Financial Topics Archives

Oct

2023

Student Loan Forgiveness for Pharmacists

By Sulaiman Abdur-Rahman | Debt Payoff, Fresh Out of School, Life & Career, Student Loans, student_loan | No Comments

When people talk about student loans in the medical community, the conversation can often revolve around physicians. While it’s true that doctors have exorbitant tuition bills, the same can be said for many other medical professionals.

Pharmacists are no exception, according to the American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy (AACP) annual survey data.

Pharmacy school students who graduated in 2023 borrowed $167,711 on average to finance their Doctor of Pharmacy (PharmD) education, according to the AACP. The vast majority (82.2%) said they had borrowed money to help pay for their PharmD program expenses.

Thankfully, being in the medical field also gives pharmacists access to multiple loan forgiveness options. Read ahead to learn about pharmacy loan forgiveness programs.

Considering Loan Forgiveness as a Pharmacist

Loan forgiveness programs exist to help incentivize graduates to pursue potentially lower-paying, but essential positions. One of the more well-known programs, Public Service Loan Forgiveness (PSLF), was created in 2007 under the College Cost Reduction and Access Act.

You may qualify for PSLF if you work for a government body or 501(c)(3) nonprofit and make 120 qualifying monthly payments under a qualifying repayment plan. Working as a pharmacist for the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs or the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, for example, may allow you to apply for PSLF.

Private student loans are not eligible for PSLF, but private student loans may be eligible for other debt relief programs. Pharmacists conducting extramural program research for a university or U.S.-based nonprofit, for example, may qualify for debt relief under the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Loan Repayment Program. You can receive up to $50,000 per year in federal and private student debt relief under the NIH Loan Repayment Program.

Below we provide more details about debt relief programs that can lead to pharmacist student loan forgiveness, including PSLF and the NIH Loan Repayment Program.

Public Service Loan Forgiveness

If you have a PharmD degree, you may have ample opportunities to work as a pharmacist for a government employer and apply for PSLF.

As mentioned above, the PSLF program is available to eligible government and nonprofit workers with federal student loans. The stipulations require borrowers to make 120 qualifying payments over a 10-year period before becoming eligible for forgiveness. Further, the employer must be qualified by the federal government, and you must work at least 30 hours per week.

The following federal student loans are eligible for PSLF:

• Direct Subsidized Loans

• Direct Unsubsidized Loans

• Direct PLUS Loans

• Direct Consolidation Loans

To qualify for PSLF, you would typically sign up for a federal income-driven repayment (IDR) plan. The Saving on a Valuable Education (SAVE) Plan is one of the IDR options you can choose. (All IDR plans can end with federal student loan forgiveness after 20 or 25 years, particularly if you’ve borrowed a large amount of federal education loans.)

The SAVE Plan is the most affordable repayment plan for federal student loans, according to the U.S. Department of Education. Beginning July 2024, SAVE Plan payment amounts are based on 5% of discretionary income for undergraduate loans, 10% for graduate loans, and a weighted average for borrowers who have both.

The original PSLF rules made it difficult for borrowers to receive loan forgiveness under that program, but the U.S. Department of Education announced permanent PSLF updates that took effect in July 2023.

The department previously relaxed some of the PSLF requirements for a limited time in 2021 and 2022 during the Covid-19 national emergency. Since then, the department has forgiven $45 billion in federal student debt for more than 650,000 public employees enrolled in the PSLF program, according to Education Department data.

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Can Pharmacists Get Loan Forgiveness?

The U.S. Supreme Court ruled against President Joe Biden’s plan to forgive up to $20,000 in federal student debt for qualified loan holders in June 2023, but pharmacists can still get student loan forgiveness under a variety of programs.

Pharmacist student loan forgiveness is possible under programs like PSLF if you work for a government or nonprofit employer as a health professional. In addition to PSLF, there are specific loan repayment programs that may offer loan forgiveness for pharmacists.

Student debt refinanced with a private lender is not eligible for PSLF, but refinanced student debt may be eligible for other debt relief programs highlighted below. You may pay more interest over the life of the loan if you refinance with an extended term.

💡 Quick Tip: Ready to refinance your student loan? You could save thousands.

Student Loan Forgiveness and Repayment Programs for Pharmacists

Besides the PSLF, you might consider these programs that offer repayment and forgiveness help for pharmacists:

The National Health Service Corps State Loan Repayment Program

The federal Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA) has a National Health Service Corps State Loan Repayment Program that provides student debt relief to eligible pharmacists and other health professionals who work in designated Health Professional Shortage Areas (HPSAs).

The California State Loan Repayment Program, for example, offers up to $100K in federal and private student debt relief to pharmacists who work in a qualifying role for three years.

A state-based Student Loan Repayment Program (SLRP) typically receives federal funding, but states can set their own SLRP eligibility requirements. This means you may not be eligible for pharmacist SLRP student debt relief in all states. It’s also worth noting that offerings may change every year and that states are not obligated to award maximum loan repayment amounts available.

Substance Use Disorder (SUD) Workforce Loan Repayment Program

Pharmacists who work at eligible substance use disorder (SUD) treatment facilities may qualify for student loan repayment assistance under the National Health Service Corps’ SUD Workforce Loan Repayment Program.

Pharmacists can receive up to $75,000 in student loan forgiveness in exchange for three years of full-time service at an approved SUD treatment facility. Such sites may include office-based opioid treatment facilities, state correctional facilities, federal prisons, and community health centers.

The National Institutes of Health Loan Repayment Program

As mentioned earlier, pharmacists conducting extramural program research for an eligible employer may receive up to $50,000 annually in federal and private student debt relief through the NIH Loan Repayment Program.

Although private student loans and federal loans are eligible, you must have a sizable student debt-to-income ratio of at least 20% to qualify for an initial NIH Loan Repayment Program award. It’s possible to have all of your student debt repaid through this system, because there’s no limit to how long you can work for a qualified extramural research program.

Indian Health Service Loan Repayment Program

Pharmacists who work at Indian health facilities for two years may receive up to $50,000 in student debt relief from the Indian Health Service (IHS) Loan Repayment Program. Private and federal loans are eligible for relief under this program.

Indian health facilities are hospitals, clinics, and other medical facilities administered directly by IHS, a Tribal organization, or an Urban Indian program. These facilities are typically based in American Indian or Alaska Native communities. The majority of the locations are rural and remote.

💡 Quick Tip: Refinancing could be a great choice for working graduates who have higher-interest graduate PLUS loans, Direct Unsubsidized Loans, and/or private loans.

U.S. Department of Defense Educational Loan Repayment Program

Federal law allows branches of the U.S. armed forces to repay federal student debt of enlisted members serving in specified military specialties or commissioned officers serving in specified health professions. Pharmacists who enlist in the U.S. armed forces may qualify for student loan repayment assistance under this program.

The U.S. Army and U.S. Navy, for example, may repay up to $65,000 of qualified federal student loans in good standing. Eligibility for this loan repayment program may require that you serve for three years in a critical military occupational specialty or longer.

Refinancing Your Student Loans

Looking to lower your monthly student loan payment? Refinancing may be one way to do it — by extending your loan term, getting a lower interest rate than what you currently have, or both. (Please note that refinancing federal loans makes them ineligible for federal forgiveness and protections. Also, lengthening your loan term may mean paying more in interest over the life of the loan.) SoFi student loan refinancing offers flexible terms that fit your budget.

With SoFi, refinancing is fast, easy, and all online. We offer competitive fixed and variable rates.

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SoFi Student Loan Refinance
Terms and conditions apply. SoFi Refinance Student Loans are private loans. When you refinance federal loans with a SoFi loan, YOU FORFEIT YOUR ELIGIBILITY FOR ALL FEDERAL LOAN BENEFITS, including all flexible federal repayment and forgiveness options that are or may become available to federal student loan borrowers including, but not limited to: Public Service Loan Forgiveness (PSLF), Income-Based Repayment, Income-Contingent Repayment, extended repayment plans, PAYE or SAVE. Lowest rates reserved for the most creditworthy borrowers. Learn more at SoFi.com/eligibility. SoFi Refinance Student Loans are originated by SoFi Bank, N.A. Member FDIC. NMLS #696891 (www.nmlsconsumeraccess.org).

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

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Oct

2023

PAYE vs Repaye vs SAVE: What’s the Difference?

By Sulaiman Abdur-Rahman | Financial Independence, Student Loans, student_loan, Terminology | No Comments

Struggling to make your federal student loan payments? An income-based repayment plan may ease the burden. Previously, two of the primary income-based plans were Pay As You Earn (PAYE) and Revised Pay As You Earn (REPAYE). But the former is no longer taking new enrollees, and the latter has been replaced by a new program — the SAVE Plan. In all cases, the plans adjust your monthly loan payments based on your income and family size. In this article we’ll look at how SAVE compares to the old REPAYE, as well as to the PAYE Program.

Table of Contents

PAYE vs REPAYE: An Overview
SAVE vs REPAYE
SAVE vs PAYE
What Is the Interest Subsidy?
Answers to Common Questions
Income-Driven Repayment Alternatives
The Takeaway

PAYE vs REPAYE: An Overview

The former PAYE and REPAYE federal student loan payment plans were similar, but differed in a few key areas. Both plans had income-based repayment terms generally set at 10% of a borrower’s discretionary income.

Some borrowers didn’t qualify for PAYE because the initial enrollment step required partial financial hardship as determined by your annual discretionary income and family size. You couldn’t enroll into PAYE if your federal student loan monthly payment would be lower under the Standard Repayment Plan. You also cannot enroll into PAYE after June 30, 2025; however, current PAYE enrollees can remain on the plan after that date.

The 2023 debt ceiling bill officially ended the three-year Covid-19 forbearance, requiring federal student loan interest accrual to resume on Sept. 1, 2023, and payments to resume in October 2023 under any federal student loan repayment plan.

Here are the key differences between the former PAYE and REPAYE plans:

• PAYE required partial financial hardship to sign up for first-time enrollment

• No new PAYE enrollees are being accepted, but borrowers already enrolled in PAYE can continue repaying under that plan after July 1, 2025

• REPAYE did not require low-income, moderate-income, or partial financial hardship to enroll

• REPAYE no longer exists as a federal student loan repayment plan

SAVE vs REPAYE

Saving on a Valuable Education (SAVE) Plan is the federal income-driven repayment (IDR) plan that replaced REPAYE in July 2023. If you were enrolled on the REPAYE Plan at that time, you’ve been automatically enrolled into the SAVE Plan.

The SAVE Plan is essentially a major upgrade to the former REPAYE Plan, as shown in the table below:

SAVE	REPAYE
$0 monthly payment if your income is within 225% of the federal poverty guideline (or less than $32,805 for a single borrower and $67,500 for a family of four in 2023).	Fewer borrowers qualified for a $0 monthly payment because the threshold was set at 150% of the federal poverty guideline.
Your loan balance won’t grow over time if your monthly payment amount is less than the interest accruing.	It was possible for borrowers to see their loan balances grow over time if their monthly payment was insufficient to pay the accrued interest.
Inclusion of your spouse’s income is not required if you file your taxes separately.	Inclusion of your spouse’s income was required
Beginning July 2025, payment amounts are based on 5% of discretionary income for undergraduate loans, 10% for graduate loans, and a weighted average for borrowers who have both.	Payment amounts were based on 10% of discretionary income
Beginning July 2025, borrowers with original principal balances of less than $12,000 can have their remaining loan balance forgiven after 10 years of monthly qualifying payments.	Loan forgiveness would only occur after 20 years of monthly qualifying payments for undergraduate loans and 25 years for graduate loans

SAVE vs PAYE

Both SAVE and PAYE are federal income-driven repayment plans not available to private student loan borrowers. New enrollments in PAYE ended in July 2025.

The below table highlights the key differences between SAVE and PAYE:

SAVE	PAYE
Annual adjusted gross income does not determine your eligibility for this IDR plan.	Enrolling into this plan typically required low or moderate income, also known as a partial financial hardship.
You don’t have to pay if your income is below 225% of the federal poverty guideline.	You don’t have to pay if your income is below 150% of the federal poverty guideline.
Beginning July 2025, payment amounts are based on 5% of one’s discretionary income for undergraduate loans, 10% for graduate loans, and a weighted avera.ge for borrowers who have both.	Payment amounts are generally 10% of one’s discretionary income, but never more than the 10-year Standard Repayment Plan amount.
Also beginning July 2025, borrowers with original principal balances of less than $12,000 can have their remaining loan balance forgiven after 10 years of monthly qualifying payments.	Your remaining loan balance is forgiven after 20 years of monthly qualifying payments.
There’s no deadline to enroll and make payments on this plan.	No new enrollments will occur after July 1, 2025, but current enrollees can remain on this IDR plan after that date.

Depending on your original principal balance amount, student loan forgiveness on the SAVE Plan may occur after 10 to 25 years of monthly qualifying payments beginning in July 2025.

If you’re a federal student loan borrower working toward Public Service Loan Forgiveness, you may qualify for forgiveness of any remaining loan balance after 10 years of qualifying payments.

Recommended: Student Loan Forgiveness Programs

💡 Quick Tip: Ready to refinance your student loan? With SoFi’s no-fee loans, you could save thousands.

What Is the Interest Subsidy?

The SAVE Plan has a permanent interest subsidy, whereas the PAYE Plan offers a temporary interest subsidy to eligible borrowers.

If you’re on the SAVE Plan, 100% of your unpaid accrued interest is not charged if your monthly payment is less than the interest accruing. The effect of this permanent interest subsidy is that your loan balance won’t grow over time if your SAVE Plan monthly payment is less than the interest accruing.

Under the PAYE Plan, the U.S. Department of Education may provide an interest subsidy if your monthly payment is less than the interest accruing. This PAYE Plan interest subsidy is discontinued after the first three years of repayment and only applies to Direct Subsidized Loans and the subsidized portion of Direct Consolidation Loans.

Some borrowers on the PAYE Plan may see their loan balances grow over time. This can happen if you’re not covered by an interest subsidy when making a monthly payment that’s insufficient to pay the accrued interest. (Effective July 1, 2023, your unpaid accrued interest is not capitalized if you switch from PAYE to another repayment plan, fail to recertify your income, or no longer have a partial financial hardship.)

Answers to Common Questions

How do I apply for a federal IDR plan?

You only need to submit one application for any federal income-driven repayment plan and will need to supply financial information. It will take about 10 minutes. The Federal Student Aid Office also will recommend a repayment plan based on your input. Remember that private student loans are not eligible for federal IDR plans.

I want to apply for PAYE. How is partial financial hardship defined?

Unfortunately, there’s no option to apply for PAYE after July 1, 2025.

What if I’m in PAYE and no longer demonstrate hardship?

Your loan payments will stop being based on your income. Instead, your monthly payment will be based on the amount you would pay under the 10-year Standard Repayment Plan. Your maximum required payment in PAYE will never be higher than the 10-year standard payment amount.

What if I forget to recertify my income and family size?

If you’re on the SAVE Plan, failing to recertify your income and family size may switch you to an alternative repayment plan with a larger monthly payment.

If you’re on the PAYE Plan, failing to recertify by the annual deadline may give you a larger monthly payment resembling what you would pay under the Standard Repayment Plan.

Auto-recertification is available beginning in July 2025 if you agree to securely share your tax information with the U.S. Department of Education.

Does a Parent PLUS Loan qualify for SAVE?

No. Federal Parent PLUS Loans are not eligible for the SAVE plan.

Recommended: Types of Federal Student Loans

Income-Driven Repayment Alternatives

One of the alternatives to federal income-driven repayment is student loan refinancing. You can refinance your student loans — private and federal — with a private lender and potentially qualify for a lower interest rate. (Note: You may pay more interest over the life of the loan if you refinance with an extended term.)

The federal Direct Consolidation Loan program combines federal student loans into a single federal loan, but the interest rate is the weighted average of the original loans’ rates rounded up to the nearest eighth of a percentage point, which means the borrower usually does not save any money. Lengthening the loan term can decrease the monthly payment, but that means you may spend more on total interest.

Federal IDR plans like SAVE offer federal protections and benefits, such as access to the Public Service Loan Forgiveness program. Any loans you refinance with a private lender will not be eligible for PSLF, Teacher Loan Forgiveness, or federal IDR plans. A student loan refinancing calculator can help you determine whether student loan refinancing is right for you.

💡 Quick Tip: When refinancing a student loan, you may shorten or extend the loan term. Shortening your loan term may result in higher monthly payments but significantly less total interest paid. A longer loan term typically results in lower monthly payments but more total interest paid.

The Takeaway

The SAVE Plan is generally the most affordable federal student loan repayment plan. It replaced the former REPAYE Plan and offers a permanent interest subsidy, among other perks that you couldn’t get with PAYE.

With SoFi, refinancing is fast, easy, and all online. We offer competitive fixed and variable rates.

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Oct

2023

Explaining Student Loan Forgiveness For Teachers

By SoFi Editors | Building Your Career, Student Loans, student_loan | No Comments

There are several options for teachers seeking to reduce their federal student loan debt, including loan forgiveness and cancellation. For example, teachers may qualify for the Teacher Loan Forgiveness program, Public Service Loan Forgiveness program (PSLF), and/or the Perkins Loan Cancellation for Teachers. Also, there are state and local loan forgiveness, cancellation, and grant programs. We’ll discuss these options in more depth below.

Teacher Loan Forgiveness Program

Amount forgiven:

Up to $5,000 or up to $17,500, depending on the subject area you teach.

Which loans might qualify:

Direct (or Stafford) Loans, both subsidized and unsubsidized, and FFEL Program Loans. For borrowers with Direct Consolidation Loans, the outstanding portion of the consolidation loan that repaid an eligible Direct Subsidized Loan, Direct Unsubsidized Loan, Subsidized Federal Stafford Loan, or Unsubsidized Federal Stafford Loan may qualify as well. Learn more here .

Qualifications:

• Teaching at a low-income school; you can search for a school in this directory

• Teaching for five complete and consecutive academic years

• Existing student loans cannot be in default

Details:

The maximum amount that can be forgiven under this program depends on the role and subject the borrower teaches. Teachers are eligible to receive up to $17,500, if they are considered “highly qualified” as defined by the program and are full-time math or science teachers in an eligible school. Teachers working in special education that meet specific requirements may also qualify to have $17,500 forgiven.

Teachers are eligible to receive up to $5,000 if they are a “highly qualified” full-time elementary teacher or a full-time secondary school teacher in all other subject areas.

What does “highly qualified” mean? That the borrower has a bachelor’s degree, full state certification as a teacher, and their certification or licensure requirements were not waived on an emergency, temporary, or provisional basis.

If you apply for Teacher Loan Forgiveness, you can’t also apply for Public Service Loan Forgiveness (PSLF) for the same period. So if you receive Teacher Loan Forgiveness, the five-year period of service that supported your eligibility will not count toward PSLF.

How to apply:

Teachers are not eligible to apply until they have completed the five years of service. After completing this requirement, borrowers can fill out the Teacher Loan Forgiveness Application. (It may be helpful to get acquainted with the application now, because it clearly explains who qualifies for what amount of forgiveness.)

💡 Quick Tip: Get flexible terms and competitive rates when you refinance your student loan with SoFi.

Public Service Loan Forgiveness Program

Amount forgiven:

Up to 100% of the remaining loan balance.

Which loans qualify:

Direct Loans, also known as Stafford Loans, and Direct Consolidation Loans.

Qualifications:

• Must be in certain public sector jobs and employed full-time

• Must have made 120 qualifying payments (this takes 10 years if the borrower makes them consecutively)

• Payments must be made as part of an income-driven repayment plan

• Existing student loans cannot be in default

Details:

Unlike with the Teacher Loan Forgiveness Application , teachers don’t need to teach for a low-income school or within a particular academic subject when applying for the Public Service Loan Forgiveness Program (PSLF).

To be eligible for this program, the borrower must be employed by the local, state, or federal government, or work for certain nonprofit organizations that provide a qualifying public service — such as general education services.

To qualify for PSLF, borrowers must be on an income-driven repayment plan. With an income-driven repayment plan , borrowers are only required to pay a certain percentage (between 10 and 20%) of their discretionary income toward their monthly student loan payments.

Sometimes, there is confusion about whether forgiven loan balances are taxed. If a borrower meets the qualifications for PSLF, the forgiven amount will not be taxed. For borrowers who are on an income-driven repayment plan and expect their loans to be forgiven after 20 or 25 years (but are not participating in the PSLF program), it is possible that the forgiven amount will be taxed as income. To understand more about these tax nuances, consult a licensed tax advisor.

To qualify for PSLF, the 120 qualifying monthly payments do not need to be consecutive. For example, if a borrower has a period of employment with a non-qualifying employer, they will not lose credit for any prior qualifying payments made with a PSLF-approved employer.

While it is possible to partake in both the Teacher Loan Forgiveness Program and PSLF, it’s not possible to do so concurrently. Your five years of service under the Teacher Loan Forgiveness Program does not count toward your qualification for PSLF — you will have to qualify for PSLF under a different period of teaching service. Furthermore, payments made when working toward the Teacher Loan Cancellation Program will not qualify for PSLF — you will have to make 120 additional qualifying payments for the PSLF program.

To apply:

Borrowers may want to fill out the Public Service Loan Forgiveness (PSLF) form with the PSLF Help Tool to be certain that their employment qualifies for the program. Once received by the Department of Education, the borrower will receive a response telling them whether or not they qualify, and if they don’t, what needs to be done to qualify. If the borrower does qualify, the DoE will tell them how many qualifying payments have already been made and how many need to be made.

Every time a borrower changes jobs, they’ll need to send in an updated Employment Certification form. Otherwise, borrowers will be required to submit an Employment Certification form for each of their previous employers when they apply for forgiveness.

Once a borrower has received notification that their PSLF Employment Certification has been approved, they’ll need to continue making those on-time student loan payments. After making 120 payments, they can apply for forgiveness.

Perkins Loans Cancellation for Teachers

Amount forgiven:

Up to 100% of the loan, done in increments over a five-year period.

Which loans qualify:

Federal Perkins Loans (The Federal Perkins Loan program expired in September 2017, but loans disbursed through the program may still qualify.)

Qualifications:

A minimum one year of teaching and at least one of the following requirements:

• Teaching at a low-income school; search for a school in this directory

• Teaching science, math, foreign languages, bilingual studies, or special education

• Teaching a subject that has a shortage of qualified teachers in your state

• Teaching in a school operated by the Bureau of Indian Affairs or on a qualifying Indian reservation

Details:

Those who are eligible for the Perkins Loans Cancellation for Teachers may have all of their Perkins Loans forgiven. Cancellation happens in stair-step increments over five years. Here’s how the incremental forgiveness system works:

• 15% of the original Perkins loan balance is canceled per year for the first and second years of service

• 20% is canceled in both the third and fourth years

• 30% is canceled in the fifth year

In order to qualify for this program, an employee must work directly for the school system — qualifying is entirely contingent on position duties.

To apply:

Each school has its own process, so borrowers should contact the school that administered the Perkins Loan.

State and Local Student Loan Forgiveness Programs

Some states offer loan forgiveness programs for teachers, especially for those who work in subject areas in high demand. One place to start your search for a state and local teacher loan forgiveness program is through this database created by the American Federation of Teachers.

What About My Other Student Loans?

So far, all of the programs we’ve discussed only apply to federal loans. What can be done if a borrower has other loans (like private loans) that don’t qualify for federal teacher loan forgiveness?

One option is to look into refinancing the student loans. When a borrower refinances a student loan or multiple loans, they are essentially paying those loans off with a new loan from a new lender. Ideally, the new loan has a more competitive interest rate than the existing loan(s), which could potentially save the borrower money over the life of the loan.

Borrowers can refinance both private and federal student loans, so it is an option for teachers who don’t have loans that qualify for one of the federal forgiveness or cancellation programs.

If you refinance your federal loans, you will lose access to federal loan benefits such as access to the PSLF program and the Teacher Loan Cancellation Program. There’s always the option to refinance your private loans while keeping your federal loans separate.

The Takeaway

Teachers with federal student loans may be able to pursue loan forgiveness through programs like Teacher Loan Forgiveness or Public Service Loan Forgiveness programs. Borrowers who hold Perkins Loans may also be able to pursue Perkins Loan Cancellation for Teachers. If you also have private loans, refinancing may be a good option, though as stated above, refinancing federal loans disqualifies borrowers from government forgiveness programs.

With SoFi, refinancing is fast, easy, and all online. We offer competitive fixed and variable rates.

Tax Information: This article provides general background information only and is not intended to serve as legal or tax advice or as a substitute for legal counsel. You should consult your own attorney and/or tax advisor if you have a question requiring legal or tax advice.

External Websites: The information and analysis provided through hyperlinks to third-party websites, while believed to be accurate, cannot be guaranteed by SoFi. Links are provided for informational purposes and should not be viewed as an endorsement.
Third-Party Brand Mentions: No brands, products, or companies mentioned are affiliated with SoFi, nor do they endorse or sponsor this article. Third-party trademarks referenced herein are property of their respective owners.

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

SOSL0923068

Oct

2023

Student Loan Payments Are Back. Here Are All the Dates You Need to Know

By Jennifer Calonia | Fresh Out of School, Student Loans, student_loan | Comments Off

After more than three years, federal student loan payments have restarted. A lot of new changes have been enacted, such as changes to income-driven repayment (IDR) and loan forgiveness, and some actions are still in the pipeline.

Here’s what’s happened so far – and what’s still to come – for student loan borrowers.

Summer 2023: New SAVE Plan Revealed

What Happened

The Department of Education announced changes to its federal income-driven repayment plans. The Saving on a Valuable Education (SAVE) plan was introduced, replacing the current Revised Pay As You Earn (REPAYE) plan.

Partial benefits under the new repayment plan went into effect before the payment pause ended. This includes benefits that dramatically lower your monthly payment, subsidize any interest that isn’t covered by your payment, and exclude your spouse’s income for your payment calculation.

If you’re already enrolled in REPAYE, your plan should have been automatically enrolled in the new SAVE plan.

Who’s Impacted (and Who Isn’t)

Borrowers who are already under the REPAYE plan, or are interested in getting on the SAVE plan. (If you’d like to be enrolled in SAVE, you can enroll now at StudentAid.gov.)

This doesn’t affect borrowers who are on an alternative repayment plan, or those on an IDR plan who don’t wish to enroll in SAVE.

September 1, 2023: Interest Accrual Resumes

What Happened

The COVID-19 administrative pause officially ended on August 31, and interest charges on federal loans resumed on September 1.

Also, you may have received your student loan bill in September (including the payment amount and its due date), as bills were set to be sent at least 21 days before your payment is due.

Who’s Impacted (and Who Isn’t)

All borrowers with federal student loans that were included in the interest rate pause.

This date didn’t affect student loans that were ineligible for the payment and interest pause. That includes private loans and Federal Perkins Loans and Federal Family Education Loans (FFEL) that weren’t owned by the Department of Education.

One thing to keep in mind: During the payment pause, some companies left the federal loan servicing business while new ones were brought into the fold. If you haven’t already, confirm whether your federal loan servicer has changed by logging into your StudentAid.gov account or calling 1 (800) 433-3243 for assistance.

After confirming who your servicer is, create an online account on the servicer’s website to manage your repayment moving forward.

October 1, 2023: First Payments Due

What Happened

Your first payment is due in October, based on the due date stated on your loan bill. However, borrowers who graduated after March 1, 2023 will receive a full six-month grace period before their first payment is due. That means that, for instance, undergraduates who graduated in May 2023 will begin making payments in December 2023.

Who’s Impacted (and Who Isn’t)

Borrowers who left or graduated school before March 1, 2023, and who have an unpaid federal student loan balance. This doesn’t apply to federal borrowers who had non-government held Perkins or FFELs which weren’t included in the emergency forbearance action.

What You Need to Do to Prepare

If you haven’t received your bill yet, log in to your servicer’s website to access your loan to review your payment amount and due date. If you were previously enrolled in autopay before the pause, you’ll need to re-enroll in automatic payments through your loan servicer’s site.

💡 Quick Tip: Ready to refinance your student loan? With SoFi’s no-fee loans, you could save thousands.

April 30, 2025: Last Day to Consolidate for IDR Adjustment

What Happened

This is the deadline to consolidate non-qualifying loans into a Direct Consolidation Loan to claim the one-time, temporary IDR Account Adjustment. Claiming this adjustment helps eligible borrowers get credit for past non-qualifying payments.

Borrowers who consolidate their non-qualifying loans by this time can accelerate their track toward loan forgiveness. Generally, if after the adjustment is applied, you made more qualifying payments than needed for loan forgiveness, you’ll have the amount refunded.

Who’s Impacted (and Who Isn’t)

Borrowers who are or were enrolled in an IDR plan, as well as borrowers who are participating in Public Service Loan Forgiveness (PSLF). Also, borrowers aren’t on an IDR plan yet, but want to enroll in one and have government-held Direct or FFEL Loans.

What You Need to Do to Prepare

Don’t wait until the last minute to consolidate your non-qualifying loans. Contact your federal student loan servicer ASAP to get the process started. If your non-qualifying loan is in default, you can still access this adjustment by getting your loan out of default (for instance, through Fresh Start ).

July 2025: Additional SAVE Plan Benefits Available

What Happened

The second wave of SAVE plan benefits started in July 2025. Some key benefits are even lower monthly payments, and an accelerated track toward loan forgiveness.

Borrowers who are only repaying undergraduate loans on the SAVE plan had their monthly payment reduced from 10% of their discretionary income to only 5%. Those with a mix of undergraduate and graduate loans under SAVE now pay a weighted average between 5% to 10% of their discretionary income.

Additionally, borrowers whose original principal loan balance was $12,000 or less will have any remaining loan balance forgiven after making 10 years of repayment — a much faster timeline than SAVE’s usual 20- or 25-year forgiveness period.

Who’s Impacted (and Who Isn’t)

Borrowers who are enrolled in the SAVE plan, or are interested in getting on the SAVE plan. This doesn’t affect borrowers who are on an alternative repayment plan, or those on an IDR plan who don’t wish to enroll in SAVE.

What You Need to Do to Prepare

Make sure your contact information is up to date with your loan servicer so you receive announcements as this date nears. If you want to take advantage of these benefits, but aren’t enrolled in an IDR plan, submit an IDR request to your servicer to see if you qualify for SAVE.

September 30, 2025: End of “On-Ramp” Transition

What’s Happening

The Department of Education is enacting a 12-month “on-ramp” phase from October 1, 2024 to September 30, 2025. During this time, loan accounts that don’t receive a payment won’t be penalized, and although interest will accrue, it won’t capitalize after the on-ramp expires. However, after this date, student loans that are past due on a payment will be reported to the credit bureaus, marked as delinquent or in default, and the account might be sent to debt collection.

Who’s Impacted (and Who Isn’t)

Student loan borrowers who have not made a payment since the restart of federal student loan interest and payments, and borrowers who are struggling with their student loan payment.

What You Need to Do to Prepare

No action is necessary to participate in the on-ramp. However, reach out to your loan servicer if you can’t meet your loan obligation before this date to learn about your options to avoid severe consequences.

For example, you might be able to secure a lower payment under an IDR plan or qualify for temporary deferment or forbearance.

The Takeaway

In the last few years, there have been many changes to help borrowers with federal student loan repayment. However, the many different deadlines and moving parts can make staying on top of your to-do list challenging.

Keeping these dates in your calendar can help you track, and take advantage of, valuable federal programs.

With SoFi, refinancing is fast, easy, and all online. We offer competitive fixed and variable rates.

FAQ

Are student loan payments going to start?

Yes. Interest on federal student loans that were paused during the COVID-19 administrative forbearance will resume on September 1, 2023, and payments will be due in October 2023.

Is Biden going to pay student loan debt?

Certain federal student loan borrowers might have all or a portion of their remaining unpaid student debt canceled. A new administrative action is being put into place to recalculate payment credit toward loan forgiveness for 804,000 borrowers who are enrolled in an income-driven repayment plan.

The administration’s plans to cancel up to $20,000 of federal student loans for eligible borrowers, however, was struck down by the Supreme Court. No further forgiveness actions have been announced as of this writing.

How do I find out if my student loans have been forgiven?

If you received loan forgiveness as a result of recent changes in the federal student loan system, you’ll receive a notice from your loan servicer or the Department of Education.

This might be sent via mail or electronically. Ensure that you can log in to your StudentAid.gov or servicer’s website, and your mailing address and email are correct.

Photo credit: iStock/FatCamera

SoFi Student Loan Refinance
Terms and conditions apply. SoFi Refinance Student Loans are private loans. When you refinance federal loans with a SoFi loan, YOU FORFEIT YOUR ELIGIBILITY FOR ALL FEDERAL LOAN BENEFITS, including all flexible federal repayment and forgiveness options that are or may become available to federal student loan borrowers including, but not limited to: Public Service Loan Forgiveness (PSLF), Income-Based Repayment, Income-Contingent Repayment, extended repayment plans, PAYE or SAVE. Lowest rates reserved for the most creditworthy borrowers. Learn more at SoFi.com/eligibility. SoFi Refinance Student Loans are originated by SoFi Bank, N.A. Member FDIC. NMLS #696891 (www.nmlsconsumeraccess.org).

Non affiliation: SoFi isn’t affiliated with any of the companies highlighted in this article.

External Websites: The information and analysis provided through hyperlinks to third-party websites, while believed to be accurate, cannot be guaranteed by SoFi. Links are provided for informational purposes and should not be viewed as an endorsement.
Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

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Sep

2023

How Time-Weighted Rate of Return Measures Your Investment Gains

By Samuel Becker | Growing Wealth, invest, Investing | Comments Off

One of the most important and most common methods investors use to measure their returns is the time weighted rate of return formula. That’s because the time-weighted rate of return measures a compound rate of growth.

The time-weighted rate of return incorporates the impact of transactions such as portfolios rebalancing, contributions, and withdrawals. That leaves investors with a clearer picture of their portfolio’s overall performance.

What Is the Time-Weighted Rate of Return?

Starting with the basics, a return on investment (ROI) is a measure of how much money investments earn, or how much they’ve grown in value. Returns can be positive or negative (if a stock loses value following its purchase, for example). But obviously, investors make decisions with the goal of earning positive returns.

A rate of return, then, is a measure of the pace at which investments are accruing value, expressed as a percentage. The higher the rate of return, the better. Essentially, it’s a measure of a portfolio’s or investment’s performance over time. Rates of return can be calculated for certain time periods, such as a month or a year, and can be helpful when comparing different types of investments.

But investment portfolios are rarely static. Many investors make contributions or withdrawals to their portfolios on a regular basis. Many people contribute to their 401(k) with each paycheck, for example, or rebalance when market moves throw their asset allocation out of whack.

During these transactions, investors are buying and selling investments at different prices and times based on their investing strategy. That can make it more difficult and complicated to calculate a portfolio’s overall rate of return.

That’s where the time-weighted rate of return formula becomes useful. In short, the time-weighted rate of return formula takes into account a portfolio’s cash flows, and bakes in their effect on the portfolio’s overall returns. That gives investors a better, more accurate assessment of their portfolio’s performance.

That’s why the time-weighted rate of return calculation is, for many in the financial industry, the standard formula for gauging performance, over both the short- and the long-term.

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The Time-Weighted Rate of Return Formula

The time-weighted rate of return formula can look intimidating for even seasoned investors, but it’s an important step in building and maintaining an investment portfolio. But like many other financial formulas, once the variables are identified, it’s a matter of plug-and-play to run through the calculation.

First, let’s take a look at the basic portfolio return calculation:

Basic portfolio return = (Current value of portfolio – initial value of portfolio) ÷ initial value

While this formula provides a value, it assumes that an investor made one investment and simply left their money in-place to grow. But again, investors tend to make numerous investments over several time periods, limiting this calculation’s ability to tell an investor much about their strategy’s effectiveness.

That’s where the time-weighted rate of return comes in. In essence, the time-weighted formula calculates returns for a number of different time periods — usually additional purchases, withdrawals, or sales of the investment.

It then “weights” each time period (assigns them all roughly equal importance, regardless of how much was invested or withdrawn during a given period). Then, the performance of each period is included in the formula to get an overall rate of return for a specified period.

Calculating the time-weighted rate of return over the course of a year, for instance, would include the performance from each individual month. And, yes, that’s a lot of math. Computers and software programs can help, but it’s also doable the old-fashioned way.

This is what the time-weighted rate of return formula looks like:

Time-weighted return = [(1 + RTP1)(1 + RTP2)(1 + RTPn)] – 1

There are variables needed to calculate the equation:

n = Number of time periods, or months
RTP = Return for time period (month) = (End value – initial value + cash flow) ÷ (initial value + cash flow)
RTPn = Return for the time period “n”, depending on how many time periods there are

Let’s break it down again, and assume we’re trying to calculate the time-weighted return over three months. That would involve calculating the return for each individual month, three in all. Then, multiplying those returns together — “weighting” them — to arrive at an overall, time-weighted return.

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How to Calculate Time-Weighted Rate of Return

To run through an example, assume we want to calculate a three-month, time-weighted return. An investor invests $100 in their portfolio on January 31. On February 15, the portfolio has a value of $102, and the investor makes an additional deposit of $5. At the end of the three-month period on April 30, the portfolio contains $115.

For this calculation, we wouldn’t think of our time periods as merely months. Instead, the time periods would be split in two — one for when a new deposit was made. So, there was the initial $100 deposit that would constitute a time period that ends on February 15. Then a second time period, when the $5 deposit was made, which constitutes a second time period.

With this information, we can make the calculation. That includes calculating the return for each time period during our three-month stretch. So, for time period one, the basic formula looks like this:

Return for time period = (End value – initial value + cash flow) ÷ (initial value + cash flow)

Now, we plug in our variables and calculate. Remember, there was no additional cash flow during this first period, so that won’t be included in this first calculation.

Time period 1:
($102 – $100) ÷ $100 = 0.02, or 2%

Then, do the same to calculate time period two’s return:

Time period 2:
[$115 – ($102 + $5)] ÷ ($102 + $5) = 0.074, or 7.4%

Now, take the returns from these two time periods and use them in the time-weighted rate of return formula:

Time-weighted return = [(1 + RTP1)(1 + RTP2)(1 + RTPn) – 1

With the variables — remember to properly use percentages!

TWR = [(1 + 0.02) x (1 + 0.074)] – 1 = 0.95, or 9.5%

So, the time-weighted return over this three-month stretch (which included two time periods for our calculation), is 9.5%. If we had simply done a basic return calculation, we’d reach a different number:

Basic portfolio return = (Current value of portfolio – initial value of portfolio) ÷ initial value
$115 – $100 ÷ $100 = 0.15, or 15%

That 15% figure is too high, because it doesn’t account for cash flow. In this case, that was a $5 deposit made in mid-February. The basic return formula folds that into the overall return figure. The time-weighted calculation gives us a more accurate return percentage, and one that accounts for that mid-February deposit.

Other calculations

While the time-weighted rate of return is an important measurement, it’s not the only way to look at a portfolio’s returns. Some investors may also choose to evaluate a portfolio or investment based on its money-weighted rate of return. That calculation is similar to the time-weighted rate of return because it incorporates inflows and outflows, but it does not break the overall investment period into smaller intervals.

Another common measure is the compound annual growth rate, (CAGR), which measures an investment’s annual growth rate over time and does not include the impact of inflows and outflows.

The Takeaway

Having an accurate, timely view of a portfolio’s performance is critical for understanding current investments, planning future investments, and considering changes to your asset allocation. While other rate of return calculations can be useful, it’s important to understand their limitations.

The time-weighted rate of return formula is helpful because it takes into account the numerous inflows and outflows of money over various time periods. Armed with that insight, investors can adjust their strategy to try to increase their rate of return. That may mean reallocating or rebalancing their portfolio to include more aggressive investments or less risky securities.

Invest in what matters most to you with SoFi Active Invest. In a self-directed account provided by SoFi Securities, you can trade stocks, exchange-traded funds (ETFs), mutual funds, alternative funds, options, and more — all while paying $0 commission on every trade. Other fees may apply. Whether you want to trade after-hours or manage your portfolio using real-time stock insights and analyst ratings, you can invest your way in SoFi's easy-to-use mobile app.

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For disclosures on SoFi Invest platforms visit SoFi.com/legal. For a full listing of the fees associated with Sofi Invest please view our fee schedule.

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

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SOIN0623024

Student Loan Forgiveness for Pharmacists

Considering Loan Forgiveness as a Pharmacist

Public Service Loan Forgiveness

Serious savings. Save thousands of dollars thanks to flexible terms and low fixed or variable rates.

Can Pharmacists Get Loan Forgiveness?

Student Loan Forgiveness and Repayment Programs for Pharmacists

The National Health Service Corps State Loan Repayment Program

Substance Use Disorder (SUD) Workforce Loan Repayment Program

The National Institutes of Health Loan Repayment Program

Indian Health Service Loan Repayment Program

U.S. Department of Defense Educational Loan Repayment Program

Refinancing Your Student Loans

PAYE vs Repaye vs SAVE: What’s the Difference?

PAYE vs REPAYE: An Overview

SAVE vs REPAYE

SAVE vs PAYE

What Is the Interest Subsidy?

Answers to Common Questions

Income-Driven Repayment Alternatives

The Takeaway

Explaining Student Loan Forgiveness For Teachers

Teacher Loan Forgiveness Program

Amount forgiven:

Which loans might qualify:

Qualifications:

Details:

How to apply:

Public Service Loan Forgiveness Program

Amount forgiven:

Which loans qualify:

Qualifications:

Details:

To apply:

Perkins Loans Cancellation for Teachers

Amount forgiven:

Which loans qualify:

Qualifications:

Details:

To apply:

State and Local Student Loan Forgiveness Programs

What About My Other Student Loans?

The Takeaway

Student Loan Payments Are Back. Here Are All the Dates You Need to Know

Summer 2023: New SAVE Plan Revealed

What Happened

Who’s Impacted (and Who Isn’t)

September 1, 2023: Interest Accrual Resumes

What Happened

Who’s Impacted (and Who Isn’t)

October 1, 2023: First Payments Due

What Happened

Who’s Impacted (and Who Isn’t)

What You Need to Do to Prepare

April 30, 2025: Last Day to Consolidate for IDR Adjustment

What Happened

Who’s Impacted (and Who Isn’t)

What You Need to Do to Prepare

July 2025: Additional SAVE Plan Benefits Available

What Happened

Who’s Impacted (and Who Isn’t)

What You Need to Do to Prepare

September 30, 2025: End of “On-Ramp” Transition

What’s Happening

Who’s Impacted (and Who Isn’t)

What You Need to Do to Prepare

The Takeaway

FAQ

Are student loan payments going to start?

Is Biden going to pay student loan debt?

How do I find out if my student loans have been forgiven?

How Time-Weighted Rate of Return Measures Your Investment Gains

What Is the Time-Weighted Rate of Return?

The Time-Weighted Rate of Return Formula

How to Calculate Time-Weighted Rate of Return

Other calculations

The Takeaway

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