companies Issue Warrants?

The reason that companies issue stock warrants is to raise capital without selling other bonds or stock. Selling warrants also protects the company’s stock from becoming diluted, as would happen with the issuing of new stock — unless or until investors exercise them.

Call warrants will dilute the shares on the market when investors exercise them.

Recommended: Understanding Stock Dilution

Because warrants are less expensive than the underlying stock, unproven companies will use them to entice new shareholders. The company makes money on the warrant sale, and on the exercise of the call warrant if the owner buys the underlying shares. And if the warrant expires, the company keeps the purchase price of the warrant.

A company may issue call warrants as a show of confidence for shareholders who want to hedge their holdings of that company’s stock. The company offers the hedge of the call warrant to reassure shareholders while raising capital from the sale of the warrant.

Sometimes, companies will also issue warrants as a way to raise capital during periods of turbulence. For example, some companies issue warrants if they’re headed for bankruptcy.

How to Find Warrants to Invest In

Not every publicly traded company offers warrants. In the U.S. the companies that tend to issue warrants are not big Fortune 500 corporations. Instead, they tend to be smaller, more speculative companies.

While there are some online databases of warrants, they’re not necessarily comprehensive and up-to-date. But if an investor has a company they’re interested in investing in via warrants, they can contact that company’s investor relations department. Investors can also go to the company website and search for the word “warrant,” or the company’s ticker symbol, followed by “WT.”

Some warrants can also be traded under the symbol that includes the underlying stock symbol with either a “W” or “WS” before it. Once an investor finds a warrant, most online brokerage accounts will allow them to buy and sell the warrant.

How to Use Warrants

For an investor who owns warrants, the first decision is when to exercise the warrant. For a call warrant, that’s when the stock price has risen above the warrant’s strike price. If it’s a put warrant, then it means the stock is trading below the strike price.

But a warrant holder has another option, which is to sell the warrant on the open market because warrants can be traded like options. This is one thing to consider if a call warrant is below the strike price. Even if it’s below the strike price, the call warrant may still have intrinsic value right up until it expires, though the market may offer you less for the warrant than you paid for it.

Even if the current stock price is higher than the strike price, an investor may choose to hold onto the warrant. That’s because the price could rise even higher before the warrant expires.

Whether buying, selling, or exercising a warrant, most brokers can help an investor get it done. Once purchased, a warrant will appear in a trading account just like a stock or option. But with warrants, like most financial derivatives, most brokers charge higher transaction fees. After the broker contacts the company that issued the warrants and exercises them, the stock will replace the warrants in the trading account.

Other Important Things to Know About Warrants

It’s important to remember that every company that issues warrants does it differently. One company may issue warrants in which five warrants can be exercised to obtain one share of stock. Another company may set the ratio at ten to one or twenty to one.

Some companies can adjust the strike price of their call warrants if the company pays out dividends. This is a twist that can benefit the buyer because warrants with a lower strike price are more likely to be exercised at a profit.

But not every contractual term in a warrant is necessarily to an investor’s benefit. There are some call warrants whose structure allows the issuing company to force investors to sell their warrants if the stock price rises too high above the warrant’s strike price. There are even some warrants whose strike price is designed to rise higher over time, which makes it less likely that an investor will be able to exercise the warrant at a profit.

While it makes sense to study and understand the fine print before buying a warrant or any investment, it’s especially important to double-check those terms and conditions when getting out of the investment, by exercising a warrant, for example.

The Takeaway

Stock warrants are a bit like their cousin, the stock option — but there are some key differences to know. These often-overlooked securities can offer investors an inexpensive way to bet on the long-term success of a company. But they come with potential pitfalls, particularly when it comes to the fact that they can expire if investors don’t exercise them.

Warrants have become more topical since they’re issued in SPACs, which have seen an equally dramatic rise and fall in popularity over the last few years. In SPACs, early investors often get a share plus a warrant or partial warrant. However, investors should evaluate each SPAC and warrant carefully given the potential volatility of these arrangements.

All of that said, stock warrants are relatively uncommon as investment vehicles in the U.S.

Ready to invest in your goals? It’s easy to get started when you open an investment account with SoFi Invest. You can invest in stocks, exchange-traded funds (ETFs), mutual funds, alternative funds, and more. SoFi doesn’t charge commissions, but other fees apply (full fee disclosure here).

Invest with as little as $5 with a SoFi Active Investing account.

FAQ

What is an example of exercising a stock warrant?

Let’s say a stock is trading at $5 per share. The company decides to sell call warrants for a strike price of $5.50 per share. If the stock price rises to $6 per share before the expiration date, an investor could exercise their stock warrants to make $0.50 per share. If the stock price drops to $4.75/share, investors would have to wait rather than take the loss — and hope for a price increase before the warrant expires.

What is the purpose of a stock warrant?

Stock warrants are generally issued by a corporation as a means of raising capital. The company sells the warrants to investors, who have a specified period of time in which to exercise the warrant (say, five years). In the above example, the company would raise $0.50 per share by selling call warrants at a slightly higher price-per-share.

How can you find a stock warrant to invest in?

Trying to find a stock warrant over-the-counter from the issuing company isn’t impossible, but it can be difficult, especially because most companies don’t offer warrants. The easiest way to find stock warrants on the secondary market is to purchase them through your brokerage account. Warrants are indicated with a W or WS added to the ticker.


Photo credit: iStock/PeopleImages

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Neither the Investment Advisor Representatives of SoFi Wealth, nor the Registered Representatives of SoFi Securities are compensated for the sale of any product or service sold through any SoFi Invest platform.

Options involve risks, including substantial risk of loss and the possibility an investor may lose the entire amount invested in a short period of time. Before an investor begins trading options they should familiarize themselves with the Characteristics and Risks of Standardized Options . Tax considerations with options transactions are unique, investors should consult with their tax advisor to understand the impact to their taxes.
Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

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