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Guide To Static vs Flexible Budgets

A budget is a great way to take control of your money: It gives you vital intel about your earnings, spending, and saving while providing guidance so you can hit your financial goals.

That said, a key step in the budgeting process is finding the right technique for you. Which is why it can be helpful to learn about two different budget types that are often used in business accounting. The two varieties, a static budget and a flexible budget, can apply them to your personal finances.

A static budget presets your spending limits per category, but doesn’t vary with real-time events, like an unexpected car repair bill or low-earning quarter. When you use a flexible budget, however, you can adjust amounts month by month or even week after week.

Depending on your personal and financial style, one type of budget may work better than another for you. This guide will explain each approach and spell out their pros and cons so you can pick what will work best for you.

What Is Flexible Budgeting?

What is a flexible budget? It’s a way of tracking and managing your money that relies on current information. It does not stay fixed. Rather, you can review the data — what’s coming in and what’s going out — and adjust accordingly. So if a client doesn’t pay his bill one month as you expected or an unexpected expense pops up, you can juggle things around a bit.

You might temporarily cut some discretionary expenses, such as entertainment or clothing, for example.

💡 Quick Tip: Want to save more, spend smarter? Let your bank manage the basics. It’s surprisingly easy, and secure, when you open an online bank account.

What Is Static Budgeting?

A static budget vs. a flexible budget is more rigid. Sometimes referred to as a master budget, a static budget can be a good way to establish financial guardrails. You always know how much you have allotted to pay for certain expenses.

Say you typically spend $500 a month on groceries. In a static budget, that is the amount that will be earmarked, regardless of whether, say, you are throwing a 30th birthday party for a pal and need to load up on supplies for charcuterie boards.

The budget won’t vary, and you may perhaps have to figure out how to make it work.

Comparing Static vs Flexible Budgeting

Here, you’ll learn about the differences between static vs. flexible budgets by exploring the pros and cons of each.

Pros and Cons of Flexible Budgeting

Here’s a closer look at flexible budgeting, starting with the upsides.

Pros of Flexible Budgeting

If you review the different budgeting methods and choose a flexible one, you will likely enjoy these positives:

•   Reflects income fluctuations. If you work as a freelancer, a seasonal employee, or on commission, you are used to the ups and downs of your earning. With a flexible budget, this variation is acknowledged and addressed.

•   Adjusts for changing expenses. A flexible budget can help you account for shifts in spending, such as needing to shell out for a new phone or getting a month of free rent when you move to a new apartment.

•   Allows for spontaneity. It can let you jump on an opportunity, like a chance to go to London for half-price when you find a killer deal online.

Cons of Flexible Budgeting

Next, consider the downsides of flexible budgeting.

•   Requires time and energy. Because it isn’t a “set it and forget it” method of budgeting, it means you need to check in regularly on your income, spending, and saving to stay on track.

•   Limits your ability to plan. Since you are adjusting and recalibrating, that may detract from how well you can map out and achieve your financial goals.

•   May minimize accountability. If you know your budget is flexible, you may feel as if you have license to deviate from your money management habits. You may give yourself permission to overspend (like that half-price trip to London mentioned above.)

Pros and Cons of Static Budgeting

Here’s the lowdown on static budgets so you can decide if they suit your personal and financial style.

Pros of Static Budgeting

First, the positives about these budgets:

•   Provides structure. A static budget is a rigorous way of tracking and managing your money. You determine how much cash goes where and then follow those guidelines. It tells you what you can and can’t do month to month.

•   Needs little maintenance. As mentioned before, this is a “set it and forget it” type of plan, not one that needs constant adjustment.

•   Can enhance goal-setting. This kind of plan helps you prioritize and follow through. If you are trying to sock away money for the future (whether that means a vacation next year or the down payment on a house several years down the road), a static budget can help you hit your marks without fail.

Cons of Static Budgeting

That said, there are downsides to static budgets:

•   Can be too rigid. Life happens: You try the new Brazilian steakhouse in your neighborhood and blow your dining out budget. You get hit with an unexpected car repair bill. A static budget doesn’t give you wiggle room.

•   Can be discouraging. A corollary to the above point: Some people feel less motivated to follow a budget when they feel it doesn’t “get” what’s going on in their life. It may lead them to be less diligent about tracking their expenses and money in general.

If you aren’t sure which budgeting method is best for you between static budgets and flexible budgets, a hybrid approach might be appropriate. That could include:

•   Setting up a master budget at the beginning of the year based on projections and using it as a guide.

•   Tracking costs as the year progresses and making adjustments when necessary.

•   Using that information and learning to better inform next year’s plan.

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7 Steps to Start Budgeting

The point of a budget — whether you’re a freelancer or a full-time employee — is to spend less than you earn so you can save and reach future financial goals. Here are a few steps for budgeting for beginners; they could help you get started.

💡 Quick Tip: If you’re saving for a short-term goal — whether it’s a vacation, a wedding, or the down payment on a house — consider opening a high-yield savings account. The higher APY that you’ll earn will help your money grow faster, but the funds stay liquid, so they are easy to access when you reach your goal.

1. Figuring out What You Spend

If you aren’t already tracking your spending, that may be a good place to begin. There are several ways to do this, from carrying around a small notebook and writing down every expense to using a spreadsheet to downloading an app on your phone (your financial institution may offer a good option).

•   Understand your fixed expenses. Once you’ve tracked your spending for a few months, you can determine your average spending in various recurring categories. Some of this will be fairly easy, because the costs are often the same (housing, car payment, student loans, etc.).

•   Get a handle on variable expenses. Your discretionary expenses will likely vary from month to month or at different times of year. Utility costs may go up or down, for instance, depending on the season. Or your travel costs may go up if you take a summer vacation. And some costs, such as clothing, entertainment, and household goods, will be more discretionary than others.

•   Don’t skip important items. Be sure to include commonly forgotten expenses, such as pet-care costs and charitable donations. If you’re self-employed, you may want to consider taxes, retirement savings, insurance, and other expenses that others might have automatically withdrawn from their paychecks every month.

2. Determining What You’ll Earn

Pinning down how much you can expect to earn is often much easier for those with regular paychecks. If you’re self-employed but have steady clients who pay on time, or your job is a mix of paychecks and tips or commissions, you may be able to come up with a fairly accurate estimate.

But if you’re a freelancer or contractor whose work and pay varies widely from month to month, it can be a challenge to set this amount.

•   Example: You can use your spreadsheet or tracking app to determine an average amount earned ($4,000 in July + $5,000 in August + $3,000 in September would be $4,000 a month, for example). This may give you a more realistic number on which to base your budget calculations than guessing (or hoping) that you’ll make a certain amount.

3. Creating a Budget Using What You’ve Found

Here’s where you can make a budget that you want to use.

•   With a static budget, you would set spending limits and stick with them throughout the year.

•   With a flexible budget formula, you would set spending limits, but adjust when necessary: If you make less than expected, you spend less than you planned.

•   If you see that you’re spending more in one category than expected, you can shift allocations or find ways to cut recurring costs like your cable bill, haircuts or pedicures, or gym membership.

•   If it looks as if you’re headed for a long-term shortfall, and you just can’t cut it any tighter, you may have to find a way to earn extra money by taking on a side gig or perhaps raising your freelance rates. What’s important is setting a realistic budget, so you can stick with it.

4. Considering the 50/30/20 Plan

Looking for flexibility, but don’t want a budget you have to rework every month? You may be a candidate for the 50/30/20 budgeting method, which was made popular by Sen. Elizabeth Warren and her daughter, Amelia Warren Tyagi.

The plan suggests the following:

•   Putting 50% of after-tax income toward essentials like rent and food, as well as minimum debt payments.

•   Allocating 30% toward discretionary spending, or the fun stuff in life.

•   Committing 20% toward savings.

This method also makes sense for people who are on a steady salary as well as those who don’t have a steady income, because it’s based on percentages. And those percentages are just a guideline for getting started, so you can shift the amounts to make it work for your finances.

You can save more or less, depending on what you’re earning or what long-term debts you have. Or you might move a few percentage points from discretionary spending to cover essentials if you live in a city with higher housing or transportation costs.

5. Building a Backup Fund

If possible, consider making an emergency savings account a priority. Life has unexpected ups and downs for everyone, and financial experts’ recommend that you build up to three to six months’ worth of living expenses in the bank.

This can help protect you if, say, you were to lose your job or face a large, unexpected expense. It can help you stay afloat and avoid racking up high-interest credit card debt.

An emergency fund can be especially important for freelancers and other self-employed workers. If you have a slow month or quarter (or get injured or sick), that money can tide you over.

Even if saving anything at all seems daunting, don’t worry or give up. Starting small, with a $100 or $200 deposit or the addition of $20 at a time can be better than never starting at all.

6. Splurging Responsibly

With a personal budget, cost-cutting measures can be a sign of fiscal responsibility, but if you can’t splurge every once in a while, it may make it harder to stick to your overall plan.

So how can you splurge responsibly? Living on a budget doesn’t mean you don’t get to have fun! Maybe you earmark $25 a week for fun little purchases if you’re the kind who loves getting a gelato or buying a book from time to time. Or you might choose to put any bonuses, unexpected earnings, and tax refunds straight into the bank with a trip or some other big spend in mind.

Or you could build the extravagance into your budget, with a category specifically for vacations or travel, or one for home renovations, and deposit that amount into a separate account just for that purpose.

7. Thinking About Tomorrow

A smart personal finance budget involves saving for retirement. Many experts recommend signing up ASAP if your employer offers a 401(k) or some other retirement plan — especially if there’s a matching contribution involved. If an employer plan isn’t available to you, you may still want to make it a goal to invest something each month in a traditional IRA, Roth IRA, or Simplified Employee Pension (SEP) IRA.

With a traditional IRA or SEP, you can defer paying taxes on the money you invest until you take withdrawals in retirement, which can keep you in a lower-tax bracket.

Or, if you’re nervous about tying up the money that long, you could go with an after-tax Roth account, which allows you to withdraw contributions (but not earnings) at any time. You can open an IRA at a brokerage, bank, or other financial services provider.

Savings With SoFi

If you’re convinced you should use a budget — static or flexible — or are already doing so, it’s wise to keep your money with a financial institution that helps you track your spending and make the most of your cash. Like SoFi.
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Interested in opening an online bank account? When you sign up for a SoFi Checking and Savings account with direct deposit, you’ll get a competitive annual percentage yield (APY), pay zero account fees, and enjoy an array of rewards, such as access to the Allpoint Network of 55,000+ fee-free ATMs globally. Qualifying accounts can even access their paycheck up to two days early.


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FAQ

What is the difference between a fixed and flexible budget?

Here’s the difference between a fixed vs. flexible budget: With a fixed budget, it’s expected that your income, spending categories, and savings will remain constant. With a flexible budget, there is wiggle room for adjusting and updating these numbers.

What is an example of a fixed budget?

With a fixed budget, the numbers for earnings, spending, and saving would be set and then stay constant. It would be assumed, say, that your housing expenses, your dining out and clothing spending, and your retirement savings will be steady, month after month.

What is an example of a flexible budget?

An example of a flexible budget is one that varies and takes into account the ups and downs of income, spending, and saving. For instance, it might add a category for gift-buying in December as the holidays approach, or drop in a sum of vacation spending in July.


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SoFi members with direct deposit activity can earn 4.60% annual percentage yield (APY) on savings balances (including Vaults) and 0.50% APY on checking balances. Direct Deposit means a deposit to an account holder’s SoFi Checking or Savings account, including payroll, pension, or government payments (e.g., Social Security), made by the account holder’s employer, payroll or benefits provider or government agency (“Direct Deposit”) via the Automated Clearing House (“ACH”) Network during a 30-day Evaluation Period (as defined below). Deposits that are not from an employer or government agency, including but not limited to check deposits, peer-to-peer transfers (e.g., transfers from PayPal, Venmo, etc.), merchant transactions (e.g., transactions from PayPal, Stripe, Square, etc.), and bank ACH funds transfers and wire transfers from external accounts, do not constitute Direct Deposit activity. There is no minimum Direct Deposit amount required to qualify for the stated interest rate.

SoFi members with Qualifying Deposits can earn 4.60% APY on savings balances (including Vaults) and 0.50% APY on checking balances. Qualifying Deposits means one or more deposits that, in the aggregate, are equal to or greater than $5,000 to an account holder’s SoFi Checking and Savings account (“Qualifying Deposits”) during a 30-day Evaluation Period (as defined below). Qualifying Deposits only include those deposits from the following eligible sources: (i) ACH transfers, (ii) inbound wire transfers, (iii) peer-to-peer transfers (i.e., external transfers from PayPal, Venmo, etc. and internal peer-to-peer transfers from a SoFi account belonging to another account holder), (iv) check deposits, (v) instant funding to your SoFi Bank Debit Card, (vi) push payments to your SoFi Bank Debit Card, and (vii) cash deposits. Qualifying Deposits do not include: (i) transfers between an account holder’s Checking account, Savings account, and/or Vaults; (ii) interest payments; (iii) bonuses issued by SoFi Bank or its affiliates; or (iv) credits, reversals, and refunds from SoFi Bank, N.A. (“SoFi Bank”) or from a merchant.

SoFi Bank shall, in its sole discretion, assess each account holder’s Direct Deposit activity and Qualifying Deposits throughout each 30-Day Evaluation Period to determine the applicability of rates and may request additional documentation for verification of eligibility. The 30-Day Evaluation Period refers to the “Start Date” and “End Date” set forth on the APY Details page of your account, which comprises a period of 30 calendar days (the “30-Day Evaluation Period”). You can access the APY Details page at any time by logging into your SoFi account on the SoFi mobile app or SoFi website and selecting either (i) Banking > Savings > Current APY or (ii) Banking > Checking > Current APY. Upon receiving a Direct Deposit or $5,000 in Qualifying Deposits to your account, you will begin earning 4.60% APY on savings balances (including Vaults) and 0.50% on checking balances on or before the following calendar day. You will continue to earn these APYs for (i) the remainder of the current 30-Day Evaluation Period and through the end of the subsequent 30-Day Evaluation Period and (ii) any following 30-day Evaluation Periods during which SoFi Bank determines you to have Direct Deposit activity or $5,000 in Qualifying Deposits without interruption.

SoFi Bank reserves the right to grant a grace period to account holders following a change in Direct Deposit activity or Qualifying Deposits activity before adjusting rates. If SoFi Bank grants you a grace period, the dates for such grace period will be reflected on the APY Details page of your account. If SoFi Bank determines that you did not have Direct Deposit activity or $5,000 in Qualifying Deposits during the current 30-day Evaluation Period and, if applicable, the grace period, then you will begin earning the rates earned by account holders without either Direct Deposit or Qualifying Deposits until you have Direct Deposit activity or $5,000 in Qualifying Deposits in a subsequent 30-Day Evaluation Period. For the avoidance of doubt, an account holder with both Direct Deposit activity and Qualifying Deposits will earn the rates earned by account holders with Direct Deposit.

Members without either Direct Deposit activity or Qualifying Deposits, as determined by SoFi Bank, during a 30-Day Evaluation Period and, if applicable, the grace period, will earn 1.20% APY on savings balances (including Vaults) and 0.50% APY on checking balances.

Interest rates are variable and subject to change at any time. These rates are current as of 10/24/2023. There is no minimum balance requirement. Additional information can be found at https://www.sofi.com/legal/banking-rate-sheet.


Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

Tax Information: This article provides general background information only and is not intended to serve as legal or tax advice or as a substitute for legal counsel. You should consult your own attorney and/or tax advisor if you have a question requiring legal or tax advice.

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Who’s Eligible for the Nurse Corps Loan Repayment Program?

Working as a nurse can be a fulfilling career with plenty of job opportunities. However, working as a nurse also requires you to meet specific educational and certification requirements, which could mean taking on student loan debt.

Fortunately, the federal government anticipated this issue, and it’s trying to put nurses in places with the most need while helping them get out of debt. If you commit to working in a high-need or shortage area for a certain period of time, you could qualify for forgiveness of your student loan debt.

The Nurse Corps Loan Repayment Program , one of the student loan forgiveness programs for nurses, can be a great help for nurses who find themselves overwhelmed by student loan debt . Read on to learn how the program works, including how much loan forgiveness it offers and how to qualify.

Requirements for the Nurse Corps Loan Repayment Program

To be considered for the Nurse Corps Loan Repayment program, there are some key requirements you have to meet. Checking off as many of the eligibility requirements as possible will give you the best chance of success.

So, what are the requirements? They include:

•   Being a U.S. citizen, U.S. national, or permanent resident who is licensed as a registered nurse.

•   Working full-time at one of the Critical Shortage Facilities the government recognizes in an underserved area or at a nursing school.

•   Graduating with a nursing degree from an accredited nursing school in the U.S. or its territories.

Since the program is so competitive, the government gives preference to nurses with the greatest financial need. For nurse faculty applicants, it gives preference to those who work in a school where at least 50% of the students are from a disadvantaged background.


💡 Quick Tip: Get flexible terms and competitive rates when you refinance your student loan with SoFi.

Nurse Corps Loan Repayment Program Service Commitment

Many U.S. residents go without needed treatment because there’s a shortage of healthcare workers where they live. By participating in the Nurse Corps Loan Repayment program, you can realize your passion for providing care to people who really need it.

Specifically, you must commit to working in a Critical Shortage Facility full-time for two years. In some cases, nurses can elect to continue for an additional year.

Once your service commitment to the Nurse Corp Loan Repayment Program is complete, the program will pay 60% of your unpaid nursing debt. If you can get a one-year extension, the government will pay back 25% of the original loan balance. Keep in mind you’ll have to pay taxes on the amount of the loan repayment you receive.

Are There Other Loan Repayment Options for Nurses?

As a nurse, there are other repayment options worth exploring that could help you manage your student debt. Here are a few options to check out:

•   National Health Service Corps Loan Repayment Program: If you’re a nurse practitioner, you can tap into this program. In exchange for working two-years at an approved site , the National Health Service Corps Loan Repayment Program provides up to $50,000 in loan repayment to full-time workers and up to $25,000 to half-time workers. If you’re selected to continue past the service term, you can get more debt paid off.

•   Apply for income-driven repayment. If you’re having trouble keeping up with payments on your federal student loans, consider applying for an income-driven plan like the SAVE Plan. These plans adjust your monthly payments to a percentage of your discretionary income while extending your loan terms. If you still owe a balance at the end of your term, it will be forgiven.

•   Consolidate your federal loans. Federal Direct loan consolidation involves combining your federal loans into one new loan with a new interest rate. You can also choose a new repayment plan and may qualify for terms as long as 30 years, depending on your loan amount.

Another Option: Refinancing

With competition so high for loan repayment programs, many applicants won’t be selected. And if you’re not working at a Critical Shortage Facility, you’re not going to qualify. Others may complete their service commitment, but still struggle with student loan debt. But there’s another option to consider that can help you manage student loan debt beyond the Nurse Corps Loan Payment Program or the National Health Service Corps Loan Repayment Program.

Refinancing your student loans can make sense for borrowers who are established in their careers and have built up a solid credit rating. Depending on your credit score and other factors, you could qualify for a lower interest rate than you have now.

You also have the option of choosing a fixed-rate loan or a variable-rate loan. If you like the idea of having a set payment amount, month after month, a fixed-rate loan fits the bill. If you can live with flexibility, a variable-rate loan follows the market, which means it could start lower but then rise. Of course, when rates rise, so does your payment amount.

All that said, refinancing federal student loans can have a major downside. If you refinance federal loans with a private lender, you’ll lose eligibility for federal programs, including income-driven repayment and federal loan forgiveness programs. Make sure you’re not relying on any federal benefits before refinancing federal loans, since you can’t reverse the process after it’s done.

Looking to lower your monthly student loan payment? Refinancing may be one way to do it — by extending your loan term, getting a lower interest rate than what you currently have, or both. (Please note that refinancing federal loans makes them ineligible for federal forgiveness and protections. Also, lengthening your loan term may mean paying more in interest over the life of the loan.) SoFi student loan refinancing offers flexible terms that fit your budget.


With SoFi, refinancing is fast, easy, and all online. We offer competitive fixed and variable rates.


SoFi Student Loan Refinance
If you are a federal student loan borrower, you should consider all of your repayment opportunities including the opportunity to refinance your student loan debt at a lower APR or to extend your term to achieve a lower monthly payment. Please note that once you refinance federal student loans you will no longer be eligible for current or future flexible payment options available to federal loan borrowers, including but not limited to income-based repayment plans or extended repayment plans.


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SoFi loans are originated by SoFi Bank, N.A., NMLS #696891 (Member FDIC). For additional product-specific legal and licensing information, see SoFi.com/legal. Equal Housing Lender.


Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.


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Do Student Loans Count as Income?

On top of sorting out whether you’re eligible for federal student loans and the difference between subsidized and unsubsidized loans, you may be wondering how student loans may impact your taxes and whether student loans count as income. In a nutshell, the answer is no, student loans are debt, and do not count as income.

Fellowships and other forms of financial grants, however, may be counted as income, depending on how the funds are spent. And loans that are forgiven have counted as income.

Read on for more about the tax implications of student loans, grants, and student loan repayment. Of course, this is just a helpful guide as you begin to explore the basics of student loans and taxes; always seek out a tax professional to help you with your specific situation.

Are Student Loans Taxable?

There are multiple types of student loans — each with their own unique terms. As noted earlier, though, student loans are not taxed as income.

This is true of other types of loans generally as well, like credit card spending, mortgages, and personal loans (unless the loan is forgiven) — basically most credit that needs to be repaid. The IRS considers student loans a form of debt — not income — therefore, it is not taxed.

The only time that student loans (or other types of debt) can be taxed is if they are forgiven during repayment. If you are eligible for a federal student loan forgiveness program and have met the requirements (which vary, and may include stipulations like making eligible payments for 20 to 25 years via an income-driven repayment plan or completing eligible public service work/payment requirements, and others), the remaining balance on your student loans (the amount forgiven) may be taxed as income, depending on the repayment plan. This could amount to a hefty tax bill.

Are Scholarships Taxable?

The high-level answer to this question is: it depends. There are many different forms of scholarships, grants, and fellowships that are awarded to students to cover the costs of studying and research. Some are need-based and some are merit-based. The basic difference between scholarships and loans is that a scholarship is given while a loan is borrowed. You won’t typically have to pay back a scholarship, but you do have to pay back a loan.

Most scholarships are not taxed when you are enrolled in a formal educational institution and the scholarship is directly used to cover the costs of tuition, fees, books, and supplies used for study.

There are some situations in which scholarships can be taxed, however. For instance, a scholarship can be taxed as income if you use it to cover what are considered “incidental” expenses related to your education such as travel, room and board, and supplementary equipment and supplies.

Another type of scholarship that can be taxed is a scholarship that has a service-related requirement to it. This frequently applies to scholarships for graduate students. If you are required to teach, provide research assistance, or perform other services as a condition of your scholarship, it can be taxed as income and you will be required to report the scholarship as part of your gross income.

(For more about which types of scholarships are considered income and what scholarship-related activities are taxable, check out IRS Publication 970 .)


💡 Quick Tip: Get flexible terms and competitive rates when you refinance your student loan with SoFi.

Do Student Loans Come with Any Tax Benefits?

Student loans aren’t usually taxable as income, and in fact, may come with a tax benefit that is meant to make repayment a little easier on borrowers investing in their education.

The Student Loan Interest Deduction allows you to deduct the amount of interest you paid on both federal and private student loans, up to a maximum of $2,500 per year. In order to be eligible to deduct the full amount, your modified adjusted gross income (AGI) must be $70,000 or less (or $145,000 for married couples filing jointly). The amount you’re allowed to deduct is gradually reduced if your modified AGI is more $70,000 but less than $85,000 (or more than $145,000 but less than $175,000 for married couples filing jointly. Income above these thresholds renders you ineligible for the deduction.

As a tax deduction, the amount deducted helps to lower your overall taxable income, potentially resulting in a lower tax bill or higher tax refund. This deduction can also help defray some of your repayment costs.

Are Employer Student Loan Payments Taxable?

An increasingly popular benefit offered in some workplaces is help with education costs and student loan repayment. Employers such as Aetna, Fidelity Investments, Google, and more offer student loan assistance programs to employees.

Currently, employers are allowed to contribute up to $5,250 toward employees’ qualified education costs tax-free. Payments or reimbursements above that amount are considered taxable income for the employee. It’s important to note that this special tax treatment is temporary, however, and expires December 31, 2025. After this date, the full amount of any employer contributions toward education expenses or student loan repayment will be taxed as income.

How Can I Make My Student Loan Repayment Easier?

The cost of a student loan comes in the form of the interest you pay each month on the balance owed. Consider this example: Say you have a $30,000 loan with a 7% interest rate. On the 10-year Standard Repayment Plan, you would pay roughly $11,800 in interest in addition to repaying the $30,000 principal.

So what can make repayment easier, other than the student loan interest deduction? One option is to refinance your student loans with a private lender.

If you already have private and/or federal student loans, you may be able to refinance your student loans at a lower interest rate than you currently are paying. If you are eligible to refinance your student loans, you could shorten your term length, qualify to lower the interest rate on your loans, or possibly lower your monthly payment (by extending your term). But you may pay more interest over the life of the loan if you refinance with an extended term.

There are other potential drawbacks to think about. For instance, federal student loans come with several benefits and protections such as forbearance, deferment, income-driven repayment plans, and certain forgiveness programs that private loans do not offer. If you think you might need some of these benefits, or if you are eligible for student loan forgiveness, it might not be the right time to refinance.

However, if you have a steady income and good cash flow — along with other aspects of your financial picture that are appealing to a lender — and you are ready to focus on paying down your loans, refinancing might be the right solution for you.

SoFi is a leader in the student loan space, offering refinancing options to help you save on the loans you already have.

The Takeaway

Generally, student loans are not considered income, so they are not taxed. The exception is when some or all of your student loan balance is forgiven. In some cases, the IRS may count the canceled debt as taxable income.

Educational grants and scholarships, on the other hand, may or may not count as income. Typically, they are taxed when they are spent on expenses outside of tuition and fees, such as room and board and travel.

Looking to lower your monthly student loan payment? Refinancing may be one way to do it — by extending your loan term, getting a lower interest rate than what you currently have, or both. (Please note that refinancing federal loans makes them ineligible for federal forgiveness and protections. Also, lengthening your loan term may mean paying more in interest over the life of the loan.) SoFi student loan refinancing offers flexible terms that fit your budget.


With SoFi, refinancing is fast, easy, and all online. We offer competitive fixed and variable rates.


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Please borrow responsibly. SoFi Private Student Loans are not a substitute for federal loans, grants, and work-study programs. You should exhaust all your federal student aid options before you consider any private loans, including ours. Read our FAQs. SoFi Private Student Loans are subject to program terms and restrictions, and applicants must meet SoFi’s eligibility and underwriting requirements. See SoFi.com/eligibility-criteria for more information. To view payment examples, click here. SoFi reserves the right to modify eligibility criteria at any time. This information is subject to change.


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SoFi loans are originated by SoFi Bank, N.A., NMLS #696891 (Member FDIC). For additional product-specific legal and licensing information, see SoFi.com/legal. Equal Housing Lender.


SoFi Student Loan Refinance
If you are a federal student loan borrower, you should consider all of your repayment opportunities including the opportunity to refinance your student loan debt at a lower APR or to extend your term to achieve a lower monthly payment. Please note that once you refinance federal student loans you will no longer be eligible for current or future flexible payment options available to federal loan borrowers, including but not limited to income-based repayment plans or extended repayment plans.


Tax Information: This article provides general background information only and is not intended to serve as legal or tax advice or as a substitute for legal counsel. You should consult your own attorney and/or tax advisor if you have a question requiring legal or tax advice.

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

External Websites: The information and analysis provided through hyperlinks to third-party websites, while believed to be accurate, cannot be guaranteed by SoFi. Links are provided for informational purposes and should not be viewed as an endorsement.

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Buy Side vs Sell Side

The buy side and sell side are two fundamental aspects of the financial markets. As it sounds the buy side refers to investment companies (including pension funds, hedge funds, money managers) that buy securities for their clients. The sell side is involved in the creation, selling, or issuing of the securities that the buy side then purchases.

Within the buy side and sell side there are different roles and dynamics at play.

Buy Side vs Sell Side: Key Differences

Buy side and sell side are like two faces of the financial and capital markets coin, but there are some key differences between the two.

Buy Side

Sell Side

Buy-siders do their own research, but their reports are proprietary and only available to buy-side clients. Sell-siders do their own research and reports and make them publicly available.
Buy-side research analysts tend to build a list of sell-side analysts in relevant sectors from which to get reports, technical analysis, and information they rely on. Sell-side analysts dig deep in their research, get narrow in their focus, and typically develop an area of strong expertise.

What Is the Buy Side?

The buy side is the part of the capital market that buys and invests large quantities of securities as part of money management and/or fund management. On the buy side, professionals and investors invest in securities, including common shares, preferred shares, bonds, derivatives, and other products that are sold — or issued — by the sell side.

Think of the buy side as the firms that purchase investment securities for their own funds or accounts or for investors.

For instance, a fund management or asset management firm might run a fund or set of funds. Naturally, they look for assets that match the fund’s objectives. A buy-side portfolio manager might learn of a new tech product that sounds promising. After doing research on the company and determining whether it was a wise investment, the PM might purchase shares of that company.

💡 Quick Tip: Before opening an investment account, know your investment objectives, time horizon, and risk tolerance. These fundamentals will help keep your strategy on track and with the aim of meeting your goals.

What Is the Role of a Buy-Side Analyst?

Both the buy side and the sell side employ ranks of analysts that in some ways do similar work — but with different aims.

Buy-side analysts do extensive research before recommending whether their firm should purchase a certain security. The goal of a buy-side analyst is to be right as often as possible — because being correct corresponds to profit for their firm and their clients.

In addition to gathering their own information and conducting analysis on a given sector, buy-side analysts get to know the best analysts on the sell side whose research is relevant and reliable.

The relationship between buy-side and sell-side analysts can be seen as mutually beneficial. The more trustworthy a sell-side analyst’s research is, the more likely the buy-sider will be to recommend purchasing securities from the sell-side firm. Thus the buy-side indirectly plays into the sell-side’s compensation.

Buy-Side Goals

The goal of the buy side is to beat their benchmark indexes, and generate financial returns for clients.

Buy-siders put capital to work. They typically have a pool of funds they use to invest in securities. Professionals on the buy side typically work in portfolio management, wealth management, private equity, hedge funds and sometimes venture capital. Buy-side companies work to identify and buy underpriced, undervalued, or high-potential securities for clients in order to make the highest profit on their trades.

Buy-side investors can place large-scale transactions to keep trading costs low. They also have access to a wide variety of trading resources to help them identify, analyze, and quickly make a move on investment opportunities, often in real time. Buy siders must disclose their holdings in a document called a 13F, and this information is available publicly each quarter.

What Happens on the Buy Side

The role of the buy side is to:

•   Make decisions about investments (whether to buy, sell, or hold securities)

•   Do research on investment opportunities

•   Recruit investors and their capital

•   Conduct valuations and financial modeling

•   Get the best return on capital in order to grow assets under management

What Is the Sell Side?

The sell side of finance deals with creating, promoting, and selling securities that can be traded to the public. The sell side handles all activities related to selling securities to the buy side. That can include underwriting for initial public offerings (IPOs), providing clearing services, and developing research materials and analysis.

Professionals on the sell side represent companies or entities that need to raise money. They do it by selling or issuing securities. The sell side is made up primarily of advisory firms, banks, or other kinds of companies that facilitate selling of securities for their client companies.

What Happens on the Sell Side

The role of the sell side is to:

•   Advise corporate clients on large transactions and financial decisions

•   Help clients raise capital, be it debt or equity

•   Advise clients on corporate mergers and acquisitions

•   Market, promote, and sell securities

•   Provide research on listed companies (called equity research)

•   Conduct valuations and financial modeling

•   Create liquidity for securities that are listed

Sell siders keep close track of the performance of specific companies they track, keep track of stocks, and model and project future financial performance and trends. They come up with research recommendations and target prices and sell ideas to clients.

Sell siders spend a lot of time analyzing balance sheets, quarterly results, and any other data they can find on a company. Sell-side analysts aim to give deeper insights into trends and projections; they issue reports and recommendations which are used to make investment decisions for clients.

Professionals focused on the sell side often have jobs in investment banking, sales and trading, equity research, market making, and commercial or corporate banking.

What Is the Role of a Sell-Side Analyst?

The job of a sell-side analyst is to vet different stocks or other assets and sell them to the buy side. In that sense, sell-siders are an essential part of the marketing of different securities.

Typically a sell-side company employs many analysts who help shape the security offerings across sectors and industries. An analyst who covers a certain sector goes deep in that area, talking to a range of people who are knowledgeable about each company and its products — including customers, suppliers, competitors — and building models that help assess a company’s status.

Sell-side analysts are the ones who rate a company’s stock as buy, sell, or hold. It’s generally taken as an evaluation of the stock’s performance rather than the company’s.

An analyst’s success hinges to a large degree on their access to the best and most useful information about a stock, its price target, and their estimates about the stock’s performance. Taken together, the estimates of different analyses are sometimes called the consensus estimate. That’s how buy-siders evaluate the merits of different securities and whether to buy.

Sell-Side Goals

Sell-side companies make money through fees and commissions earned when they sell — which means the more deals they make, the more buy-side firms earn. Market making firms are part of the sell side and help provide the liquidity the market needs to make transactions happen.

Investment banks tend to dominate the sell side of the financial markets; they underwrite stock issuances, sell to institutions and individuals and take proprietary positions in securities.

The most high-profile sell side activity is underwriting IPOs, acting as a buffer between companies going public and the investing public set to buy IPO shares.

How Do the Buy Side and Sell Side Earn a Profit?

Because buy-side firms raise money from wealthy investors and institutions and invest on their behalf, buy-siders profit from management and/or performance fees.

Meanwhile, sell-side firms earn money from the commissions they get from facilitating deals, and from marketing, selling and trading securities.

The Takeaway

The capital market is made up of the buy side and the sell side. Whereas the buy side aims to get the best value from investments in order to bring in greater returns for clients, the sell side aims to help clients raise capital through the sale of securities.

Ready to invest in your goals? It’s easy to get started when you open an investment account with SoFi Invest. You can invest in stocks, exchange-traded funds (ETFs), mutual funds, alternative funds, and more. SoFi doesn’t charge commissions, but other fees apply (full fee disclosure here).


Invest with as little as $5 with a SoFi Active Investing account.

FAQ

Is the buy side more lucrative than the sell side?

Careers on the buy side are generally considered higher paying than on the sell side. This is in part due to the amount of risk a buy sider takes on when selecting securities, and the premium placed on making a profit.

Do people move from the buy side to the sell side?

People do move from one side to another, but the more common transition is from the sell side to the buy side, owing to the allure of higher compensation and in some cases better hours.

Are traders on the buy or sell-side?

Traders are on the sell side. Traders are considered market makers in that they provide liquidity in the markets.


Phot credit: iStock/filadendron

SoFi Invest®
INVESTMENTS ARE NOT FDIC INSURED • ARE NOT BANK GUARANTEED • MAY LOSE VALUE
SoFi Invest encompasses two distinct companies, with various products and services offered to investors as described below: Individual customer accounts may be subject to the terms applicable to one or more of these platforms.
1) Automated Investing and advisory services are provided by SoFi Wealth LLC, an SEC-registered investment adviser (“SoFi Wealth“). Brokerage services are provided to SoFi Wealth LLC by SoFi Securities LLC.
2) Active Investing and brokerage services are provided by SoFi Securities LLC, Member FINRA (www.finra.org)/SIPC(www.sipc.org). Clearing and custody of all securities are provided by APEX Clearing Corporation.
For additional disclosures related to the SoFi Invest platforms described above please visit SoFi.com/legal.
Neither the Investment Advisor Representatives of SoFi Wealth, nor the Registered Representatives of SoFi Securities are compensated for the sale of any product or service sold through any SoFi Invest platform.

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

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Jumbo Loans for the Self-Employed: What to Know

Buying a house is an exciting milestone, but it can also be stressful — especially if you’re self-employed and have to jump through extra hoops to secure a loan. Self-employed borrowers may have even more difficulty when applying for a jumbo loan for a more expensive house.

Below, we’ll walk through jumbo loans for the self-employed: types of loans available, typical requirements, and what the lending process is like.

What Are Jumbo Loans for the Self-Employed?

Each year, the Federal Housing Finance Agency (FHFA) sets a maximum limit on the dollar amount of mortgages that government-sponsored Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae will purchase. Loans within those limits are called conforming loans.

But what if you want a more expensive house and need a larger mortgage? That’s where jumbo loans come in. Jumbo loans, also called non-conforming loans, pose a higher risk to the lender and thus come with stricter requirements for borrowers.

Self-employed individuals can get conforming mortgages just like any other borrowers, though they may be asked for additional documents to prove their income. (The same is true when it comes to personal loans for the self-employed.) But what about jumbo loans for self-employed individuals? Are those possible?

Many lenders allow self-employed individuals to apply for and secure a non-qualified mortgage, also called a non-QM loan. Lenders enable borrowers to qualify for a non-qualified mortgage using alternative methods, particularly for income verification. Some examples of non-QM loans include 1099-only loans, bank statement loans, and investor cash flow loans.

First-time homebuyers can
prequalify for a SoFi mortgage loan,
with as little as 3% down.


1099-Only Loan

A 1099-only loan is just what it sounds like. Self-employed individuals typically receive 1099s, not W-2s, at tax time. Though lenders usually review an applicant’s W-2s, a self-employed individual may be able to apply for a jumbo loan by showing 1099s from previous years. Loan requirements will vary by lender.

Why not just look at previous tax returns? All 1099 income appears on your tax return, after all. However, self-employed workers write off business expenses to lower their taxable income and reduce their overall tax burden. An individual who brings in good money but has a lot of write-offs may have a harder time qualifying based on their tax return, which shows adjusted gross income, but could qualify based on their 1099.

Bank Statement Loan

Another route that self-employed individuals can take to get a jumbo mortgage loan is through bank statements alone. Again, requirements will vary by lender, but lenders offering bank statement mortgages will often approve self-employed individuals for jumbo loans with just recent bank statements (personal or business) demonstrating income, rather than with traditional tax documents.

Investor Cash Flow Loan

Self-employed individuals who want to diversify by purchasing an investment property may be able to get a jumbo loan with no income verification at all. Instead, with an investor cash flow loan, borrowers can get a loan by using the anticipated cash flow from the rental property.


💡 Quick Tip: One answer to rising house prices is a jumbo loan. Apply for a jumbo loan online with SoFi, and you could finance up to $2.5 million with as little as 10% down. Get preapproved and you’ll be prepared to compete in a hot market.

Challenges Faced by Self-Employed Borrowers

These non-QM loan options for self-employed borrowers address typical challenges that self-employed borrowers face when applying for a mortgage, particularly a jumbo mortgage. For instance, self-employed borrowers:

•   Can’t produce W-2s to verify their income or employment.

•   May have a lot of write-offs on their tax return that make it look like they earn less.

•   May otherwise need to provide a lot of complicated business documents for underwriting.

Recommended: Benefits of Being an Entrepreneur

Jumbo Loan Underwriting Guidelines

Jumbo loans may allow you to buy a more expensive home, but you’ll have to meet a lot of strict requirements, self-employed or not. Below are the core underwriting guidelines that lenders use when considering jumbo loan applications:

•   Credit score: Credit score requirements for jumbo loans will vary by lender, but expect to need a higher credit score than you’d need for a more traditional loan. A credit score of 700 or above should do the trick, although some lenders will have more lenient standards, while some may have tighter restrictions for a second home or investment property.

•   Debt-to-income ratio: Lenders may have varying income requirements for jumbo loans, but they’ll also look at your debt-to-income (DTI) ratio. If you have significant monthly debt obligations compared to your monthly income, you may not qualify for a jumbo loan.

•   Cash reserves: For certain loans and certain applicants, lenders may require you to have mortgage reserves — liquid assets (money in a bank account or certificate of deposit, stocks and bonds, or vested retirement funds, for instance) set aside to cover a certain number of months’ worth of housing costs. The money you’ll spend on your down payment and closing costs is not considered part of your cash reserves. For a jumbo loan, it’s possible you’ll need to have six to 12 months’ worth of reserves.

Tips for Increasing Chances of Approval

As a self-employed borrower, it’s crucial that you work on your credit score, reduce your monthly debts, and have strong evidence of solid monthly income before trying to qualify for a mortgage, particularly a jumbo loan. Here are a few tips to increase your chances of approval:

•   Work on your credit score first: Having a high credit score is one of the major requirements for approval. If you’re right beneath the 700 threshold, it may be worth it to wait a few months if you’re actively working on maintaining a good credit score.

•   Pay off outstanding debts: An easy way to decrease your DTI (and thus increase your chances of approval) is to pay off debts before buying a house. Stop accruing new credit card debt, and work on paying off existing debts before applying. If you’re able to knock out your credit card debt or pay off your car before applying for a jumbo loan, you may have a better shot.

•   Collect all the documentation you can: Having documentation of your income and employment is key. As a self-employed individual, it might be worth it to work with an accountant to compile all the paperwork.

Understanding the Jumbo Loan Process

The jumbo loan process is similar to the standard conforming loan process, but it may take longer. Here are the general steps for getting a jumbo loan:

1.    Make sure you’re qualified: Review your credit score, DTI, and cash reserves to make sure you’re likely to get approved for a jumbo loan. Gather all the necessary documents.

2.    Find a lender: Not every lender offers jumbo loans to self-employed borrowers. Do some research to find out which lenders will offer you the best chances. Loan terms and interest rates will vary depending on the lender, the current market, and your finances. Get preapproved for a loan.

3.    Make an offer on a home: Once you have funding approved, find a house you love and put in an offer.

4.    Get an appraisal: As with a conforming mortgage, the lender will require a home appraisal to ensure the home is worth what you’re borrowing.

5.    Close on the home: Because jumbo loans are larger, expect to need a larger down payment. Closing costs will also be higher. Because jumbo loans pose more risk to lenders, the timeline between the offer and closing may take longer than for a traditional home loan.


💡 Quick Tip: To see a house in person, particularly in a tight or expensive market, you may need to show the real estate agent proof that you’re preapproved for a mortgage. SoFi’s online application makes the process simple.

Pros and Cons of Jumbo Loans for Self-Employed Individuals

Jumbo loans are possible for self-employed individuals, but there are also some drawbacks to consider. Self-employed borrowers should keep the tough requirements in mind when considering purchasing a home above the FHFA conforming loan limits, but if they really want that more expensive home, it could be worth the effort.

Here are the pros and cons to consider:

Pros

•   Higher loan limits: Self-employed individuals who make enough money to justify buying a house priced above conforming loan limits can get jumbo loans to finance their dream home.

•   Flexible underwriting: By using non-QM loans, self-employed borrowers can use documentation like 1099s or bank statements instead of W-2s and tax returns to demonstrate their income and employment.

Cons

•   Higher interest rates: Jumbo loans may have higher interest rates because they pose a greater risk to the lender.

•   Stricter qualification criteria: Anyone applying for a jumbo loan should be prepared for stricter qualification criteria, but self-employed borrowers may have even more hurdles to clear. Lenders might want to see multiple years’ worth of income — and the income, credit score, and DTI thresholds may be higher than for a conforming loan.

Recommended: What to Consider When Choosing a Mortgage Lender

The Takeaway

Self-employed individuals may have a tougher time getting approved for a jumbo loan, but it’s not impossible. Having a strong credit score and low DTI are important, but having the proper documentation to demonstrate stable income is also crucial.

When you’re ready to take the next step, consider what SoFi Home Loans have to offer. Jumbo loans are offered with competitive interest rates, no private mortgage insurance, and down payments as low as 10%.

SoFi Mortgage Loans: We make the home loan process smart and simple.

FAQ

How many years of tax returns do I need to provide for a jumbo loan?

Typical borrowers will need to provide at least two years of tax returns to get a jumbo loan. Self-employed individuals, however, may need to provide additional documentation to get approved for funding.

Can I use 1099 income to qualify for a jumbo loan?

Some lenders allow you to use 1099 income to qualify for a jumbo loan. Self-employed individuals who don’t receive any W-2 income may want to consider lenders that offer 1099-only loans.

What is a 1-year self-employed mortgage and how does it work?

Lenders typically want to see at least two years of stable income. Borrowers who have been self-employed for just one year, however, may be able to get a mortgage from specific lenders.This mortgage can be more challenging to get: Lenders will need borrowers to demonstrate the stability of their income, the financial strength of their business, and a promising business outlook. Usually, the self-employed borrower needs to have been in the industry longer than a year, even if they’ve only been self-employed in said industry for a year.

Are there any special requirements for 1099 home loans?

Each lender will have its own requirements for a 1099 home loan, like minimum credit score, maximum DTI, and loan limits. Check a lender’s requirements before applying.

What is the minimum credit score required for a jumbo loan?

Credit score requirements for jumbo loans vary by lender, but typically, you’ll need at least a 700 score to qualify. Before applying, ask potential lenders what their minimum credit score requirements are. Some lenders may approve loans for borrowers with scores below 700, but interest rates may be higher.

How much of a down payment do I need for a jumbo loan?

Down payment requirements for jumbo loans vary by lenders. Many lenders require that you put at least 20% down for a jumbo loan, but in some cases, lenders may approve jumbo loans with as little as 5% down.


Photo credit: iStock/SeventyFour

SoFi Mortgages
Terms, conditions, and state restrictions apply. Not all products are available in all states. See SoFi.com/eligibility for more information.


SoFi Loan Products
SoFi loans are originated by SoFi Bank, N.A., NMLS #696891 (Member FDIC). For additional product-specific legal and licensing information, see SoFi.com/legal. Equal Housing Lender.


Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

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