Negative Bank Balance: What Happens to Your Account?

A negative balance can happen all too easily: You might forget to note a purchase you made with your debit card or an automatic payment you set up. Or maybe you had an emergency pop up that required you to spend more than usual…and more than the money you had in your checking account.

The resulting negative bank balance can have a serious impact, leading to overdraft fees, declined transactions, or worse — account closure. Read on to learn more about negative bank account balances, including ways to avoid the problem, and what to do if you wind up with one.

What Is a Negative Bank Account Balance?

A negative account balance, also known as an overdraft, occurs when you spend more money than you have in your bank account. This happens when a bank allows a transaction to go through even though there are insufficient funds, effectively lending you money to cover the difference, often at the cost of an overdraft fee. The bank may also charge other fees until the balance is restored to zero or positive.

To help you visualize this, here’s an example:

•   Imagine you have $500 in your account, and you write a check for $515, because you thought you had a balance of $600.

•   If the bank pays the $515, you end up with an account balance of minus $15. That’s the difference between how much money you had in the account and how much the bank paid the person that cashed your check. The bank did you a favor by making up the difference.

What Makes a Bank Balance Negative?

Your balance goes negative when you have withdrawn more than you have in your account. This can happen if you make a transaction — such as ATM withdrawal, automatic bill payment, or debit card purchase — in an amount that exceeds the balance in your checking account. This is when overdraft protection kicks in. Instead of rejecting the transaction, the bank will cover the overage, allowing your account to go negative. Typically, you repay a negative balance with the next deposit of funds.

Here’s a closer look at how a negative bank balance can occur.

Miscalculation/Mistakes

Overdrafts can happen easily with miscalculations and mistakes. These are the most basic errors — say, getting the math wrong on how much is in your account, or forgetting about an automatic dedication that hits and takes your balance down lower than you believed it to be.

Multiple Ways to Withdraw From an Account

With all that’s going on in your life, it’s possible you’re not exactly sure what checks you’ve written have been cashed and what incoming checks have cleared. You may unwittingly make a payment or ATM withdrawal thinking you’re good, but discover you’re certainly not. Or perhaps when you’re calculating in your head how much you have, you forget about the money taken out through one of your monthly automatic bill payments.

What Happens if Your Bank Account Remains Negative?

Here are some of the issues a negative bank account can trigger.

Overdraft Fee

If your bank covers a transaction that puts your account in negative territory, it will typically charge a fee. It may charge that fee every time you make a transaction. If you make multiple transactions before you realize you have a negative balance, these can add up to a significant sum.

Account Closure

What happens if you don’t pay an overdrawn account? If you don’t fix your negative balance by depositing money into your account, or if you overdraw your account so often the powers that be at the bank raise their eyebrows, your days as a bank customer may come to a close. They can opt to shutter the account, and it can be difficult to reopen a closed bank account.

Credit Impact and Debt Collection

If the bank closes your account due to an ongoing negative bank account balance, it will likely report the closure to a banking reporting company (like ChexSystems). This negative information will stay on your record for up to five years, which could make it difficult for you to open a new bank account.

Also, a bank that closed your account due to unpaid overdrafts might sell your debt to a collection company, which could negatively impact your credit profile.

Differences Between Overdraft and Non-sufficient Funds

An overdraft fee is not the same thing as a non-sufficient funds (NSF) fee. Here’s a look at the difference:

•   An overdraft fee is what a bank or credit union charges you when they have to cover your transaction when you don’t have enough funds available in your account. It’s typically about $27

•   When a financial institution returns a check or electronic transaction without paying it, they may charge a non-sufficient funds fee. It’s usually about $18. The difference is, with a non-sufficient funds fee, the bank is not covering the shortfall; they are essentially rejecting the transaction.

What to Do With a Negative Bank Balance

Fortunately, a negative bank balance is not a problem without solutions. You can take steps to get back on track.

Check Your Recent Activity and Balance

Determine what went wrong and triggered the overdraft. Check your bank’s app (or go online) and also see what charges haven’t been paid or received. Do the math. This will give you an idea of where you stand and how soon you may be back in the positive zone for your balance.

Evaluate Upcoming Automatic Payments

Automating your finances can be a convenient tool, but if you are in overdraft, automatic payments could pop up and derail your efforts. Make sure to account for recurring payments when figuring out how to get your account out of a negative balance.

Deposit Money Into the Account

Once you understand your situation, take action. Deposit enough money to ensure that you won’t overdraw again. Remember to include not only the money you need to bring your balance back into positive territory, but ideally put in enough to give yourself some cushion.

Request a Waived Fee

Your bank or credit union may have a sympathetic ear. Make a request to have your fee waived. They may be feeling generous, particularly if this is your first offense.

Pay the Fees

If you knock on the door of fee forgiveness and you get a no, pay what you owe. If you don’t, you’ll just make your situation worse, meaning the bank could close your account and turn the matter over to debt collection. While the bank may not close your account right away, taking action sooner rather than later is usually best.

Recommended: 10 Tips for Avoiding Overdraft Fees

Tips for Avoiding a Negative Bank Balance

There are ways to steer clear of a negative bank account balance. Try these tips:

•   Set up account alerts to let you know when your account balance reaches a certain number. If you know your account is getting low, you can take steps to avoid going into the negative balance zone.

•   Check your balance regularly. “Waiting until the end of the month to check in on accounts leaves you at risk of excess spending and potentially overdrawing your checking account, “ says Brian Walsh, CFP® and Head of Advice & Planning at SoFi. “Checking in once a week leaves time to self correct and adjust your budget to help balance the numbers.”

•   Consider setting alerts to notify you before automatic deductions are made (many banks offer this option). That way, you can monitor your bank account and its balance to make sure you can cover the debit.

•   Explore what overdraft protection your bank offers. You may be able to link a savings account to your checking which can be tapped to cover overdrafts. It may cost you a fee for that transfer, but it’s likely not as steep as an overdraft fee. Your bank might also allow you to link a credit card (watch out for high interest rates here) to your checking account or to borrow from a line of credit. Know your options. While you don’t want overdrafts to be a regular occurrence, you do want to be protected in case they crop up.

The Takeaway

Having a negative bank balance means you overdrafted your account. This often triggers pricey overdraft fees , and can lead to other financial issues if this situation occurs often or isn’t remedied. It’s wise to keep tabs on your money and use tools that a bank may offer to help you avoid a negative bank account balance or resolve it quickly if it occurs.

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FAQ

Can I still use my debit card if my account is negative?

If your account is negative, you can only use your debit card if you’ve opted into your bank’s overdraft coverage program. Even with this coverage, using your card while your account is negative will likely lead to fees for each transaction.

How are non-sufficient funds different from an overdraft?

The key difference lies in what the bank does. With an overdraft fee, the bank covers your transaction even though you don’t have enough funds, then charges you a fee (typically around $27). With a non-sufficient funds (NSF) fee, the bank rejects the transaction and charges you a fee for doing so (usually around $18).

How do I avoid having a negative bank account?

You can avoid a negative bank account by regularly monitoring your balance, setting up account alerts for low funds or upcoming automatic payments, and exploring overdraft protection options like linking a savings account.

Can you go to jail for a negative bank balance?

Typically, no. A negative bank balance is a civil matter between you and your bank, not a criminal one. However, repeatedly writing bad checks with the intent to defraud, especially in large amounts, could potentially lead to criminal charges in some jurisdictions. This is rare and typically involves more than just a simple overdraft.

How long can you have a negative bank balance?

Each bank has its own policy. While your bank account won’t be closed immediately if you have a negative bank balance, it’s important to resolve the issue as soon as possible.

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Photo credit: iStock/kupicoo

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