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Many of us would love to own a vacation home, but the added expense is not always doable. Because we can’t all own multiple properties, vacation timeshares continue to be a popular choice for solo travelers, couples, and families who want more space, amenities, and “a place to call home” at their locale of choice.

We’ll give you an honest rundown of how timeshares work, their pros and cons, and a few financing options.

What Is a Timeshare?

A timeshare is a way for multiple unrelated purchasers to acquire a fractional share of a vacation property, which they take turns using. They share costs, which can make timeshares far cheaper than buying a vacation home of one’s own.

Timeshares are a popular way to vacation. In fact, nearly 10 million U.S. households own at least one timeshare, according to the American Resort Development Association (ARDA). The average price of a timeshare transaction is $23,940. This figure can vary widely depending on the location, size, and quality of the property, the length of stay,

How Do Timeshares Work?

If you’ve ever been lured to a sales presentation by the promise of a free hotel stay, spa treatment, or gift card, it was probably for a vacation timeshare. As long as you sit through the sales pitch, you get your freebie. Some invitees go on to make a purchase. You can also buy a timeshare on the secondary market, taking over from a previous owner.

What you’re getting is access to a property for a set amount of time per year (usually one to two weeks) in a desirable resort location. Timeshares may be located near the beach, ski resorts, or amusement parks. You can trade weeks with other owners and sometimes even try out other properties around the country — or around the world — in a trade.

In addition to the upfront cost of the timeshare, owners pay annual maintenance fees based on the size of the property — about $1,120 on average — whether or not you use your timeshare that year. These fees, which cover the cost of upkeep and cleaning, often increase over time with the cost of living. Timeshare owners may also have to pay service charges, such as fees due at booking.

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Types of Timeshares

There are two broad categories of timeshare ownership: deeded and non-deeded. In addition, you’ll find four types of timeshare use periods: fixed week, floating week, fractional ownership, and points system.

It’s important to understand all of these terms before you commit.

Deeded Timeshare

With a deeded structure, each party owns a piece of the property, which is tied to the amount of time they can spend there. The partial owner receives a deed for the property that tells them when they are allowed to use it. For example, a property that sells timeshares in one-week increments will have 52 deeds, one for each week of the year.

Non-deeded Timeshare

Non-deeded timeshares work on a leasing system, where the developer remains the owner of the property. You can lease a property for a set period during the year, or a floating period that allows you greater flexibility. Your lease expires after a predetermined period.

Fixed-Week

Timeshares offer one of a handful of options for use periods. Fixed-week means you can use the property during the same set week each year.

Floating-Week

Floating-week agreements allow you to choose when you use the property depending on availability.

Fractional Ownership

Most timeshare owners have access to the property for one or two weeks a year. Fractional timeshares are available for five weeks per year or more. In this ownership structure, there are fewer buyers involved, usually six to 12. Each party holds an equal share of the title, and the cost of maintenance and taxes are split.
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Points System

Finally, you may be able to purchase “points” that you can use in different timeshare locations at various times of the year.

Is a Timeshare a Good Investment?

Getting out of a timeshare can be difficult. Selling sometimes involves a financial loss, which means they are not necessarily a good investment. However, if you purchase a timeshare in a place that your family will want to return to for a long time — and can easily get to — you may end up spending less than you would if you were to purchase a vacation home.

Benefits of Timeshare Loans

The timeshare developer will likely offer you financing as part of their sales pitch. The main benefit of a timeshare loan is convenience. And if you’re happy to return to the same vacation spot year after year, you may save money compared to staying in hotels. Plus, for many people, it may be the only way they can afford getting a vacation home.

Drawbacks of Timeshare Loans

Developer financing offers often come with very high interest rates, especially for buyers with lower credit scores: up to 20%. And if you eventually decide to sell, you will probably lose money. That’s because timeshares tend not to gain value over time. Finally, if you’re not careful about running the numbers before you commit, you can end up paying more in annual fees than you expect.

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Financing a Timeshare

Developer financing is often proposed as the only timeshare financing option, especially if you buy while you’re on vacation. However, with a little advance planning, there are alternative options for financing timeshares. If developer financing is taken as an initial timeshare financing option, some timeshare owners may want to consider timeshare refinance in the future.

Home Equity Loan

If you have equity built up in your primary home, it may be possible for you to obtain a home equity loan from a private lender to purchase a timeshare. Home equity loans are typically used for expenses or investments that will improve the resale value of your primary residence, but they can be used for timeshare financing as well.

Home equity loans are “secured” loans, meaning they use your house as collateral. As a result, lenders will give you a lower interest rate compared to the rate on an unsecured timeshare loan offered at a developer pitch. You can learn more about the differences in our guide to secured vs. unsecured loans.

Additionally, the interest you pay on a home equity loan for a timeshare purchase may be tax-deductible as long as the timeshare meets IRS requirements, in addition to other factors. Before using a home equity loan as timeshare financing, or even to refinance timeshares, be aware of the risk you are taking on. If you fail to pay back your loan, your lender may seize your house to recoup their losses.

Personal Loan

Another option to consider for timeshare financing is obtaining a personal loan from a bank or an online lender. While interest rates for personal loans can be higher than rates for home equity loans, you’ll likely find a loan with a lower rate than those offered by the timeshare sales agent.

Additionally, with an unsecured personal loan as an option for timeshare financing, your primary residence is not at risk in the event of default.

Getting approved for a personal loan is generally a simpler process than qualifying for a home equity loan. Online lenders, in particular, offer competitive rates for personal loans and are streamlining the process as much as possible.

The Takeaway

Timeshares offer one way to secure a place to stay in your favorite vacation destination each year — without having to buy a second home. And timeshares may save you money over time compared to the cost of a high-end hotel. However, beware of timeshare financing offered by developers. Interest rates can be as high as 20%. There are other ways to finance a timeshare that can be more affordable, including home equity loans and personal loans.

Think twice before turning to high-interest credit cards. Consider a SoFi personal loan instead. SoFi offers competitive fixed rates and same-day funding. See your rate in minutes.

FAQ

Can I rent my timeshare to someone else?

Whether or not you can rent your timeshare out to others will depend on your timeshare agreement. But in many cases, your timeshare resort will allow you to rent out your allotted time at the property.

Can I sell my timeshare?

Your timeshare agreement will give you details about when and how you can sell your timeshare. In most cases, you should be able to sell, but it may be hard to do so, and you may take a financial loss.

Can I transfer ownership of my timeshare or leave it to my heirs?

You can leave ownership of a timeshare to your heirs when you die and even transfer ownership as a gift while you’re living. Once again, refer to your timeshare agreement for rules about what is possible and how to carry out a transfer.

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SOPL-Q424-047

You can typically use a debit card when traveling in another country as long as the merchant accepts transactions from the card issuer. Debit cards are especially useful when withdrawing cash from ATMs internationally, but cash and credit cards may make more sense for other purchases abroad.

Can You Use a Debit Card Internationally?

Yes, you can typically use your debit card internationally. This means you can spend money directly from your checking account, rather than run up a balance on your credit card.

Debit cards are usually linked to a processing network, such as Visa or Mastercard, which allows them to be used anywhere cards in that network are accepted. Visa and Mastercard are almost universally accepted anywhere you can pay with plastic. However, some networks are not accepted internationally, so it’s a good idea to carry cards from more than one issuer, as well as cash, when traveling abroad. Just be sure you have details like the customer service phone numbers in case you were to lose your cards or be the unfortunate victim of a pickpocket (see more safety tips below).

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Will I Face Fees If I Use My Debit Card Internationally?

While you can typically use a debit card in another country, you may have to pay a foreign transaction fee. Though these fees vary by bank and card issuer, they are usually around 1-3% of any transaction abroad.

In addition, you may be given the option by a merchant to pay in local or U.S. currency. If you opt for the latter, it is known as dynamic currency conversion (DCC), and you will likely face an upcharge, possibly a steep one. It’s usually wiser to pay in local currency.

If you want to avoid foreign transaction fees, you may need to open an international credit card designed for travelers or find a bank account offering a debit card without these fees.

While you can use a debit card for purchases abroad, experts often recommend paying with cash or a credit card as it can offer better protection if a thief gets their hands on your plastic.

Instead, debit cards are ideal for taking cash out of an ATM. If your bank offers in-network ATMs in foreign countries, you can avoid ATM fees by withdrawing money from those specific ATMs — though you may still contend with foreign transaction fees.

What to Do Before You Travel to Another Country

Traveling to another country is exciting, but there’s a lot to do before you hop on that plane. You may have to find a pet sitter, book hotels, or renew your passport, but there are also a lot of important financial moves to make before traveling internationally:

•   Informing your bank: Banks and credit unions offer a wealth of services to prevent fraud. Unexpected transactions in foreign countries can be a red flag to your financial institution; in attempting to protect you from fraud, they may decline the transaction or freeze your card. It’s a good idea to let your bank and/or credit card issuer know where and when you’ll be traveling so there aren’t any interruptions to your banking service.

   It can also be wise to note customer service numbers for your bank and credit cards in a safe place but not in your wallet in case you were to lose your wallet or be robbed while traveling. You can then spring into action quickly to report losses.

•   Exchanging your money: You’ll want cash in the local currency for your trip, but it’s a good idea to exchange your money before setting out on your travels. Airport kiosks, hotels, and train stations have notoriously high exchange rates; you’ll likely get a better rate if you exchange in advance with a bank or credit union near you.

   That said, you don’t want to carry too much cash on you when traveling in another country, meaning you’ll need to exchange money as you go. You can avoid high exchange rates abroad by getting cash from an in-network ATM using your debit card. Just keep your ATM withdrawal limits in mind.

•   Getting travel insurance: If you’re paying for your travel with a rewards credit card, you may already carry special credit card travel insurance. But if cash and debit cards are your primary resources, you may want to find travel insurance through a third party. Travel insurance can help with the challenges and costs of trip cancellations, lost luggage, rental car issues, and even medical care in foreign countries.

•   Getting an international phone plan: Even the best laid plans can go wrong. If you get lost, want to use a translator, or need to call your bank to troubleshoot an issue with your debit card, it helps to have an international call, text, and data plan. It’s a good idea to ask your provider in advance about their international plans and see if you can work it into your travel budget.

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Tips for Safely Using Your Debit Card Internationally

Taking your debit card with you abroad can be convenient, but it’s important to prioritize safety when spending money in another country. Here are a few tips for safely using your debit card internationally:

•   Wear a money belt: Pickpockets can ruin a vacation in a matter of seconds. Keep your valuables (wallet, passport, smartphone, etc.) safe by keeping them out of your pockets. It’s also a good idea to avoid lugging around a purse on your shoulder. Instead, consider wearing a money belt — a pouch on a belt that keeps your money securely attached to your person. You can store your debit cards, credit cards, cash, and more in the pouch.

•   Tell your bank you’re traveling: Avoid becoming stranded in another country without access to your funds by alerting your financial institution of your travels. This should prevent them from freezing your card because of unusual activity.

•   Bring multiple forms of payment: Because something can go wrong — lost or stolen funds, payment type not accepted, etc. — it’s wise to have multiple forms of payment with you when traveling internationally. Ideally, your money belt may have a credit card, a debit card (from a different issuer), and cash in the foreign currency.

•   Practice ATM safety: When using your debit card to withdraw funds at an ATM, there are a few things you can do to protect yourself and your money.

◦   Don’t use the ATM alone, if possible.

◦   Don’t use the ATM at night.

◦   Memorize your PIN (and make sure it’s unique); don’t write it down anywhere.

◦   Watch someone else use the ATM first; if they can successfully retrieve their card and their money, that’s a good sign that criminals haven’t tampered with the machine.

◦   Learn to check ATMs for card skimmers. If a machine looks like it’s been tampered with or has an extra bit of plastic around the card slot, don’t insert your card and find another source of cash.

Can You Withdraw Money at an International ATM?

If you’re wondering if you can use your debit card internationally, you may well be thinking about withdrawing money from an ATM while abroad. That is a top reason to bring your debit card with you when traveling overseas. Before traveling, you can research which ATMs are in your bank’s network in the country you’re visiting — and even make a list of their locations so you know where to go during your trip.

While using an in-network ATM may help you avoid ATM fees, some banks and card issuers may still charge foreign transaction fees. If you regularly travel abroad, it may be worth opening a checking account with a debit card that has no or very low foreign transaction fees.

Pro Tip: If you are worried about ATM fees abroad, you may be able to use your debit card at a store and request cash back at the register. However, foreign transaction fees may apply.

What to Do If Your Debit Card Does Not Work?

If you’re in a foreign country and your debit card isn’t working, don’t panic. There are a few things you can do to ensure you can safely spend your money abroad, like:

•   Calling your financial institution. Making an international call might be expensive, but talking to someone at your bank can usually rectify any issue with your debit card. Also, some financial institutions have numbers to use when traveling internationally. It can be wise to note that information down in advance so it’s handy.

•   Using another form of payment. If you’re in the midst of a transaction, it might make sense (at least temporarily) to pay with a credit card or cash until you’re in a calmer place. Then, when you’re back at your hotel or another quiet place, you can resolve your debit card issues.

•   Finding a U.S. embassy. As a last resort, if you have no way of getting money and are stranded abroad, find a U.S. Embassy or Consulate. In emergencies, they may offer temporary loans to travelers.

The Takeaway

You can typically use your debit card overseas to make purchases and/or withdraw cash at an ATM. Just keep in mind that not all U.S. debit cards are accepted internationally, and your bank may charge a foreign transaction fee. If you use an ATM that is not in your bank’s network, you may also get hit with an ATM fee.
If you’re looking for a new banking partner, it’s a good idea to consider not only interest rates but also any fees you may encounter both at home and abroad.

Interested in opening an online bank account? When you sign up for a SoFi Checking and Savings account with eligible direct deposit, you’ll get a competitive annual percentage yield (APY), pay zero account fees, and enjoy an array of rewards, such as access to the Allpoint Network of 55,000+ fee-free ATMs globally. Qualifying accounts can even access their paycheck up to two days early.

FAQ

Is it better to use cash instead of a debit card internationally?

When traveling internationally, it’s a good idea to have a mix of payment methods: cash, credit cards, and debit cards. Some experts advise using credit cards and cash for purchases and relying on your debit card exclusively for ATM transactions.

Can I use my debit card in all countries?

In most cases, you can use your debit card in other countries, as long as the merchant takes credit cards and accepts cards with your logo. Visa and Mastercard are the most universally accepted, with Discover and American Express following closely behind. When you use your debit card abroad, you may have to pay foreign transaction fees and ATM fees.

Is it better to use a credit card or debit card internationally?

When traveling abroad, you may want to prioritize payment methods that do not charge foreign transaction fees, whether that’s a credit card or a debit card. However, it’s a good idea to carry both kinds of cards (plus cash). Experts generally recommend using a credit card for cash for purchases and utilizing a debit card to withdraw more money at ATMs as needed.

Photo credit: iStock/Anchiy

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Annual percentage yield (APY) is variable and subject to change at any time. Rates are current as of 12/23/25. There is no minimum balance requirement. Fees may reduce earnings. Additional rates and information can be found at https://www.sofi.com/legal/banking-rate-sheet

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Although we do our best to recognize all Eligible Direct Deposits, a small number of employers, payroll providers, benefits providers, or government agencies do not designate payments as direct deposit. To ensure you're earning the APY for account holders with Eligible Direct Deposit, we encourage you to check your APY Details page the day after your Eligible Direct Deposit posts to your SoFi account. If your APY is not showing as the APY for account holders with Eligible Direct Deposit, contact us at 855-456-7634 with the details of your Eligible Direct Deposit. As long as SoFi Bank can validate those details, you will start earning the APY for account holders with Eligible Direct Deposit from the date you contact SoFi for the next 31 calendar days. You will also be eligible for the APY for account holders with Eligible Direct Deposit on future Eligible Direct Deposits, as long as SoFi Bank can validate them.

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SOBNK-Q424-078

If you enjoy driving and have access to a reliable vehicle, you may be able to use that everyday skill to make money. There are numerous ways to earn money while driving, whether through ridesharing, delivering food, or being a tour guide.

Not only is this an easy way to bring in some cash, it can be a very flexible gig. You can set your own hours or get behind the wheel when your schedule allows.

Want to learn more about all the ways you can get paid for driving? Then read on, and get ready to start your engine. Here are 11 tips on how to make money while driving.

What to Consider Before Using Your Car to Make Money

Before you set out on your new road to earning extra income, it’s wise to make sure that driving to make money is right for you. There are risks and complications when using your personal vehicle that may outweigh the potential side hustle benefits you would reap.

Consider the following before embarking on using your car to make money:

•   Wear and tear on your car. Using your car to earn money while you drive can rack up a lot of miles. An uptick in use will put stress on your vehicle, leading to its overall depreciation and potentially more trips to the mechanic.

•   Age of your vehicle. The age of your car may impact your ability to earn money. For example, some rideshare companies require newer cars.

•   Car insurance. You will need proper insurance to cover yourself and possibly a passenger. There are usually specific insurance requirements to be eligible for ridesharing and other driving gigs, so scrutinize your policy to see how car insurance works for you in this situation.

•   Taxes. If you earn more than $400 while driving your car to make money, the IRS considers you an independent contractor. Along with a Form 1040, you’ll have to fill out a Schedule C form. You’ll also be subject to the self-employment tax.

•   Cost of doing business. This isn’t necessarily a low-cost side hustle, since you’ll be responsible for gas, vehicle maintenance, and repairs. But as a self-employed worker, you’ll be able to write off those expenses and others, such as mileage, on your tax return.

Bottom line: Make sure you know what you and your car are getting into. You don’t want a scenario where you end up wasting money and your valuable time instead of earning more income.

11 Ways to Earn Money by Driving

How can I make money driving my own car?

How can I make money driving my own car? The answer depends on where you live, the kind of car you own, other skills you may have, and your personal preferences. But whether you own your car or lease it, the opportunities are out there if you’re willing to grab them.

Here are 11 suggestions on how to make money by driving:

1. Ridesharing

If you’ve ever hopped in an Uber, then you likely understand what ridesharing is all about. A driver uses their car to pick up passengers on demand. This has become a popular way to earn money while driving in recent years. You can drive as suits your schedule, and rideshare companies such as Uber and Lyft strive to make the driver sign-up process as streamlined as possible.

If you have a good driving record, a flexible schedule, and newer four-door vehicle, working for a rideshare app can potentially be a great source of extra income, especially if you’re willing to give up your Friday and Saturday nights to earn prime-hour cash. Your specific earnings will depend on how often you drive, when, and for how long, as well as where you are located. Uber drivers can earn anywhere from $7.70 to $38.65 per hour, with the average coming in at $20.29, according to Indeed.

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2. Food Delivery Service

Another way you can be driving to make money: by delivering anything from a smoothie to Pad Thai and back again. When you sign up with food delivery apps such as Uber Eats, Seamless, and Grubhub, you’ll get notifications to pick up food from participating restaurants and drive them to hungry patrons. For every delivery, you’ll get paid.

Drivers for Door Dash can earn anywhere from $7.25 to $40.00 per hour, but the national average hourly pay is $17.14, according to Indeed.

3. Delivering Groceries

If you want to earn money driving without the smell of takeout in your car, consider delivering groceries instead of prepared meals. Apps such as Instacart rely on independent drivers to shop and deliver groceries to people’s homes.

Grocery deliverers can make between $14 and $43 an hour, depending on how busy the local area where you live is. Be sure and check for any requirements. For example, to work for Instacart, you need to be age 18 or older, have a bank account, and be able to lift at least 40 pounds.

4. Delivering Goods to Others

Food isn’t the only thing you can deliver to earn money while driving. There’s a whole world of goods out there that people want delivered. Apps such as Shipt work with drug stores (like CVS) and large retailers (like Target and Lowe’s) to get people what they need.

Looking for another idea? Amazon Flex allows independent drivers to deliver packages on their own schedules for an hourly wage. They do require you to have a mid-size, four-door sedan or larger.

5. Moving Large Items for Others

If you own a van, SUV, or truck and can do some heavy lifting, you could use your vehicle and your strength to make big bucks by helping move items.

Maybe a recent grad can finally afford to move out from their parents’ place, or someone is moving to a new, nearby neighborhood. People like these often need help moving oversized items such as furniture or multiple heavy boxes a short distance.

You can check out websites like Taskrabbit or Craigslist to see if someone needs moving assistance, or register with an online service such as Dolly or GoShare that will connect you with clients.

6. Shuttling Children

With the proper qualifications, you can drive to make money by transporting children. Many working parents need help getting their kids to and from school or to their after-school activities. You can search Care.com or other childcare employment sites for part-time gigs, driving children where they need to be.

Companies such as HopSkipDrive work with school districts and independent drivers to solve child transportation issues. Most of these types of jobs require around five years of experience working with kids, in-person interviews, and background checks.

Recommended: 8 Great Flexible Part-time Jobs for Gen Z and Millennials

7. Transporting Elderly People

Some seniors need help getting around town but prefer not to use rideshare services. Check with elder-care services in your community. They may need drivers to help get their clients to a store, an activity, or a doctor’s appointment.

You will likely need similar vetting to that mentioned for chauffeuring children.

8. Driving Tours

If you have the gift of gab and knowledge of your area, being a tour guide could be a fun way to make money while driving. You could register with online companies such as ToursByLocals and create a private driver profile to promote your insider savvy. This could involve showing tourists local highlights so they can take some photos for social media, or sharing hidden treasures that they might not otherwise learn about. It’s a win-win when you use your hometown smarts to boost your financial security.

9. Putting Advertising on Your Car

Here’s a passive income idea that works, though it’s not for everyone: Consider turning your car into a mobile billboard. Companies such as Wrapify and Carvertise will match you with a local advertising campaign and supply you with temporary “wraps” for your car that promote a product. Depending on where you drive and the size of your car, you could make between $264 and $452 a month.

Typically, these businesses want to wrap cars that are on the road and visible for much of the time. If you are doing deliveries by car, this might be a way to bring in more cash.

10. Renting Out Your Car

You can make money off your car without even driving it. Companies such as Turo and Getaround allow you to rent out your vehicle à la Airbnb. They will vet borrowers, cover insurance, and provide you with a device that allows renters to unlock your car without a key.

If you don’t want to do ridesharing, let others do it for you. Companies like HyreCar arrange to lend your car to other vetted drivers who want to earn money for Lyft or Uber. But to really make some dough, you would have to be willing to part with your vehicle often.

11. Being a Safe Driver

Here’s another way that driving can bring in some cash: If you are a safe driver, you may be eligible for a bit of money. For example, Allstate will reward you with a Safe Driving Bonus every six months if you don’t get in a fender-bender.

The State Farm insurance app will track your car to determine if you are driving safely — it monitors things like staying within the speed limit and coming to a complete stop versus a rolling one. You could get up to a 30% discount on your auto insurance.

Recommended: How to Deposit Cash at an ATM

The Takeaway

If you have a vehicle, you can make extra money. Signing up with the right apps and online services can get your car (and your new income stream) up and running. Whether it’s doing deliveries, transporting a sofa, or helping a person get to their destination, you can turn your vehicle (plus your driving skills) into a profit-mobile.

Interested in opening an online bank account? When you sign up for a SoFi Checking and Savings account with eligible direct deposit, you’ll get a competitive annual percentage yield (APY), pay zero account fees, and enjoy an array of rewards, such as access to the Allpoint Network of 55,000+ fee-free ATMs globally. Qualifying accounts can even access their paycheck up to two days early.

FAQ

What are the pros of making money while driving?

By using your car to make money, you may be able to set your own hours and be your own boss. It’s also a pursuit that doesn’t require much specialized training. In many cases, you are using a skill you already have.

What are the cons of making money while driving?

Using your car to make money can place a lot of stress and miles on your vehicle. Gas and maintenance prices can really add up. Plus some pursuits, such as helping people move furniture, can be physically challenging.

Is making money with your car better as a side hustle?

Earnings from most car-driving gigs can be sporadic and unpredictable, unless you live in a major city with consistent high demand. For this reason, it may be best to have another form of steady income and drive for cash on the side.

How much can you potentially earn with your car?

How much you can make driving your car depends on the type of job and where you live. On average, Uber drivers earn $20.29 per hour, according to Indeed.

Photo credit: iStock/Hispanolistic

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Investors often pay attention to the ups and downs of economic activity — fluctuations known as the business cycle — and readjust their investments accordingly. With this business cycle investing strategy, investors typically adjust their exposure to various sectors with stocks or bonds in their portfolios. Some industries outperform during economic expansions, while others do better during contractions.

Business cycle investing is not an exact science, and past performance isn’t indicative of future returns. But historically, specific industries have prospered during each stage of the business cycle. Here’s a rundown of the different business cycle stages and which industries have been more favorable to invest in during each phase.

What Is a Business Cycle?

A business cycle refers to the periodic expansion and contraction of a nation’s economy. Also known as an economic cycle, it tracks the different stages of growth and decline in a country’s gross domestic product (GDP), or economic activity.

Worker productivity, population growth, and technological innovations are all factors that can contribute to whether an economy is going through a period of boom or bust. Such elements play a role in how many goods and services a nation’s businesses produce and how much its consumers purchase.

Other factors, such as wars, pandemics, natural disasters, and political instability, can also influence the economy. These can cause a recession to happen sooner or otherwise shift the economic environment of a nation or the world.

In the U.S., the Business Cycle Dating Committee of the National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) announces whether the economy is in a recession or a new iteration of the business cycle. Policymakers attempt to manage the business cycle by adjusting fiscal and monetary policies, such as taxes, stimulus packages, or interest rates.

Some people refer to business cycles and market cycles interchangeably. However, the business cycle measures the entire economy, while market cycles refer to the ups and downs of the stock market. Although the two can be correlated, they aren’t the same.

How Does the Business Cycle Work?

The business cycle works by alternating between periods of economic growth and decline. During the expansion phase, economic activity grows, and the economy is relatively healthy. A period of economic expansion is typically characterized by low unemployment, rising wages, and increasing consumer and business confidence.

Eventually, the economy will reach its peak and start to contract. This is typically characterized by slowing economic growth, rising unemployment, and declining consumer and business confidence. As businesses see a decline in demand, they may lay off workers or reduce production, leading to a downward spiral of declining economic activity.

The trough phase is the lowest point in the business cycle. Economic activity is at its weakest, and unemployment is at its highest. This phase is also known as the recession bottom. From here, the economy begins to recover, and the business cycle starts over again.

How Reliable Is the Business Cycle?

The business cycle is a reliable pattern of economic activity observed over time, but it is not always predictable. Business cycles tend to follow a similar pattern, with periods of expansion followed by periods of contraction, but each phase’s timing, length, and severity can vary significantly.

Stages of the Business Life Cycle

There are four stages of the business cycle, which fall into two phases: a growth phase of expansion and a declining phase of contraction. A business cycle can last anywhere from one year to 10 or more years. Since 1945, there have been 12 business cycles.

Stage 1: Recession

The recession phase is the lowest point in the business cycle. Also known as the contraction phase, a weak economy and high unemployment define this period.

GDP, profits, sales, and economic activity decline during this stage. Credit is tight for both consumers and businesses due to the policies set during the last business cycle. It’s a vicious cycle of falling production, incomes, employment, and GDP.

The intensity of a recession is measured by looking at the three Ds:

•   Depth: The measure of peak-to-trough decline in sales, income, employment, and output. The trough is the lowest point the GDP reaches during a cycle. Before World War II, recessions used to be much deeper than they are now.

•   Diffusion: How far the recession spreads across industries, regions, and activities.

•   Duration: The amount of time between the peak and the trough.

A severe recession is called a depression. Depressions have deeper troughs and last longer than recessions. The only depression that has happened thus far was the Great Depression, which lasted 3.5 years, beginning in 1929.

Recessions generally lead to shifts in monetary policy and government spending that lead to a recovery phase.

Stage 2: Early Cycle

Following a recession, the economy enters an expansion phase, where there tends to be a sharp recovery as growth begins to accelerate. The stock market tends to rise the most during this stage, which generally lasts about one year. Because of loose monetary policy by the central bank, interest rates are low, so businesses and consumers can borrow more money for growth and investment. GDP begins to increase.

Just as a recession is a vicious cycle, recovery is a virtuous cycle of rising income, employment, GDP, and production. And similar to the three D’s, a recovery period, which includes Stages 2-4, is measured using three P’s: how pronounced, pervasive, and persistent the expansion is.

Stage 3: Mid-Cycle

The mid-cycle phase is generally the longest phase of the business cycle, with moderate growth throughout. On average, the mid-cycle phase lasts three years. Monetary policies shift toward a neutral state: interest rates are higher, credit is strong, and companies are profitable.

Stage 4: Late Cycle

At this stage, economic activity reaches its highest point, and while growth continues, its pace decelerates. Monetary policies become tight due to rising inflation and low unemployment, making it harder for people to borrow money. The GDP rate begins to plateau or slow.

Companies may be engaging in reckless expansions, and investors are overconfident, which increases the price of assets beyond their actual value. Late cycles last a year and a half on average.

What Industries Do Well During Each Stage?

Historically different industries have prospered during each stage of the business cycle, depending on whether they are cyclical or non-cyclical stocks.

When money is tight and people are concerned about the economy, they cut back on certain purchases, such as vacations and pricey clothes. Also, when people anticipate a recession, they tend to sell stocks and move into less-risky assets, causing the market to decline.

Industries do better or worse depending on supply and demand, and the need for specific products shifts throughout the business cycle. In general, the following sectors perform well during each stage of the business cycle:

Recession

During the recession phase, the lowest point in the business cycle, economic activity is at its weakest, and unemployment is at its highest. Many industries may struggle during this phase, especially those dependent on consumer spending or business investment.

However, certain industries are able to weather the storm during a recession because they offer products and services that people need no matter how the economy is performing. These industries include healthcare, consumer staples, and utilities.

Recommended: How to Invest During a Recession

Early Cycle

During the early cycle expansion phase, when economic activity is growing and the economy is healthy, many industries tend to do well. These can include consumer-oriented sectors, such as retail and leisure, as well as industries that benefit from increased business investment, such as construction and manufacturing. Other sectors that benefit from increased borrowing due to low interest rates include financial services, real estate, and household durables.

Mid-Cycle

During the mid-cycle phase, when the economy is operating near full capacity, some industries may start to see slowing growth or declining profits. These can include industries sensitive to changes in consumer demand or highly competitive, such as technology and media. However, some industries perform well during the mid-cycle, like information technology and energy, because companies in these areas deploy capital that helps them grow.

Late Cycle

During the late cycle, economic activity slows down and the labor market shows signs of weakness. Additionally, the economy may face inflationary pressures due to the previous period of economic growth and low unemployment. While this inflationary pressure and economic slowdown negatively impact many industries, utilities and energy companies may do well during this period. Additionally, investors could research stocks that do well during volatility.

Who Should Invest With the Business Cycle?

Business cycle investing involves trying to anticipate changes in the business cycle and buying or selling assets based on the expected performance of those assets during different phases of the business cycle. For example, an investor following a business cycle investing strategy might buy stocks when the economy is expanding and sell them before the peak in anticipation of a downturn.

However, this active online investing strategy is not suited for everyone. Investing and rebalancing a portfolio with the business cycle is difficult because timing the market is easier said than none. Business cycle investing is best for investors who have the time to stay up to date with the latest economic indicators and stock market news while also having the risk tolerance to time the market.

In contrast, some investors prefer a long-term buy and hold strategy, in which they don’t try to time the market and make few changes to their portfolio. For many investors, that may actually be a wiser strategy, though it’ll depend on the individual investor’s preferences, strategy, and goals.

Recommended: Is Stock Market Timing a Smart Investment Strategy?

Pros and Cons of Business Cycle Investing

Business cycle investing involves trying to anticipate and profit from changes in the business cycle. The goal is to buy assets likely to do well during certain business cycle phases and sell them before the next phase begins.

However, investors should note that the business cycle is not always predictable, and there are no guarantees that a business cycle investing strategy will be successful. Thus, it’s good to consider the pros and cons of business cycle investing.

Pros

The advantages of using a business cycle investing approach include the following:

•   The ability to potentially profit from changes in the business cycle: By anticipating and acting on changes in the business cycle, investors may profit from the upswing of a recovery or the downtrend of a recession.

•   A framework for decision-making: The business cycle provides a framework for analyzing economic trends and making investment decisions. This can help investors make more informed decisions about buying or selling assets.

•   Diversification: Business cycle investing can help investors diversify their portfolio by adding assets likely to do well in different phases of the business cycle.

Cons

The disadvantages of using a business cycle investing approach include the following:

•   Difficulty in predicting the business cycle: The business cycle is not always predictable, and it can be difficult to anticipate changes in the economic environment. This can make it challenging for investors to implement a business cycle investing strategy successfully.

•   Market volatility: Business cycle investing can involve buying and selling assets at different points in the business cycle, exposing investors to stock volatility.

•   Opportunity cost: By focusing on the business cycle, investors may fail to take advantage of opportunities to invest in assets that are not correlated to the business cycle but may still provide strong returns.

The Takeaway

No business cycle is identical, but history shows there can be a rough pattern to which industries do better as the economy expands and contracts. Investors can take cues from which stage of the business cycle the economy is in order to allocate money to different sectors.

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FAQ

What is an investment cycle exactly?

An investment cycle is a pattern of investment activity that occurs over time, usually in conjunction with the business cycle. It is typically characterized by periods of rising prices followed by periods of declining prices. The length and severity of the investment cycle can vary, and various factors, including economic conditions, market trends, and investor sentiment, can influence it.

How long are investment cycles?

The length of investment cycles can vary significantly, depending on economic activity and investor sentiment. Some investment cycles may last only a few months, while others may last several years or more.

What are the 4 stages of investment cycles?

The four stages of an investment cycle are expansion, peak, contraction, and trough.