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When you’re choosing a business structure, you may wonder whether you should form a limited liability company (LLC) or a sole proprietorship. Each has its benefits and drawbacks. The main differences between LLCs and sole proprietorships lie in how they’re set up and how your personal assets can be implicated.
Your specific business needs will determine which works best for you. Learn the details here.
Key Points
• An LLC provides personal liability protection, shielding personal assets from business debts, while a sole proprietorship has no separation between personal and business liabilities.
• A single-member LLC or a sole proprietorship can be taxed as a pass-through entity, or an LLC can elect instead to be taxed as an S corp or C corp, offering tax flexibility.
• Sole proprietorships are simple and cost-effective to establish, with minimal paperwork, while LLCs require state registration, fees, and annual maintenance.
• LLCs may have better access to funding, as they’re often seen as more formal business entities, appealing to banks and investors.
• An LLC can continue after ownership changes, while sole proprietorships dissolve upon the owner’s exit, affecting long-term planning.
LLC vs Sole Proprietorship: How They Compare
When you’re considering an LLC versus sole proprietorship structure, the most significant differences come down to two things: the setup requirements for each kind of business and the treatment of your personal assets in each structure.
Basically, you don’t have to do anything to set your business up as a sole proprietorship. However, if you want to form an LLC, you must file paperwork, pay a fee, and wait for your state’s Secretary of State to approve your business as an LLC.
As for your personal assets, with a sole proprietorship, they can be claimed to pay business debt if you default. But if you have an LLC, you and the business are considered separate entities, so your personal assets remain separate.
Key Comparison Factors
When you’re comparing sole proprietorships vs. LLCs, there are a number of factors to consider. Here’s a rundown of some of the most key factors.
| Factor to Consider | LLCs | Sole Proprietorships |
|---|---|---|
| Business formation process | LLCs have administrative and legal requirements; including filing articles of organization with the state. | This is the default business structure, and there’s no defined process. |
| Liability protection | Liability is limited, safeguarding the owners’ personal assets. | Owners are fully personally liable for business debts. |
| Taxation | Businesses can opt for S corp (pass-through) or C corp (corporate) taxation. | Businesses are subject to pass-through taxation, meaning that the owner pays through income tax. |
| Ongoing requirements | At the state level, an LLC is generally expected to maintain a registered agent and submit annual (or biennial) reports. | Little to no administrative paperwork or costs are required. |
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What Is a Sole Proprietorship?
When you start a business, you can elect a specific business structure, meaning that you formally register it with your state’s Secretary of State and pay a fee. If you don’t do that, your business is automatically considered a sole proprietorship (or a partnership if you have partners).
In a sole proprietorship, you and the business are considered one entity. You file only your personal taxes, and you claim both business income and expenses on them.
Definition and Basic Characteristics of Sole Proprietorships
A sole proprietorship is a business owned and operated by a single individual. It’s the simplest business structure, with no legal separation between the owner and the business.
Basic characteristics of a sole proprietorship include:
• Single ownership: The company is owned and operated by one individual, with no separate business entity.
• Unlimited liability: The owner is personally responsible for all debts and liabilities of the business.
• Direct taxation: Business income and expenses are reported on the owner’s personal tax return (Schedule C).
• Simple setup: Minimal paperwork and low startup costs, with few legal requirements.
• Full control: The owner has complete decision-making authority over the business operations.
• No business continuity: The business dissolves if the owner exits, retires, or passes away.
Advantages of a Sole Proprietorship
When it comes to the benefits of a sole proprietorship vs. an LLC, the biggest advantage is the ease of creation. Your business is a sole proprietorship simply by default.
Taxes are also simple, since you file only your personal income taxes and don’t have to file taxes separately for the business.
There are no fees required to be a sole proprietor, either.
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Disadvantages of a Sole Proprietorship
There are, however, some drawbacks to sole proprietorship to consider.
First, because there is no delineation between you and your business, your personal assets could potentially be seized should the business have debts or legal fees that it can’t cover. That could jeopardize not only your business, but also your personal life if, for example, your home or vehicle is taken to cover business debts.
You may have difficulty if you try to get a small business loan through a bank or attract an investor when you are a sole proprietor. You could also struggle to sell your business if you haven’t elected a business structure like an LLC or corporation. Because the LLC is separate from its owner, it may be more appealing to lenders, investors, and potential buyers due to the limited risk.
If you have a sole proprietorship but don’t want to do business under your own name, you’ll usually have to file your DBA (Doing Business As) name. Let’s say your name is Jane Doe but you want your company to be called Dr. Knowhow’s Resume Writing Service. That’s fine, but it will generally require extra paperwork to file that DBA name. The filing fee can cost somewhere between $10 and $150, depending on your state and county.
When a Sole Proprietorship Makes Sense
Sole proprietorship is a simple business structure that can be cost-effective for entrepreneurs just starting out. This is especially true for low-risk businesses like consulting or design, where personal liability is less of a concern.
Because sole proprietorship status is automatic, it’s easy to sustain, with no required administrative paperwork. This allows the new business owner to focus on the needs of the business without worrying about submitting reports to state officials.
What Is an LLC?
LLC stands for limited liability company. To use this business structure, you must elect and apply for it. If a company is an LLC, it’s separate from the business owner (or owners, if there are multiple owners), meaning that the owner or owners aren’t held personally responsible for the business’s liabilities.
Here’s a look at the pros and cons of LLCs.
Advantages of an LLC
When you have an LLC, your personal assets can’t be taken to cover business debts. You have, as the name indicates, limited liability.
In contrast to another business structure, the corporation, the LLC requires less paperwork to set up and maintain, since a corporation requires annual meetings and annual reports.
LLCs can choose how they’re taxed. They can take advantage of what’s referred to as pass-through taxation, in which the business doesn’t file and pay its own taxes. Instead, its income and expenses are passed through to the owners’ personal tax returns. This equates to the LLC being taxed like a sole proprietor, and may mean it can be referred to as a “disregarded entity.”
Alternatively, an LLC can choose to be taxed as a C corporation at 21%.
Another benefit is that an LLC has no limit on the number of members (or shareholders) it can have. An S corporation, by way of comparison, is limited to no more than 100 shareholders.
And finally, you may find it easier to qualify for financing or to sell your business if it’s an LLC (even if it’s not specifically a business loan requirement).
Disadvantages of an LLC
So what are the drawbacks of an LLC? First off, to start a limited liability company, you have to apply with your state’s Secretary of State department, which may require a fee and take time for the paperwork to be processed. Where required, filing fees range from $35 to $500.
You may also have to pay an annual or biennial fee to keep your LLC in good standing. As of 2025, those fees range from nothing to $300 or more.
Additionally, you may have to pay unemployment insurance for yourself and any partners, although you wouldn’t have to do so for a sole proprietorship. Costs for unemployment insurance vary by state.
When an LLC Is the Better Choice
An LLC might be the right choice for you if personal liability protection is an important consideration. Does your business involve meaningful risk? This might mean the physical work of manufacturing or the handling of valuable assets in a retail setting. If this is a concern, you might want to safeguard your personal assets through an LLC.
Also, if your business plan calls for adding partners, setting up operations in multiple states, or expanding in some other way, an LLC (and operating agreement) may be the best way to keep things running smoothly. It may also be helpful if you’re planning to apply for a startup loan or LLC loan.
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How to File an LLC
To file an LLC, start by reviewing the requirements set out by your state’s Secretary of State. Each state has a slightly different process. Some let you apply online, while others may require you to mail in your application.
You will likely be required to file articles of organization, which is a document outlining information about your business and its members. You may also be required to file other forms as well as pay a filing fee, which can range from $35 to $500. Some states may require you to have certain business licenses or permits to qualify as an LLC, too.
Working With a Registered Agent
If you think the process of setting up an LLC yourself sounds overwhelming, you have another option. You can employ the services of a registered agent. This is an individual or company who can set up your business structure on your behalf, as well as ensure that you keep up with annual fees and paperwork deadlines. Registered agents charge a fee for their services.
How to Choose Between an LLC and Sole Proprietorship
When it comes to choosing a business structure for your company, consider how much effort you’re willing to put into setting up your business structure and the fees you’re willing to pay. An LLC does take some effort to prepare, and it may require an annual fee and/or paperwork to be filed.
You may also want to factor in how likely it is that your business might ever be sued. If you run a writing business out of your home, that risk might be minimal. But if you have a fitness training company, you might incur more risk of being sued – if, for example, a customer is injured during training.
Finally, think about how likely you are to want to get investors or some type of business loan. An LLC will likely be more appealing to potential investors or lenders than a sole proprietorship. And it may also be easier to sell an LLC.
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Side-by-Side Comparison: LLC vs Sole Proprietorship
To sum up, here’s a side-by-side comparison of the features of LLCs and sole proprietorships.
| LLCs | Sole Proprietorships |
|---|---|
| May require paperwork and fees to set up | Are the default business structure and don’t require official setup |
| Allow different options for paying taxes | “Pass-through” taxes are paid by owners on their personal returns |
| Are separate entities from their owners | Are not delineated separately from their owners |
| Owners’ personal assets can’t be seized for business debt | The owner’s personal property could be seized for business debts |
| Can be sold or passed to another owner | Ends when the owner leaves or passes away |
The Takeaway
When you’re looking at a sole proprietorship vs. an LLC, the most important thing is to carefully consider which will provide the biggest benefit to your business. How you file and pay taxes, whether you separate your personal assets from the business’s assets, and whether you’re willing to go through the process and paperwork of setting up and maintaining a legal business structure should weigh into your decision.
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FAQ
Can an LLC be a sole proprietorship?
Technically, no, an LLC cannot be a sole proprietorship. While a single-member LLC allows one person to own the business, it is legally distinct, providing liability protection not offered by a sole proprietorship. A sole proprietorship is an unincorporated business without separate legal status from its owner.
What are the tax filing differences for LLCs versus sole proprietorships?
There can be significant tax differences between LLCs and sole proprietorships. A sole proprietorship reports taxes on the owner’s personal tax return via Schedule C of Form 1040. A single-member LLC does the same, but multi-member LLCs must file Form 1065 as a partnership or elect corporate taxation. LLCs offer flexibility to choose between pass-through or corporate tax structures.
Can I change my business structure later?
Yes, you can change your business structure later. Many businesses start as sole proprietorships or partnerships and later transition to LLCs or corporations as they grow. Changing structures involves registering with the state, updating licenses, and notifying the IRS, often for tax benefits, liability protection, or funding opportunities.
Which is better for small businesses, single-member LLC or sole proprietorship?
There is no one-size-fits-all answer to this question. Consider the needs of your business. Entrepreneurs getting their feet wet may find a sole proprietorship to be easier and more cost-effective. A fast-growing company that may need to demonstrate to lenders its stability and active management could find an LLC a better fit.
Does forming an LLC protect personal assets?
Yes, “LLC” stands for limited liability company. This means the owners’ (members’) liability for the business’s debts and lawsuits cannot exceed the amount they have invested in the company, so personal assets such as homes and cars are protected.
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