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Apr

2024

Roth 401(k) vs Traditional 401(k): Which Is Best for You?

By AJ Smith | Growing Wealth, invest, Investing, Preparing for Retirement | Comments Off

A traditional 401(k) and a Roth 401(k) are tax-advantaged retirement plans that can help you save for retirement. While both types of accounts follow similar rules — they have the same contribution limits, for example — the impact of a Roth 401(k) vs. traditional 401(k) on your tax situation, now and in the future, may be quite different.

In brief: The contributions you make to a traditional 401(k) are deducted from your gross income, and thus may help lower your tax bill. But you’ll owe taxes on the money you withdraw later for retirement.

Conversely, you contribute after-tax funds to a Roth 401(k) and can typically withdraw the money tax free in retirement — but you don’t get a tax break now.

To help choose between a Roth 401(k) vs. a traditional 401(k) — or whether it might make sense to invest in both, if your employer offers that option — it helps to know what these accounts are all about.

5 Key Differences Between Roth 401(k) vs Traditional 401(k)

Before deciding on a Roth 401(k) or traditional 401(k), it’s important to understand the differences between each account, and to consider the tax benefits of each in light of your own financial plan. The timing of the tax advantages of each type of account is also important to weigh.

1. How Each Account is Funded

• A traditional 401(k) allows individuals to make pre-tax contributions. These contributions are typically made through elective salary deferrals that come directly from an employee’s paycheck and are deducted from their gross income.

• Employees contribute to a Roth 401(k) also generally via elective salary deferrals, but they are using after-tax dollars. So the money the employee contributes to a Roth 401(k) cannot be deducted from their current income.

💡 Quick Tip: The advantage of opening a Roth IRA and a tax-deferred account like a 401(k) or traditional IRA is that by the time you retire, you’ll have tax-free income from your Roth, and taxable income from the tax-deferred account. This can help with tax planning.

2. Tax Treatment of Contributions

• The contributions to a traditional 401(k) are tax-deductible, which means they can reduce your taxable income now, and they grow tax-deferred (but you’ll owe taxes later).

• By contrast, since you’ve already paid taxes on the money you contribute to a Roth 401(k), the money you contribute isn’t deductible from your gross income, and withdrawals are generally tax free (some exceptions below).

3. Withdrawal Rules

• You can begin taking qualified withdrawals from a traditional 401(k) starting at age 59 ½, and the money you withdraw is taxed at ordinary income rates.

• To withdraw contributions + earnings tax free from a Roth 401(k) you must be 59 ½ and have held the account for at least five years (often called the 5-year rule). If you open a Roth 401(k) when you’re 57, you cannot take tax-free withdrawals at 59 ½, as you would with a traditional 401(k). You’d have to wait until five years had passed, and start tax-free withdrawals at age 62.

4. Early Withdrawal Rules

• Early withdrawals from a 401(k) before age 59 ½ are subject to tax and a 10% penalty in most cases, but there are some exceptions where early withdrawals are not penalized, including certain medical expenses; a down payment on a first home; qualified education expenses.

You may also be able to take a hardship withdrawal penalty-free, but you need to meet the criteria, and you would still owe taxes on the money you withdrew.

• Early withdrawals from a Roth 401(k) are more complicated. You can withdraw your contributions at any time, but you’ll owe tax proportional to your earnings, which are taxable when you withdraw before age 59 ½.

For example: If you have $100,000 in a Roth 401(k), including $90,000 in contributions and $10,000 in taxable gains, the gains represent a 10% of the account. Therefore, if you took a $20,000 early withdrawal, you’d owe taxes on 10% to account for the gains, or $2,000.

5. Required Minimum Distribution (RMD) Rules

With a traditional 401(k), individuals must take required minimum distributions starting at age 73, or face potential penalties. While Roth 401(k)s used to have RMDs, as of January 2024, they no longer do. That means you are not required to withdraw RMDs from a Roth 401(k) account.

For a quick side-by-side comparison, here are the key differences of a Roth 401(k) vs. traditional 401(k):

Traditional 401(k)	Roth 401(k)
Funded with pre-tax dollars.	Funded with after-tax dollars.
Contributions are deducted from gross income and may lower your tax bill.	Contributions are not deductible.
All withdrawals taxed as income.	Withdrawals of contributions + earnings are tax free after 59 ½, if you’ve had the account for at least 5 years. (However, matching contributions from an employer made with pre-tax dollars are subject to tax.)
Early withdrawals before age 59 ½ are taxed as income and are typically subject to a 10% penalty, with some exceptions.	Early withdrawals of contributions are not taxed, but earnings may be taxed and subject to a 10% penalty.
Account subject to RMD rules starting at age 73.	No longer subject to RMD rules as of January 2024.

Bear in mind that a traditional 401(k) and Roth 401(k) also share many features in common:

• The annual contribution limits are the same for a 401(k) and a Roth 401(k). For 2024, the total amount you can contribute to these employer-sponsored accounts is $23,000; if you’re 50 and older you can save an additional $7,500 for a total of $30,500. This is an increase over the 2023 limit, which was capped at $22,500 ($30,000 if you’re 50 and older).

• For both accounts, employers may contribute matching funds up to a certain percentage of an employee’s salary.

• In 2024, total contributions from employer and employee cannot exceed $69,000 ($76,500 for those 50 and up). In 2023, total contributions from employer and employee cannot exceed $66,000 ($73,500 for those 50 and up).

• Employees may take out a loan from either type of account, subject to IRS restrictions and plan rules.

Because there are certain overlaps between the two accounts, as well as many points of contrast, it’s wise to consult with a professional when making a tax-related plan.

How to Choose Between a Roth and a Traditional 401(k)

In some cases it might make sense to contribute to both types of accounts (more on that below), but in other cases you may want to choose either a traditional 401(k) or a Roth 401(k) to maximize the specific advantages of one account over another. Here are some considerations.

When to Pay Taxes

Traditional 401(k) withdrawals are taxed at an individual’s ordinary income tax rate, typically in retirement. As a result these plans can be most tax efficient for those who will have a lower marginal rate after they retire than they did while they were working.

In other words, a traditional 401(k) may help you save on taxes now, if you’re in a higher tax bracket — and then pay lower taxes in retirement, when you’re ideally in a lower tax bracket.

On the other hand, an investor might look into the Roth 401(k) option if they feel that they pay lower taxes now than they will in retirement. In that case, you’d potentially pay lower taxes on your contributions now, and none on your withdrawals in retirement.

Your Age

Often, younger taxpayers may be in a lower tax bracket. If that’s the case, contributing to a Roth 401(k) may make more sense for the same reason above: because you’ll pay a lower rate on your contributions now, but then they’re completely tax free in retirement.

If you’re older, perhaps mid-career, and in a higher tax bracket, a traditional 401(k) might help lower your tax burden now (and if your tax rate is lower when you retire, even better, as you’d pay taxes on withdrawals but at a lower rate).

Where You Live

The tax rates where you live, or where you plan to live when you retire, are also a big factor to consider. Of course your location some years from now, or decades from now, can be difficult to predict (to say the least). But if you expect that you might be living in an area with lower taxes than you are now, e.g. a state with no state taxes, it might make sense to contribute to a traditional 401(k) and take the tax break now, since your withdrawals may be taxed at a lower rate.

💡 Quick Tip: Before opening any investment account, consider what level of risk you are comfortable with. If you’re not sure, start with more conservative investments, and then adjust your portfolio as you learn more.

The Benefits of Investing in Both a Roth 401(k) and Traditional 401(k)

If an employer offers both a traditional and Roth 401(k) options, employees might have the option of contributing to both, thus taking advantage of the pros of each type of account. In many respects, this could be a wise choice.

Divvying up contributions between both types of accounts allows for greater flexibility in tax planning down the road. Upon retirement, an individual can choose whether to withdraw money from their tax-free 401(k) account or the traditional, taxable 401(k) account each year, to help manage their taxable income.

It is important to note that the $23,000 contribution limit ($30,500 for those 50 and older) for 2024 is a total limit on both accounts.

So, for instance, you might choose to save $13,500 in a traditional 401(k) and $9,500 in a Roth 401(k) for the year. You are not permitted to save $23,000 in each account.

What’s the Best Split Between Roth and Traditional 401(k)?

The best split between a Roth 401(k) and a traditional 401(k) depends on your individual financial situation and what might work best for you from a tax perspective. You may want to do an even split of the $23,000 limit you can contribute in 2024. Or, if you’re in a higher tax bracket now than you expect to be in retirement, you might decide that it makes more sense for you to put more into your traditional 401(k) to help lower your taxable income now. But if you expect to be in a higher income tax bracket in retirement, you may want to put more into your Roth 401(k).

Consider all the possibilities and implications before you decide. You may also want to consult a tax professional.

The Takeaway

Employer-sponsored Roth and traditional 401(k) plans offer investors many options when it comes to their financial goals. Because a traditional 401(k) can help lower your tax bill now, and a Roth 401(k) generally offers a tax-free income stream later — it’s important for investors to consider the tax advantages of both, the timing of those tax benefits, and whether these accounts have to be mutually exclusive or if it might benefit you to have both.

When it comes to retirement plans, investors don’t necessarily have to decide between a Roth or traditional 401(k). Some might choose one of these investment accounts, while others might find a combination of plans suits their goals. After all, it can be difficult to predict your financial circumstances with complete accuracy — especially when it comes to tax planning — so you may decide to hedge your bets and contribute to both types of accounts, if your employer offers that option.

Another step to consider is a 401(k) rollover, where you move funds from an old 401(k) into an IRA. When you do a 401(k) rollover it can help you manage your retirement funds.

Ready to invest for your retirement? It’s easy to get started when you open a traditional or Roth IRA with SoFi. SoFi doesn’t charge commissions, but other fees apply (full fee disclosure here).

Easily manage your retirement savings with a SoFi IRA.

FAQ

Is it better to contribute to 401(k) or Roth 401(k)?

Whether it’s better to contribute to a traditional 401(k) or Roth 401(k) depends on your particular financial situation. In general, if you expect to be in a lower tax bracket in retirement, a traditional 401(k) may make more sense for you since you’ll be able to deduct your contributions when you make them, which can lower your taxable income, and then pay taxes on the money in retirement, when you’re in a lower income tax bracket.

But if you’re in a lower tax bracket now than you think you will be later, a Roth 401(k) might be the preferred option for you because you’ll generally withdraw the money tax-free in retirement.

Can I max out both 401(k) and Roth 401(k)?

No, you cannot max out both accounts. Per IRS rules, the annual 401(k) limits apply across all your 401(k) accounts combined. So for 2024, you can contribute a combined amount up to $23,000 (or $30,500 if you’re 50 or older) to your Roth 401(k) and your traditional 401(k) accounts.

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Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

Tax Information: This article provides general background information only and is not intended to serve as legal or tax advice or as a substitute for legal counsel. You should consult your own attorney and/or tax advisor if you have a question requiring legal or tax advice.

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Apr

2024

What Is The Difference Between a Pension and 401(k) Plan?

401(k) vs Pension Plan: Differences and Which is Better For You

By LeeMarie Kennedy | Growing Wealth, invest, Preparing for Retirement | Comments Off

A 401(k) plan is a retirement savings plan in which employees contribute to a tax-deferred account via paycheck deductions (and often with an employer match). A pension plan is a different kind of retirement savings plan in which a company sets money aside to give to future retirees.

Over the past few decades, defined-contribution plans like the 401(k) have steadily replaced pension plans as the private-sector, employer-sponsored retirement plan of choice. While both a 401(k) plan and a pension plan are employer-sponsored retirement plans, there are some significant differences between the two.

Here’s what you need to know about a 401(k) vs. pension.

What Is the Difference Between a Pension and a 401(k)?

The main distinction between a 401(k) vs. a pension plan is that pension plans are largely employer driven, while 401(k)s are employee driven.

These are some of the key differences between the two plans.

	Pension	401(k)
Funding	Typically funded by employers	Funded mainly by the employee; employer may offer a partial matching contribution
Contributions	No more than $275,000 in 2024 or 100% of employee’s average compensation for the highest 3 consecutive years	$23,000 ($30,500 for those 50 and up) for 2024. Contributions from employee and employer cannot exceed $69,000 (or $76,500 for those 50 and up) in 2024
Investments	Employers choose the investments for the plan	Employees choose the investments from a list of options
Value of the Plan	Set amount designed to be guaranteed for life	Determined by how much the employee contributes, the investments they make, and the performance of the investments

Funding

Employees typically fund 401(k) plans through regular contributions from their paychecks to help save for retirement, while employers typically fund pension plans.

Investments

Employees can choose investments (from several options) in their 401(k). Employers choose the investments that fund a pension plan.

Value

The value of a 401(k) plan at retirement depends on how much the employee has saved, in addition to the performance of the investments over time. Pensions, on the other hand, are designed to guarantee an employee a set amount of income for life.

💡 Quick Tip: The advantage of opening a Roth IRA and a tax-deferred account like a 401(k) or traditional IRA is that by the time you retire, you’ll have tax-free income from your Roth, and taxable income from the tax-deferred account. This can help with tax planning.

Pension Plan Overview

A pension plan is a type of retirement savings plan where an employer contributes funds to an investment account on behalf of their employees. The earnings are paid out to the employees once they retire.

Types of Pension Plans

There are two common types of pension plans:

• Defined-benefit pension plans, also known as traditional pension plans, are the most common type of pension plans. These employer-sponsored retirement investment plans are designed to guarantee the employee will receive a set benefit amount upon retirement (usually calculated with set parameters, i.e. employee earnings and years of service). Regardless of how the investment pool performs, the employer guarantees pension payments to the retired employee. If the plan assets aren’t enough to pay out to the employee, the employer is typically on the hook for the rest of the money.

According to the IRS, contributions to a defined-benefit pension plan cannot exceed 100% of the employee’s average compensation for the highest three consecutive calendar years of their employment or $265,000 for tax year 2023 and $275,000 for 2024.

• Defined-contribution pension plans are employer-sponsored retirement plans to which employers make plan contributions on their employee’s behalf and the benefit the employee receives is based solely on the performance of the investment pool. Meaning: There is no guarantee of a set monthly payout.

Like 401(k) plans, employees can contribute to these plans, and in some cases, employers match the contribution made by the employee. Unlike defined-benefit pension plans, however, the employee is not guaranteed a certain amount of money upon retirement. Instead, the employee receives a payout based on the performance of the investments in the fund.

When it comes to pension plan withdrawals, employees who take out funds before the age of 59 ½ must pay a 10% early withdrawal penalty as well as standard income taxes. This is similar to the penalties and taxes associated with early withdrawal from a traditional 401(k) plan.

Pros and Cons

There are benefits to and drawbacks of pension plans. It’s important to understand both in order to maximize your participation in the plan.

Advantages of a pension plan include:

Funded by employers

For employees, a pension plan is retirement income from your employer. In most cases, an employee does not need to contribute to a defined-benefit pension plan in order to get consistent payouts upon retirement.

Higher contribution limits

When compared to 401(k)s, defined-contribution pension plans have significantly higher contribution limits and, as such, present an opportunity to set aside more money for retirement.

A set amount in retirement

A pension plan typically provides employees with regular fixed payments in retirement,usually for life.

Disadvantages of a pension plan include:

Lack of control

Employees can’t choose how the money in a pension plan is invested. If the investments don’t pan out, the plan could struggle to pay out the funds.

Vesting

Employees may need to work for the employer for a set number of years to become fully vested in the plan. If you leave the company before then, you might end up forfeiting the pension funds. Find out what the vesting schedule is for your pension plan.

Earnings and years employed

How much an employee gets in retirement with a pension plan generally depends on their salary and how long they work for the employer.

401(k) Overview

A traditional 401(k) plan is a tax-advantaged defined-contribution plan where workers contribute pre-tax dollars to the investment account via automatic payroll deductions. These contributions are sometimes fully or partially matched by their employers, and withdrawals are taxed at the participant’s marginal tax rate.

With a 401(k), employees and employers may both make contributions to the account (up to a certain IRS-established limit), but employees are responsible for selecting the specific investments. They can typically choose from offerings from the employer, which may include a mixture of stocks and bonds that vary in levels of risk depending on when they plan to retire.

Contribution Limits and Withdrawals

To account for inflation, the IRS periodically adjusts the maximum amount an employer or employee can contribute to a 401(k) plan.

• For 2024, annual employee contributions can’t exceed $23,000 for workers under 50, and $30,500 for workers 50 and older (this includes a $7,500 catch-up contribution). The total annual contribution by employer and employee in 2024 is capped at $69,000 for workers under 50, and $76,500 for workers 50 and over.

• For 2023, annual employee contributions can’t exceed $22,500 for workers under 50, and $30,000 for workers 50 and older (this includes a $7,500 catch-up contribution). The total annual contribution paid by employer and employee in 2023 is capped at $66,000 for workers under 50, and $73,500 for workers 50 and over.

Some plans allow employees to make additional after-tax contributions to their 401(k) plan, within the contribution limits outlined above.

• Money can be withdrawn from a 401(k) in retirement without penalties. But taxes will be owed on the funds withdrawn. The IRS considers the removal of 401(k) funds before the age of 59 ½ an “early withdrawal.” The penalty for removing funds before that time is an additional tax of 10% of the withdrawal amount (there are exceptions, notably a hardship distribution, where plan participants can withdraw funds early to cover “immediate and heavy financial need”).

Pros and Cons

While a 401(k) plan might not offer as clearly-defined a retirement savings picture as a pension plan, it still comes with a number of upsides for participants who want a more active role in their retirement investments.

Advantages of a 401(k) include:

Self-directed investment opportunities

Unlike employer-directed pension plans, in which the employee has no say in the investment strategy, 401(k) plans offer participants more control over how much they invest and where the money goes (within parameters set by their employer). Plans typically offer a selection of investment options, including mutual funds, individual stocks and bonds, exchange traded funds (ETFs).

Tax advantages

Contributions to a 401(k) come from pre-tax dollars through payroll deductions, reducing the gross income of the participant, which may allow them to pay less in income taxes. Also, 401(k) contributions and earnings in the plan may grow tax-deferred.

Employer matching

Many 401(k) plan participants are eligible for an employer match up to a certain amount, which essentially means free money.

Disadvantages of a 401(k) include:

No guaranteed amount in retirement

How much you have in your 401(k) by retirement depends on how much you contributed to the plan, whether your employer offered matching funds, and how the investments you chose fared.

Contributions are capped

The amount you can contribute to a 401(k) annually is capped by the IRS, as described above.

Less stability

How the market performs generally affects the performance of 401(k) investments. That could make it difficult to know how much money you’ll have for retirement, which could complicate retirement planning.

💡 Quick Tip: Before opening an investment account, know your investment objectives, time horizon, and risk tolerance. These fundamentals will help keep your strategy on track and with the aim of meeting your goals.

Which Is Better, a 401(k) or a Pension Plan?

When considering a 401(k) vs. pension, most people prefer the certainty that comes with a pension plan.

But for those who seek more control over their retirement savings and more investment vehicles to choose from, a 401(k) plan could be the more advantageous option.

In the case of the 401(k), it really depends on how well the investments perform over time. Without the safety net of guaranteed income that comes with a pension plan, a poorly performing 401(k) plan has a direct effect on a retiree’s nest egg.

Did 401(k)s Replace Pension Plans?

The percentage of private sector employees whose only retirement account is a defined benefit pension plan is just 4% today, versus 60% in the early 1980s. The majority of private sector companies stopped funding traditional pension plans in the last few decades, freezing the plans and shifting to defined-contribution plans like 401(k)s.

When a pension fund isn’t full enough to distribute promised payouts, the company still needs to distribute that money to plan participants. In several instances in recent decades, pension fund deficits for large enterprises like airlines and steel makers were so enormous they required government bailouts.

To avoid situations like this, many of today’s employers have shifted the burden of retirement funding to their workers.

What Happens to a 401(k) or Pension Plan If You Leave Your Job?

With a 401(k), if you leave your job, you can take your 401(k) with you by rolling it over to your new employer’s 401(k) plan or into an IRA. The process is fairly easy to do.

If you leave your job and you have a pension plan, however, the plan generally stays with your employer. You’ll need to keep track of it through the years and then apply in retirement to begin receiving your money.

The Takeaway

Pension plans are employer-sponsored, employer-funded retirement plans that are designed to guarantee a set income to participants for life. On the other hand, 401(k) accounts are employer-sponsored retirement plans through which employees make their own investment decisions and, in some cases, receive an employer match in funds. The post-retirement payout varies depending on market fluctuations.

While pension plans are far more rare today than they were in the past, if you have worked at a company that offers one, that money will still come to you after retirement even if you change jobs, as long as you stayed with the company long enough for your benefits to vest.

Some people have both pensions and 401(k) plans, but there are also other ways to take an active role in saving for retirement. An IRA is an alternative to 401(k) and pension plans that allows anyone to open a retirement savings account. IRAs have lower contribution limits but a larger selection of investments to choose from. And it’s possible to have an IRA in addition to a 401(k) or pension plan.

Ready to invest for your retirement? It’s easy to get started when you open a traditional or Roth IRA with SoFi. SoFi doesn’t charge commissions, but other fees apply (full fee disclosure here).

Easily manage your retirement savings with a SoFi IRA.

FAQ

Can you have both a 401(k) and a pension plan?

Yes. An individual can have both a pension plan and a 401(k) plan, though the two plans may not be from the same employer. If an employee leaves a company after becoming eligible for a pension and opens a 401(k) with a new employer, their previous employer will still typically maintain their pension. An employee can access the pension funds by applying for them in retirement.

How much should I put in my 401k if I have a pension?

If you have both a pension and a 401(k), it’s wise to contribute as much as you can to your 401(k) up to the annual contribution limit. While a pension can help supplement your retirement income, it may not be enough to cover all your retirement expenses, so contributing to your 401(k) can help fill the gap. One rule of thumb says to contribute at least 10% of your salary to a 401(k) if possible to help ensure that you’ll have enough savings for retirement.

Photo credit: iStock/Sam Edwards

Apr

2024

An Introduction to Secondary Offerings

By Laurel Tincher | Financial Independence, Growing Wealth, invest, Investing | Comments Off

You may be familiar with the phrase “initial public offering,” or IPO, when a new company makes its shares available on a public exchange. The term secondary offering can refer to a couple of things: One is when investors sell their IPO shares on the secondary market to other investors. Another is when companies seek to raise more cash in a follow-on offering some time after the IPO.

When companies seek to raise additional capital after an IPO through a secondary offering, there are two types: dilutive and non-dilutive. Secondary offerings can have a significant impact on stock prices, so it’s beneficial for investors to understand how they work. Let’s dive into the details.

What Are Offerings In Stock?

When a company begins selling shares of stocks, bonds, or other securities to the public, it’s called an offering.

Usually people talk about buying stocks during initial public offerings, or IPOs, but there are other types of offerings companies can make to raise cash.

A company may have later offerings, post-IPO, which are called seasoned offerings or follow-on public offerings (FPO) in which the company sells new shares on the market or by issuing a convertible note offering. These are low-interest notes that can be converted into shares, often within five to 10 years.

Any of these can also be called a secondary offering or secondary stock offering.

Companies may make these offerings if they need cash, are looking to expand their business, want to acquire another company — or their stock is performing well and they want to stoke investor demand with a limited additional supply of new shares.

Primary vs Secondary Offerings

The difference between primary and secondary offerings is pretty straightforward, but there are different types of secondary offerings.

A primary offering is to raise capital. Companies issue new shares to investors in exchange for cash that’s used to fund business operations, make acquisitions, and other corporate aims.

In a secondary stock offering, investors who own those IPO shares can buy and sell their shares directly from and to each other. Or a company may decide to issue new shares. Here’s what that can look like.

What Is a Secondary Offering, What Are the Different Types?

There are a couple of different types of secondary offerings, so it’s important to distinguish between them.

The main definition of a secondary offering refers to investors who buy and sell IPO shares amongst each other. In this case, the cash is exchanged between investors, as noted above.

Sometimes a company needs to raise more capital and may hold what’s known as a follow-on, or seasoned equity offering. This is referred to as a type of secondary offering as well.

Sometimes, in this type of secondary offering, shareholders such as the CEO and founders sell a portion of their shares on the secondary market for private or personal reasons. If the shares are sold by individuals, the money goes to those sellers.

If the shares come from the company, the money raised from the sale goes to the company. There are two types of shares that can be offered here: dilutive and non-dilutive.

💡 Quick Tip: How to manage potential risk factors in a self-directed investment account? Doing your research and employing strategies like dollar-cost averaging and diversification may help mitigate financial risk when trading stocks.

Types of Secondary Offerings

It’s important for investors to understand the difference between dilutive and non-dilutive shares as they can have different impacts on the value of the stock.

Dilutive Secondary Offerings

A dilutive offering involves the creation of additional shares by the company, which in turn reduces the amount of ownership that preexisting shareholders have. As the name implies, the offering has a dilutive effect. Investors often have a negative sentiment toward dilutive offerings.

The company’s board of directors must approve of the increase in floating stock shares. The float of a stock is the number of shares available for trade.

Non-Dilutive Secondary Offerings

With non-dilutive offerings, no additional shares are created. A non-dilutive offering is often made by major shareholders selling their existing shares. This doesn’t have any effect on the company itself, except perhaps the investor’s perception about why the shareholders are selling.

This type of offering can also be beneficial because it allows more individuals and institutions to invest, which can increase the stock’s liquidity since there are more people buying and selling.

Examples of Secondary Offerings

Many companies make secondary offerings following their IPOs.

Google made a secondary offering in 2005 after its IPO in 2004. During the IPO, the company had a share price of $85 and raised $2 billion. During the secondary offering, the share price was $295 and the company raised $4 billion.

Then there’s Rocket Fuel, a company that made a secondary offering of 5 million shares in 2013. Existing shareholders sold 3 million shares and the company sold 2 million, all at a price of $34 per share. Just one month after the secondary offering, the value of the shares had gone up nearly 30%, to $44.

Why Make a Secondary Offering?

Similar to an IPO, a secondary offering helps companies raise money so they can expand their operations. This can be a quick way for companies to raise significant funds fairly efficiently.

Companies may also hold a second offering between their IPO and the end of their stock’s lock-up period, which is a time when large shareholders are not allowed to sell shares. After the lock-up period, a stock’s price often falls when these shareholders sell off some of their shares. By holding a secondary offering before the end of the lock-up period, additional investors can benefit from the success of an IPO.

It’s important for investors to look into why a company is making a secondary offering before deciding whether to invest, as this can affect the price of the stock in both the short and long term.

How to Trade Secondary Offerings

Most companies that file secondary offerings choose to do so soon after the end of the lock-up period after their IPO. When a company wants to make a secondary offering, they file it for approval with the SEC.

Investors can find out about the latest secondary offerings in a few ways. The SEC has a database of secondary offerings called the EDGAR database, where investors can find out about them. Investors can also look to the NASDAQ list of secondary offerings made by companies listed on the NASDAQ stock exchange. Companies filing secondary offerings tend to get covered in the media and also put out press releases with details about the offering.

💡 Quick Tip: Access to IPO shares before they trade on public exchanges has usually been available only to large institutional investors. That’s changing now, and some brokerages offer pre-listing IPO investing to qualified investors.

How Do Stock Prices React to a Secondary Offering?

The basic concept of supply and demand dictates that if there is more of something available, its price will likely decrease. This is sometimes what occurs during a secondary offering, but not always.

If more shares are created, the price of the shares may fall — especially with dilutive offerings because they can decrease the earnings per share of the stock.

The price of stocks can also decrease during a secondary offering because the company issues the offered shares at a discounted price to incentivize investors to buy. The decrease in value can last a while because any investors who buy-in at the discounted price can sell at a slight increase and make a profit.

If a company creates new shares and sells them at market value with a discount to account for the amount of dilution, this generally results in the least amount of price volatility.

Although a secondary offering often results in a decline in stock price, that isn’t always the case. Non-dilutive offerings are viewed more positively, as they don’t affect the stock’s earnings per share or shareholders’ amount of ownership. Also, it can be seen as a good sign for the long-term value of the stock if a company is investing in growth and acquisitions.

Many secondary offerings don’t have any restrictions, but some may require a lock-up period similar to an IPO, during which investors aren’t allowed to sell their shares.

For Investors, Green or Experienced

Now the difference between a primary offering and the different types of secondary offerings makes more sense. A primary offering is when a new company goes public and makes its shares available on a public exchange — this is part of how companies raise capital.

A secondary offering is when IPO investors subsequently sell their shares on the secondary market to other investors. In this case the company doesn’t issue new shares, and they don’t raise more cash from this type of secondary stock offering. However, companies can seek to raise more cash in a follow-on offering some time after the IPO — which is also called a secondary offering. There are two types, dilutive and non-dilutive secondary offerings, which can impact the stock price overall.

Whether you’re curious about exploring IPOs, or interested in traditional stocks and exchange-traded funds (ETFs), you can get started by opening an account on the SoFi Invest® brokerage platform. On SoFi Invest, eligible SoFi members have the opportunity to trade IPO shares, and there are no account minimums for those with an Active Investing account. As with any investment, it's wise to consider your overall portfolio goals in order to assess whether IPO investing is right for you, given the risks of volatility and loss.

For a limited time, opening and funding an Active Invest account gives you the opportunity to get up to $1,000 in the stock of your choice.

Need help getting an account set up? SoFi has a team of professional advisors available to help at any time.

FAQ

Is a secondary offering good for stock?

A secondary stock offering can be good for the stock price, particularly if the shares offered are non-dilutive. Dilutive shares, which reduce the value of existing shares, may not be good for the stock price in the short-term — although prices may recover.

What is the difference between a primary and secondary offering?

A primary offering is to raise capital, typically during an IPO. In a secondary offering, investors with IPO shares can trade their shares directly with each other. Or a company may decide to issue new shares in a follow-on offering to raise more cash.

Can you sell a secondary offering stock?

Yes, you can sell stock from a secondary offering, whether you’ve bought it from an IPO investor selling their shares, or from the company during a follow-on offering.

How do you sell on secondary?

To sell stock on a secondary market, shareholders need to find a buyer through whatever method they deem most efficient (there are platforms that can facilitate this), come to an agreement regarding price, and execute a trade.

What is the purpose of a secondary listing?

In general, the purpose of a secondary listing is to raise more capital, and to expand a customer’s investor base.

What are the risks of buying from a secondary market?

Buying from a secondary market means that an investor is purchasing securities from any public stock exchange. As such, the risks of buying on the secondary market are the same as buying any stock – there’s market risks, credit risks, and numerous other risks baked into the securities.

What are the benefits of secondary markets to investors?

Secondary markets give investors access to publicly traded securities, and for shareholders, open up liquidity for their holdings, as there’s a market full of potential buyers. Overall, secondary markets facilitate trading and thus, create liquidity.

SoFi Invest®
INVESTMENTS ARE NOT FDIC INSURED • ARE NOT BANK GUARANTEED • MAY LOSE VALUE
SoFi Invest encompasses two distinct companies, with various products and services offered to investors as described below: Individual customer accounts may be subject to the terms applicable to one or more of these platforms.
1) Automated Investing and advisory services are provided by SoFi Wealth LLC, an SEC-registered investment adviser (“SoFi Wealth“). Brokerage services are provided to SoFi Wealth LLC by SoFi Securities LLC.
2) Active Investing and brokerage services are provided by SoFi Securities LLC, Member FINRA (www.finra.org)/SIPC(www.sipc.org). Clearing and custody of all securities are provided by APEX Clearing Corporation.
For additional disclosures related to the SoFi Invest platforms described above please visit SoFi.com/legal.
Neither the Investment Advisor Representatives of SoFi Wealth, nor the Registered Representatives of SoFi Securities are compensated for the sale of any product or service sold through any SoFi Invest platform.

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

Investing in an Initial Public Offering (IPO) involves substantial risk, including the risk of loss. Further, there are a variety of risk factors to consider when investing in an IPO, including but not limited to, unproven management, significant debt, and lack of operating history. For a comprehensive discussion of these risks please refer to SoFi Securities’ IPO Risk Disclosure Statement. IPOs offered through SoFi Securities are not a recommendation and investors should carefully read the offering prospectus to determine whether an offering is consistent with their investment objectives, risk tolerance, and financial situation.

New offerings generally have high demand and there are a limited number of shares available for distribution to participants. Many customers may not be allocated shares and share allocations may be significantly smaller than the shares requested in the customer’s initial offer (Indication of Interest). For SoFi’s allocation procedures please refer to IPO Allocation Procedures.

Claw Promotion: Customer must fund their Active Invest account with at least $25 within 30 days of opening the account. Probability of customer receiving $1,000 is 0.028%. See full terms and conditions.

SOIN0124068

Apr

2024

Can You Have a Joint Retirement Account?

By Pam O’Brien | invest, Investing, Preparing for Retirement | No Comments

No matter what stage of life you’re in, it’s likely that planning for retirement may be looming in the back of your mind. And that’s a good thing: According to the Center for Retirement Research, 39% of households are at risk for not having enough to maintain their living standards in retirement.

One way to start your retirement savings plan is to work shoulder-to-shoulder with your partner. You’ve no doubt heard of joint checking accounts, but what about joint retirement accounts – is there such a thing? Unfortunately, no. But while retirement plans like a 401(k) or IRA do not allow for multiple owners, there are ways couples can plan their retirement savings together.

How Couples Can Plan Together for Retirement

Although there are no joint retirement account options, you can prepare for your golden years together by combining retirement forces. Here’s how.

Review Your Retirement Goals as a Couple

Talking openly and honestly about your finances is one of the keys to building a healthy financial plan. A good first step is to have a productive conversation about your plans and goals for retirement with your significant other. Do you plan on staying in the same home during your retirement years? Perhaps you want to travel internationally once per year or buy a camper and travel across the country.

Determine the amount of money you want in retirement, too. While of course each couple’s retirement number is dependent upon their standard of living, you can calculate an estimate: Start with your current income, subtract estimated Social Security benefits, and divide by 0.04 to get your target number in today’s dollars.

Once you’ve put the numbers together and have a sense of how much you need to retire, you can figure out what you can safely withdraw to make your retirement last as long as you do.

💡 Quick Tip: The advantage of opening a Roth IRA and a tax-deferred account like a 401(k) or traditional IRA is that by the time you retire, you’ll have tax-free income from your Roth, and taxable income from the tax-deferred account. This can help with tax planning.

Determine When Both of You Will Retire

Do you know when you will retire? How about your partner? Remember, retirement plans like 401(k)s and IRAs generally cannot be withdrawn from penalty-free until you reach age 59 ½.

If you or your partner do plan to retire earlier than 59 ½, it might make sense to put some of your retirement funds into a taxable brokerage account that you can access at any time.

Name Your Spouse as a Beneficiary

While there are many ways to start saving for retirement, unfortunately, there aren’t any options that operate as a joint retirement account by default. A work-around to this is for each of you to name your spouse as a beneficiary in your retirement account. If something were to happen to one of you, the other person would still have access to your accounts and the money in it.

Your Top Questions About Joint Retirement, Answered

These are some of the biggest questions couples have when it comes to joint retirement.

Can both spouses contribute to a 401(k)?

No — only one spouse can contribute to a 401(k) account. 401(k)s are employer-sponsored plans. So just the spouse who works at the company offering the plan can participate in it and contribute to it.

However, the other spouse can be a beneficiary of the plan. This means that if the original planholder dies, the spouse gets the inherited 401(k) and can then roll it into their own 401(k) or into an IRA.

How much can a married couple contribute to a 401(k)?

As noted above, 401(k) plans are individual, with only one person contributing to each account (along with their employer, in some cases). The maximum 401(k) contribution allowed in 2024 is $23,000, with an additional catch-up contribution of $7,500 for those 50 and older. With those figures in mind, if each partner has their own 401(k) plan, a married couple could each contribute $23,000 for a combined $46,000 a year.

The maximum 401(k) contribution allowed in 2023 is $22,500, with an additional catch-up contribution of $7,500 allowed for those 50 and older. That means if each partner has their own 401(k) plan, a married couple can each contribute $22,500 for a combined $45,000 a year in 2023.

How many IRAs can a married couple have?

If a couple is married and files their taxes jointly, each partner in the marriage can contribute to their own IRAs. There is a contribution limit, however — the total contributions to the IRAs “may not exceed your joint taxable income or the annual contribution limit on IRAs times two, whichever is less,” according to the IRS. The annual IRA contribution limit is $7,000, so the total limit is $14,000, for 2024. Those 50 and older can contribute an additional catch-up amount of $1,000.

For 2023, the IRA contribution limit is $6,500, so the total limit is $13,000. Those 50 and older can contribute an additional catch-up amount of $1,000.

💡 Quick Tip: Before opening an investment account, know your investment objectives, time horizon, and risk tolerance. These fundamentals will help keep your strategy on track and with the aim of meeting your goals.

Can my wife contribute to an IRA if she doesn’t work?

Yes, a non-working spouse can open and contribute to an IRA (called a spousal IRA) as long as the other spouse is working and the couple files a joint federal income tax return. The spouse who doesn’t work can contribute up to the IRA limit of $7,000 in 2024, plus $1,000 additional in catch-up contributions if she is 50 or older.

What is a spousal Roth IRA?

A spousal IRA is a Roth or traditional IRA for a spouse who doesn’t work. A couple must file their taxes as married filing jointly to be eligible for a spousal IRA. The spouse who doesn’t work can contribute up to the IRA limit of $7,000 in 2024, plus $1,000 additional in catch-up contributions if she is 50 or older.

Can a husband and wife both have a Roth IRA?

A husband and wife can each have their own separate Roth IRAs. Your total contributions to both IRAs must not exceed your joint taxable income or the annual contribution limit to the IRAs times two. For 2024, you can each contribute $7,000 to your separate Roth IRAs, making the total contribution limit $14,000 for those under age 40. Those 50 and up can each contribute an extra $1,000 if they choose.

Can my non-working spouse have a Roth IRA?

Yes. Spousal IRAs can be traditional or Roth IRAs. In a Roth IRA, the money put into it is not tax deductible. Instead the money comes from taxable income but may grow tax free, so that an individual typically doesn’t have to pay taxes on the money that’s taken out of the account when they retire. While the contribution limits vary according to your tax filing and income status, typically the limit of contributions is the same as it is for traditional IRAs.

What is the maximum Roth contribution for a married couple?

In 2024, the annual limit for an IRA contribution is 7,000 per person, or $8,000 for those 50 and older. However, a Roth IRA has income limits. In 2024, a couple that is married filing jointly cannot contribute to a Roth IRA if their modified adjusted gross income (MAGI) is more than $240,000. Those with a MAGI between $230,000 and $240,000 can contribute a partial amount, and those whose income is less than $230,000 can contribute the full amount.

Should a married couple have two Roth IRAs?

Whether you should have two Roth IRAs is a personal decision. One consideration: Since a married couple cannot have a joint retirement account like a joint Roth IRA, if you each have a Roth IRA, you may be able to save more for retirement if you both contribute the full amount allowed to your separate IRAs. For 2024, that amount is $7,000 for those under age 50, and $8,000 for those 50 and up. However, your total contributions to both IRAs must not exceed your joint taxable income

The Takeaway

While no specific retirement savings plans — such as 401(k)s or IRAs — offer joint retirement accounts, there are ways for couples to plan and save for retirement together. One way is to each have your own separate IRAs that you contribute to. Another easy way to make sure you’re both taken care of in retirement is to make each other the beneficiaries on your individual accounts.

Ready to invest for your retirement? It’s easy to get started when you open a traditional or Roth IRA with SoFi. SoFi doesn’t charge commissions, but other fees apply (full fee disclosure here).

Easily manage your retirement savings with a SoFi IRA.

Apr

2024

Direct Listings vs. IPOs: How Are They Different?

By Laurel Tincher | invest, Investing | Comments Off

When you hear of a company “going public,” one route is via an initial public offering, or IPO — but a company can also go public through a direct listing, where no new shares are created and underwriters are not required.

Direct listings, also known as the direct listing process (DLP), direct placement, or direct public offering (DPO), are a way for companies to raise capital by selling existing shares without the complexity of engaging investment banks and other intermediaries.

While a direct listing is typically less expensive than an IPO, and typically there’s no lock-up period, there is a risk in direct listing shares without the support of underwriters.

Table of Contents

What Is the Difference Between Direct Listings and IPOs?
Comparing the Direct Listing and IPO Process
Pros and Cons of Direct Listings
FAQ

What Is the Difference Between Direct Listings and IPOs?

A direct listing is one method by which a company can list shares of stock on a public exchange such as the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) or Nasdaq directly, without using underwriters to create new shares, as you might with an IPO.

While some listing choices involve selling shares of stock to investors, IPOs and direct listings have many differences. The main difference between the two is that with an IPO a company issues and sells new shares of stock, while with a direct listing shareholders sell existing shares.

Comparing the Direct Listing and IPO Process

The differences between using a direct listing vs. an IPO to take a company public are pretty straightforward.

How a Direct Listing Works

If a private company is interested in going public, but doesn’t want the hassle of working with underwriters, they may choose to do a direct listing. With a direct listing, anyone who owns shares in the company can sell them directly to the public once the new company is listed on a public exchange. Shareholders may include investors, promoters, and employees.

By choosing a direct listing over an IPO, a company can avoid using an underwriter, which potentially saves money and time. Underwriters fulfill multiple roles in the IPO process, including working with the fledgling company to meet regulatory standards and set the initial price per share. These are important steps, but not necessary if a new company is only selling existing shares.

Further, because no new shares are created with a direct listing, existing shares won’t get diluted.

💡 Quick Tip: Access to IPO shares before they trade on public exchanges has usually been available only to large institutional investors. That’s changing now, and some brokerages offer pre-listing IPO investing to qualified investors.

How an Initial Public Offering Works

When a company offers shares of stock to the general public for the first time, it’s known as an initial public offering (IPO).

Before an IPO, a company is considered private, which means that shares of stock are not available for sale to the general public. Also, a private company is not generally required to disclose financial information to the public.

To have an IPO, a company must file a prospectus with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). The company will use the prospectus to solicit investors, and it includes key information like the terms of the securities offered and the business’s overall financials.

Initial public offerings are a popular choice for companies looking to raise capital. The company works with an underwriter (typically part of an investment bank), who helps navigate regulations and figure out the initial price of the shares. They may also purchase shares from the company and sell them to investors (such as mutual funds, insurance companies, investment banks, and broker-dealers) who will in turn sell them to the public.

One benefit of working with an underwriter is the greenshoe option. This is an agreement that a company can enter into with the underwriter in which the underwriter has the right to sell a greater number of shares during the sale than they originally intended to, if there is a lot of market demand. This can help the company gain additional investment.

Working with an underwriter creates some security for the company, which is one reason so many companies go the route of the IPO.

Pros and Cons of Direct Listings

There are advantages and disadvantages for companies and investors when it comes to direct listings vs. IPOs.

Pros of a Direct Listing

Less expensive than an IPO for the company

Unlike IPOs, direct listings do not require underwriters, since no new shares are being created. Typically, an underwriter charges a fee between 3% and 7% per share. Depending on the scope of the IPO, these fees can add up to hundreds of millions of dollars.

In addition, underwriters often purchase shares below their agreed-upon market value, so companies don’t receive as much investment as they may have had they sold those shares directly to retail investors.

No lock-up periods for shares

If a company goes through an IPO, existing shareholders are generally not allowed to sell their shares to the public during the sale and for a period of time following the sale. These lock-up periods are required in order to prevent stock prices from decreasing due to an oversupply.

The direct listing model is essentially the opposite, in which existing shareholders sell their stock to the public and no new shares are sold.

Provides liquidity for existing shareholders

Anyone who owns stock in the company can sell their shares during a direct listing.

💡 Quick Tip: Before opening any investment account, consider what level of risk you are comfortable with. If you’re not sure, start with more conservative investments, and then adjust your portfolio as you learn more.

Cons of a Direct Listing

There are also some potential drawbacks when it comes to direct listings.

Risk that shares won’t sell

With a direct listing, the amount of shares sold is based solely on market demand. Because of this, it’s important for a company to evaluate the market demand for its stock before deciding to go the route of a direct listing.

Companies best suited to direct listings are those that sell directly to consumers and have both a strong, recognizable brand and a business model that the public can easily understand and evaluate.

No help from underwriters with marketing and sales

Underwriters provide guarantees, promotion, and support during the listing process. Without an underwriter involved, the company may find that shares are difficult to sell, there may be legal issues during the sale, and the share price may see extreme swings.

No guarantee of stock price

Just as there is no guarantee that shares will sell, there is also no guarantee of stock price. In contrast, having an underwriter can help manage potentially extreme price swings.

This chart outlines the main points covered above.

Pros of Direct Listings	Cons of Direct Listings
Less expensive than an IPO	Potential for initial volatility
No lock-up periods	Risk that shares won’t sell
Liquidity for existing shareholders	No help from underwriters
	No stock price guarantee

The Takeaway

Direct listings are an appealing alternative to IPOs for private companies who want to go public, thanks in part to lower costs and reduced regulations. A direct listing may also be appealing to retail investors who want to purchase shares from companies that are going public.

Ready to invest in your goals? It’s easy to get started when you open an investment account with SoFi Invest. You can invest in stocks, exchange-traded funds (ETFs), mutual funds, alternative funds, and more. SoFi doesn’t charge commissions, but other fees apply (full fee disclosure here).

For a limited time, opening and funding an Active Invest account gives you the opportunity to get up to $1,000 in the stock of your choice.

FAQ

Why would a company do a direct listing?

A direct listing offers a more direct path to going public on a stock exchange. The company doesn’t have to issue new shares, as only existing shares get sold in a direct listing. This eliminates the need for intermediaries like underwriters.

Can anyone buy a direct listing stock?

Yes, investors can buy a direct stock listing as they would any other stock listed on an exchange.

Is a direct offering good for a stock?

Since direct listings bypass the middleman and eliminate the need for underwriters, they can be less expensive for a company vs. IPOs, but the lack of marketing support could hurt the stock price and initial sales.

SoFi Invest®
INVESTMENTS ARE NOT FDIC INSURED • ARE NOT BANK GUARANTEED • MAY LOSE VALUE
SoFi Invest encompasses two distinct companies, with various products and services offered to investors as described below: Individual customer accounts may be subject to the terms applicable to one or more of these platforms.
1) Automated Investing and advisory services are provided by SoFi Wealth LLC, an SEC-registered investment adviser (“SoFi Wealth“). Brokerage services are provided to SoFi Wealth LLC by SoFi Securities LLC.
2) Active Investing and brokerage services are provided by SoFi Securities LLC, Member FINRA (www.finra.org)/SIPC(www.sipc.org). Clearing and custody of all securities are provided by APEX Clearing Corporation.
For additional disclosures related to the SoFi Invest platforms described above please visit SoFi.com/legal.
Neither the Investment Advisor Representatives of SoFi Wealth, nor the Registered Representatives of SoFi Securities are compensated for the sale of any product or service sold through any SoFi Invest platform.

Investing in an Initial Public Offering (IPO) involves substantial risk, including the risk of loss. Further, there are a variety of risk factors to consider when investing in an IPO, including but not limited to, unproven management, significant debt, and lack of operating history. For a comprehensive discussion of these risks please refer to SoFi Securities’ IPO Risk Disclosure Statement. IPOs offered through SoFi Securities are not a recommendation and investors should carefully read the offering prospectus to determine whether an offering is consistent with their investment objectives, risk tolerance, and financial situation.

New offerings generally have high demand and there are a limited number of shares available for distribution to participants. Many customers may not be allocated shares and share allocations may be significantly smaller than the shares requested in the customer’s initial offer (Indication of Interest). For SoFi’s allocation procedures please refer to IPO Allocation Procedures.

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

Claw Promotion: Customer must fund their Active Invest account with at least $25 within 30 days of opening the account. Probability of customer receiving $1,000 is 0.028%. See full terms and conditions.

SOIN0124047