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America’s national parks are legendary: You can probably conjure up images of Old Faithful at Yellowstone, El Capitan at Yosemite, and the Great Smoky Mountains without too much trouble. But what you may not realize is that our country’s network of over 400 national parks can also be a terrific, budget-friendly vacation destination.

Planning a road trip to a national park with the family or your BFFs can be an amazing way to see the natural beauty of the U.S. And it’s a popular idea: In 2022, the parks welcomed 312 million visitors, up 5% from the previous year.

By doing some prep work, you can be among those travelers who revel in the iconic landscapes of the parks while having an environmentally friendly, low-cost adventure. Here, you’ll learn the ropes, from advice on destinations to ideas for keeping expenses down.

Cheap National Parks to Visit

Unlike other standard vacation destinations (theme parks, etc.), most national parks don’t charge an entrance fee. Over two-thirds of these sites, including the Great Smoky Mountains National Park on the border of Tennessee and North Carolina, are free to enter. So the vast majority of these destinations are indeed cheap national parks to visit!

Even if you choose one that does charge, you’ll most likely pay by the carload, like the 7-day pass for your group at Rocky Mountain National Park in Colorado for $35. The ever-popular Yosemite and Acadia National Parks charge the same fee.

If you want to see which parks charge a fee, check out the National Park Service’s website .

Here’s an important warning, however: During peak times, you may need a reservation simply to drive into a park. You may gain admission if you have another kind of reservation (hotel room, say, or campsite), but double-check. Keep this top of mind if you are thinking you can just cruise on over and take selfies at, say, Half Dome for a day in August. Probably not going to happen without advance planning.

You can also take advantage of fee-free days. The National Park Service selects certain holidays and special occasions each year to offer admission-free entrance to everyone. So, you can visit over 400 sites at no cost in 2023, like on Great American Outdoors Day on August 4.

To find parks conveniently located near you, use the National Park Service’s “Find a Park ” tool online. Then you can compare options and see what type of landscape you’d most like to visit.

Setting a Budget for Visiting National Parks

If you have a vacation in mind, you might have already started budgeting for it. Saving money for a trip is an important step and allows you to explore the world guilt-free. But to make the most out of your visit to a national park, you need to know exactly what type of costs to expect. That way, you never have to worry about not having enough money on hand to enjoy yourself.

Here are some expenses you should account for in your national parks budget.

Food & Drink

Saving money on a road trip is often challenging since you don’t have all your basic necessities ready at your disposal. That includes food and drink, whether your style is more drive-through or sit-down dining or “I’m happy to cook for myself.” You’ll need to factor the cost of meals into your travel budget.

One budget-smart option is to rent a cabin with a kitchen. With that, you can pick up groceries once you arrive and cook your meals instead of ordering out. That’s a big savings right there!

You may not be the type to cook on vacation, though. If not, you can look for affordable options near you for meals. But keep in mind: You’ll need to budget for your three meals a day, plus you’ll probably want some water and a snack here and there, lots of liquids to fuel you on hikes, and perhaps to go out for a beer or two one evening. There will likely be taxes and possibly tips involved. See how it all adds up and what you can afford.

One very dollar-smart move to stay well-fed and not blow your budget: Use a backpack cooler. If you want to spend your days hiking and walking, you’re going to get thirsty and hungry pretty quickly. You can load a cooler up with protein bars, nuts, apples, and granola, preventing you from buying potentially pricey food throughout the day.

Gas & Travel

When it comes to the expense of traveling to national parks, the nice news is that a destination might be closer than you think. Many of us hear the phrase “national park” and think of large, sweeping spots in the West, like the Grand Canyon. But that’s just one iconic site. There are actually hundreds of places in the U.S. under the National Park Service’s care, from historic sites to scenic trails. So you may not have to plan out a cross-country trip to enjoy what this country has to offer.

However, if you have to travel a significant distance, why not whittle your transportation costs? For example, if you need to fly, it can pay to be flexible with your dates and look for the lowest possible fare. Sites like Expedia and Kayak can notify you when prices drop on flights you are interested in. Another smart move is to pack light so you won’t pay those ouch-inducing baggage fees.

Perhaps you’re driving to your destination, though. If you want to improve gas mileage and get the most out of your trip, try to choose a park that isn’t isolated. For example, there are multiple national parks near Las Vegas, such as Death Valley National Park and Zion National Park, which are about two and a quarter hours apart. Once you’re at Zion, you might decide to hop over to Bryce Canyon National Park, barely an hour and a half away, and see the incredible rock formations known as hoodoos.

You’ll be able to visit multiple parks without too much drive time, save money on gas, and see all the more spectacular sights. It may be the best way to travel around America on a budget.

Recommended: Guide to Renting a Car

Lodging

You know the law of supply and demand: When demand is high, supply gets scarce — and potentially pricey. With that in mind, note that the peak season for visiting national parks is summer. Kids are off from school, temperatures are warmer, and international travelers may visit our lovely landscapes. So that means bigger crowds, which impacts local lodging. It will be harder to find accommodations, and their prices will be higher, too.

Because of this, it’s best to book your lodging in advance so you don’t get shut out of affordable rooms. National Parks have a wide range of accommodations; during spring 2023 at Yosemite, for instance, rooms ranged from $101 to $500+ a night. A location farther out from the park will be cheaper as well. Those who accumulate points on a travel credit card or cash back rewards credit card may find lodging nearby at a discount.

Of course, that’s not your only option. You can also rent an RV or stay at a campground. If you choose to camp, check to see if you need a reservation. At national parks, the average price is around $20 per night, though prices can range from $5 to $30 or so. These sites usually offer electricity hookups, water, camp stores, and fire rings. Research what your campground offers to help plan out your packing needs. If you snag one of these spots at a free-admission park and already have tents and other gear on hand, congrats! You may have scored one of the cheapest national park visits to be found.

Activities and Entertainment

If you have never visited a national park before, you might not know what they offer. While part of their appeal is just being in the great outdoors and soaking in the views, you also have activities available to you. There may be anything from guided walks and museums to talks and films, and they all typically come at no extra cost. It can be a great way to learn about local wildlife, fossils, history, and more.

In addition to that, you might seek other activities. For instance, if you are visiting Florida’s Everglades National Park, perhaps you want to go on a kayak adventure with a guide. It can be a terrific way to see the mangroves and sawgrass marshes the area is famous for. That will be an additional cost to keep in mind.

There’s also every chance that you may pass all kinds of mini-golf, waterparks, multiplexes, and other attractions as you explore the area near a national park. If a vacation isn’t a vacation without indulging in these offerings, factor that into your budget, too.

Permits & Passes

Again, most parks are available to the public for free. But if you want to visit multiple national parks, consider opting for a National Park Annual Pass. It typically costs $80 ($20 for seniors) and gives you unlimited entrance to over 2,000 federal recreation areas, such as national parks.

Recommended: How Credit Card Travel Insurance Works

Saving for Your Travel

Saving up for your trip can be pretty straightforward. One way is to set up a dedicated travel fund. Separating your vacation money from your regular savings account will make your progress that much easier to track. You can also maximize your savings by setting up automatic contributions to your travel fund. That way, you never forget to put in a few dollars on payday.

If that sounds appealing, you need to pick the correct type of account. Some options, like a high yield bank account, promise higher interest rates than your standard version. However, your choice will depend on your timeline. For example, someone taking a trip in a year has more time to accrue interest than someone taking a trip within a few months.

Let’s say you don’t have much time, though. Even if you can’t build much in the way of interest, you can still find extra cash in your life. You might need to budget a bit differently. For example, if you have a streaming service membership, you can cancel that for a while. Or perhaps you can pick up a side hustle on the weekends, whether that means driving for a rideshare service or walking dogs.

The Takeaway

Vacations are a time to relax, enjoy yourself, and make memories with your loved ones. The last thing you need is for that time away to leave you deeply in debt and saddled with stress. That’s why a trip to a national park can be such a terrific destination: You’ll explore the great outdoors but can do so without breaking the bank, thanks to low fees, free activities, and the smart saving advice you learned here.

SoFi Travel has teamed up with Expedia to bring even more to your one-stop finance app, helping you book reservations — for flights, hotels, car rentals, and more — all in one place. SoFi Members also have exclusive access to premium savings, with 10% or more off on select hotels. Plus, earn unlimited 3%** cash back rewards when you book with your SoFi Unlimited 2% Credit Card through SoFi Travel.

SoFi, your one-stop shop for travel.

FAQ

Is it expensive to visit national parks?

In many cases, it’s a more affordable vacation than other options. Over two-thirds of national parks offer free admission year-round. Plus, there are many throughout the country, meaning you can pick one that’s close and may not have to spend much on travel costs. The main expenses will come from your lodging, food, and additional activities.

How many days should you spend at a national park?

The length of your stay should depend on the type of itinerary you want to build and the size of the park you are visiting. There are many itineraries for Yosemite online that involve staying three to five days, but you could certainly spend much longer or shorter periods of time. Worth noting: Some smaller parks and historic sites may not be open every day. Larger parks may close due to weather events. Always check in with a park (either online or by calling) beforehand.

How much does it cost on average to visit a national park?

Most national parks are free. The National Park Service allows you to see the entrance rates for each fee-charging national park. Use their listings to see if the park you want to visit charges an entrance fee. The per-vehicle prices are often between $20 to $35 for seven days.

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Photo credit: iStock/MargaretW
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Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

Third-Party Brand Mentions: No brands, products, or companies mentioned are affiliated with SoFi, nor do they endorse or sponsor this article. Third-party trademarks referenced herein are property of their respective owners.

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Digital wallets, also called electronic wallets or e-wallets, offer consumers a convenient way to make payments from their financial accounts using devices such as smartphones, laptops, tablets, and even wearables. Digital wallets store payment information securely, typically allowing for safe, efficient, and fast transactions in person and online.

Read on to learn more, including:

•   What is a digital wallet?

•   How do digital wallets work?

•   What are examples of digital wallets?

•   What are the pros and cons of digital wallets?

What Is a Digital Wallet?

A digital wallet is typically a safe and convenient way to store your payment information electronically. Here are some key points to know:

•   While often used interchangeably with the term “mobile wallet,” a mobile wallet is actually a form of a digital wallet — on a mobile phone. You can also use digital wallets on a desktop computer, tablet, and even internet-connected devices like a smartwatch or a smart fridge.

•   If you’re shopping at a store that accepts digital wallets, you can pay using your smartphone, with no physical credit cards, debit cards, or cash necessary. You can also keep payment information online on sites like Amazon or Walmart and quickly pay using that stored information the next time you shop.

•   Some digital wallets also enable peer-to-peer transfers (P2P transfers). You can send money to friends and family and receive money when they send it to you. Some popular P2P services are Venmo and PayPal.

Digital wallets can store more than just your payment information. Consumers often use digital wallets to store:

•   Airline tickets

•   Events tickets

•   Loyalty cards

•   Gift cards

•   Membership cards

•   Coupons

•   Hotel reservations

•   Digital car keys

•   Driver’s licenses or state IDs

•   Health information, such as COVID-19 vaccination cards

How Do Digital Wallets Work?

To use a digital wallet, you’ll need to follow a couple of relatively simple steps:

•   First, download an app to your phone or access a digital wallet online. You’ll then enter in any payment information you’d like to link to the digital wallet to make it easy to spend and send your money.

•   When shopping in person with a digital wallet, your mobile device will interact with a point of sale reader or terminal, using technologies like QR codes, near field communication (NFC), and magnetic secure transmission (MSC).

•   You’ll have to hold your device close to the terminal, where indicated. During this contactless payment, the merchant receives your encrypted payment information to process the transaction.

•   You can also use digital wallets to send money to peers. For this to work, you usually need to know their account name. You can often “friend” them or connect with them before sending funds, which can help make sure the money will go to the right person.

Recommended: How to Send Money to Someone Without a Bank Account

What Are the Different Types of Digital Wallets?

There are a few different types of digital wallets. Understanding the options can impact what you decide to use since it informs how and when you can use them.

Closed Wallet

Retailers and restaurant chains can develop their own digital wallets that allow you to store payment information, loyalty cards, and rewards program information for use at that specific merchant.

For example, Target, Walmart, Amazon, and Starbucks all have their own proprietary digital wallets. These make the checkout experience faster and easier online and in the store. Such wallets also make it easier to track refunds and returns.

Semi-Closed Wallet

A semi-closed wallet enables users to make payments at select merchants and retailers. To be compatible with such wallets, merchants must sign an agreement with the wallet issuer.

Open Wallet

Open wallets are the most common because they’re the most widely accepted. Think Apple Wallet, Google Wallet, Venmo, and PayPal. Consumers can use these wallets at a wide range of merchants and even withdraw money at banks and ATMs, as well as transfer money between bank accounts.

Different Types of Mobile Wallets

Other types of online digital wallets include IoT wallets. (IoT stands for internet of things.) IoT wallets allow you to make payments from wearables like smart watches and even smart appliances.

Recommended: 15 Causes of Overspending

Digital Wallet Examples

Here are some examples of the digital wallets you might use in your day-to-day finances:

•   Apple Wallet

•   Google Wallet

•   Samsung Pay

•   PayPal

•   Venmo

•   Cash App

•   Zelle

•   Amazon Pay

•   Walmart Pay

Pros and Cons of Digital Wallets

Are digital wallets worth using? Let’s break down the pros and cons.

Pros

Here are the upsides of using a digital wallet:

•   Safety: Digital wallets use encryption and tokenization to protect your data, which makes it harder for hackers to access your financial information. If you lose your physical wallet, a criminal immediately has access to your cash and cards; with a digital wallet, your money can be further protected by passwords, multi-factor authentication, and biometric screening — and card numbers aren’t actually stored on your phone.

•   Convenience: When shopping online, having your information already stored via digital wallet can make the checkout process much easier. And when you have your information stored in a mobile wallet, paying for groceries or a cup of coffee is as easy as tapping with your phone.

•   Flexibility: When you have a digital wallet, you have an additional payment method at your disposal. No more panicking in the checkout aisle if you realize you left your physical wallet at home.

•   Budgeting: Some digital wallets make it easy to track your spending, even across various payment methods. This can make it simpler to monitor your personal budget and ensure you aren’t overspending. You may even be able to set spending limits within the wallet, which can help if you have trouble talking yourself out of unnecessary purchases.

Quick Money Tip: Most savings accounts only earn a fraction of a percentage in interest. Not at SoFi. Our high-yield savings account can help you make meaningful progress towards your financial goals.

Cons

Next, consider the potential downsides of digital wallets:

•   Security: While digital wallets are largely safer than physical wallets, there are some security concerns. For example, it’s not a good idea to use public WiFi when accessing your digital wallet. In addition, keeping your phone and digital wallet safe entails setting good passwords and enabling fingerprint or facial recognition; if you don’t take these safety precautions on your phone, your wallet won’t be as safe as it could be.

•   Charging your device: If you rely on your phone for your wallet, you’ll have to keep it charged throughout the day. If your phone dies — or you lose it, break it, or leave it at home — you’ll still need a physical wallet for any transactions.

•   Acceptance: Though acceptance of digital wallets is growing, you probably still can’t use digital wallets for payments everywhere you go.

•   Overspending: Though digital wallets may have cool budgeting features built in, they might also encourage poor spending habits. Why? Because it’s so easy to pay for things online and in person, you may be tempted to buy things more often than you would otherwise. The barriers to purchase may be lower.

Here’s a look at how these upsides and downsides stack up in chart form:

Pros of Digital Wallets	Cons of Digital Wallets
Safety	Some security vulnerabilities
Convenience	Must keep your device charged
An additional payment option	Not yet accepted everywhere
Can help with budgeting	May allow overspending to happen more easily

Recommended: Why Do People Feel Guilty About Spending Money?

Using a Digital Wallet

Ready to start using a digital wallet? Here are a few tips to keep in mind:

•   Using smart safety precautions: Having a strong password and enabling facial recognition on your smartphone are good ways to increase the security of digital wallets. It’s also a good idea to avoid public WiFi when accessing your payment methods.

•   Adding additional information: Digital wallets can store more than just payment info. For improved convenience, consider adding things like boarding passes for flights, loyalty cards, and even your driver’s license.

•   Carrying a backup payment method: Things happen. A merchant may not accept your digital wallet, or your phone could run out of juice (or fall and break!). It’s always smart to have a backup payment method available, just in case.

•   Updating payment methods: Credit cards expire. If you get a new card in the mail, don’t forget to update it in your digital wallet.

•   Monitoring your spending: If you’re on a tight budget, you’ll want to monitor your digital wallet spending the same way you would any other payment method.

The Takeaway

Digital wallets offer consumers a safe, convenient way of making payments electronically. Your payment information is securely stored so you can use your mobile device, tablet, and smart watch, among other options, to shop. As long as you practice good smartphone safety, you’ll likely find digital wallets to be more secure than a physical wallet.

Better banking is here with SoFi, NerdWallet’s 2024 winner for Best Checking Account Overall.* Enjoy up to 4.60% APY on SoFi Checking and Savings.

FAQ

What is the best digital wallet?

The best digital wallet depends on your needs from such a technology. For example, Apple Wallet is one of the more popular options, but if you’re not an iPhone user, it’s not available to you. Think about your needs from a digital wallet — and where each wallet is accepted — to determine the best digital wallet for your lifestyle.

And remember: You can always have more than one digital wallet!

Are digital wallets safer than traditional wallets?

Digital wallets can be safer than a traditional wallet because they encrypt your data and can be password-protected. If a criminal steals your physical wallet, they just have to reach inside to grab your cards and cash, but with a digital wallet, you can keep them locked out of the phone with passwords and biometric screening, like facial recognition. Some digital wallets even require fingerprint scans or facial recognition to complete a contactless transaction.

What is the most common type of digital wallet?

Open wallets are the most common type of digital wallet simply because they have the widest use case. You can use open wallets like Apple Wallet and Google Wallet at a wide variety of merchants.

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Photo credit: iStock/Dejan_Dundjerski

SoFi® Checking and Savings is offered through SoFi Bank, N.A. ©2023 SoFi Bank, N.A. All rights reserved. Member FDIC. Equal Housing Lender.
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Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

SoFi members with direct deposit activity can earn 4.60% annual percentage yield (APY) on savings balances (including Vaults) and 0.50% APY on checking balances. Direct Deposit means a deposit to an account holder’s SoFi Checking or Savings account, including payroll, pension, or government payments (e.g., Social Security), made by the account holder’s employer, payroll or benefits provider or government agency (“Direct Deposit”) via the Automated Clearing House (“ACH”) Network during a 30-day Evaluation Period (as defined below). Deposits that are not from an employer or government agency, including but not limited to check deposits, peer-to-peer transfers (e.g., transfers from PayPal, Venmo, etc.), merchant transactions (e.g., transactions from PayPal, Stripe, Square, etc.), and bank ACH funds transfers and wire transfers from external accounts, do not constitute Direct Deposit activity. There is no minimum Direct Deposit amount required to qualify for the stated interest rate.

SoFi members with Qualifying Deposits can earn 4.60% APY on savings balances (including Vaults) and 0.50% APY on checking balances. Qualifying Deposits means one or more deposits that, in the aggregate, are equal to or greater than $5,000 to an account holder’s SoFi Checking and Savings account (“Qualifying Deposits”) during a 30-day Evaluation Period (as defined below). Qualifying Deposits only include those deposits from the following eligible sources: (i) ACH transfers, (ii) inbound wire transfers, (iii) peer-to-peer transfers (i.e., external transfers from PayPal, Venmo, etc. and internal peer-to-peer transfers from a SoFi account belonging to another account holder), (iv) check deposits, (v) instant funding to your SoFi Bank Debit Card, (vi) push payments to your SoFi Bank Debit Card, and (vii) cash deposits. Qualifying Deposits do not include: (i) transfers between an account holder’s Checking account, Savings account, and/or Vaults; (ii) interest payments; (iii) bonuses issued by SoFi Bank or its affiliates; or (iv) credits, reversals, and refunds from SoFi Bank, N.A. (“SoFi Bank”) or from a merchant.

SoFi Bank shall, in its sole discretion, assess each account holder’s Direct Deposit activity and Qualifying Deposits throughout each 30-Day Evaluation Period to determine the applicability of rates and may request additional documentation for verification of eligibility. The 30-Day Evaluation Period refers to the “Start Date” and “End Date” set forth on the APY Details page of your account, which comprises a period of 30 calendar days (the “30-Day Evaluation Period”). You can access the APY Details page at any time by logging into your SoFi account on the SoFi mobile app or SoFi website and selecting either (i) Banking > Savings > Current APY or (ii) Banking > Checking > Current APY. Upon receiving a Direct Deposit or $5,000 in Qualifying Deposits to your account, you will begin earning 4.60% APY on savings balances (including Vaults) and 0.50% on checking balances on or before the following calendar day. You will continue to earn these APYs for (i) the remainder of the current 30-Day Evaluation Period and through the end of the subsequent 30-Day Evaluation Period and (ii) any following 30-day Evaluation Periods during which SoFi Bank determines you to have Direct Deposit activity or $5,000 in Qualifying Deposits without interruption.

SoFi Bank reserves the right to grant a grace period to account holders following a change in Direct Deposit activity or Qualifying Deposits activity before adjusting rates. If SoFi Bank grants you a grace period, the dates for such grace period will be reflected on the APY Details page of your account. If SoFi Bank determines that you did not have Direct Deposit activity or $5,000 in Qualifying Deposits during the current 30-day Evaluation Period and, if applicable, the grace period, then you will begin earning the rates earned by account holders without either Direct Deposit or Qualifying Deposits until you have Direct Deposit activity or $5,000 in Qualifying Deposits in a subsequent 30-Day Evaluation Period. For the avoidance of doubt, an account holder with both Direct Deposit activity and Qualifying Deposits will earn the rates earned by account holders with Direct Deposit.

Members without either Direct Deposit activity or Qualifying Deposits, as determined by SoFi Bank, during a 30-Day Evaluation Period and, if applicable, the grace period, will earn 1.20% APY on savings balances (including Vaults) and 0.50% APY on checking balances.

Interest rates are variable and subject to change at any time. These rates are current as of 10/24/2023. There is no minimum balance requirement. Additional information can be found at https://www.sofi.com/legal/banking-rate-sheet.

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When you turn 73, the IRS requires you to start withdrawing money from your 401(k) each year. These withdrawals are called required minimum distributions (or RMDs), and those who don’t take them face potential financial penalties.

The 401(k) RMD rules also apply to other tax-deferred accounts, including traditional IRAs, SIMPLE and SEP IRAs. Roth accounts don’t have RMDs for the account holder.

What’s important to know, as it relates to RMDs from 401(k)s, is that there can be tax consequences if you don’t take them when they’re required — and there are also tax implications from the withdrawals themselves.

What Is an RMD?

While many 401(k) participants know about the early withdrawal penalties for 401(k) accounts, fewer people know about the requirement to make minimum withdrawals once you reach a certain age. Again, these are called required minimum distributions (or RMDs), and they apply to most tax-deferred accounts.

The “required distribution” amount is based on specific IRS calculations (more on that below). If you don’t take the required distribution amount (aka withdrawal) each year you could face another requirement: to pay a penalty of 50% of the withdrawal you didn’t take. However, if you withdraw more than the required minimum each year, no penalty applies.

All RMDs from tax-deferred accounts, like 401(k) plans, are taxed as ordinary income. This is one reason why understanding the amount — and the timing — of RMDs can make a big difference to your retirement income.

What Age Do You Have to Start RMDs?

Prior to 2019, the age at which 401(k) participants had to start taking RMDs was 70½. Under the SECURE Act that was raised to age 72. But the rules have changed again, and the required age to start RMDs from a 401(k) is now 73 — for those who turn 72 after December 31, 2022.

However for those who turned 72 in the year 2022, at that point age 72 was still technically the starting point for RMDs.

But if you turn 72 in 2023, you must wait until you turn 73 (in 2024) to take your first RMD.

In 2033, the age to start taking RMDs will be increased again, to age 75.

How Your First Required Distribution Is Different

There is a slight variation in the rule for your first RMD: You actually have until April 1 of the year after you turn 72 to take that first withdrawal. For example, say you turned 72 in 2022. you would have until April 1, 2023 to take your first RMD.

But you would also have to take the normal RMD for 2023 by December 31 of the same year, too — thus, potentially taking two withdrawals in one year.

Since you must pay ordinary income tax on the money you withdraw from your 401(k), just like other tax-deferred accounts, you may want to plan for the impact of two taxable withdrawals within one calendar year if you go that route.

Why Do Required Minimum Distributions Exist?

Remember: All the money people set aside in defined contribution plans like traditional IRAs, SEP IRAa, SIMPLE IRAs, 401(k) plans, 403(b) plans, 457(b) plans, profit-sharing plans, and so on, is deposited pre-tax. That’s why these accounts are typically called tax-deferred: the tax you owe is deferred until you retire.

So, requiring people to take a minimum withdrawal amount each year is a way to ensure that people eventually pay tax on the money they saved.

How Are RMDs Calculated?

It can get a bit tricky, but 401(k) RMDs are calculated by dividing the account balance in your 401(k) by what is called a “life expectancy factor,” which is basically a type of actuarial table created by the IRS. You can find these tables in Publication 590-B from the IRS.

If you’re married, there are two different tables to be aware of. If you are the original account owner, and if your spouse is up to 10 years younger than you, or is not your sole beneficiary, you’d consult the IRS Uniform Lifetime Table.

If your spouse is the primary beneficiary, and is more than 10 years younger, you’d consult the IRS Joint and Last Survivor table. Here, the RMD might be lower.

How does the life expectancy factor work?

As a simple example, let’s say a 75-year-old has a life expectancy factor of 24.6, according to the IRS. If that person has a portfolio valued at $500,000, they’d have to take an RMD of $20,325 ($500,000/24.6) from their account that year.

RMDs can be withdrawn in one sum or numerous smaller payments over the course of a year, as long as they add up to the total amount of your RMD requirement for that calendar year.

RMD Rules for 401(k) Plans

So just to recap, here are the basic RMD rules for 401(k) plans. Because these rules are complicated and exceptions may apply, it may be wise to consult with a professional.

Exceptions to Required Distributions

There aren’t many exceptions to 401(k) RMDs. In fact, there’s really only one.

If you’re working for the company sponsoring your 401(k) when you turn 73 years old (as of 2023), and you don’t own more than 5% of the firm, you may be able to skirt RMDs. That is, so long as you keep working for the company, and as long as your plan allows you to do so — not all will.

This only applies to 401(k)s. So if you’re weighing your options as it relates to a 401(a) vs 401(k), for instance, you’ll find they’re limited.

At What Age Do RMDs Start?

As mentioned, you must take your first RMD the same year you turn age 73, with the new rules being applied for 2023 under the SECURE ACT 2.0. Again: for your first RMD only, you are allowed to delay the withdrawal until April 1 of the year after you turn 73.

This has pros and cons, however, because the second RMD would be due on December 31 of that year as well. For tax purposes, you might want to take your first RMD the same year you turn 73, to avoid the potentially higher tax bill from taking two withdrawals in the same calendar year.

What Are RMD Deadlines?

Aside from the April 1 deadline available only for your first RMD, the regular deadline for your annual RMD is December 31 of each year. That means that by that date, you must withdraw the required amount, either in a lump sum or in smaller increments over the course of the year.

Calculating the Correct Amount of Your RMD

Also as discussed, the amount of your RMD is determined by tables created by the IRS based on your life expectancy, the age of your spouse, marital status, and your spouse’s age.

You’re not limited to the amount of your RMD, by the way. You can withdraw more than the RMD amount at any point. These rules are simply to insure minimum withdrawals are met. Also keep in mind that if you withdraw more than the RMD one year, it does not change the RMD requirement for the next year.

Penalties

The basic penalty, if you miss or forget to take your required minimum distribution from your 401(k), is 50% of the amount you were supposed to withdraw.

For example, let’s say you were supposed to withdraw a total of $10,500 in a certain year, but you didn’t; in that case you could potentially get hit with a 50% penalty, or $5,250. But let’s say you’ve taken withdrawals all year, but you miscalculated and only withdrew $7,300 total.

Then you would owe a 50% penalty on the difference between the amount you withdrew and the actual RMD amount: $10,500 – $7,300 = $3,200 x .50 = $1,600

How Did COVID Change RMD Rules?

The pandemic ushered in some RMD rule changes for a time, and it may be easy to get mixed up given those changes. But you should know that things are more or less back to “normal” now (as of 2021) as it relates to RMD rules, so you’ll need to plan accordingly.

As for that rule change: There was a suspension of all RMDs in 2020 owing to COVID. Here’s what happened, and what it meant for RMDs at the time:

•   First, in 2019 the SECURE Act changed the required age for RMDs from 70½ to 72, to start in 2020.

•   But when the pandemic hit in early 2020, RMDs were suspended entirely for that year under the CARES Act. So, even if you turned 72 in the year 2020 — the then-new qualifying age for RMDs that year — RMDs were waived.

Again, as of early 2021, required minimum distributions were restored. So here’s how it works now, taking into account the 2020 suspension and the new age for RMDs.

•   If you were taking RMDs regularly before the 2020 suspension, you needed to resume taking your annual RMD by December 31, 2021.

•   If you were eligible for your first RMD in 2019 and you’d planned to take your first RMD by April 2020, but didn’t because of the waiver, you should have taken that RMD by December 31, 2021.

•   If you turned 72 in 2020, and were supposed to take an RMD for the first time, then you could have had until April 1, 2022 to take that first withdrawal. (But you could have taken that first withdrawal in 2021, to avoid the tax burden of taking two withdrawals in 2022.)

RMDs When You Have Multiple Accounts

If you have multiple accounts — e.g. a 401(k) and two IRAs — you would have to calculate the RMD for each of the accounts to arrive at the total amount you’re required to withdraw that year. But you would not have to take that amount out of each account. You can decide which account is more advantageous and take your entire RMD from that account, or divide it among your accounts by taking smaller withdrawals over the course of the year.

What Other Accounts Have RMDs?

While we’re focusing on 401(k) RMDs, there are numerous other types of accounts that require them as well. As of 2023, RMD rules apply to all employer-sponsored retirement accounts, according to the IRS — a list that includes IRAs (SEP IRAs, SIMPLE IRAs, and others), but not Roth IRAs while the owner is alive (more on that in a minute).

So, if you have an employer-sponsored retirement account, know that the IRA withdrawal rules are more or less the same as the rules for a 401(k) RMD.

Allocating Your RMDs

Individuals can also decide how they want their RMD allocated. For example, some people take a proportional approach to RMD distribution. This means a person with 30% of assets in short-term bonds might choose to have 30% of their RMD come from those investments.

Deciding how to allocate an RMD gives an investor some flexibility over their finances. For example, it might be possible to manage the potential tax you’d owe by mapping out your RMDs — or other considerations.

Do Roth 401(k)s Have RMDs?

Yes, Roth 401(k) plans do have required minimum distributions, and this is an important distinction between Roth 401(k)s and Roth IRAs. Even though the funds you contribute to a Roth 401(k) are already taxed, you are still required to take RMDs, following the same life expectancy factor charts provided by the IRS for traditional 401(k)s and IRAs.

The big difference being: You don’t owe taxes on the RMDs from a Roth 401(k). You deposit after-tax dollars, and withdrawals are still tax free as they are with an ordinary Roth IRA account.

If you have a Roth IRA, however, you don’t have to take any RMDs, but if you bequeath a Roth it’s another story. Since the rules surrounding inherited IRAs can be quite complicated, it’s wise to get advice from a professional.

Can You Delay Taking an RMD From Your 401(k)?

As noted above, there is some flexibility with your first RMD, in that you can delay your first RMD until April 1 of the following year. Just remember that your second RMD would be due by December 31 of that year as well, so you’d be taking two taxable withdrawals in the same year.

Also, if you are still employed by the sponsor of your 401(k) (or other employer plan) when you turn 73, you can delay taking RMDs until you leave that job or retire.

RMD Requirements for Inherited 401(k) Accounts

Don’t assume that RMDs are only for people in or near retirement. RMDs are usually required for those who inherit 401(k)s as well. The rules here can get quite complicated, depending on whether you are the surviving spouse inheriting a 401(k), or a non-spouse. In most cases, the surviving spouse is the legal beneficiary of a 401(k) unless a waiver was signed.

Inheriting a 401(k) From Your Spouse

If you’re the spouse inheriting a 401(k), you can rollover the funds into your own existing 401(k), or you can rollover the funds into what’s known as an “inherited IRA” — the IRA account is not inherited, but it holds the inherited funds from the 401(k). You can also continue contributing to the account.

Then you would take RMDs from these accounts when you turned 73, based on the IRS tables that apply to you.

Recommended: What Is a Rollover IRA vs. a Traditional IRA?

Inheriting a 401(k) From a Non-Spouse

If you inherit a 401(k) from someone who was not your spouse, you cannot rollover the funds into your own IRA.

You would have to take RMDs starting Dec. 31 of the year after the account holder died. And you would be required to withdraw all the money from the account within five or 10 years, depending on when the account holder passed away.

The five-year rule comes into play if the person died in 2019 or before; the 10-year rule applies if they died in 2020 or later.

Other Restrictions on Inherited 401(k) Accounts

Bear in mind that the company which sponsored the 401(k) may have restrictions on how inherited funds must be handled. In some cases, you may be able to keep 401(k) funds in the account, or you might be required to withdraw all funds within a certain time period.

In addition, state laws governing the inheritance of 401(k) assets can come into play.

As such, if you’ve inherited a 401(k), it’s probably best to consult a professional who can help you sort out your individual situation.

How to Avoid RMDs on 401(k)s

While a 401(k) grows tax-free during the course of an investor’s working years, the RMDs withdrawal is taxed at their current income tax rate. One way to offset that tax liability is for an investor to consider converting a 401(k) into a Roth IRA in the years preceding mandatory RMDs. Roth IRAs are not subject to RMD rules.

What Is a Roth Conversion?

A Roth conversion can be done at any point during an investor’s life, and can be done with all of the 401(k) funds or a portion of it.

Because a 401(k) invests pre-tax dollars and a Roth IRA invests after-tax dollars, you would need to pay taxes right away on any 401(k) funds you converted to a Roth. But the good news is, upon withdrawing the money after retirement, you don’t have to pay any additional taxes on those withdrawals. And any withdrawals are at your discretion because there are no required distributions.

Paying your tax bill now rather than in the future can make sense for investors who anticipate being in a higher tax bracket during their retirement years than they are currently.

The Backdoor Roth Option

Converting a 401(k) can also be a way for high earners to take advantage of a Roth. Traditional Roth accounts have an income cap. To contribute the maximum to a Roth IRA in 2023, your modified adjusted gross income (MAGI) must be less than $138,000 if you’re single, less than $228,000 if you’re married filing jointly, with phaseouts if your income is higher. But those income rules don’t apply to Roth conversions (thus they’re sometimes called the “backdoor Roth” option).

Once the conversion occurs and a Roth IRA account is opened, an investor needs to follow Roth rules: In general, withdrawals can be taken after an account owner has had the account for five years and the owner is older than 59 ½, barring outside circumstances such as death, disability, or first home purchase.

What Should an Investor Do With Their RMDs?

How you use your RMD funds depends on your financial goals. Fortunately, there are no requirements around how you spend or invest these funds (with the possible exception that you cannot take an RMD and redeposit it in the same account).

•   Some people may use their RMDs for living expenses in their retirement years. If you plan to use your RMD for income, it’s also smart to consider the tax consequences of that choice in light of other income sources like Social Security.

•   Other people may use their 401(k) RMDs to fund a brokerage account and continue investing. While you can’t take an RMD and redeposit it, it’s possible to directly transfer your RMD into a taxable account. You will still owe taxes on the RMD, but you could stay invested in the securities in the previous portfolio.

Reinvesting RMDs might provide a growth vehicle for retirement income. For example, some investors may look to securities that provide a dividend, so they can create cash flow as well as maintain investments.

•   Investors also may use part of their RMD to donate to charity. If the funds are directly transferred from the IRA to the charity (instead of writing out a check yourself), the donation will be excluded from taxable income.

While there is no right way to manage RMDs, coming up with a plan can help insure that your money continues to work for you, long after it’s out of your original 401(k) account.

The Takeaway

Investors facing required minimum distributions from their 401(k) accounts may want to fully understand what the law requires, figure out a game plan, and act accordingly. While there are a lot of things to consider and rules to reference, ignoring 401(k) RMDs can result in sizable penalties.

Even if you’re not quite at the age to take RMDs, you may want to think ahead so that you have a plan for withdrawing your assets that makes sense for you and your loved ones. It can help to walk through the many different requirements and options you have as an account holder, or if you think you might inherit a 401(k).

As always, coming up with a financial plan depends on knowing one’s options and exploring next steps to find the best fit for your money. If you’re opening a retirement account such as an IRA or Roth IRA, you can do so at a brokerage, bank, mutual fund house, or other financial services company, like SoFi Invest®.

Help grow your nest egg with a SoFi IRA.

FAQ

Is my 401(k) subject to RMDs?

Yes, with very few exceptions, 401(k)s are subject to RMDs after its owner reaches age 73, as of 2023. What those RMDs are, exactly, varies depending on several factors.

How to calculate your RMD for your 401(k)?

It’s not an easy calculation, but RMDs are basically calculated by dividing the owner’s account balance by their life expectancy factor, which is determined by the IRS. That will give you the amount you must withdraw each year, or face a penalty.

Can you avoid an RMD on your 401(k)?

You can, if you’re willing to convert your traditional 401(k) account to a Roth IRA. Roth IRAs do not require RMDs, but you will owe taxes on the funds you convert.

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