Investing in Cannabis Stocks: A Beginner’s Guide
Investing in the cannabis industry is becoming a bigger area of interest for many investors, as marijuana becomes increasingly legal in different states around the U.S. As more states legalize cannabis use for recreational purposes, investors may be attracted to its growth potential.
But investing in cannabis carries some significant risks. It’s still a federally illegal substance, for one, and it’s unclear if there’s a path to national legalization. There’s a lot to take into consideration for investors.
Table of Contents
Key Points
• As of 2024, 47 states in the U.S. have legalized cannabis for either medical or recreational use, alongside the District of Columbia, Guam, and the Northern Mariana Islands.
• Many states have legal medical marijuana laws, indicating a growing trend towards legalization in the cannabis industry.
• Investing in cannabis stocks involves significant risks, including legal and regulatory risks due to federal illegality in the U.S.
• Cannabis ETFs generally have higher expense ratios compared to popular, non-cannabis, low-cost ETFs.
• Marijuana stocks have historically been more volatile than the overall market, posing potential risks for investors.
Understanding the Cannabis Industry
As of 2024, 24 states in the U.S., as well as the District of Columbia, Guam, and the Northern Mariana Islands, have legalized cannabis for recreational use. In all 47 states and territories allow for legal cannabis use for either medical or recreational use. It’s important to know that cannabis remains federally illegal.
It’s likely, but not guaranteed that more states will legalize marijuana for recreational or medical use in the years ahead, too. Federal legalization is also a possibility, but for now, it’s uncertain. Given that recreational legalization has grown from zero to roughly half of states, though, many investors may see investing in cannabis as an opportunity.
Outside the U.S., Mexico legalized recreational marijuana in 2021, becoming the largest market for cannabis in the world. It followed Canada, which in 2018 made the same move.
There are many facets to the cannabis industry, too. There are producers (growers), processors (that may turn cannabis into cannabis-infused products), and sellers or retailers, who operate point-of-sale stores where customers can make purchases.
Why Consider Investing in the Cannabis Sector?
As noted, investors may be interested in the cannabis sector because of the opportunity it presents. The industry itself is still in sort of a gray area — though cannabis is legal in some places, it’s still federally illegal. Many, if not most companies operating in the cannabis space still have trouble accessing banking services, to put things in perspective.
If laws were to continue to change or soften in terms of federal law, it could spur even more growth in the industry. That, primarily, is what may drive investor interest in the sector.
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3 Ways to Invest in Cannabis
There are a few main ways investors can add exposure to the cannabis industry to their portfolio, such as buying individual stocks, or funds, such as cannabis-themed exchange-traded funds, or ETFs.
1. Buy Individual Cannabis Stocks
Historically, cannabis companies tended to remain private companies. But in Canada, medical use of marijuana has been legal since 2001, making the Toronto Stock Exchange and TSX Venture Exchange the listing venues for many cannabis-related businesses. Investors in the U.S. are able to trade Canadian stocks via American Depository Receipts (ADRs).
Then in 2018, medical marijuana company Tilray became the first cannabis company to directly list in the U.S., having its initial public offering (IPO) on the Nasdaq Stock Exchange. Since then, many other cannabis companies have gone public. There are also publicly-traded companies that offer cannabis or cannabis-related products or that are otherwise active in the cannabis space, such as Anheuser-Busch InBev, Altria Group, Molson Coors, and Scotts Miracle-Gro, among others.
While a listing on a major exchange does not imply that an investment is good or bad, stocks that are listed on an exchange are held to higher regulatory and reporting standards. Those that don’t qualify to be listed on an exchange typically trade over-the-counter (OTC).
However, no matter where an investor purchases a stock — on an exchange or OTC – it’s wise to be cautious.
Understanding the Types of Cannabis Companies
As noted, there are several types of companies that may operate in or adjacent to the cannabis industry.
Growers and Producers
When investors think of cannabis stocks, they may think of marijuana growers. Growers, or producers, are companies that actually produce and harvest cannabis plants. They may operate outdoor farms, greenhouses, etc., and operate more or less like a farm.
Cannabis-focused Biotech Companies
Investors may be interested in biotech companies that are developing prescription drugs using the compounds found in marijuana (cannabinoids).
Ancillary Product and Service Providers
There are companies that provide products and services to the cannabis industry itself, such as distribution, packaging, energy and lighting systems (for greenhouse growth), and hydroponics – a plant-growing method that involves no soil.
So, another way to look at investing in marijuana businesses is via companies that do the majority of their business in other markets, but have growing cannabis-related arms.
2. Investing in Cannabis ETFs for Diversification
An ETF is a basket of securities, such as stocks or bonds, that’s packaged into a single share that investors can find listed on stock exchanges. Many ETFs mirror the moves of an underlying index, like the S&P 500 Index or Nasdaq 100 gauge.
In general, ETFs have been lauded for their ability to help investors get exposure to a broad array of investments at a low cost. Similarly, a cannabis ETF may allow an investor to diversify their stocks holdings, while avoiding potentially pricey management or transaction fees and the research required when picking individual stocks.
Cannabis ETFs generally have higher expense ratios than those of the most popular, non-cannabis, low-cost ETFs. This is largely due to the fact that investing in individual marijuana stocks remains expensive, and the active management involved in curating stocks to include in the ETF.
Cannabis ETFs may also hold fewer stocks than more traditional ETF. This is typical of so-called thematic ETFs, ones that allow investors to wager on more focused or niche trends. While such funds allow for more targeted bets, investors may also be exposed to fewer names, making it more likely that a big move in one company will impact the price of the ETF as a whole.
3. Consider “Picks and Shovels” Ancillary Stocks
Investors may also consider a pick-and-shovel investment strategy that involves buying stocks of companies supporting the cannabis sector. As discussed, cannabis companies work with adjacent or ancillary companies to support them — farming materials and equipment, packaging, etc. Investors may look at investing in those companies, rather than cannabis producers, processors, or biotech firms, to get exposure to the industry.
“Pick-and-shovel” refers to the companies that would or might supply miners with equipment, rather than mining companies themselves.
What Are the Risks of Cannabis Investing?
Marijuana stocks have tended to be more volatile than the overall market. In addition, pot stocks have also been a target for short sellers — investors who bet shares of a company will fall. Investors who aren’t comfortable with such stock volatility may want to forgo investing in cannabis stocks.
Legal & Regulatory Risks
Because marijuana is still prohibited on the federal level in the U.S., there can be a legal risk to investing in pot-related companies. For instance, cannabis-related businesses in the U.S. are shut out from the banking system in many respects. Some financial companies do offer banking services to those businesses, however.
In addition, even if the U.S. were to reschedule cannabis and effectively legalize it nationwide, that doesn’t mean growers and retailers will be able to sell their products immediately under a streamlined regulatory structure. Some states may put in place new regulation that makes cannabis sales and usage onerous.
After Canada legalized marijuana in 2018, many people thought that the move would lead to quick sales and profits. But in reality, the opening and licensing of cannabis stores took place slowly. Plus, illegal marijuana sales continued to thrive and compete with the legal marketplace.
High Market Volatility
Because the legal marijuana industry is relatively young, so are many of the companies within it. Many of these companies have untested business models.
From a stock investment standpoint, many of the stocks that are currently for sale in the OTC market qualify as microcap stocks and penny stocks. Many of these companies have yet to post positive earnings and bear no track record. Microcaps typically experience a high rate of failure and are often highly volatile.
Separately, unexpected developments and news reports may hit a new industry like cannabis.
Fraud
In addition to the general market risk that comes with investing in a new industry, fraud often attaches itself to new, exciting, and less-regulated industries.
In a 2018 investor bulletin, the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) alerted investors that their office regularly receives complaints about marijuana-related investments. “Scam artists often exploit ‘hot’ industries to trick investors,” the regulator said.
The SEC said investors should particularly be wary of risks related to investment fraud and market manipulation. Investment fraud includes unlicensed, unregistered sellers; guaranteed returns; and unsolicited offers. Meanwhile, market manipulation can involve suspended trading in shares, changes to a company name or type of business, and false press releases.
The Takeaway
Investing relatively early in a potentially expanding sector may seem like an exciting endeavor. But investors should keep in mind that the cannabis industry may continue to encounter obstacles even if legalization on a broader scale occurs in the near future.
And outside the regulatory challenges, cannabis-related businesses tend to be newer, untested, and not yet profitable, posing greater risks for investors. The marijuana market may turn out to be an area of growth for stocks, but investors should weigh the considerable risks associated with it, too.
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FAQ
What are the top three cannabis stocks to invest in?
There are many cannabis or cannabis-related stocks that investors can invest in on the market, and what the “best” or “top” stocks are could vary from day to day. Investors should do their due diligence to make the best decision per their strategy.
Will cannabis stocks recover?
Historically, the market has bounced back from a downturn, and that holds true for most, if not all, market sectors.
How do I find and research cannabis stocks?
Investors can use online research tools or speak with their brokerage to generate a list of cannabis stocks, and then do their due diligence on those companies by looking at news reports and financial statements.
Is investing in cannabis stocks a good idea?
It’s neither a good nor a bad idea, as it all depends on the individual investor and how cannabis stocks may or may not fit into their investment strategy.
Can you invest in cannabis through a retirement account like an IRA?
Yes, it’s possible to invest in cannabis through certain retirement accounts, such as self-directed IRAs.
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