How Do Student Loans Work? Guide to Student Loans

With the cost of higher education at an all-time high, many students need financial assistance to pay for tuition, room and board, books, and more. In fact, in the U.S. alone, nearly 43 million borrowers are carrying over $1.7 trillion in student loan debt.

Taking out student loans may be the first major financial commitment you make, and it’s a decision that has the potential to affect your financial situation for years to come. So it’s crucial to understand the terms you’re signing up for and all the options available.

To help you get started, here’s a quick guide to student loans. We’ll break down the basics of how loans work, how to apply for both federal and private student loans, and what to expect after you graduate.

Key Points

•   A student loan is a type of financial aid that students borrow to help pay for college or other postsecondary education, which must be repaid with interest.

•   Federal student loans are funded by the U.S. Department of Education and offer benefits like fixed interest rates and income-driven repayment plans.

•   Private student loans are provided by banks, credit unions, or online lenders and often depend on the borrower’s credit history, with interest rates that may be fixed or variable.

•   Federal student loans may be eligible for forgiveness programs, such as Public Service Loan Forgiveness (PSLF), which can forgive remaining debt after a certain number of qualifying payments.

•   Private lenders assess creditworthiness when determining loan eligibility and interest rates. Students with limited credit history may need a cosigner to qualify for a private loan.

What Is a Student Loan?

Student loans let young people borrow the money they need to pay for their education. Like other types of loans, this money must be repaid in the future, with interest.

Student loans can be borrowed by the student or, in some cases, by their parents. When a student loan is borrowed by a parent to pay for their child’s education, it may be called a parent loan.

The way student loans work is similar to other loans, but the application process is different, especially when it comes to federal student loans (more on that below). Federal student loans are funded by the federal government.

With private student loans, the application process is similar to other types of loans. Potential borrowers will file an application directly with the bank of their choice.

What Can Student Loans Be Used For?

Student loans can be used to pay for a student’s qualified educational expenses. These include things like tuition, books and supplies for classes, and fees charged by the school.

They can also be used to pay for room and board, living expenses, commuting to school, and a laptop or computer used for school.

Private student loans can even be used to pay off an outstanding tuition balance. Each lender determines how far in the past a loan can be used to pay an overdue balance, but many will allow loans to cover past-due balances that are 6-12 months outstanding. Also, keep in mind that you can apply for a private student loan at any time, and paying before the bill is due is preferable so you don’t have any interruptions in enrollment or class scheduling.

Graduate students are also eligible for federal aid and are encouraged to complete a grad school FAFSA.

Recommended: What Can You Use Student Loans For?

The Two Main Student Loan Categories

Student loans fall into two main categories, federal and private. Federal loans, which are funded by the federal government, offer some advantages and protections for borrowers. These special features, which are not common with regular loans, include:

•   Lower, fixed interest rates (what you pay the lender for loaning you the money) that offer a better deal than private student loans.

•   Income-driven repayment plans, which base your monthly payment after graduation on your salary.

•   Temporary relief programs for graduates who are facing unemployment or other hardship.

Federal Student Loans

Federal student loans are provided by the government. However, your payments and loan management are usually handled through an independent company called a student loan servicer.

To see if you qualify for a federal loan and other federal student aid, you need to fill out the Free Application for Federal Student Aid, commonly referred to as the FAFSA®. The application must be filled out every year you want to apply for federal student aid.

There are a few different types of federal student loans. The main federal student loans are:

•   Direct Subsidized Loans: Direct Subsidized Loans are available to eligible undergraduates with financial need. The interest that accrues while students are enrolled in school and during the grace period is covered by the U.S. Department of Education.

•   Direct Unsubsidized Loans: Direct Unsubsidized Loans are available to eligible undergraduates and graduate students regardless of financial need.

•   Direct PLUS Loans: Direct PLUS Loans are available to parents of undergraduate students and to graduate or professional students for expenses not covered by financial aid.

Check out our breakdown of the different types of federal student loans for details on how these loans work and the distinctions between them.

Private Student Loans

Private student loans are issued by non-government lenders, such as banks, credit unions, or other financial service companies. A potential borrower’s eligibility and terms will depend on their credit history (their financial track record) and other factors.

Parents or even family friends can cosign with a student who may not be able to qualify for a private student loan on their own. Unlike federal loans, repayment on private student loans may start while the borrower is still enrolled in school.

Unlike their federal counterparts, private student loan lenders may not offer the same safety-net protections in cases of financial hardship or unemployment. So be sure to understand the terms before taking a private student loan. Private loans tend to be the last option for paying for college after all other methods of financial aid have been exhausted.

Recommended: Guide to Private Student Loans

Understanding How Student Loans Work

Understanding the difference between federal and private student loans is the first step in navigating how college loans work. Here is other essential information:

Student Loan Application Process

Applying for federal student loans requires students to complete the FAFSA every year they attend college. Some people assume they won’t meet the requirements for FAFSA federal aid because of their parents’ income or a low GPA, but that’s usually not the case.

Everyone who might need help paying for college should fill out the FAFSA. Aside from federal student loans, there are state and school-based scholarships, grants, and work-study programs that you may qualify for. The FAFSA form is generally available on October 1 for the following school year and can be completed online.

If you’re opting for private student loans, find a reputable lender and make sure your school and program are eligible for their offerings. The application process may or may not have a fee, depending on the lender.

Private lenders typically want applicants to provide basic personal and financial details, and may also consider credit history. As mentioned above, lenders may allow potential borrowers to apply for a private student loan with a cosigner, such as a parent.

Recommended: High-Income Financial Aid

Student Loan Interest Rates and Fees

Interest is a percentage of the unpaid principal loan amount that is paid to the lender in exchange for borrowing money. Federal student loans have fixed interest rates, and interest is accrued on a daily basis.

The interest rate on federal direct subsidized and unsubsidized loans for undergraduates for the 2024-2025 school year is 6.53%. Interest rates on federal student loans are set annually by Congress.

Fixed-rate student loans have an interest rate that stays the same over the life of the loan. Although the rate might start off higher than on variable-rate loans, it won’t change as general interest rates fluctuate.

The way interest on private student loans works is different. Private student loans may have either fixed or variable interest rates. Variable-rate loans, also called floating-rate loans, have an interest rate that can vary every month, quarter, or year. Rates usually start off lower than a fixed-rate loan, but can fluctuate dramatically over the life of the loan.

If you expect to pay off your student loans quickly, you may consider a variable-rate loan. But if you’re not sure how much you’ll be making after you graduate or you don’t think you’ll be able to pay your student loans off fast, a fixed-rate loan might be a better choice.

Private student loans will have different interest rates depending on the lender and the borrower’s credit history.

When we say no required fees we mean it.
No late fees, & insufficient fund
fees when you take out a student loan with SoFi.


Repaying Your Loan

As long as you’re still in school at least part-time, students aren’t required to make payments on federal loans. The exception for federal student loans is PLUS Loans, which require borrowers to start making payments as soon as they receive the entire loan amount.

Your federal loan servicer should give you a student loan repayment schedule that tells you when your first payment is due and how much you owe. There are a few different repayment plans available for federal student loans. Borrowers can change their repayment plan at any time without incurring fees.

Most federal student loans have a six-month grace period, which gives you a break after you leave school before you have to start paying your loans back. Some private lenders also offer grace periods, but it’s not a guarantee. Unless the loan is a federal unsubsidized loan, it will likely accrue interest during the grace period.

Private lenders determine when repayment begins on a private student loan, so review your student loan agreement closely before signing.

The Takeaway

Student loans can make it possible for young people to attend college, but just like other types of loans, student borrowers are charged interest. Federal loans have fixed interest rates and generally have a six-month grace period following a student’s departure from school. They also come with borrower protections and benefits like income-driven repayment plans.

Private student loans can be helpful if a student did not receive enough federal aid in the form of federal student loans, scholarships, grants, and work-study. Lenders determine the interest rate and terms partly based on the borrower’s credit history. Interest rates may be either fixed or variable. Private student loans do not carry the same federal borrower benefits.

If you’ve exhausted all federal student aid options, no-fee private student loans from SoFi can help you pay for school. The online application process is easy, and you can see rates and terms in just minutes. Repayment plans are flexible, so you can find an option that works for your financial plan and budget.


Cover up to 100% of school-certified costs including tuition, books, supplies, room and board, and transportation with a private student loan from SoFi.

FAQ

What is the difference between federal and private student loans?

Federal student loans are provided by the government and typically offer fixed interest rates and flexible repayment options, while private student loans come from banks or lenders and may have variable rates and stricter terms.

How does interest work on student loans?

Interest on student loans is the cost of borrowing money, calculated as a percentage of the loan amount. Federal loans typically have fixed interest rates set by the government, while private loans may have fixed or variable rates. Interest begins accruing immediately on most loans (except Direct Subsidized Loans) and adds to the total repayment amount.

How are student loans paid out?

According to the Federal Student Aid website (StudentAid.gov), your school will give out your loan and grant money in at least two payments, called disbursements. Usually, you’ll receive a payment once per term (semester, quarter, etc.). If you accept a work-study job, you’ll be paid at least once a month.


SoFi Private Student Loans
Please borrow responsibly. SoFi Private Student loans are not a substitute for federal loans, grants, and work-study programs. We encourage you to evaluate all your federal student aid options before you consider any private loans, including ours. Read our FAQs.

Terms and conditions apply. SOFI RESERVES THE RIGHT TO MODIFY OR DISCONTINUE PRODUCTS AND BENEFITS AT ANY TIME WITHOUT NOTICE. SoFi Private Student loans are subject to program terms and restrictions, such as completion of a loan application and self-certification form, verification of application information, the student's at least half-time enrollment in a degree program at a SoFi-participating school, and, if applicable, a co-signer. In addition, borrowers must be U.S. citizens or other eligible status, be residing in the U.S., Puerto Rico, U.S. Virgin Islands, or American Samoa, and must meet SoFi’s underwriting requirements, including verification of sufficient income to support your ability to repay. Minimum loan amount is $1,000. See SoFi.com/eligibility for more information. Lowest rates reserved for the most creditworthy borrowers. SoFi reserves the right to modify eligibility criteria at any time. This information is subject to change. This information is current as of 4/22/2025 and is subject to change. SoFi Private Student loans are originated by SoFi Bank, N.A. Member FDIC. NMLS #696891 (www.nmlsconsumeraccess.org).

SoFi Loan Products
SoFi loans are originated by SoFi Bank, N.A., NMLS #696891 (Member FDIC). For additional product-specific legal and licensing information, see SoFi.com/legal. Equal Housing Lender.


Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

Third-Party Brand Mentions: No brands, products, or companies mentioned are affiliated with SoFi, nor do they endorse or sponsor this article. Third-party trademarks referenced herein are property of their respective owners.

Third Party Trademarks: Certified Financial Planner Board of Standards Center for Financial Planning, Inc. owns and licenses the certification marks CFP®, CERTIFIED FINANCIAL PLANNER®

External Websites: The information and analysis provided through hyperlinks to third-party websites, while believed to be accurate, cannot be guaranteed by SoFi. Links are provided for informational purposes and should not be viewed as an endorsement.

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Refinancing vs. Paying Off Student Loans Early — Which Saves You More?

If you have student loan debt, chances are you’re looking for ways to save money on your payments. You may be wondering how to pay off student loans faster, for instance. Or you might be thinking about student loan refinancing as a possible option for making loan payments more manageable.

Which method can help you save more? The best strategy for paying off student loans comes down to how much you owe and the specifics of your financial situation. Read on to learn how the different student loan repayment strategies work to help determine which may be the right option for you.

Key Points

•   Refinancing student loans can lower loan interest rates and monthly payments for those who qualify.

•   Paying off loans early reduces the total amount of interest paid on the loans.

•   Student loan refinancing may be appealing to individuals who have good credit and want to change their loan terms.

•   Borrowers might opt to pay off their loans early if they’re trying to put money toward other financial goals, such as a down payment on a house.

•   Evaluate your financial situation and goals, and evaluate the benefits and drawbacks of refinancing and paying off loans early before making a decision.

Understanding Your Student Loan Repayment Options

Student loan repayment options differ by the type of loan you have. Federal student loan borrowers can choose from the following repayment plans:

•   Standard Repayment Plan. On the standard plan, you pay off your loans in fixed monthly payments within 10 years

•   Graduated Repayment Plan. With this option, your payments start lower and increase every two years. The payments are designed so that your loans are paid off within 10 years.

•   Extended Repayment Plan. On this plan, your payments may be fixed or graduated, and your loan term is up to 25 years.

•   Income-Driven Repayment Plans. These plans base your monthly payments on your discretionary income and family size. There are currently three income-driven repayment plans you can choose from: Pay As You Earn (PAYE), Income Contingent Repayment (ICR), and Income-Based Repayment (IBR). If you’re planning to seek student loan forgiveness, the IBR is the only plan currently offering that option.

For borrowers with private student loans, the repayment terms are set by the lender. You may have anywhere from 5 to 20 years to repay your loans, depending on your loan agreement.

How Refinancing Student Loans Works

When you refinance student loans, you replace your existing loans with a new loan from a private lender. Ideally, you may qualify for a loan with a lower interest rate or more favorable loan terms.

Borrowers typically start the refinancing process by shopping around to compare lenders and choose one that offers the best loan terms for their situation. Next, you apply for refinancing and tell the lender which loans you’d like to refinance. Once you’re approved, the lender pays off the old loans, and you make payments on the new loan going forward.

You can refinance private and federal student loans. However, refinancing federal loans makes them ineligible for federal benefits, including income-driven repayment, federal deferment and forbearance periods, and federal student loan forgiveness such as Public Service Loan Forgiveness.

How Paying Off Student Loans Early Works

Paying off student loans early means repaying the full balance you owe before the final repayment date set by the lender.

For example, say you have $20,000 in federal student loans and you’re paying them off on the standard 10-year repayment plan. You can pay your loans off early by using one of these strategies:

•   Put extra funds toward the loan. By paying extra on your student loans each month, you can help shrink your debt and reduce the total amount of interest you’ll pay over the life of the loan. Just be sure to specify to your lender or loan servicer that the extra money you’re paying should be applied to the principal.

•   Put “found money” toward your loan. Apply your tax refund or a bonus you receive at work to your loan principal to help reduce your balance.

•   Round up your monthly payments. If you don’t have a lot of extra funds to put toward your loan payments, start on the smaller side. Instead of paying $346 per month, round up your payment to $350. It might not seem like much, but it adds up over time.

If you have several federal loans and they feel like a lot to keep track of, you could consider consolidating them into one Direct Consolidation Loan to streamline your monthly payments. While consolidation generally won’t save you money, it can make your payments easier to manage.

That’s one difference between student loan consolidation vs. refinancing. The interest rate of a consolidation loan is a weighted average of your previous loan rates, rounded up to the nearest ⅛ of a percent, so the rate is not necessarily lower. With refinancing, you may be able to get a lower interest rate if you qualify, which could help you save money.

Comparing the Costs: Refinance vs. Early Payoff

If you’re considering refinance and early loan payoff, you’re probably asking yourself, does refinancing student loans save money? The answer depends on your new loan terms.

Refinancing student loans could save you money if you get a lower student loan refinancing rate rate and/or choose a shorter repayment term. Paying off your loans early will save you money by reducing the amount of interest you pay over time. To get a sense of which method might help you save more, here’s an example that shows how the two options compare.

Say you owe $30,000 in federal student loans with a rate of 6.53%. You’re enrolled in the Standard 10-year Repayment Plan, with a monthly payment of $341, and you’re debating between two options:6 refinancing to a new private loan with a 10-year term at 5.50%, or keeping the loan you have but increasing your payments to $500 per month. This is how the math works out for each option.

Refinancing

Early Payoff

New Monthly Payment $326 $500
Payment Savings or Increase ~$15 per month +$159 per month
Repayment Term 10 years 6 years and 1 month
Interest Savings $1,863 $4,520

If you want to be even more aggressive and pay off your loans faster through refinancing by choosing a 5-year term instead, your monthly payments would increase to $573, but you’d save $6,550 in interest, and you’d pay off your loans half the time.

A student loan refinancing calculator can help you estimate your total savings based on different repayment terms, interest rates, and monthly payment amounts.

Factors to Consider Before Choosing Between Refinancing and Paying Off Early

Refinancing student loans vs. paying them off early are two very different strategies, and one may suit your situation better than the other. There are several important factors to weigh before making a decision.

Interest Rates and Loan Terms

If you’re exploring student loan refinance, compare loan rates and terms from different lenders to estimate your potential savings. Many private student lenders allow you to check your rates online without any impact on your credit score.

Here are some general rules to remember:

•   A shorter loan term usually means a higher monthly payment, but a faster payoff overall.

•   A longer loan term reduces monthly payments but increases the total interest paid over time.

An ideal combination to maximize savings is a refinance loan with a low rate and a shorter term, if you can qualify. Your monthly payments will be bigger, but you’ll pay less interest in total.

Recommended: A Guide to Refinancing Student Loans

Monthly Budget and Cash Flow Considerations

Paying off student loans early and refinancing can both affect your budget if your new payments are higher than they were previously. A review of your budget can give you an idea of how much of an increase you might be able to afford with either strategy.

Don’t forget to factor in the unexpected. For example, would you be able to keep up with the new loan payments if you lose your job or your roof starts leaking and needs immediate repairs?

A healthy emergency fund can act as a buffer against those types of situations, but even then your savings may eventually run out. While you can choose to stop putting extra cash toward paying off your loans early at any point, with a refinanced student loan, you have payment due dates to meet. Refinancing makes sense if your payments are affordable not just right now, but for the entirety of the loan term.

Credit Score Impact

Applying for student loan refinancing can affect your credit, since lenders will generally do a hard pull of your credit reports and score. Hard inquiries factor into your credit score calculations.

Your score will usually drop a few points temporarily, though you can typically strengthen it again by making on-time loan and other bill payments. Still, you may want to consider the potential credit score impact if you’re planning to apply for a mortgage or another type of credit in the near future.

Pros and Cons of Refinancing vs. Paying Off Early

Student loan refinancing and paying off your loans early each have their advantages and disadvantages. Here’s a breakdown of the pros and cons of both methods to help you weigh the options.

Pros and Cons of Refinancing Student Loans

Student loan refinancing may be appropriate for individuals who have good credit (or a loan cosigner with strong credit) and want to change their loan terms.

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Pros:

•   Refinancing student loans might lower your interest rate.

•   Choosing a shorter refinance term can help you pay off loans faster and potentially save more money.

•   Private lenders may offer interest rate discounts to help maximize savings. For instance, if you choose the autopay option for your monthly payments, you might save 0.25% on your interest rate, depending on the lender.

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Cons:

•   You’ll need good credit or a cosigner with good credit to qualify for the lowest rates.

•   Refinancing to a longer loan term can lower your payments but increase your overall cost.

•   You’ll lose valuable federal benefits and protections if you refinance federal student loans.

Pros and Cons of Paying Off Student Loans Early

You might opt to pay off your loans early if you’re trying to put money toward other goals, such as a down payment on a house or saving for retirement.

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Pros:

•   If you have federal student loans, you can maintain access to federal benefits, should you need them.

•   You won’t have to undergo a credit check.

•   Your total savings could be more with an early payoff vs. student loan refinancing, depending how much additional money you put toward your monthly payments.

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Cons:

•   You’ll need to be disciplined and watch your spending to make your early payoff plan work.

•   The interest rate on your student loan will remain the same.

•   Any extra money you have will likely need to be directed toward your payoff goal, which means you might have to postpone other expenses such as vacations or eating out.

The Takeaway

Student loan refinancing could give you the chance to get more favorable loan terms, including a lower interest rate, if you qualify, which could save you money. An early student loan payoff plan could potentially yield serious savings on interest if you’re dedicated to following through.

While both options have their merits, the best strategy for paying off student loans is the one that fits your financial situation and goals.

Looking to lower your monthly student loan payment? Refinancing may be one way to do it — by extending your loan term, getting a lower interest rate than what you currently have, or both. (Please note that refinancing federal loans makes them ineligible for federal forgiveness and protections. Also, lengthening your loan term may mean paying more in interest over the life of the loan.) SoFi student loan refinancing offers flexible terms that fit your budget.

With SoFi, refinancing is fast, easy, and all online. We offer competitive fixed and variable rates.

FAQ

Should I refinance or pay off student loans if I have extra cash?

Which method is a better choice depends on your specific situation. A few things to think about: If you have enough cash to pay off student loans early, that could result in substantial savings on interest. However, if an emergency happens and you’ve used your savings, you could end up in a tough spot unless you have an emergency fund. Refinancing may save you money over time if you’re able to get a lower interest rate, and you likely won’t have to deplete your savings.

Does refinancing student loans save more money than early payoff?

Whether refinancing student loans saves more than an early payoff depends on the loan’s refinance terms. You may save more with refinancing if you get a lower interest rate and a shorter loan term. However, your monthly payments will be higher. Do the math to compare what you could save with each option to help decide which is right for you.

How does refinancing affect my credit score?

Applying for a refinance loan typically triggers a hard credit pull, which can show up on your credit reports. Hard inquiries can temporarily drop your score a few points, but you can usually rebuild your credit over time as you pay down your new loan and make all your other payments on time.

Is it better to pay off student loans early if I plan to buy a home?

Paying off student loans early means you’ll have one less debt payment to make, which is a plus if you’re preparing to take on a mortgage. Just be sure to consider how paying loans off fits with saving money for a down payment to help decide if you can afford to do both.

Can I refinance my student loans multiple times to maximize savings?

You can generally refinance student loans as many times as you want. Whether that strategy saves you money depends on the terms you get each time you refinance. If your financial situation improves — say you build your credit and think you can get a lower interest rate — it may make sense to consider refinancing then, for example.


Photo credit: iStock/Prostock-Studio

SoFi Student Loan Refinance
Terms and conditions apply. SoFi Refinance Student Loans are private loans. When you refinance federal loans with a SoFi loan, YOU FORFEIT YOUR ELIGIBILITY FOR ALL FEDERAL LOAN BENEFITS, including all flexible federal repayment and forgiveness options that are or may become available to federal student loan borrowers including, but not limited to: Public Service Loan Forgiveness (PSLF), Income-Based Repayment, Income-Contingent Repayment, extended repayment plans, PAYE or SAVE. Lowest rates reserved for the most creditworthy borrowers.
Learn more at SoFi.com/eligibility. SoFi Refinance Student Loans are originated by SoFi Bank, N.A. Member FDIC. NMLS #696891 (www.nmlsconsumeraccess.org).

SoFi Loan Products
SoFi loans are originated by SoFi Bank, N.A., NMLS #696891 (Member FDIC). For additional product-specific legal and licensing information, see SoFi.com/legal. Equal Housing Lender.


Third-Party Brand Mentions: No brands, products, or companies mentioned are affiliated with SoFi, nor do they endorse or sponsor this article. Third-party trademarks referenced herein are property of their respective owners.

Non affiliation: SoFi isn’t affiliated with any of the companies highlighted in this article.

Disclaimer: Many factors affect your credit scores and the interest rates you may receive. SoFi is not a Credit Repair Organization as defined under federal or state law, including the Credit Repair Organizations Act. SoFi does not provide “credit repair” services or advice or assistance regarding “rebuilding” or “improving” your credit record, credit history, or credit rating. For details, see the FTC’s website .

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

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How the Middle Class Affords College

How the Middle Class Affords College

Paying for college can be a major financial challenge for middle-income families who often earn too much to qualify for need-based aid but not enough to comfortably cover tuition and related expenses. As college costs continue to rise, these families must explore a variety of strategies — such as scholarships, tax credits, savings plans, and smart borrowing — to make higher education more affordable.

Keep reading to learn more on how middle-income families can afford college, including how financial aid works, how to calculate your need, and more.

Key Points

•   Middle-class families often don’t earn enough to afford full college tuition but may qualify for significant need-based financial aid.

•   Some private colleges are reducing their published tuition to reflect what students actually pay after aid.

•   Published tuition costs have risen sharply, but the actual amount paid by students has decreased over the past decade.

•   Understanding financial aid types and applying through FAFSA® are crucial steps for maximizing college funding.

•   To pay for college, middle-class families can rely on cash savings, scholarships, grants, federal student loans, and private student loans.

Stuck in the Middle

When you look at published tuition numbers, the cost of higher education has been rising at an astonishing pace over the past 20 years. But the amount that students actually pay is less than it was a decade ago, according to the College Board’s Trends in College Pricing report.

For the 2024-25 school year, students enrolled in private nonprofit colleges paid tuition and fees of $16,510 on average. Yet the sticker price for those institutions was much higher: around $43,350. Similarly, in-state tuition and fees at a public four-year college or university averaged $2,480 for 2024-25, compared to the published price of $11,610.

Even with grants and other financial aid, many parents can’t afford the cost of college. At the same time, their earnings are too high to qualify for more need-based aid. College savings for kids can also be hampered by parents’ own federal and private student loans and other financial obligations, such as a mortgage or caring for aging grandparents.

If you’re feeling caught in the middle, know that resources are available to help make college tuition more affordable for your family. Here’s what to look for.

Recommended: What Is the Cost of Attendance in College?

The First Step: Understanding Financial Aid

To maximize the amount of tuition help you get, you need to know how and when to apply for financial aid, the different types of aid, and especially how schools award that aid.

Financial aid can come from federal and state governments, colleges, and private organizations. Some help comes in the form of loans, which have to be paid back. Grants, scholarships, and work-study programs do not have to be repaid.

Broadly, there are two types of financial aid: need-based and merit. Let’s take a closer look at both.

Need-Based Aid

Need-based aid is money students receive to help pay for college based on their financial situation.

How much need-based aid you get is largely determined by the information you submit on the Free Application for Federal Student Aid (FAFSA®). Aid provided by the state and your college or university is also largely determined by FAFSA information.

Federal need-based aid includes subsidized government loans, Pell Grants, and work-study programs.

There’s also need-based aid that colleges provide independently of federal financial aid. Many private colleges meet full financial need for admitted students without any loans. This aid is sometimes awarded to families with household incomes well over $100,000. Some colleges come very close to meeting full need, and many colleges will consider requests for more aid from admitted students.

Recommended: FAFSA Guide

How Colleges Calculate Your Need

Most colleges calculate aid based on the information you provide in the FAFSA each year. Factoring in your income and financial obligations, the government calculates your Student Aid Index, or SAI.

The SAI is the amount the government formula determines you can afford to pay for one year of college based on parent and student income, assets, number of dependents, number of children in college, and more. After you submit your FAFSA, you’ll see your SAI number in the confirmation email you receive.

Colleges use the SAI as a reference point, but are not obligated to stick to it. The colleges your student is accepted to may determine that your responsibility is higher than the SAI.

But need-based aid isn’t the only game in town. There’s also something called merit aid, or non-need aid, in the mix.

Merit-Based Aid

Merit aid consists of grants and scholarships that are awarded based on something other than financial need. It’s often given for academic, athletic, artistic, or other special interests. Merit aid does not need to be paid back, and it may or may not be renewed each year, depending on the award.

As you may guess, merit aid is far more subjective than need-based aid. During your student’s college search, it’s helpful to know these general trends in merit aid.

Which Schools Award Merit Aid?

Private and high-priced colleges usually award more merit aid than public state schools because of their larger endowments. One exception: Ivy League schools do not grant merit aid.

If your student plans to attend a public college or university out of state, you will likely face higher tuition. But attractive candidates may also be awarded more merit aid to help compensate for those extra costs.

Finally, state school honors programs can come with tuition discounts or academic scholarships.

Recommended: What a Merit Scholarship Is & How to Get One

What Is the Common Data Set and How Can You Use It?

One way to dispel the mystery around how colleges award financial aid is to understand the Common Data Set. The CDS is a standard set of data that schools collect about admissions, student demographics, faculty demographics, financial aid, academics, and campus life. Schools send the data to publications and organizations that rank colleges and universities.

The New York Times calls this data a “rich trove” about campus life and college finances. Most schools post their CDS on their website.

Not every school can meet every family’s full need for tuition. That’s where the CDS comes in: It can tell you how much need, on average, a school is able to meet and how many students receive need-based and merit aid. You and your student can then prioritize schools that either meet the most student need or award the most merit aid regardless of need.

How to Find the CDS

Most schools post their CDS data on their website. Often the best way to get to the data quickly is to type the name of the university and “Common Data Set” in your search engine. You’ll likely come up with a link to a PDF.

Try not to be overwhelmed by the length and less-than-reader-friendly format. As you scroll through, you’ll find lots of useful information on all aspects of admissions and campus life.

Why Some Schools Don’t Want You to See the CDS

You may discover in your search that some schools don’t post their CDS. That can be because they don’t want families to know they got a below-average aid offer, or they don’t want the public to know how many or few people are paying full price.

As efforts continue to encourage full disclosure and diversified, equitable student bodies across the country, the number of schools that don’t post this information is dwindling.

Other Ways Middle-Income Families Can Pay for College

Even as savvy parents exhaust all sources of need-based and merit aid, you may find that you’ll still have to pay for some college costs. Here are some additional resources that may be available.

Scholarships

Scholarships are available for all types of students in virtually every area of study. Scholarship money, which does not have to be paid back, can be found through nonprofit groups, corporations, state governments, and community organizations, to name just a few. Start your search with SoFi’s scholarship search tool.

Federal Grants

Types of federal grants include:

•   Pell Grants. You do not have to pay back Pell Grants. They are awarded based on financial need to low-income families.

•   Work-study grants. As the name implies, these grants allow students to work at various part-time jobs at or around campus. You do not pay federal taxes on earnings from work-study programs.

Federal Student Loans

Types of federal student loans include:

•   Direct Subsidized Loans. The government pays the interest on Direct Subsidized Loans while you’re in school, during grace periods, and during periods of deferment. Interest rates are usually lower than private student loans, and there is usually a cap on how much you can borrow..

•   Direct Unsubsidized Loans. Direct Unsubsidized Loans are not awarded based on financial need, but students with need often use them. Because the loan is “unsubsidized,” the principal will accrue interest while you’re in school. You may make interest-only payments during that time, but you’re not required to do so. If you don’t, the interest that accrued is added to the principal amount of your loan.

•   Direct PLUS Loans. Direct PLUS Loans are fixed-interest rate loans available to parents of undergraduate, graduate, and professional degree students to help pay for tuition. They are not subsidized.

Private Student Loans

A private student loan is a type of education loan offered by banks, credit unions, or online lenders to help students pay for college-related expenses when federal aid and other funding sources are insufficient.

Unlike federal student loans, private loans typically require a credit check and may offer either fixed or variable interest rates, which are based on the borrower’s (or cosigner’s) creditworthiness. Repayment terms, interest rates, and borrower protections vary by lender, making it important to compare options carefully before borrowing.

Recommended: Private Student Loans vs Federal Student Loans

The Takeaway

Middle-class families can often feel “caught in the middle” of the college financing situation. They earn too much to qualify for enough need-based aid, but not enough to pay for all college costs.

To maximize your financial aid award, it helps to know how and when colleges award their aid. First, use the Common Data Set to help you prioritize schools that award more need-based or merit-based aid. Then, complete the FAFSA each year your student is in school. Also, make sure to search for state and private scholarships that are not tied to the FAFSA.

If you’ve exhausted all federal student aid options, no-fee private student loans from SoFi can help you pay for school. The online application process is easy, and you can see rates and terms in just minutes. Repayment plans are flexible, so you can find an option that works for your financial plan and budget.


Cover up to 100% of school-certified costs including tuition, books, supplies, room and board, and transportation with a private student loan from SoFi.

FAQ

What income qualifies for need-based financial aid?

There’s no income cap for financial aid. Your need is determined by information you provide in the Free Application for Federal Student Aid (FAFSA) about your assets and financial obligations. Many families making six figures qualify for need-based aid.

What types of financial aid are available to middle-income families?

Middle-income families may access various forms of aid such as need-based grants, merit-based scholarships, work-study programs, federal student loans, and private student loans.

Are there specific strategies for middle-income families to reduce college costs?

Yes, strategies include considering in-state public colleges, utilizing community college pathways, and encouraging students to apply for a variety of scholarships and grants.


Photo credit: iStock/jacoblund

SoFi Private Student Loans
Please borrow responsibly. SoFi Private Student loans are not a substitute for federal loans, grants, and work-study programs. We encourage you to evaluate all your federal student aid options before you consider any private loans, including ours. Read our FAQs.

Terms and conditions apply. SOFI RESERVES THE RIGHT TO MODIFY OR DISCONTINUE PRODUCTS AND BENEFITS AT ANY TIME WITHOUT NOTICE. SoFi Private Student loans are subject to program terms and restrictions, such as completion of a loan application and self-certification form, verification of application information, the student's at least half-time enrollment in a degree program at a SoFi-participating school, and, if applicable, a co-signer. In addition, borrowers must be U.S. citizens or other eligible status, be residing in the U.S., Puerto Rico, U.S. Virgin Islands, or American Samoa, and must meet SoFi’s underwriting requirements, including verification of sufficient income to support your ability to repay. Minimum loan amount is $1,000. See SoFi.com/eligibility for more information. Lowest rates reserved for the most creditworthy borrowers. SoFi reserves the right to modify eligibility criteria at any time. This information is subject to change. This information is current as of 4/22/2025 and is subject to change. SoFi Private Student loans are originated by SoFi Bank, N.A. Member FDIC. NMLS #696891 (www.nmlsconsumeraccess.org).

SoFi Loan Products
SoFi loans are originated by SoFi Bank, N.A., NMLS #696891 (Member FDIC). For additional product-specific legal and licensing information, see SoFi.com/legal. Equal Housing Lender.


Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

Third-Party Brand Mentions: No brands, products, or companies mentioned are affiliated with SoFi, nor do they endorse or sponsor this article. Third-party trademarks referenced herein are property of their respective owners.

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Student Loans for Single Parents

Student Loans for Single Mothers and Fathers

Balancing parenthood and higher education is no easy task — especially for single mothers and fathers who are often managing work, child care, and household responsibilities on their own. Student loans can offer a lifeline, making it possible to pursue a degree and improve long-term financial stability.

However, navigating the world of financial aid can be overwhelming, with so many options, requirements, and decisions to consider. Here, we’re breaking down the key information single parents need to know about student loans — including federal aid, private lenders, and tips for borrowing wisely.

Key Points

•   Single parents can apply for federal student loans by completing the Free Application for Federal Student Aid (FAFSA) annually.

•   Eligibility for certain federal loans, like Direct Subsidized Loans, is based on financial need, which can be advantageous for single parents.​

•   Beyond loans, single parents should explore scholarships and grants specifically designed for them.

•   Single parents should engage in proactive financial planning by gathering necessary documentation early, understanding loan terms, and maintaining open communication with financial aid offices.

•   If federal aid isn’t sufficient, single parents might consider private student loans. Compare offers from multiple lenders, focusing on interest rates, fees, repayment terms, and borrower protections.

What Are Student Loans?

Put simply, student loans allow you to borrow money from either the federal government or a private lender to help you pay for college costs. Student loans can help you cover tuition, fees, supplies, books, rent, living expenses, and other necessary school-related expenses.

Private vs. Federal Student Loans

When it comes to financing higher education, single parents often face a key decision: choosing between federal and private student loans. While both options provide essential funding, they differ significantly in terms of interest rates, repayment options, borrower protections, and eligibility requirements.

Understanding these differences is crucial for making informed financial decisions that can affect your long-term debt and financial stability.

Federal Student Loans

The U.S. Department of Education, through the William D. Ford Direct Loan Program (also called the Direct Loan program), offers federal student loans for borrowers who need to finance college or career school.

In order to get a federal student loan, you must file the Free Application for Federal Student Aid (FAFSA®) every year. The FAFSA lets colleges and universities know about your financial situation by asking you to input information about your savings and checking account balances, investments, and more. The FAFSA will also help you qualify for more than just loans — you could also qualify for scholarships through your institution, grants, and work-study.

When you file the FAFSA, you receive a Student Aid Report (SAR), which reports your Student Aid Index (SAI). Your SAI is an index number that colleges use to determine how much financial aid you can receive.

You can qualify for Direct Subsidized Loans, Direct Unsubsidized Loans, or Direct PLUS Loans. However, you can only get a Direct PLUS Loan if you are an independent student (that is, nobody can claim you on their taxes) or if you are a graduate student.

Most types of federal student loans don’t require a credit check. Independent students may qualify for the following amounts and limits:

•   First-year undergraduate students: $9,500 (no more than $3,500 of this amount may be in subsidized loans)

•   Second-year undergraduate students: $10,500 (no more than $4,500 of this amount may be in subsidized loans)

•   Third-year and beyond undergraduate students: $12,500 (no more than $5,500 of this amount may be in subsidized loans)

•   Graduate or professional students: $20,500 (unsubsidized only)

The current interest rate (2024-25) for Direct Subsidized and Direct Unsubsidized Loans is 6.53% for undergraduate students, and the rate for Direct Unsubsidized Loans is 8.08% for graduate or professional students. The interest rates are fixed for the life of the loan.

Private Student Loans

The main difference between a private student loan and a federal loan is that you don’t get a private student loan from the federal government like you do a federal student loan. You can get a private student loan from a bank, credit union, or online lender.

It’s a wise idea to exhaust all of your federal grant and loan options before you consider private loans. In general, interest rates are usually higher for private student loans compared to federal student loans. The amount you can borrow depends on the costs of your degree, but also depends on personal financial factors (such as your credit score and income).

Additionally, private student loans don’t offer the same borrower protections and benefits available to federal borrowers, such as income-driven repayment plans.

Student Loans for Single Parents

Single parents can get both private and federal student loans. We’ll also go over some specific financial aid ideas for single parents.

Private Student Loans for Single Parents

As a single parent, you may have a limited amount of time to research your private student loan options, but it’s to your advantage to do so because you can ensure that you choose the right type (and the right interest rate).

Take a look at three to five different private student loan lenders and compare everything apples to apples — interest rates, fees, repayment terms, deferment, forbearance and discharge options, as well as in-school repayment options.

Then, walk through the next steps:

1.   Give yourself plenty of time to apply for private loans. The application and approval process can take longer than you might think. Remember that you’ll need to monitor your financial situation each semester to make sure you have enough loan money to carry you through the academic year.

2.   Gather your personal information. Before you apply, you’ll likely need to have the following handy: Social Security number, employment information (including a recent paycheck stub), gross annual income, assets, rent or mortgage information, and tax returns. Specific application requirements may vary by lender.

3.   Apply for a private student loan. You can apply for a private student loan on a lender’s website. The lender will ask for the personal information listed above and possibly more. You’ll also submit information about your school, graduation date, and loan amount needed. You must also agree to the lender’s terms and conditions, which you’ll want to read carefully, and proceed with the application.

Your search for financial aid doesn’t have to end with filing the FAFSA or applying for private student loans. You may also want to look for single-parent scholarships or grants through organizations that include your school, state government, federal agencies, charitable foundations and professional associations.

Another important thing you can do is to contact your school’s financial aid office and explain your situation as a single mother or father. Many colleges and universities offer endowed scholarships for students and may be able to offer you financial aid specifically for single-parent families.

Recommended: Private Student Loans Guide

Federal Student Loans for Single Parents

To obtain a federal student loan, you must demonstrate financial need, be a U.S. citizen or eligible noncitizen, have a valid Social Security number, enroll in an eligible degree or certificate program, show successful completion of a high school degree or GED, maintain satisfactory progress in school, and sign the certification on the FAFSA.

Undergraduate students who show evidence of financial need can qualify for a Direct Subsidized Loan. Undergraduate, graduate, and professional students can qualify for a Direct Unsubsidized Loan, but eligibility is not based on financial need. The government pays the interest for Direct Subsidized Loans while you’re in school, but does not pay the interest on Direct Unsubsidized Loans during that time.

Graduate or professional students may qualify for a Direct PLUS Loan. Eligibility is not based on financial need, but you will undergo a credit check. Borrowers who have an adverse credit history must meet additional qualifications.

Above all else, in addition to learning more about single parents’ loans at your school, it’s also important to contact the financial aid office at the school you want to attend to fully understand the financial aid process at your college or career school.

Tips for Single Parents to Borrow Wisely

For single parents, borrowing wisely is key — the right approach can prevent overwhelming debt and create a path toward long-term financial stability. Here are practical tips to help single parents make smart, informed choices when taking out student loans.

•   Complete the FAFSA early and every year: Federal aid is often awarded on a first-come, first-served basis. Submitting the FAFSA promptly increases your chances of qualifying for grants and low-interest federal loans.

•   Maximize grants and scholarships first: Before borrowing, seek out all free money options — including federal Pell Grants, school-based aid, and scholarships specifically for single parents.

•   Borrow federal loans before private ones: Federal student loans usually offer lower fixed interest rates and flexible repayment plans, such as income-driven repayment and loan forgiveness programs.

•   Only borrow what you truly need: Avoid borrowing the full amount offered if it exceeds your actual costs. Calculate tuition, fees, childcare, and living expenses carefully.

•   Understand loan terms thoroughly: Know the difference between subsidized and unsubsidized loans, your interest rate, grace period, and when repayment begins.

The Takeaway

Affording higher education as a single parent can be a challenge, but there are student loans, grants, and scholarships available to help ease the burden. Single parents can apply for federal student loans by filling out the FAFSA each year. If this aid isn’t enough, some students may consider applying for private student loans.

If you’ve exhausted all federal student aid options, no-fee private student loans from SoFi can help you pay for school. The online application process is easy, and you can see rates and terms in just minutes. Repayment plans are flexible, so you can find an option that works for your financial plan and budget.


Cover up to 100% of school-certified costs including tuition, books, supplies, room and board, and transportation with a private student loan from SoFi.

FAQ

Do you get more financial aid if you are a single parent?

Schools award need-based financial aid based on demonstrated need. If you demonstrate financial need, you’ll more than likely receive some type of financial aid from the college or university that you plan to attend. It’s very important to file the FAFSA to qualify for federal student aid and also talk to the financial aid office of your college or university for more information about the financial aid opportunities available to you.

How can a single parent afford college?

There are a number of ways that a single parent can afford college, and it starts with open communication between you and your school’s financial aid office. A few excellent steps you can take include: filing the FAFSA, looking for scholarships and grants in your community, and comparing private loan lenders for private loans that fit your needs.

Are there specific student loans or grants just for single parents?

While there are no federal loans specifically for single parents, there are grants and scholarships designed to help. Examples include the Pell Grant, Federal Supplemental Educational Opportunity Grant (FSEOG), and scholarships from organizations that support single mothers and fathers in school.


About the author

Melissa Brock

Melissa Brock

Melissa Brock is a higher education and personal finance expert with more than a decade of experience writing online content. She spent 12 years in college admission prior to switching to full-time freelance writing and editing. Read full bio.


Photo credit: iStock/Geber86

SoFi Private Student Loans
Please borrow responsibly. SoFi Private Student loans are not a substitute for federal loans, grants, and work-study programs. We encourage you to evaluate all your federal student aid options before you consider any private loans, including ours. Read our FAQs.

Terms and conditions apply. SOFI RESERVES THE RIGHT TO MODIFY OR DISCONTINUE PRODUCTS AND BENEFITS AT ANY TIME WITHOUT NOTICE. SoFi Private Student loans are subject to program terms and restrictions, such as completion of a loan application and self-certification form, verification of application information, the student's at least half-time enrollment in a degree program at a SoFi-participating school, and, if applicable, a co-signer. In addition, borrowers must be U.S. citizens or other eligible status, be residing in the U.S., Puerto Rico, U.S. Virgin Islands, or American Samoa, and must meet SoFi’s underwriting requirements, including verification of sufficient income to support your ability to repay. Minimum loan amount is $1,000. See SoFi.com/eligibility for more information. Lowest rates reserved for the most creditworthy borrowers. SoFi reserves the right to modify eligibility criteria at any time. This information is subject to change. This information is current as of 4/22/2025 and is subject to change. SoFi Private Student loans are originated by SoFi Bank, N.A. Member FDIC. NMLS #696891 (www.nmlsconsumeraccess.org).

SoFi Loan Products
SoFi loans are originated by SoFi Bank, N.A., NMLS #696891 (Member FDIC). For additional product-specific legal and licensing information, see SoFi.com/legal. Equal Housing Lender.


Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

Third-Party Brand Mentions: No brands, products, or companies mentioned are affiliated with SoFi, nor do they endorse or sponsor this article. Third-party trademarks referenced herein are property of their respective owners.

Third Party Trademarks: Certified Financial Planner Board of Standards Center for Financial Planning, Inc. owns and licenses the certification marks CFP®, CERTIFIED FINANCIAL PLANNER®

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All You Need to Know About Subsidized Loans for Graduate School

All You Need to Know About Subsidized Loans for Graduate School

Subsidized loans, a type of loan offered by the federal government, used to be available to graduate students. Unfortunately, that is no longer the case. The program that allowed graduate students to receive subsidized loans ended in 2011 by the Budget Control Act.

For now, these loans are only available for undergraduate students. However, there are other loans available to help pay for grad school. Keep reading for more information on subsidized loans and the other options available to graduate students.

Key Points

•   Since the enactment of the Budget Control Act in 2011, graduate students are no longer eligible for federal Direct Subsidized Loans.

•   Graduate students may still qualify for federal Direct Unsubsidized Loans, which do not require proof of financial need but accrue interest during all periods.

•   Grad PLUS Loans are also an option, allowing students to borrow up to the full cost of attendance minus other financial aid, subject to a credit check.

•   Graduate and professional students have an aggregate federal loan limit of $138,500, which includes any federal loans borrowed during undergraduate studies.

•   Beyond federal loans, graduate students can consider private student loans from banks or credit unions, which often require a credit check and may offer varying terms.

What Are Subsidized Loans?

Federal student loans are offered through the U.S. Department of Education to help students cover the cost of higher education. Direct Subsidized Loans are available to undergraduate students who demonstrate financial need. The amount of the loan is determined by the school you are applying to.

The Department of Education pays all interest on subsidized loans while you are in school at least half-time, during the six-month grace period after you leave school, and during periods of deferment. Outside of these periods, the borrower is responsible for making all principal and interest payments.

Subsidized vs Unsubsidized Loans

Federal Direct Unsubsidized Loans, on the other hand, are available to undergraduate and graduate students. Students do not have to demonstrate financial need to qualify for these loans.

The loan amount is still determined by your school, and the interest starts accruing the moment the loan is disbursed.

For graduate students, the aggregate loan limit is $138,500, of which no more than $65,500 may be in subsidized loans. What’s more, the aggregate limit also includes whatever student loans you may have from your time as an undergraduate.

When you reach the aggregate loan limit, you will not be allowed to borrow any more money in federal student loans. However, if you are able to pay off some of your loans, you may be able to borrow again up to the aggregate loan limit.

Interest rates for both types of loans are set by the federal government each year. For the 2024-25 academic year, the interest rate for undergraduate borrowers is 6.53% for Direct Subsidized Loans and Direct Unsubsidized Loans. The interest rate for graduate borrowers for Direct Unsubsidized Loans is 8.08%. The interest rate is fixed over the life of the loan.

Alternatives to Subsidized Loans

In addition to unsubsidized loans, there are other loans available from the government, plus private sources that can help you pay for grad school.

Grad PLUS Student Loans

Grad PLUS student loans, also known as Direct PLUS Loans, are another federal loan available through the Department of Education. Grad PLUS Loan requirements include that you must be a graduate student enrolled at least half-time at an eligible school. Your program must lead to a graduate degree, a professional degree, or a certificate. You meet the basic eligibility requirements for federal student aid and must not have an adverse credit history.

Under the Grad PLUS program, you are allowed to borrow the cost of attendance less any other financial aid. You don’t have to repay the loan until six months after you leave school or drop below half-time enrollment.

Interest rates on the loan are fixed. Any Direct Plus Loans disbursed after July 1, 2024, carry an interest rate of 9.08%.

To apply for federal student loans, you’ll need to fill out the Free Application for Federal Student Aid (FAFSA®). Your school will use the information on this form to determine how much aid you are eligible to receive and present it to you in an offer letter. The offer letter will also give you information about grants and work-study programs you may be eligible for.

Recommended: Guide to Grad Plus Loans

Private Loans

Private student loans are available through banks, credit unions, and other private institutions. The individual lender will determine the amount you can borrow, terms of the loan, and the interest rate based in large part on financial factors such as your income and your credit score.

Private loans may allow you to borrow beyond the federal limits imposed on federal loans, or help you pick up the slack if you didn’t qualify for enough federal funding. However, they may lack protections afforded to federal student loans, and as a result, are generally thought of as a last-resort option when paying for grad school.

Personal Loans

Personal loans are also available through private lenders. Borrowed funds can be used for practically any purpose, which means they could potentially be used to cover expenses beyond tuition. As with private loans, the amount you can borrow will depend on your financial history or that of a cosigner.

How Much Can You Borrow for Graduate School?

The amount you can borrow for graduate school will depend on the types of loans that you use.

Grad PLUS student loans potentially allow you to borrow up to the full cost of attending your program, less any other financial aid.

However, unsubsidized loans limit your aggregate borrowing to $138,500, and that’s including any federal loans that you took out as an undergraduate.

Borrowers who are enrolled in certain health profession programs may be subject to a higher aggregate limit for Direct Subsidized Loans, and should talk to their school’s financial aid office.

Private student loans may limit borrowers to the cost of attendance. Policies will likely vary by lender.

Personal loans may allow you to borrow as much as $100,000 with no limitations on how the money must be spent. Again, specific policies may vary by lender.

Recommended: Graduate Student Loan Limits

The Takeaway

Federal subsidized loans are no longer available to graduate students. In the meantime, graduate students have other options, including federal unsubsidized loans, Grad PLUS Loans, loans from private lenders, or a combination of the above to help pay for school.

If you’ve exhausted all federal student aid options, no-fee private student loans from SoFi can help you pay for school. The online application process is easy, and you can see rates and terms in just minutes. Repayment plans are flexible, so you can find an option that works for your financial plan and budget.


Cover up to 100% of school-certified costs including tuition, books, supplies, room and board, and transportation with a private student loan from SoFi.

FAQ

Does the U.S. Department of Education offer subsidized loans for graduate students as part of financial aid packages?

No, the U.S. Department of Education does not offer subsidized loans for graduate students. Subsidized loans are only available to eligible undergraduate students. Graduate students may still qualify for federal financial aid through options like Direct Unsubsidized Loans and Grad PLUS Loans, which begin accruing interest immediately.

Are Grad PLUS Loans subsidized loans?

Grad PLUS Loans are not subsidized, which means that interest accrues while the student is in school.

Can you pay off subsidized loans before graduating?

You can pay off federal subsidized loans before you graduate without paying any penalty. Note that federal subsidized loans do not accrue interest while you are in school.


SoFi Loan Products
SoFi loans are originated by SoFi Bank, N.A., NMLS #696891 (Member FDIC). For additional product-specific legal and licensing information, see SoFi.com/legal. Equal Housing Lender.


SoFi Private Student Loans
Please borrow responsibly. SoFi Private Student loans are not a substitute for federal loans, grants, and work-study programs. We encourage you to evaluate all your federal student aid options before you consider any private loans, including ours. Read our FAQs.

Terms and conditions apply. SOFI RESERVES THE RIGHT TO MODIFY OR DISCONTINUE PRODUCTS AND BENEFITS AT ANY TIME WITHOUT NOTICE. SoFi Private Student loans are subject to program terms and restrictions, such as completion of a loan application and self-certification form, verification of application information, the student's at least half-time enrollment in a degree program at a SoFi-participating school, and, if applicable, a co-signer. In addition, borrowers must be U.S. citizens or other eligible status, be residing in the U.S., Puerto Rico, U.S. Virgin Islands, or American Samoa, and must meet SoFi’s underwriting requirements, including verification of sufficient income to support your ability to repay. Minimum loan amount is $1,000. See SoFi.com/eligibility for more information. Lowest rates reserved for the most creditworthy borrowers. SoFi reserves the right to modify eligibility criteria at any time. This information is subject to change. This information is current as of 4/22/2025 and is subject to change. SoFi Private Student loans are originated by SoFi Bank, N.A. Member FDIC. NMLS #696891 (www.nmlsconsumeraccess.org).

External Websites: The information and analysis provided through hyperlinks to third-party websites, while believed to be accurate, cannot be guaranteed by SoFi. Links are provided for informational purposes and should not be viewed as an endorsement.
Third-Party Brand Mentions: No brands, products, or companies mentioned are affiliated with SoFi, nor do they endorse or sponsor this article. Third-party trademarks referenced herein are property of their respective owners.

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

Photo credit: iStock/Kseniia Ivanova
SoFi Private Student Loans
Please borrow responsibly. SoFi Private Student loans are not a substitute for federal loans, grants, and work-study programs. We encourage you to evaluate all your federal student aid options before you consider any private loans, including ours. Read our FAQs.

Terms and conditions apply. SOFI RESERVES THE RIGHT TO MODIFY OR DISCONTINUE PRODUCTS AND BENEFITS AT ANY TIME WITHOUT NOTICE. SoFi Private Student loans are subject to program terms and restrictions, such as completion of a loan application and self-certification form, verification of application information, the student's at least half-time enrollment in a degree program at a SoFi-participating school, and, if applicable, a co-signer. In addition, borrowers must be U.S. citizens or other eligible status, be residing in the U.S., Puerto Rico, U.S. Virgin Islands, or American Samoa, and must meet SoFi’s underwriting requirements, including verification of sufficient income to support your ability to repay. Minimum loan amount is $1,000. See SoFi.com/eligibility for more information. Lowest rates reserved for the most creditworthy borrowers. SoFi reserves the right to modify eligibility criteria at any time. This information is subject to change. This information is current as of 4/22/2025 and is subject to change. SoFi Private Student loans are originated by SoFi Bank, N.A. Member FDIC. NMLS #696891 (www.nmlsconsumeraccess.org).

SoFi Loan Products
SoFi loans are originated by SoFi Bank, N.A., NMLS #696891 (Member FDIC). For additional product-specific legal and licensing information, see SoFi.com/legal. Equal Housing Lender.


Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

Third-Party Brand Mentions: No brands, products, or companies mentioned are affiliated with SoFi, nor do they endorse or sponsor this article. Third-party trademarks referenced herein are property of their respective owners.

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