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Real estate investments make money through appreciation and rental income. Real estate can diversify a portfolio and act as a hedge against inflation, since landlords can pass rising costs to tenants. But the down payment on multifamily investment properties? At least 20%, or 25% to get a better rate.

It’s true that eligible borrowers may use a 0% down U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) loan for a property with up to four units as long as they live there. However, those loans serve a relatively small number of people and are considered residential financing. Properties with more than four units are considered commercial.

So how can a cash-poor but curiosity-rich person tap the potential of multifamily properties? By not footing the entire bill themselves.

Can You Buy a Multifamily Property With No Money?

When you buy real estate, you typically have two options: Buy with cash or finance your purchase with a mortgage loan.

There are various types of mortgages. If you take out a home loan, you’ll likely need to pay a portion of the purchase price in cash in the form of a down payment. The minimum down payment you make will depend on the type of mortgage you choose — the average down payment on a house is well under 20% — and it will help determine what terms and interest rates lenders will offer you.

This money needs to come from somewhere, but it doesn’t necessarily need to come from your own savings account. When investors buy multifamily properties with “no money down,” they use little or no personal money to cover the upfront costs.

If you don’t have much cash of your own, there are several ways that you can fund the purchase of a multifamily investment property.

💡 Quick Tip: Jumbo mortgage loans are the answer for borrowers who need to borrow more than the conforming loan limit values set by the Federal Housing Finance Agency ($832,750 in most places, and up to $1,249,125 in high-cost areas). If you have your eye on a pricier property, a jumbo loan could be a good solution.

6 Ways to Pay for a Multifamily Property

Find a Co-Borrower

If you don’t have the money to front the costs of a property yourself, you can consider partnering with a family member, friend, or business partner. They may have the money to cover the down payment, while you pull your weight by researching properties or managing them.

When you co-borrow with someone, you’ll each be responsible for the monthly mortgage payments. You’ll also share profits in the form of rents or capital gains if you sell the property.

Give an Equity Share

You may give an equity investor a share in the property to cover the down payment. Say a multifamily property costs $750,000 and you need a 20% down payment. An equity investor could give you $150,000 in exchange for 20% of the monthly rental income and 20% of the profit when the property is sold.

Borrow From a Hard Money Lender

Hard money loans are offered by private lenders or investors, not banks. The mortgage underwriting process tends to be less strict than that of traditional mortgages. Depending on the property you want to buy, you may not need a down payment.

These loans (also called bridge loans) have high interest rates and short terms — typically one to three years — with interest-only payments the norm. For this reason, they may be used by investors looking to flip the property in short order, allowing them to make a profit and pay off the loan quickly.

House Hack

House hacking refers to leveraging property you already own to generate income. For example, you might rent out an in-law suite or list your property on Airbnb.

Another option: You could rent out your primary residence and move into one of the units in a multifamily property you buy. This way, you’d probably generate more income than if you had rented out the unit to a tenant.

Finally, you could hop on the accessory dwelling unit (ADU) bandwagon if you own a single-family home. ADUs can take the form of a converted garage, an attached or detached unit, or an interior conversion. The rental income can be sizable. To fund a new ADU, homeowners may tap home equity, consider cash-out refinancing, or even take out a personal loan.

Seek Seller Financing

If you don’t have the cash for a down payment on a property, you may be able to forgo financing from a lending institution and get help from the seller instead.

With owner financing, there are no minimum down payment requirements. Several types of seller financing arrangements exist:

•   All-inclusive mortgage: The seller extends credit for the entire purchase price of the home, less any down payment.

•   Junior mortgage: The buyer finances a portion of the sales price through a lending institution, while the seller finances the difference.

•   Land contracts: The buyer and seller share ownership until the buyer makes the final payment on the property and receives the deed.

•   Lease purchase: The buyer leases the property from the seller for a set period of time, after which the owner agrees to sell the property at previously agreed-upon terms. Lease payments may count toward the purchase price.

•   Assumable mortgage: A buyer may be able to take over a seller’s mortgage if the lender approves and the buyer qualifies. Federal Housing Administration (FHA), VA, and USDA loans are assumable mortgages.

Invest Indirectly

Not everyone wants to become a landlord in order to add real estate to their portfolio. Luckily, they can invest indirectly in REITs and through crowdfunding sites, for example.

The Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2013 allows real estate investors to pool their money through online real estate crowdfunding platforms to buy multifamily and other types of properties. The platforms give average investors access to real estate options previously available only to the very wealthy.

REITs are companies that own various types of real estate, including apartment buildings. Investors can buy shares on the open market, and the company passes along the profits generated by rent. To qualify as a REIT, the company must pass along at least 90% of its taxable income to shareholders each year.

As far as investment opportunities go, REITs can be a good choice for passive-income investors.

💡 Quick Tip: To see a house in person, particularly in a tight or expensive market, you may need to show the real estate agent proof that you’re preapproved for a mortgage. SoFi’s online application makes the process simple.

The Takeaway

Buying a multifamily property with no money down is possible if you take roads less traveled, such as leveraging other people’s money. And if you have the means to make a down payment on a property, your first step is to research possible home mortgage loans.

Looking for an affordable option for a home mortgage loan? SoFi can help: We offer low down payments (as little as 3% - 5%*) with our competitive and flexible home mortgage loans. Plus, applying is extra convenient: It's online, with access to one-on-one help.

FAQ

Can I buy a multifamily home with an FHA loan?

It is possible to buy a property with up to four units with a standard FHA-backed mortgage if the buyer plans to live in one of the units for at least a year. The FHA considers homes with up to four units to be single-family housing. The down payment could be as low as 3.5%. There are loan limits.

A rarer product, an FHA multifamily loan, can be used to purchase a property with five or more units. The down payment is higher, and you’ll pay mortgage insurance premiums upfront and annually for any FHA loan.

Is a multifamily property considered a commercial property?

Properties with five or more units are generally considered commercial real estate. Commercial real estate loans usually have shorter terms, higher interest rates, and different down payment requirements than residential loans. They almost always include a prepayment penalty.

How can I buy a property without a down payment?

You can borrow the full purchase price of a property without having to put down a deposit of your own, or you could find a partner to put up the money. This could be a family member, a friend, a business partner, or even an equity investor.

Photo credit: iStock/jsmith

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As the most widely recognized and adopted cryptocurrency, Bitcoin’s price can in many ways serve as a barometer for the health of the entire crypto market. With the highest market cap of all cryptocurrencies by a wide margin, it has the potential to lift the prices of other cryptocurrencies in the wake of its own price increases, and likewise pull broader market prices down when its own numbers fall.

The price of Bitcoin (BTC) has been on a wild ride since it launched over 17 years ago, on January 3, 2009. Those who bought Bitcoin early have seen its price fluctuate significantly, surpassing $126,000 for a brief moment in October 2025 after a steep decline in 2023, and then losing steam in early 2026. Over the years, Bitcoin’s price volatility has led to rapid gains and also considerable losses.

A review of Bitcoin price history shows plenty of ups and some significant downs, but despite the risks, crypto fans continue to seek it out. Like other cryptocurrencies, Bitcoin’s price is largely driven by sentiment, and those who buy in must be comfortable with the elevated risk that buying and selling crypto entails.

Bitcoin Price History Over the Years

A glance at the Bitcoin historical price chart illustrates the cryptocurrency’s steep rise since its inception. It’s equally clear that the path to Bitcoin’s current price has not always been a smooth one, and that it may continue to see fluctuations over time.

While some enjoy comparing Bitcoin’s price history to past speculative manias like Beanie Babies circa 1995 (or the infamous tulip bubble circa 1636), speculation is only one factor in any given Bitcoin price fluctuation.

Over the years, one pattern can be seen in Bitcoin’s prices. Every four years, the network undergoes a change called “the halving,” where the supply of new BTC rewarded to Bitcoin miners gets cut in half. This has happened four times so far:

•   2012: 50 BTC to 25 BTC

•   2016: 25 BTC to 12.5 BTC

•   2020: 12.5 BTC to 6.25 BTC

•   2024: 6.25 BTC to 3.125 BTC

The next Bitcoin halving is set to occur in March or April of 2028.

In each instance, the price of BTC reached new record highs in the year or so following each halving event. This was typically followed by a Bitcoin bear market. After a period of consolidation, the price then tended to move upwards again in advance of the next halving, though there’s no guarantee that this may occur in the future.

While the price of BTC can hardly be considered predictable, it’s useful to view the chapters in the Bitcoin price history and what it may mean for potential buyers, sellers, and holders.

Bitcoin Price History by Year (2014-2026)

Source: Yahoo Finance, CoinDesk

Bitcoin Price 2009-2012: $0 to $13.50

Early Bitcoin price history shows relatively modest growth. As buzz around Bitcoin grew, more crypto-curious individuals began to pay attention to this seemingly novel idea and its potential as a serious vehicle for growth.

2009: $0

On October 31, 2008, the pseudonymous person or group known as Satoshi Nakamoto published the Bitcoin white paper. This paper introduced a peer-to-peer digital cash system based on a new form of distributed ledger technology called blockchain.

Then, on January 3, 2009, the Bitcoin network went live with the mining of the genesis block, which allowed the first group of transactions to begin a blockchain. This block contained a text note that read: “Chancellor on Brink of Second Bailout for Banks.” This referenced an article in The London Times about the financial crisis of 2008 – 2009, when commercial banks received trillions in bailout money from central banks and governments. This event helped mark Bitcoin’s original price at $0.

For this reason and others, many suspect that Nakamoto created Bitcoin, at least in part, in response to the way the events of those years played out.

2010: $0.00099 to $0.30

Bitcoin’s price increased nominally for most of 2010, never surpassing the $1 mark. The first recorded price at which Bitcoin was exchanged was equivalent to roughly one-tenth of a cent, and the year closed with a price near $0.30. The first notable price jump would not be far off, however.

2011 – 2012: $1 to $13.50

Real adoption of Bitcoin began to take place about two years after it was first introduced, and a major Bitcoin price surge happened for the first time.

In 2011, the Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF) accepted BTC for donations for a few months, but quickly backtracked due to a lack of a legal framework for virtual currencies.

In February of 2011, BTC reached $1.00 for the first time, achieving parity with the U.S. dollar. Months later, the price of BTC reached $10 and then quickly soared to $30 on the Mt. Gox exchange. Bitcoin had risen 100x from the year’s starting price of about $0.30.

By year’s end, though, the price of Bitcoin was under $5. No one can say for sure exactly why the price behaved as it did, especially back when the technology was so new. It could be that 2011 marked the launch of Litecoin, a fork of the Bitcoin blockchain — and other forms of crypto began to emerge as well — signaling greater competition.

In 2012, of course, Bitcoin saw its first halving, from a 50-coin reward for mining BTC to 25 coins. This set the stage for its precipitous growth. But the pattern of an 80% – 90% correction from record highs would continue to repeat itself going forward, even as much more Bitcoin liquidity would come into being.

Recommended: Is Crypto Mining Still Worth It in 2025?

2013 – 2016: $13 to $1,000

The period between 2013 and 2016 would mark the beginning of Bitcoin’s ascension as a cryptocurrency to be taken seriously. Pricing increased dramatically during this time, as more people began to take notice of Bitcoin’s potential.

2013: $13 to $1,193

In 2013, the EFF began accepting Bitcoin again, and this was the strongest year in Bitcoin price history in terms of percentage gains. Starting at $13 in the beginning of the year, the price of Bitcoin rose to almost $250 in April before correcting downward by over 50%. The price consolidated for about six months until another historic rally in November and December of that year, when the price hit $1,193.

This increase saw Bitcoin’s market cap exceed $1 billion for the first time ever. The world’s first Bitcoin ATM was also installed in Vancouver, allowing people to convert cash into crypto.

While the price spiked above $1,000 again briefly in January 2014, it would be nearly three years before the Bitcoin price would reach four digits again.

Amidst all this volatility was a surge in crypto interest, with Dogecoin being one of the more notable coins to emerge at that time. Though considered a meme coin, Dogecoin still exists.

2014 – 2015: $760 to $430

While the cryptoverse quietly exploded in this time period, with technological innovations that permitted a move away from proof-of-work to the less resource-intensive proof-of-stake, as well as the emergence of smart contracts, and the real foundations of decentralized finance — Bitcoin was relatively quiet.

While 2014 opened at about $760, the price overall held steady in the $200 to $500 range for much of this time, briefly dipping below $200 in January and August of 2015. Bitcoin closed out 2015 at $430, marking a period of overall price stability. The official B symbol that has come to be associated with Bitcoin was adopted in November of that year.

2016: $430 to $960

In 2016, Bitcoin halved for a second time, prompting a notable jump in prices by year’s end. January ended the month with a closing price of $368, but by December, Bitcoin’s price had almost reached $1,000. A slight dip in pricing occurred around August, but for the most part, the cryptocurrency saw a steady and consistent rise in price.

2017 – 2019: $960 to $7,200

Between 2017 and 2019, Bitcoin would dazzle crypto watchers with big price leaps, but the outlook was not entirely rosy during this period. In 2018, a major crash would deliver a blow to BTC’s price and raise questions about the stability of cryptocurrency markets as a whole.

2017: $960 to $20,000

The Bitcoin price in 2017 breached the $1,100 mark in January, a new record at the time — following the Bitcoin halving in July of 2016. By December, the price had soared to nearly $20,000. That’s a 20x rise in less than 12 months, and it was followed predictably by a decline through 2018 and 2019. Bitcoin wouldn’t see the other side of $20,000 until late 2020.

Like the 2013 price surge, the 2017 rally occurred about one year after the halving. What made this time different was that for the first time ever, the general public became more aware of cryptocurrency. Mainstream news outlets began covering stories relating to Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies. This price rise largely reflected retail buyers entering the market for the first time.

Opinions on Bitcoin ranged from thinking it was a scam to believing it was the greatest thing ever. For the believers, this was an opportunity for many to purchase Bitcoin for the first time, but there’s little doubt that the influx of retail interest in the crypto markets contributed heavily to volatility across the board.

2018: $14,000 to $3,700

The year 2018 was an unpredictable one for Bitcoin pricing. Following a relatively strong start in January, with prices closing above $10,000, the cryptocurrency ended the year at $3,742. This period stands out as one of the most significant cryptocurrency crashes, affecting not only Bitcoin but more than 90 other digital currencies that had arisen.

Bitcoin’s decline during this period was attributed to numerous factors, including the launch of several new crypto offerings that quickly fizzled, which triggered fear in the markets.

Apart from these concerns were rumors that South Korea was contemplating banning cryptocurrency, and the hacking of Coincheck, Japan’s largest OTC cryptocurrency exchange network. Combined, these factors created a perfect storm for price drops and criticism of Bitcoin from notable analysts and media outlets.

2019: $3,700 to $7,200

Bitcoin began to see some recovery in 2019, though it was initially slow going. For most of the first quarter, Bitcoin’s price hovered between $3,500 and $5,000, before a surge in June of that year that tipped its price above $13,000.

June saw the cryptocurrency’s price rise above $10,000 again, and Bitcoin held steady throughout July. By August, the tide had begun to turn, and the remainder of the year saw a gradual slide in pricing. In December 2019, Bitcoin closed at $7,193, still well above its January price point but far from the highs reached in 2017.

The next big test of Bitcoin’s strength in the crypto markets would come in 2020, with the arrival of the COVID-19 pandemic.

2020 – 2026: $7,200 to $126,000

The period from 2020 to 2026 would see Bitcoin prices reach their highest levels yet — following one of the worst crashes in the cryptocurrency’s history. Against mounting pressure, Bitcoin would continue to attract new buyers hoping to get exposure to the crypto market.

2020: $7,200 to $29,000

The crypto feeding frenzy was well underway by the end of 2019, with hundreds of new coins on the market. By January 3, 2020, Bitcoin’s price was $7,347 and rising steadily for the most part. As the halving in May of 2020 approached, Bitcoin’s price shot north of $9,100, nearly a 25% increase in just a few months.

But that was just the start of a meteoric rise — and fall — for BTC that few will forget, and a phase of Bitcoin’s story that many tie to the pandemic. With millions of people worldwide confined at home from 2020 through 2021 (in some cases longer), online speculation became a widespread phenomenon. One offshoot of that may have been the biggest Bitcoin bull market to date.

2021: $29,000 to $69,000

In August 2021, the price of Bitcoin was hovering around $46,000, and by November 2021 BTC hit its all-time best over $68,500.

Toward the end of 2021, however, the Bitcoin hash rate, a factor thought to have some correlation to the Bitcoin price, plummeted to around $47,000 — a loss of close to 30%.

The price drop occurred partly as a result of China requiring its citizens to shut down Bitcoin mining operations. The country previously housed a significant portion of the network’s mining nodes. As a result, these computers had to go offline. Many believe this reduction in mining capacity was a key factor weighing on the Bitcoin price.

In addition, politicians and regulators raised concerns about the future of crypto laws and regulations, adding to the general mood that crypto mavens refer to as FUD (fear, uncertainty, doubt) — one of many crypto slang terms now in wider use.

But as 2021 shifted into 2022, the specter of inflation — in addition to the global energy crisis and geopolitical turmoil thanks to Russia’s war on Ukraine — put a drag on the price of BTC and just about every other major crypto.

2022: $47,000 to $16,5000

From January 2022 through May, Bitcoin’s price continued to sag as the Crypto Winter officially took hold. By May, BTC dipped under $30,000 for the first time since July of 2021. June would see Bitcoin’s price move even lower, dropping to $17,708 at its lowest point that month.

What Is a Crypto Winter?

Unlike a bear market, a crypto winter doesn’t have specific parameters or criteria. But, similar to a bear market, it does mark a period of steady and sometimes precipitous losses that pervade the crypto markets as a whole.

Crypto Struggles in the Face of Crises

This downward trend proved to be the case as crypto prices overall declined through Q2 — partly affected by the collapse of stablecoins like TerraUSD and Luna. In June, Bitcoin fell below $20,000.

Crypto prices struggled through Q3 of 2022, and took another hit in November 2022, thanks to the sudden failure of crypto exchange FTX.

The exchange crashed amid a liquidity crunch and allegations of misused funds by its CEO, Sam Blankman Fried. A bailout by Binance was possible, but the deal fell through because of FTX’s troubled finances and implications of fraud.

The rapid downfall of FTX shocked the financial industry, and the crash had a massive ripple effect throughout the crypto market, affecting consumer confidence. Widespread worries about inflation, as well as steady interest rate hikes, affected broader markets. Bitcoin’s price continued to be a gauge of overall crypto health in many ways, plunging below $20,000 by the end of December, 2022.

2023: $16,500 to $44,000

January 2023 saw Bitcoin’s price increase to around $23,300, sparking hopes that the crypto winter had begun to thaw. Meanwhile, other cryptocurrencies began showing similar price patterns in Q1.

The rest of 2023 proved to be fruitful for those who were able to hold on through the crypto winter. At mid-year, Bitcoin’s price had topped $30,000 once again, and while there were some slight declines, the crypto finished the year strong. By December 2023, Bitcoin’s price notched a high of $44,705, before closing the year just above $42,000.

2024: $42,000 to $100,000+

Bitcoin would hit new benchmarks in 2024, breaking the $100,000 mark for the first time. In January of that year, the SEC would allow Bitcoin to be accessed via exchange-traded funds (ETFs), which led to the addition of several new funds to the market.

The introduction of physical Bitcoin ETFs brought major price increases, as crypto users rushed to buy shares. Bitcoin’s price surged to $63,913 in February 2024, then to $73,750 in March.

After this peak, prices would decline slightly, hovering between $65,000 and $73,000 for most of the year. In November, Bitcoin’s price brushed $100,000, before finally surging past that figure in December. That month, it reached $108,268, ending the year at $93,429.

2025: $94,000 to $126,000

Building off the momentum of 2024, Bitcoin continued to push toward new heights for much of 2025. Despite some dips in the first quarter, the cryptocurrency reached its highest price ever on October 6th, cresting $126,198. The price fell back to approximately $87,000 at the end of December.

Part of the increase in 2025 may be attributed to ongoing interest in Bitcoin ETFs, which offer exposure to cryptocurrency without having to buy individual coins. Market sentiment also moved in a more positive direction, thanks in part to the current administration’s stance on cryptocurrency.

In July 2025, U.S. securities regulators announced plans to modernize crypto rulemaking to help pave the way for further innovation in the digital currency space. Dubbed “Project Crypto,” it would mark a major shift in the market with the potential of making the U.S. a leader in the cryptocurrency sector.

Early 2026 : $88,000 to $70,000

In early 2026, Bitcoin’s price experienced more volatility, reaching a high in January of $97,860, but also seeing a low of $60,074 in February, and vacillating between about $65,000 to $73,000 in early March.

The drop in Bitcoin’s price heading into 2026 has led some analysts to believe that the four-year Bitcoin cycle may still be intact. The four-year cycle is a pattern associated with the Bitcoin halving events, described above, where a resulting increase in demand may spur a Bitcoin bull market, followed by a market correction and bear market low, before eventually gaining upward momentum once again.

However, there are other factors that impact Bitcoin pricing and market sentiment, such as monetary policy changes, and other analysts believe the four-year cycle is not as relevant today, given increased regulatory oversight and broader mainstream adoption. While it’s impossible to know which way Bitcoin prices may trend in the near future, being aware of the cryptocurrency’s significant volatility — even within recent months — may help buyers, holders, and sellers determine whether or how it might fit into their portfolio.

The Takeaway

Bitcoin’s historical price records are a mix of surges and setbacks, but even through crashes, it’s continued to attract interest from buyers and sellers.

As the oldest and still the largest form of crypto, BTC has gone from being worth a fraction of a penny to about $126,000 in the fall of 2025, which is nothing short of impressive. However, cryptocurrencies are highly volatile, and past performance doesn’t guarantee future results.

SoFi Crypto is back. SoFi members can now buy, sell, and hold cryptocurrencies on a platform with the safeguards of a bank. Access 25+ cryptocurrencies, such as Bitcoin, Ethereum, and Solana, with the first national chartered bank to offer crypto trading. Now you can manage your banking, investing, borrowing, and crypto all in one place, giving you more control over your money.

FAQ

What was the highest price Bitcoin has ever reached?

Bitcoin reached its highest price in October 2025, when it was briefly valued at $126,198.07.

When was Bitcoin worth $1?

Bitcoin reached $1 in early 2011, after hovering around the $0.30 to $0.40 mark for most of 2010. In mid-2011, the price jumped to $30 before tapering off to around $2 to close out the year.

What was the original price of Bitcoin?

The first recorded price of Bitcoin was $0.00099. This price was notched in 2009, when a BitcoinTalk forum member exchanged 5050 Bitcoin with another forum member for $5.02 through PayPal.

If you bought $1,000 in Bitcoin 10 years ago, how much would it be worth today?

If you bought $1,000 in Bitcoin 10 years ago in 2016, your Bitcoin would be worth approximately $153,550, as of March 2026. That would equate to a 15,355% rate of return on your money.

How many times has Bitcoin “crashed”?

Historically, Bitcoin has crashed nearly a dozen times, with some of the most notable crashes occurring in June 2011, April 2013, and December 2017. Bitcoin crashes occur when there are extreme price fluctuations that cause sharp declines. These fluctuations may be driven by market speculation, regulatory concerns, and macroeconomic factors, such as talk of interest rate hikes or rising inflation.

What is the significance of the Bitcoin halving?

Bitcoin halving is designed to reduce the supply of new Bitcoins entering the market. Halving occurs every four years and cuts the number of new coins created by 50%. The theory behind halving is that scarcity should lead to price appreciation if demand for Bitcoin remains high.

Photo credit: iStock/simarik

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The foreign exchange market, or forex (FX), is the decentralized global market for trading fiat currencies. Forex is the largest, most liquid form of investing in the world, with an average daily trading volume of about $9.6 trillion, as of April 2025.

Forex traders buy and sell foreign currency pairs with the aim of profiting from often minute fluctuations in exchange rates. For example, an investor could trade their U.S. dollars (USD) for Euros (EUR). Or, they can trade their Japanese yen (JPY) for New Zealand dollars (NZD).

When the value of one currency rises relative to another, traders may see a gain or a loss, depending on which currency they are buying or selling. Investors must qualify to trade forex, which is a high-risk endeavor and typically involves the use of leverage.

Understanding Foreign Currency Investment

Although there are no centralized foreign currency exchanges, as there are for stocks, forex markets operate via a global network of banks and are open 24 hours a day, five days a week, excluding weekends.

Forex traders strategize around how they expect currency rates to fluctuate; when the value of one currency, such as the dollar (USD), rises relative to another currency, such as the Euro (EUR), traders can either see a profit or a loss, depending on whether they buy or sell the currency that has appreciated.

Traders use standardized abbreviations for each currency that are three letters and act as a kind of ticker symbol, or unique identifier (USD for the U.S. dollar, GBP for the British pound, CAD for the Canadian, and so on). The first two letters indicate the country; the last letter refers to the currency name.

How Currency Pairs Work

Forex trading is conducted using currency pairs, simultaneously buying one and selling the other when the price changes in the desired direction. Thus a forex trade will employ a format that uses both abbreviations: e.g., JPY/CAD or USD/EUR. The first currency is the base, the second is the quote. In order to trade forex, one has to become familiar with the conventions for quoting currency prices.

For example, according to Investor.gov, it’s typical to see the Euro exchange rate quoted in terms of dollars. So a EUR quote of 1.20 means that $1,200 USD will buy 1,000 Euros.

Forex for Retail Investors

Forex trading wasn’t available to retail investors until the 1990s, when the internet made electronic trading platforms possible, and margin was allowed. Prior to that, institutional investors typically placed forex trades over-the-counter (OTC) through a system of dealers and financial institutions known as the interbank market.

Now, however, it’s possible for qualified retail investors to place forex trades using standard broker-dealers. Retail investors may also access the forex derivatives market through futures, swaps, and forwards. The use of margin in forex trades is more complicated than when buying and selling other securities, so it’s important to understand the terms.

Exploring the Benefits of Investing in Foreign Currencies

Like other types of investments, forex trading, or investing in foreign currencies, can offer some benefits.

Portfolio Diversification

For one, investing in foreign currencies can add a degree of diversification to an investor’s portfolio. That means that while an investor may have built a portfolio with a number of other investments, such as stocks, bonds, and ETFs, foreign currency can be another element in the mix. Note, though, that it’s likely foreign currency should only comprise a small portion of a portfolio’s overall holdings.

Convenience and Accessible Markets

The forex markets operate 24 hours per day, five days a week, excluding weekends, unlike the standard stock exchanges. So, for investors who want to trade around the clock, the markets are almost always accessible.

There are four major forex trading sessions in a 24-hour period, split up by international region:

•   Sydney (Australia)

•   Tokyo (Asia)

•   London (Europe)

•   New York (The Americas)

Forex investors can trade from 22:00 UTC Sunday (in Sydney) to 22:00 UTC Friday (in New York). Check the local time in UTC, or Universal Time Coordinated, for your area.

There are minor sessions, too, but these are the four major sessions, and markets can be busy (when the Americas’ session overlaps with Europe’s), or less busy, depending on the time of day, and how many people are actively trading.

Hedge Against Domestic Currency Inflation

It’s possible that while a domestic currency is losing value due to inflation, foreign currencies could retain their value at the same time. That would, theoretically, provide investors with a hedge against inflation, but there’s no guarantee prevailing market forces would work to an investor’s advantage in such a scenario.

4 Ways to Invest in Foreign Currencies

There are several ways to get started in currency exchange investment.

1. Standard Forex Trading Account

First, you can work with a foreign exchange brokerage to trade the currency you’re holding (such as U.S. dollars) for another currency (Euros, Yen, etc.). The goal is that the currency you’re trading for, or buying, will increase in value relative to the currency you’re trading away, or selling.

Only qualified investors can trade forex, because it requires a margin account.

While the goal is straightforward, the process can get more complicated. For instance, there are a few ways to execute trades, such as spot trading, forward trading, and future trading. Spot trading is an instant cash trade, whereas forward and future trading may involve settling on terms at a time in the future (similar to trading options).

Further, investors should understand the concept of the bid-ask spread, which represents the difference between the buy and the sell price of a currency.

2. Currency CDs and Savings Accounts

Investors can also look into foreign currency CDs (certificates of deposit), which work more or less like traditional CDs but might offer higher yields.

Foreign savings accounts are another potential option, although it depends on local regulations. In some cases you must be a resident to open a savings account in another country.

3. Foreign Bond Funds

Investors can look at the possibility of purchasing foreign bonds, which are issued in other countries by foreign governments or foreign companies. There are many types of foreign bond investment types, and the credit quality will depend on the entity issuing the bond.

4. Currency ETFs

As mentioned, investors may want to look at currency ETFs. These ETFs are similar to foreign bond funds; there are also foreign currency ETFs on the market, which offer many of the same advantages of domestic or traditional ETFs, but can give investors exposure to the forex market. Likewise, exchange-traded notes, or ETNs, which are similar to bonds, are another potential investment investors can check out.

Risks Associated with Foreign Currency Investment

Foreign currency investment isn’t without risk, and in fact, can introduce some types of risk that investors may not otherwise encounter, such as political and interest rate risks.

Market Volatility and Political Risks

Since forex markets are so active, prices can change quickly, which means it’s a fairly volatile asset class. The news cycle (including economic, political, or social news) can cause sudden and drastic changes to prices. That means it may be a better fit for investors with a relatively high risk tolerance than those who are more risk averse.

Political risk is something to consider, too, as all currencies are backed by governments. If a foreign government is unstable or otherwise involved in some sort of political drama, it can affect the price of a currency. That can pose a risk to investors.

Interest Rate Risk

Some investments incur interest rate risk, which is when an investment loses value due to a fluctuation in interest rates. Foreign currencies may be subject to such risk, though interest rate risk is more commonly associated with bonds.

Currency Conversion and Transfer Costs

There may also be additional costs associated with currency trading and investing, including currency conversion and transfer costs. These may not always be applicable, but are something that investors should at least be aware of in the event that they do encounter them.

Investing in Forex: Key Points

In order to invest in foreign currency investing as safely as possible, remember, no investment is completely safe or risk-free, investors should brush up on the mechanics of the forex market.

Education Is Key

It’s important to understand the use of “pips,” as well as leverage in forex trading.

•   Ticks and Pips. A “pip” is a unit of measure that represents the smallest unit of value in a currency quote, which goes out to four decimal places: 0.0001. Using the above quote as an example, the difference between the “bid” (1.2100) and the “ask” (1.2104) is four pips. Ten ticks equal one pip.

Why does this matter? Because currency values fluctuate very slightly during the trading day, perhaps only several pips. That means that to make a significant return, traders deal with large quantities of currencies, which typically require margin, or leverage.

•   Leverage. To get to those large quantities, traders who qualify may use a margin account. For example, you may give your broker $1,000 to place a $10,000 trade, essentially borrowing $9,000 on margin. Most forex trading is done this way, using leverage and margin in order to generate returns.

That, of course, has its risks, since traders may incur losses and end up owing money to their brokers. In addition, using a margin account comes with terms and restrictions that can also impact trades.

The Importance of the Bid-Ask Spread

Also noted previously, the bid-ask spread is another important concept to know and incorporate if you’re trading or investing in foreign currency.

Effectively, the spread refers to the difference between a trader’s cost and the dealer’s profits. There’s a slight difference in what you’re willing to pay and what a seller is willing to sell for. In forex trading, the spread can be important to calculating overall potential returns.

Evaluating Risks Versus Rewards

Above all, it’s critical that investors keep their own personal risk tolerances in mind and weigh that against the potential gains they could see from foreign currency investing. It may not be a good fit for everyone’s investment strategy.

Currency Investment Strategies for Beginners

As noted, investing in or trading foreign currency involves pairs of currencies. Some currencies are more widely traded than others and are “paired” with one another or grouped as “major” currencies:

•   U.S. dollars

•   Euros

•   Japanese yen

•   British pounds

•   Swiss francs

•   Australian dollars

•   Canadian dollars

•   New Zealand dollars

There are also “minor” and “exotic” currency pairs. These are not traded as widely as the majors, but are still often swapped on exchanges. They may include pairings with the Hong Kong dollar, the Mexican peso, the Singapore dollar, or the Norwegian krone, among others.

Additionally, investors should know about foreign currency quotes. These quotes are similar to stock quotes, which list the current value, or price of a stock. Forex quotes display the bid and ask prices for a currency pair, since one currency’s value is relative to another currency. Here’s an example of a quote for a common pairing, Euros and U.S. dollars:

EUR/USD = 1.2100

In this example, Euros are the “base” currency, and U.S. dollars are the “quote” currency. That means that a single Euro is equal to 1.21 U.S. dollars.

Find New Opportunities With Currency ETFs

As mentioned, investors may want to look at currency ETFs, which offer many of the same advantages of domestic or traditional ETFs, but can give investors exposure to the forex market.

Advanced Currency Investment Options

While investors can trade currency itself, they can also look at more advanced ways of investing in the forex markets. That can include trading futures and options, or other types of relevant derivatives.

Foreign Currency Futures and Options

First and foremost, investors should be aware of the unique risks that financial derivatives can introduce into their portfolios. Trading options contracts is different from choosing stocks, so before you dive headfirst into forex options, it’s important to understand these strategies.

Currency options are derivatives, with currency itself as their underlying asset. There are calls, puts, and futures. If you’re not familiar with traditional options, it may be a good idea to review the basics before looking at forex options.

In effect, though, these options allow investors to hedge against unfavorable fluctuations of foreign currencies or to speculate on volatility in the forex market.

The Takeaway

Trading or investing in foreign currency is yet another avenue that investors can explore. As discussed, forex trading involves buying one currency with another, with the hopes that the price differences will work in the investors’ favor. Foreign currency markets are extremely liquid, which is another potential upside for some traders.

As always, though, there are risks to consider, and learning the ropes of the foreign currency markets may be tricky. If investors feel like they want to get their feet wet in the market, though, without diving straight in, it may be worthwhile to discuss their plans with a financial professional.

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FAQ

How does forex work in plain English?

Forex trading means buying one currency and selling another with the aim of seeing a profit. For example, if you use U.S. dollars to buy Euros, you might be able to buy more Euros if the value drops relative to the dollar and then sell the Euros for dollars when the value rises again.

Why is forex so risky?

Because the FX market is the biggest, most liquid global asset market, foreign currency prices can fluctuate rapidly. Combine that with the fact that trades are typically placed using substantial amounts of leverage, and there is a high degree of risk involved in most trades.

What is the Rule of 90 in forex?

This is a broad rule-of-thumb which states that 90% of new traders will experience major losses within 90 days that will wipe out 90% of their capital. This is meant as a reminder to exercise caution; it may not be literally true, but it speaks to the risks involved.

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