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If you’re looking into getting a mortgage for the first time, congratulations! You’re about to embark on a brave new adventure, full of highs and lows with (hopefully) a wonderful reward, aka your new home, at the finish line.

But before you get there, you’ll need to navigate some challenges. For instance: the somewhat intimidating home-buying terminology: prequalification vs. preapproval, for instance. And what on earth is escrow? And what does amortized mean?

Here, you’ll learn the answer to that last question, quickly and painlessly. Basically, mortgage amortization means that your mortgage loan payments will be spaced out over a period of time (typically 30 years) and will be calculated so that you always pay the same amount per month (if you have a fixed-rate mortgage, not a variable rate mortgage, that is).

That means that if you get a fixed-rate mortgage and your first payment in your first month is $1,500, you know that you’ll pay $1,500 in the last month of your mortgage, years later. If you take out a variable rate mortgage, the amount you pay each month will change periodically as the market rate fluctuates.

Also, as you pay your mortgage at first, most of the money paid goes toward interest and a little to the principal, but that shifts over time to the opposite scenario.

Learn more about mortgage amortization here.

Why Do People Choose Amortized Mortgages?

Mortgage amortization helps ensure that your obligations are predictable, which can make it easier for you to plan. If you take out a 30-year mortgage, then the amortization helps guarantee that in 30 years, you will have finished paying it off. For a fixed-rate mortgage, amortization also keeps all your payments consistently the same amount, rather than different amounts that depend on how much your principal is.

Recommended: The Different Kinds of Mortgages

How to Calculate Amortization Using Tables

In real life, even if you choose an amortized mortgage, you may never need to figure out your 30 years or so of payments yourself. But it’s useful to see what goes into the table or payments (they’re not arbitrary!) and understand how it’s populated. Calculating your amortized mortgage really puts you on the front lines of homebuying.

Let’s say you take out a $100,000 mortgage over 10 years at a 5% fixed interest rate. That means your monthly payment will be $1,061. You can then divide your interest rate by 12 equal monthly payments. That works out to 0.4166% of interest per month. And that, in turn, means that in the first month of your loan, you’ll pay around $417 toward interest and the remaining $644 toward your principal.

Next, to calculate the second month, you’ll need to deduct your monthly payment from the starting balance to get the ‘balance after payment’ for the chart. You’ll also need to put the $417 you paid in interest and $644 you paid toward the principal in the chart. Then you can repeat the calculation of your monthly interest and principal breakdown, and continue inputting until you finish completing the chart.

Date	Starting Balance	Interest	Principal	Balance after payment
Jan, 2023	$100,000	$417	$644	$99,356
Feb, 2023	$99,356	$414	$647	$98,709
Mar, 2023	$98,709	$411	$649	$98,060
Apr, 2023	$98,060	$409	$652	$97,408
May, 2023	$97,408	$406	$655	$96,753
Jun, 2023	$96,753	$403	$658	$96,096
Jul, 2023	$96,096	$400	$660	$95,435
Aug, 2023	$95,435	$398	$663	$94,772
Sep, 2023	$94,772	$395	$666	$94,107
Oct, 2023	$94,107	$392	$669	$93,438
Nov, 2023	$93,438	$389	$671	$92,767
Dec, 2023	$92,767	$387	$674	$92,093

💡 Quick Tip: SoFi’s new Lock and Look* feature allows you to lock in a low mortgage financing rate for up to 90 days while you search for the perfect place to call home.

How to Calculate Amortization Using a Calculator

So you can see that it’s not so difficult to calculate your amortized payments as it is time-consuming. Fortunately, you can save yourself the trouble by using an online amortization calculator . All you have to do is input info about your mortgage, including the amount you’re borrowing, your term length, and the interest you’re paying, and the calculator will do the math for you.

Recommended: First-Time Home-Buyer Guide

What Are the Pros of an Amortized Mortgage?

Here are some of the benefits to consider:

•   You’ll slowly but surely pay off the mortgage principal of your home loan. With every month, you’ll get closer to owning your home outright!

•   It ensures that you pay a set amount for each payment over the life of your loan. With some loans you may end up paying more at the beginning or the end. A balloon mortgage, for example, requires you to pay interest charges monthly during the regular term. You then pay off large parts of the principal at the end of the loan period. (Thus, your payment literally balloons.)

•   You can often get better terms with an amortized loan. And you’ll save money in the long run by paying less interest over the life of your mortgage.

Recommended: What Is PMI and How to Avoid It

What Are the Cons of an Amortized Mortgage?

Next, consider the downsides:

•   Amortized mortgages may favor borrowers who are putting down a larger down payment. To qualify for a competitive interest rate, you’ll probably need to put down 10% (if not 20%).

•   You might not be able to qualify to borrow as much money via an amortized mortgage as you would through an alternative mortgage, such as an interest-only mortgage or a balloon mortgage.

💡 Quick Tip: Your parents or grandparents probably got mortgages for 30 years. But these days, you can get them for 20, 15, or 10 years — and pay less interest over the life of the loan.

The Takeaway

An amortized mortgage can be a good option for many homebuyers. It provides a steady way to pay down the principal of your home loan.

Looking for an affordable option for a home mortgage loan? SoFi can help: We offer low down payments (as little as 3% - 5%*) with our competitive and flexible home mortgage loans. Plus, applying is extra convenient: It's online, with access to one-on-one help.

SoFi Mortgages: simple, smart, and so affordable.

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*Terms and conditions apply. Applies to conventional purchase loans only. Rate will lock for 90 calendar days at the time of pre-approval subject to payment on 60th day of the fee below. If you submit a fully executed purchase contract within 30 days of the initial rate lock, SoFi will reduce the interest rate by an additional 0.125% at no cost. If current market pricing has improved by .75 percentage points or more from the original locked rate, you may qualify for an additional rate reduction. If you have not submitted a fully executed purchase contract within 60 days of your initial rate lock, you will be charged $250 to maintain the rate lock through the 90-day period. The $250 fee will be credited back to you at the time of closing. SoFi reserves the right to change or terminate this offer at any time with or without notice to you.
*SoFi requires Private Mortgage Insurance (PMI) for conforming home loans with a loan-to-value (LTV) ratio greater than 80%. As little as 3% down payments are for qualifying first-time homebuyers only. 5% minimum applies to other borrowers. Other loan types may require different fees or insurance (e.g., VA funding fee, FHA Mortgage Insurance Premiums, etc.). Loan requirements may vary depending on your down payment amount, and minimum down payment varies by loan type.

SoFi Mortgages
Terms, conditions, and state restrictions apply. Not all products are available in all states. See SoFi.com/eligibility for more information.

SoFi Loan Products
SoFi loans are originated by SoFi Bank, N.A., NMLS #696891 (Member FDIC). For additional product-specific legal and licensing information, see SoFi.com/legal. Equal Housing Lender.

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

External Websites: The information and analysis provided through hyperlinks to third-party websites, while believed to be accurate, cannot be guaranteed by SoFi. Links are provided for informational purposes and should not be viewed as an endorsement.

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Buying property is a way to invest outside the stock market. Owning a rental can offer key benefits to homebuyers, including a potential stream of passive income and the possibility for real estate to grow in value.

When debating whether to invest in the home-buying process, the difference between a single family or multifamily home can matter.

Each home type comes with pros and cons, which investors may want to chew on before opting for a specific real estate investment.

Here’s a look at the major differences between single family and multifamily investment properties.

What Is a Single Family Home?

Single family homes are stand-alone structures with their own lot. They don’t share common space with another unit.

Generally, they’re meant to house one tenant or a family. In the real estate world, single family homes differ from attached properties, like condominiums or townhouses.

Those considering investing in a single-family home could start the process in much the same way as when buying a primary residence, enlisting the help of a real estate broker or home loan lender.

Below are some factors investors may want to think through when looking into single family properties:

Affordability of Buying

When an investor is deciding how much house to afford, single family homes are typically priced lower than multi-unit constructions.

Because they’re designed with one family or individual in mind, single family homes are generally smaller in size — and less square footage (and floors) can mean lower listed prices on the property.

Other costs, such as utilities, don’t necessarily add to the price of investing in a single family house. Rental agreements typically require tenants to pay all or nearly all of the utilities costs for a home.

In a multifamily unit, the landlord may have to shoulder more costs, such as the cost of electricity used in common spaces.

💡 Quick Tip: When house hunting, don’t forget to lock in your home mortgage loan rate so there are no surprises if your offer is accepted.

Fewer Tenants Can Mean Less Conflict

In multifamily units, landlords may be called in to resolve all sorts of conflicts between tenants. For example, landlords may have to mediate tensions if a neighbor is noisy or has a loud pet.

A single person or family living in a single-family unit lessens the chance for conflict between tenants. (In rare cases, landlords may deal with conflicts between single family tenants and neighbors in nearby buildings, though.)

Additionally, tenants who live in a stand-alone home may be more likely to treat the buildings as their own, taking better care of the house and lot.

They may closely monitor the condition of the whole home, letting landlords know when there are maintenance issues to take care of.

Reduced Maintenance Costs

Speaking of maintenance, single family units typically require less upkeep than multifamily buildings.

In a multi-unit property, things can get complicated. Landlords may be dealing with different sets of appliances or diverse tenant schedules, for example.

If something goes wrong in one unit, it may affect other units at the same time. For instance, in a multifamily building, plumbing or wiring may need to be replaced in multiple units at the same time.

Multifamily units are larger, so problems that feel more manageable in a single family home can become a bigger deal when scaled up.

Investors may want to compare the different costs (and logistics) of exterminating termites in a small home vs. a bigger multi-unit building (where numerous tenants may need to be relocated temporarily), to name one possibility.

Property Value Appreciation

Single family homes tend to be in higher demand than multifamily residences, which could mean the property is more likely to gain in value. Single family homes are priced largely based on supply and demand.

The more people want them, the higher home appreciation may go up. (Naturally, demand is just one factor among many that can impact a home’s valuation.)

Multifamily buildings, on the other hand, are priced in part on the condition of the buildings. One extra factor in calculating the value of a multifamily building is the potential rent revenue that this sort of property can bring in. If rents go up in the area, the value of the building can rise accordingly. (The opposite is also true.)

Cash Liquidity

There may come a time when a landlord wants to sell. Landlords might no longer want to deal with tenants, or they may need to access the equity wrapped up in their rental property.

Because of the high demand, sales for single family homes tend to be faster, providing investors with potentially easier access to their invested cash.

What Is a Multifamily Home?

Multifamily homes are buildings that have more than one unit and can house more than one family, such as apartment buildings. They could also be a duplex or a triplex.

Below is a list of factors investors might want to think about when deciding whether to pursue purchasing a multi-unit building:

More Rental Income

A multifamily building can be more expensive upfront to buy than a single family home. However, each unit in the building might produce rental income for the owner.

When combined, these rents can total more than the single revenue from a stand-alone house. Opening up multiple streams of income is one of the main reasons investors opt for multifamily properties.

Fewer Vacancy Issues

When a single family home is vacant, the owner’s rental income stream dries up completely. Owning a multiple family building can mitigate this risk of lost income when a tenant leaves or breaks the lease. If one unit is vacant, even for an extended period, other units might still bring in regular rental income.

Economies of Scale

In some ways, property management costs can be simpler for multifamily homes, especially when it comes to economies of scale. For example, say a landlord needs to replace the roof on a 10-unit building. The cost of replacement may be lower, per unit, than if a landlord needs to replace the roof on just one single family home.

Recommended: Guide to Buying, Selling, and Updating Your Home

Diverse Investment Options

Multifamily buildings can offer more property options to investors, too. Potential landlords might invest in anything from small duplexes to large apartment buildings with dozens of units.

Investors can take a more passive role in multifamily investments, as well. Real estate syndication allows a group of investors to pool their resources to buy more expensive buildings than they could afford on their own.

Investments like these used to be the purview of the very wealthy. Since the passage of the JOBS Act in 2012, real estate crowdfunding has increasingly become a more popular option. Buildings funded in this way are generally managed by a professional management company and profits are passed along to investors.

Multi-family investors might want to pursue shares of a Real Estate Investment Trust (REIT). REITs invest in multifamily properties. They trade much like regular stocks, which makes them easy to buy and sell (offering investors more liquidity).

Investors in REITs have no contact with the day-to-day operations of the underlying investment properties. REITs could be a better fit for long-term investors who aren’t aiming to buy and then resell quickly.

💡 Quick Tip: Generally, the lower your debt-to-income ratio, the better loan terms you’ll be offered. One way to improve your ratio is to increase your income (hello, side hustle!). Another way is to consolidate your debt and lower your monthly debt payments.

Financing a Real Estate Investment

Financing an investment property is a little bit different than financing a first or second home, whether it’s a single family home or a multifamily building. As with the buying of a first house, investors may want to check credit scores and review their financial assets before applying for a mortgage loan.

Potential buyers should also examine their debt-to-income ratio, which shows lenders how much debt borrowers have acquired compared to their income. Lenders review this as one among many factors when evaluating mortgage applications.

It’s likely that prospective buyers of investment properties may need to put down at least 15-20% of the property’s listed value — but, it’s not uncommon for lenders to ask for a down payment of 25-35%.

Single family homes can be financed with a conventional mortgage. However, because investment properties pose more risk to loan lenders, interest rates are typically higher than they would be for primary or secondary residences.

Loans for single family houses, duplexes, triplexes, or fourplexes, collectively known as “one-to-fours,” don’t differ very much. In other words, investors looking to buy a building up to four units can do so with a conventional loan.

Loans for apartment buildings with more units, however, may be a bit more complicated. Lenders may consider factors such as:

•   Debt service coverage (cash flow relative to debt)

•   Net income generated by the property (revenue minus expenses)

•   Loan-to-value ratio (the loan amount compared to the value of the property)

There are different, federally backed apartment building loans that certain investors may want to consider, including:

•   Fannie Mae Apartment Loans offer loans of as little as $1 million with 20% down. Fannie Mae offers conventional loans and specialty loans, such as green financing or senior housing.

•   Freddie Mac Apartment Loans offer loans beginning at $1 million, including conventional loans, small balance loans, targeted affordable housing loans, and senior housing loans.

•   Bank Balance Sheet Loans are loans that banks keep in-house. Both traditional and online banks may offer these loans, which they do not repackage and sell to government-sponsored enterprises, such as Fannie Mae or Freddie Mac. The loans remain on the banks’ balance sheets. These loans don’t require owners to live in the same community as the building they’re buying.

•   FHA Apartment Loans, aka HUD 223(f) loans, start at $2 million. They’re insured by the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD), and they are available for the purchase of buildings with five or more units.

The Takeaway on Comparing Mortgage Options

Purchasing a rental property, whether a single family home or a multi-unit building, could be one way to diversify an investment portfolio. A mortgage loan from a private lender may help investors to purchase a stand-alone rental home or multifamily building.

Looking for an affordable option for a home mortgage loan? SoFi can help: We offer low down payments (as little as 3% - 5%*) with our competitive and flexible home mortgage loans. Plus, applying is extra convenient: It's online, with access to one-on-one help.

SoFi Mortgages: simple, smart, and so affordable.

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*SoFi requires Private Mortgage Insurance (PMI) for conforming home loans with a loan-to-value (LTV) ratio greater than 80%. As little as 3% down payments are for qualifying first-time homebuyers only. 5% minimum applies to other borrowers. Other loan types may require different fees or insurance (e.g., VA funding fee, FHA Mortgage Insurance Premiums, etc.). Loan requirements may vary depending on your down payment amount, and minimum down payment varies by loan type.

SoFi Mortgages
Terms, conditions, and state restrictions apply. Not all products are available in all states. See SoFi.com/eligibility for more information.

SoFi Loan Products
SoFi loans are originated by SoFi Bank, N.A., NMLS #696891 (Member FDIC). For additional product-specific legal and licensing information, see SoFi.com/legal. Equal Housing Lender.

Non affiliation: SoFi isn’t affiliated with any of the companies highlighted in this article.

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

Checking Your Rates: To check the rates and terms you may qualify for, SoFi conducts a soft credit pull that will not affect your credit score. However, if you choose a product and continue your application, we will request your full credit report from one or more consumer reporting agencies, which is considered a hard credit pull and may affect your credit.

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Homeowners sometimes may not realize it’s time to replace their heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) system until there’s a major issue.

And the condition of the overall system, along with other factors like home size, type of unit, and local climate might impact HVAC replacement cost.

HVAC system cost varies year by year and per individual situation. Understanding cost considerations for different HVAC equipment, types of systems, and everything replacement entails can help you budget and plan for paying for emergency home repairs.

HVAC System Parts

There are several ways to heat and cool a home that falls under the HVAC umbrella. Yet, most HVAC system parts and components can be grouped into the following categories.

Thermostat

Thermostats monitor temperature and can be used to adjust whether a HVAC system heats or cools a building. Generally, the temperature can be set manually or preset to regulate heating and cooling to a desired indoor temperature.

These systems can be connected to the HVAC system through wiring — or Wi-Fi in the case of smart thermostats. More advanced thermostats can be used to enhance comfort and efficiency by controlling temperature settings for multiple zones throughout a home or building.

Recommended: How to Lower Energy Bills When Working From Home

Heating and Cooling Unit

The heating and cooling unit is the main component of any HVAC system. Common types include furnaces, boilers, heat pumps, and air conditioners.

Furnaces are generally located inside a structure and comprise a heating element powered by gas, oil, or electricity and a blower to circulate heated air through the building.

Boilers are traditionally interior units, too, but circulate hot water or steam to radiators or baseboards located throughout the property.

Air conditioners include condenser units, which are located outside because they produce hot air through the heat transfer process.

Heat pumps also consist of an external condenser, but a key difference is that they can be used to either heat or cool a home. These systems work in conjunction with an indoor blower unit to distribute heated or cooled air.

Filtration

HVAC systems incorporate air filters to remove dust, allergens, and other particles from entering the return-air duct. Usually, air is drawn from multiple locations inside a building to the HVAC system.

Whether filters are the reusable or disposable variety, periodic cleaning or replacement is necessary to maintain optimal performance.

Ultraviolet lights are another option for treating air quality in an HVAC system. Their ability to disinfect the air of mold and pathogens makes them helpful for some homeowners with severe allergies.

Delivery System

Most buildings and homes consist of multiple rooms and may include more than one floor. Distributing heated and cooled air throughout the space requires a system of ductwork and vents.

Many HVAC systems utilize separate supply and return ducts to circulate, filter, and treat air continuously. Supply ducts bring air from the heating and cooling unit to blowers and vents to heat or cool an area.

Meanwhile, return ducts transport untreated air back to the HVAC system.

Exhaust Outlet

Any HVAC system that involves combustion — burning oil, gas, or wood — will need an exhaust outlet to expel harmful fumes out of the building. An exhaust outlet can be its own vent or be connected to an existing chimney.


💡 Quick Tip: Some lenders can release funds as quickly as the same day your loan is approved. SoFi personal loans offer same-day funding for qualified borrowers.

HVAC System Cost Estimates

The type of unit chosen for replacement is a key determinant of cost. Prices may fluctuate whether a full or partial replacement is needed and based on technological advances in HVAC efficiency.

Cost estimates below account for the HVAC unit, any system parts, installation, and removal of old equipment.

Recommended: What are the Most Common Home Repair Costs?

Boilers

Boilers have been used to heat buildings for more than a century and are found in homes and commercial buildings alike. The average replacement cost can range between $4,000 and $10,000 depending on the type of boiler. The average cost to replace a boiler is $7,938, according to Consumer Reports.

HVAC replacement cost for boilers can be higher if fuel tanks, piping, and gas hookup need to be repaired or installed.

Heat Pumps

Despite their name, heat pumps actually can be used to both heat and cool a building. These electric HVAC systems pull heat from outdoor air to heat a building even during cold weather conditions.

When it’s warm out, heat pumps cool buildings by drawing heat from indoor air and expelling it outside.
Depending on the type of heat pump and size of the system (measured in tons), costs average between $4,900 and $12,500.

Air-source heat pumps typically run on the cheaper end of the heat pump spectrum, whereas ground source heat pumps (often called geothermal heat pumps) can cost between $6,000 and $20,000.

Although the upfront cost is significant, lower utility bills and 50-year equipment lifespan could see a return on investment in the long-run.

Central Air Conditioners

Central air conditioners work by drawing moisture from the air inside a building and returning cooled air throughout the structure via ductwork. The system usually consists of one unit located outside but near the structure.

The average cost for installing central air is between $3,800 and $7,900. Prices may be lower for 2-ton or smaller systems, while costs can creep higher if a building requires a 5-ton unit.

Besides the unit itself, the total footage of ductwork to be installed or replaced is a significant cost consideration.

Furnaces

The cost to buy and install a furnace can vary by energy type, total ductwork needed, and the model. On average, prices for replacing a furnace range from $2,800 to $6,800.

Furnaces that run on natural gas or electricity tend to be cheaper to replace than oil-fueled systems.

The total area that will be heated and how well a building is insulated are other factors that will affect the size of the system and potentially increase the cost.


💡 Quick Tip: Home improvement loans typically offer lower interest rates than credit cards. Consider a loan to fund your next renovation.

Other HVAC Replacement Cost Factors

When evaluating HVAC options, the type of system is only part of the equation for determining the final price tag. There are many other factors that can affect how much an HVAC replacement will cost.

Local Climate

The popular real estate mantra, “location, location, location”, rings true for HVAC systems, too. Whether you live in a cold, warm, or temperate climate will have implications for how an HVAC system is designed.

Property owners in warmer climates could face higher prices for replacing air conditioning units since greater capacity is needed. Meanwhile, costs for furnaces can be higher in more frigid regions where heating efficiency is more important.

Building Characteristics

The size, layout, and condition of a building can play a role in HVAC replacement cost.

Excluding geographic influences, larger structures generally require a more substantial HVAC system to match. The total square footage can impact the price for filtration, ductwork, vents, and zones throughout a building.

A home’s design could also affect how much you’ll pay for HVAC installation. More difficult jobs can add additional labor hours and drive up the cost.

Some possible complications to consider are the ease of accessing components ductwork and whether building renovations will be needed to accommodate new HVAC equipment.

Unit Efficiency

The operational efficiency of a new system is another factor of HVAC replacement cost. Although more efficient units are generally more expensive upfront, they can recoup long-term savings through lower energy bills.

While browsing models, keep an eye out for an ENERGY STAR® label to identify the highest-performing HVAC systems. To become certified, this equipment has been vetted by the Environmental Protection Agency and Department of Energy.

For instance, air conditioner models that achieve efficiency scores in the top 25 percent among competitors are eligible for ENERGY STAR® certification.

Paying for HVAC Replacement

The upfront cost of paying for HVAC replacement can be steep. If covering expenses with cash and savings alone isn’t feasible, there may be other ways to pay for these home improvements.

The HVAC unit cost for more environmentally friendly technologies, such as ground source and air source heat pumps, may be eligible for rebates and tax incentives.

Recommended: Home Improvement Cost Calculator

The Takeaway

Even before major components or an entire system needs to be replaced, poor efficiency might increase utility bills. Staying on top of maintenance and knowing the heating and cooling unit’s estimated lifespan could help save money and keep a system running smoothly.

If replacement is necessary for your HVAC system, you may still have a sizable sum to pay after claiming tax credits or manufacturers’ rebates you might qualify for.

Think twice before turning to high-interest credit cards. Consider a SoFi personal loan instead. SoFi offers competitive fixed rates and same-day funding. Checking your rate takes just a minute.

SoFi’s Personal Loan was named NerdWallet’s 2024 winner for Best Personal Loan overall.

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Photo credit: iStock/South_agency

SoFi Loan Products
SoFi loans are originated by SoFi Bank, N.A., NMLS #696891 (Member FDIC). For additional product-specific legal and licensing information, see SoFi.com/legal. Equal Housing Lender.

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

Tax Information: This article provides general background information only and is not intended to serve as legal or tax advice or as a substitute for legal counsel. You should consult your own attorney and/or tax advisor if you have a question requiring legal or tax advice.

Non affiliation: SoFi isn’t affiliated with any of the companies highlighted in this article.

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A promissory note is a written agreement between a borrower and a lender to formalize the lending of money.

Through this legal agreement, both the borrower and the lender consent to clearly defined repayment terms. Promissory notes can be used for a variety of purposes, including personal and commercial transactions.

Here’s a guide to common types of promissory notes, how to create one, and when they may be a good fit for borrowing or lending money.

Intro to Promissory Notes

Put simply, a promissory note is a written promise to pay someone a certain amount by a specified time. The type of promissory note and agreement between the issuer and payee dictate the payment schedule and amount.

Generally, promissory notes include the principal amount, interest rate, date and place of issuance, and signatures from the lender and borrower. There may also be provisions for late fees and recourse if a borrower defaults.

Similar to loans, promissory notes may be secured or unsecured. Unsecured notes are issued based on the borrower’s ability to repay, whereas secured notes use collateral such as real estate or a vehicle.

A promissory note may be issued by a financial institution, but this financing is commonly provided by individuals or businesses, too. Essentially, promissory notes allow anyone to act as a lender, which can be useful for creating legal documentation of a lending agreement between family members and friends.


💡 Quick Tip: Before choosing a personal loan, ask about the lender’s fees: origination, prepayment, late fees, etc. SoFi personal loans come with no-fee options, and no surprises.

Types of Promissory Notes

There are several types of promissory notes. Usually, the nature of the loan determines the appropriate type. Let’s take a closer look at some of the most common varieties.

Line of Credit Promissory Note

Borrowers can withdraw any portion of funds from a line of credit, up to the established maximum loan amount. Once the money is taken out, the borrower is liable for repaying the lender.

A promissory note can be used to guarantee that the borrower repays money withdrawn from the line of credit. The promissory note can determine the interest rate, repayment schedule, and if the line of credit is secured or unsecured.

Investment Promissory Note

Businesses looking to access capital can sell promissory notes to investors instead of taking out a conventional business loan or a line of credit.

Through an investment promissory note, businesses receive capital from investors in exchange for fixed repayments. In the event a business is unable to repay, the investors may acquire the company.

Generally, investment promissory notes are sold at a discount to account for the impact of inflation on future payments. Promissory notes may be sold publicly in some cases but are most often purchased by corporate entities and experienced investors with high net worth who can handle the greater level of risk.

Real Estate Promissory Note

Promissory notes can be used in mortgages and other real estate purchases. In practice, borrowers use a home or other property as collateral for a real estate promissory note.

While promissory notes can accompany a mortgage, they are in fact different. The note provides legal documentation of the borrower’s promise to pay, whereas the mortgage outlines the lender’s recourse for foreclosure if the borrower cannot repay the loan. A mortgage may also require a loan contract and more detailed financial information to qualify.

Real estate promissory notes can be used outside a mortgage. For example, two individuals could create such an agreement. Although the lender may not have the power of foreclosure, they can secure the agreement with the authority to place a lien on the property if a borrower defaults. A property lien creates a public record of a borrower’s unpaid debt.

Keep in mind that real estate promissory notes can be traded through brokerages without the borrower’s consent.

Recommended: A Guide to What Mortgage Notes Are and What They Do

Student Loan Promissory Note

College students will likely be required to sign a promissory note for both private and federal student loans.

For private lenders, each student loan may carry its own promissory note since terms can vary. Anyone taking out federal student loans must sign a Master Promissory Note to promise repayment of loans, fees, and interest to the U.S. Department of Education. The MPN can cover multiple loans within a 10-year time frame for authorized schools.

Recommended: Understanding Your Student Loan Promissory Note

Vehicle Promissory Note

A vehicle promissory note creates a binding document that promises a borrower will pay a lender for a car or other type of vehicle. This agreement can be between two individuals or a borrower and a conventional lender, such as a bank.

Aside from repayment terms and conditions, it’s important to include the vehicle’s make, model, year, body, and VIN in a promissory note.

Personal Loan Promissory Note

It’s not uncommon to sign a promissory note when acquiring a personal loan from a traditional lender.

A promissory note can also be used for a personal loan between friends and family. Formalizing the loan amount and repayment terms through a promissory note can help avoid disagreement and protect both parties down the line. Compared with typical personal loan requirements, a promissory note can be a more flexible financing option.

Having financial information like credit score and proof of income at the ready can streamline getting approved for a personal loan.


💡 Quick Tip: With fixed interest rates on loans from $5K to $100K, a SoFi personal loan for credit card consolidation can substantially lower your payments.

Promissory Note Repayment Options

Besides type, promissory notes can differ by repayment method. Borrowers can expect to repay money and interest through one of the following options:

• Lump sum: This requires the entire amount to be repaid in a one-time payment on a specific date. Lump-sum payments are more common with small loans.

• Due on demand: The borrower must repay the loan upon the lender’s request. Due on demand payment is used frequently for promissory notes between friends and family members. Any promissory note without written payment terms is considered due on demand.

• Installment: Installment payments follow a specified schedule (monthly, for instance) to pay back a loan over a longer period of time. Usually payments are structured as equal amounts and include interest.

• With (or without) interest: A promissory note can define the interest rate and any related contingencies.

In some cases, a promissory note may employ a combination of repayment options. For example, a vehicle promissory note may include an upfront lump sum followed by installment payments.

Recommended: Is It Hard to Get a Personal Loan?

What Does a Promissory Note Look Like?

There are different laws in every state regarding promissory notes. One common feature of promissory notes is that they must be written. A verbal agreement between two parties will not qualify as a promissory note or carry the same legal enforceability.

Promissory notes must also include language outlining an agreement and unconditional promise for the borrower to repay the loan. Additionally, the repayment must constitute money, rather than labor, professional services, or other capital.

Other details and elements generally needed in a promissory note include the following:

• Amount or principal: How much was borrowed and is to be repaid

• Payor: The party promising to repay the debt

• Payee: The party lending the money

• Interest rate: States how much interest is charged and how it is calculated

• Start date: The date the promissory note becomes effective and funding is released to the payor

• Maturity date: When the interest and principal must be repaid in full

Without these elements, lenders may have trouble enforcing the promissory note.

The Takeaway

Promissory notes create a binding promise to repay borrowed money. This financial agreement can be used when borrowing money from individuals and financial institutions.

Think twice before turning to high-interest credit cards. Consider a SoFi personal loan instead. SoFi offers competitive fixed rates and same-day funding. Checking your rate takes just a minute.

SoFi’s Personal Loan was named NerdWallet’s 2024 winner for Best Personal Loan overall.

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SoFi loans are originated by SoFi Bank, N.A., NMLS #696891 (Member FDIC). For additional product-specific legal and licensing information, see SoFi.com/legal. Equal Housing Lender.

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

Non affiliation: SoFi isn’t affiliated with any of the companies highlighted in this article.

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If you need more living space, but don’t have the property (or the budget) to put an addition on your home, it may be time to take a closer look at your garage. Whether it’s attached or free-standing, a garage conversion can be a relatively quick and affordable way to expand your current home.

The cost and amount of work involved in turning your garage into usable living space will depend on its size, current condition, the purpose of the remodel, and where you live. Read on for a closer look at what’s involved in a garage conversion, including design ideas and estimated costs.

Do Garage Conversions Add Value?

You may define value in myriad ways, but one of the most important considerations in converting a garage is what value it might add to your life. If you have a big family, you might want more space — perhaps a quiet, child-free zone where you can enjoy some quiet time. Or, you may want to convert a garage into a playroom where your children can keep their toys, decluttering your main house.

If you frequently have house guests, building a garage apartment or in-law suite can function as extra living space for friends and family to use when they’re in town.

A garage conversion can also add monetary value to your home, since you’re adding to the total livable square footage of your home. You can generally expect to get about 80% of what you spend on a garage conversion back when you sell your home (known as your return on investment, or ROI). To get an idea of the ROI of a garage renovation in your area, you may want to use a free online home improvement ROI estimator.

Adding Living Space to a Converted Garage

How you use a converted garage space depends on whether it’s attached to your house or a freestanding structure. If the garage is attached, you could create a room that becomes part of your home. This might be a recreation room, a workout room, a family room, a home theater, an extra bedroom, or a multipurpose room.

If your attached garage is connected to your kitchen, you might consider expanding your kitchen into a home chef’s paradise or creating an open-concept dining and entertaining area.

A detached garage could also become an apartment for your child as a young adult. Or, you might turn it into an art studio or a home office. The options are virtually endless. So a good first step is to figure out how a converted garage might provide the most value for your family.

Converting a Garage to an Apartment

If you’ve decided to convert your garage into an apartment, whether to create an in-law suite or a private space for your older child, you’ll want to consult your local planning board to find out what permits, if any, are needed. Often, if you’re building a new structure or making modifications to existing structures, a permit will be required. In fact, it’s important to double-check whether a permit is needed even for light remodeling.

Before you begin converting your garage, you might want to map out where everything is going to go and what you’ll do with the items that are currently in the space. To streamline that process, you could divide the items into one of three categories:

•   Keep

•   Donate

•   Throw Away

Once you’ve donated and thrown away items, it’s time to determine where you want to store the remaining items. Do you have a basement or attic where you can pack away everything you’ve stuffed into the garage over the years? How can you make those areas more storage-friendly?

If you still want to use a portion of your garage for storage after conversion, you might think about how to partition off that section so that the rest of the garage looks attractive and not cluttered. If you don’t want to use your garage for storage after the conversion, you might consider building an outdoor shed (provided your HOA or neighborhood association allows it) where you can items you don’t need on a regular basis.ws it, in which to store your remaining belongings, or a remote storage unit for things that you’ll rarely need.

Garage Floors and Doors

Deciding what to do with garage floors and doors is a crucial part of a garage conversion. If you have a traditional garage, the flooring might be a concrete slab with no insulation. In addition, the garage floor may fall several feet below the floors in your home, sloping toward a floor drain or the garage door, in which case you’ll need to have the floor leveled.

Then there’s the garage door to consider. If you remove it, you’ll likely have a large, gaping space. You might want to install a wall with french doors to let in the light or create a new wall that contains a large bay window. What you do might depend on whether or not you want the spot where the garage door existed to be an entryway.

Garage Roofing, Ventilation, and Insulation

Before beginning a garage conversion, you’ll want to check that the garage roof is watertight. If it’s not, some roofing upgrades could be necessary. If the plan is to install a kitchen or bathroom in your converted garage, you may also need to address ventilation issues. To create a comfortable space, you’ll also need to ensure there is proper insulation in the walls, roof, flooring, and anywhere else it’s needed.

Garage Windows and Walls

In order to create walls, you may need to install stud framing and drywall. In addition, you may need to put insulation and moisture-proofing, as well as wiring, in the walls. Also consider whether you want to add closets to your converted garage. If so, now is the time to lay those out.

One way to make a garage quickly feel like home is through access to natural daylight, which can be achieved by installing large windows strategically throughout the space or punching holes in the ceilings to install skylights. Consider using window styles that match those on your home to give it a cohesive look, especially with attached garages.

Garage Heating, Plumbing, and Wiring

If you have an attached garage, consider whether your current HVAC system can heat and cool your converted space. You may want to think about supplementing what you currently have, whether through a floor heating system, electric baseboards, wood stoves for the winter season, or an air-conditioning unit to cool off the space in the hot, sticky months of summer.

With plumbing, consider how to run pipes to supply water to the garage, as well as how to effectively drain the water back into the sewer system. If you need to add plumbing to the new space, this could be one of your bigger expenses.

What It Costs to Convert a Garage

How much it will cost to convert a garage into a living space will depend on what you will use the space for, the size of the garage, and the materials you choose. You could spend anywhere from $1,500 to $60,000 on a garage conversion.

To convert a garage into a bedroom, for example, you may need to spend around $15,000. If your plan is to make it a master bedroom with an attached bath, however, it could run closer to $25,000.

Converting a garage into an office tends to be one of the more budget-friendly options, since you don’t need plumbing and closets. You can expect to spend somewhere around $5,000. Turning your garage into a kitchen, on the other hand, will likely cost quite a bit more. You could spend anywhere from $6,000 to $50,000, depending on plumbing, appliances, and finishes.

The Takeaway

Converting a garage can be a great way to expand your livable space, while also adding value to your home. The design possibilities are virtually endless — you might turn your garage into an in-law suite, rec room for kids, gourmet kitchen, artist’s studio, home office, hobby room, home gym, or workshop. Whatever direction you take your garage conversion, you’ll want to consider budget (getting estimates from at least three contractors) and whether you’ll be able to pay up front for the project or may need to consider financing.

One type of loan that can work well for a garage conversion is a home improvement loan. This is an unsecured personal loan used to finance home upgrades and renovations. You receive a lump sum up front which you can use to pay for your garage conversion; you then repay the loan over a set term, often five to seven years, with regular monthly payments. Interest rates are typically fixed.

If you’re ready to remodel your garage and want to explore your financing options, SoFi could help. SoFi’s personal loans offer competitive, fixed rates and a variety of terms. Checking your rate won’t affect your credit score, and it takes just one minute.

See if a home improvement loan from SoFi is right for you.

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SoFi Loan Products
SoFi loans are originated by SoFi Bank, N.A., NMLS #696891 (Member FDIC). For additional product-specific legal and licensing information, see SoFi.com/legal. Equal Housing Lender.

Checking Your Rates: To check the rates and terms you may qualify for, SoFi conducts a soft credit pull that will not affect your credit score. However, if you choose a product and continue your application, we will request your full credit report from one or more consumer reporting agencies, which is considered a hard credit pull and may affect your credit.

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