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If you’re lucky enough to find yourself in possession of a bundle of cash that isn’t immediately needed to pay bills, you have some thinking to do. How to use that money? Whether it came your way via a work bonus, an inheritance, or an unexpected refund, you have the opportunity to put it to work for you in a variety of ways.

Instead of going on a shopping spree, you could deploy the funds to improve your financial situation and build wealth. Options include paying down debt, contributing to retirement goals, and beyond. Read on to learn the full story.

Before You Start: Make a Plan for Your Extra Cash

At some point, you may find some extra cash heading your way and wonder what to do with the spare money. Perhaps you get a bonus for wrangling a complicated project at work. Or you didn’t realize that you’d overpaid your taxes one year. Or maybe an inheritance comes your way.

When funds turn up that you weren’t expecting, it can be tempting to go shopping or book a last-minute vacation. But you might instead look at the money as a means to enrich your financial standing. (Or use most of it that way, and go shopping with a small amount of it.)

A windfall can be a once-in-a-blue-moon opportunity to pay off debt or plump up your emergency fund. It can help you boost your retirement savings or kick your savings for a future goal into high gear.

Yes, it takes discipline to put that money to work, but doing so can have a long-term positive impact on your finances and help with better money management.

Step 1: Build Your Financial Safety Net With an Emergency Fund

If your emergency fund is low (or nonexistent), you might use your new windfall of extra cash to build it up.

Having an emergency fund gives you a financial cushion, along with the sense of security that comes with knowing you can handle a financial set-back (such as a job loss, medical expenses, or costly car or home repair) without hardship.

Having this buffer can also help you avoid having to rely on credit cards for an unexpected expense and then falling into a negative spiral of high interest debt.

How Much to Save in an Emergency Fund

A general rule of thumb is to keep three to six months’ worth of monthly expenses in cash as an emergency fund. If, however, you are, say, the sole breadwinner in a family, you may want to aim higher. You might want to look at different scenarios using an emergency fund calculator.

Consider keeping your emergency fund in a separate high-yield savings account, such as a money market account, online saving account, or a checking and savings account. These options typically offer higher interest rates than a standard savings account, yet allow you to access the money when you need it.

id=”step-2-pay-down-high-interest-debt-like-credit-cards”>Step 2: Pay Down High-Interest Debt Like Credit Cards

If you carry any credit card or other high-interest debt, you might want to use your windfall to jumpstart a strategic debt payoff plan. While mortgage loans and car loans tend to offer lower interest rates since they’re secured by collateral, the same can’t be said of unsecured debts, such as credit card balances. Credit card debt can be especially hard to pay off, given that the current average interest rate is over 20%.

Strategies for Paying Down Debt

Here are two popular options for paying down debt:

•   The avalanche method involves ranking your debts by interest rate. You then put any extra money you have towards paying off the debt with the highest interest rate (while continuing to pay the minimum on other debts). After the balance with the highest interest rate has been completely paid off, you move on to the next highest interest-rate balance (again, putting as much money as you can toward it), and then move down the list until your debt is repaid.

•   With the snowball method, you focus on paying off your smallest debt first (while paying the minimum on your other debts). Once that balance is paid off, you take the funds you had previously allocated to your smallest debt and put them toward the next-smallest balance. This cycle repeats until all of your debt is repaid.

Using your extra cash to pay off debt has added benefits. You may build your credit score as your credit utilization ratio (the amount of available credit you’ve used vs. your credit limit) goes down.

In addition, once you clear your debt, you won’t have to budget for debt payments anymore, which is essentially getting extra cash all over again.

Step 3: Boost Your Retirement Savings

Here’s another idea for what to do with extra money. Rather than let it sit in your checking account, you might use it to grow your retirement accounts. There are a couple of options to consider here.

401(k) and Employer Match

Does your employer offer a 401(k) with matching contributions? If so, this can be a powerful tool to help you save for retirement.

Not only does a 401(k) help lower your taxes (since this money comes out of your salary before taxes are deducted), your employer’s matching contributions are essentially free money and can provide a nice boost to your retirement savings.

If you’re not currently taking full advantage of matching funds, you may want to adjust your contributions to help ensure you’re making the most of this benefit. And if a windfall comes your way, you may want to deposit it right into your account.

Start or Fund an IRA

What do you do if you don’t have a company plan or you’ve hit your contribution limit there? You might consider using your new influx of cash to open up (or add to) an individual retirement account (IRA).

While retirement may feel a long way off, starting early can be a smart idea, thanks to the magic of compound earnings (that’s when the money you invest earns interest/dividends, those earnings then get reinvested and also grow).

There is also a possible immediate financial benefit to investing in an IRA: Just as with a 401(k), your IRA contributions can possibly reduce your taxable income, which means that any money you put in this year can lower your tax bill for this year.

You’ll want to keep in mind, however, that the federal government places limitations on how much you can contribute each year to retirement funds.

Recommended: IRA vs. 401(k): What’s the Difference?

Step 4: Invest Beyond Retirement With a Brokerage Account

A little windfall can offer a nice opportunity to buy investments that can possibly help you create additional wealth over time.

For long-term financial goals (outside of retirement), you might consider opening up a brokerage account. This is an investment account that allows you to buy and sell investments like stocks, bonds, and funds like mutual funds and exchange-traded funds (ETFs).

A taxable brokerage account does not offer the same tax incentives as a 401(k) or an IRA but is much more flexible in terms of when the money can be accessed.

Though all investments come with some risk, generally the longer you keep your money invested, the better your odds of overcoming any down markets. Your investment gains can also grow exponentially over time as your earnings are compounded. Worth noting: Past performance doesn’t guarantee future return, and while your money may be insured against broker-dealer insolvency, it is not insured against loss.

While investing can seem intimidating, a financial planner can be a helpful resource to help you create an investment strategy that takes into consideration your goals and risk tolerance.

Step 5: Save for Major Life Goals

Still wondering what to do with extra money? If you already have a solid emergency fund and your retirement account is growing nicely, you may want to think about what large purchases you are hoping to make in the next few years. That could be buying a new car, or accruing a down payment for a home. A savings goal calculator can help you determine how much to save and for how long to reach your goal.

A lump sum of cash can be a great way to jumpstart saving for your goal or, if you’re already saving, to quickly beef up this fund.

Save for a Down Payment on a House

Owning one’s own home is a classic part of the American dream. To save for a down payment, you may want to open a dedicated high-yield savings account after researching which has the best interest rates and terms. Then, you could set up automatic transfers into it from your checking account after your paycheck is direct-deposited.

While saving a 20% or more down payment will help you avoid private mortgage insurance (PMI), that amount isn’t always possible. Some mortgages are available with 3% to 5% down, and first-time buyer assistance programs can provide extra help. Set a realistic timeline for saving; an online down payment calculator can help you do the math.

Save for a Child’s Education With a 529 Plan

If you have some extra money, you might consider putting it toward your child’s future education expenses. A 529 college savings plan is worth considering: It’s a tax-advantaged savings tool for education which allows earnings to grow tax-free. Withdrawals for qualified education expenses are also tax-free, offering a money-smart way to save for future schooling.

Step 6: Invest in Yourself Through Education or New Skills

Another option for extra money is to invest in yourself through education and new skills. This can turbocharge your career trajectory and earning potential. Depending on your particular interests, budget, and profession, you could go back to school for a degree, take an online course, attend workshops, or obtain certificates in different skill areas. Doing so can help you explore new horizons or deepen your competencies in an area you are already pursuing.

You can add money to a savings Vault account to earn interest as you research options and determine the best path forward.

The Takeaway

Wondering what to do with a lump sum of extra money is a good problem to have. Some options you might want to consider include: setting up an emergency fund, paying down high-interest debt, or putting the money into your retirement fund or another type of long-term investment.

If you are looking for a place to bank your funds for a future goal, compare account features, such as the annual percentage yield (APY) offered and fees assessed.

Interested in opening an online bank account? When you sign up for a SoFi Checking and Savings account with eligible direct deposit, you’ll get a competitive annual percentage yield (APY), pay zero account fees, and enjoy an array of rewards, such as access to the Allpoint Network of 55,000+ fee-free ATMs globally. Qualifying accounts can even access their paycheck up to two days early.

FAQ

Should I pay off debt or invest my extra money first?

When deciding whether to pay off debt or invest extra money, it’s usually wise to pay off high-interest debt such as credit cards) first. Then, if you only have low-interest debt (say, a mortgage), investing can be a good step because investment returns can be greater than the debt’s interest rate.

What should I do if I only have an extra $100 a month?

If you have an extra $100 a month, it can be a smart move to build an emergency fund, pay off high-interest debt (like credit cards), or invest in, say, a Roth IRA to build your wealth.

Where is the best place to keep my emergency fund?

Many people find that a high-yield checking account is a good place to keep their emergency fund. This keeps your money liquid, meaning you can access it when needed, while also earning some interest.

How much of my extra money should I enjoy versus save?

It’s important to strike a balance between enjoying your money and saving it. You might try the 50/30/20 budget rule, which allocates 50% of take-home pay to essentials, 30% to wants (things you enjoy), and 20% to savings and additional debt payments.

What is the difference between saving and investing?

Saving is setting money aside money securely and accessibly, often to achieve short-term goals. Investing involves using money for long-term growth in such assets as stocks and bonds but with a higher level of risk.

SoFi Checking and Savings is offered through SoFi Bank, N.A. Member FDIC. The SoFi® Bank Debit Mastercard® is issued by SoFi Bank, N.A., pursuant to license by Mastercard International Incorporated and can be used everywhere Mastercard is accepted. Mastercard is a registered trademark, and the circles design is a trademark of Mastercard International Incorporated.

Annual percentage yield (APY) is variable and subject to change at any time. Rates are current as of 12/23/25. There is no minimum balance requirement. Fees may reduce earnings. Additional rates and information can be found at https://www.sofi.com/legal/banking-rate-sheet

Eligible Direct Deposit means a recurring deposit of regular income to an account holder’s SoFi Checking or Savings account, including payroll, pension, or government benefit payments (e.g., Social Security), made by the account holder’s employer, payroll or benefits provider or government agency (“Eligible Direct Deposit”) via the Automated Clearing House (“ACH”) Network every 31 calendar days.

Although we do our best to recognize all Eligible Direct Deposits, a small number of employers, payroll providers, benefits providers, or government agencies do not designate payments as direct deposit. To ensure you're earning the APY for account holders with Eligible Direct Deposit, we encourage you to check your APY Details page the day after your Eligible Direct Deposit posts to your SoFi account. If your APY is not showing as the APY for account holders with Eligible Direct Deposit, contact us at 855-456-7634 with the details of your Eligible Direct Deposit. As long as SoFi Bank can validate those details, you will start earning the APY for account holders with Eligible Direct Deposit from the date you contact SoFi for the next 31 calendar days. You will also be eligible for the APY for account holders with Eligible Direct Deposit on future Eligible Direct Deposits, as long as SoFi Bank can validate them.

Deposits that are not from an employer, payroll, or benefits provider or government agency, including but not limited to check deposits, peer-to-peer transfers (e.g., transfers from PayPal, Venmo, Wise, etc.), merchant transactions (e.g., transactions from PayPal, Stripe, Square, etc.), and bank ACH funds transfers and wire transfers from external accounts, or are non-recurring in nature (e.g., IRS tax refunds), do not constitute Eligible Direct Deposit activity. There is no minimum Eligible Direct Deposit amount required to qualify for the stated interest rate. SoFi Bank shall, in its sole discretion, assess each account holder's Eligible Direct Deposit activity to determine the applicability of rates and may request additional documentation for verification of eligibility.

See additional details at https://www.sofi.com/legal/banking-rate-sheet.
*Awards or rankings from NerdWallet are not indicative of future success or results. This award and its ratings are independently determined and awarded by their respective publications.

We do not charge any account, service or maintenance fees for SoFi Checking and Savings. We do charge a transaction fee to process each outgoing wire transfer. SoFi does not charge a fee for incoming wire transfers, however the sending bank may charge a fee. Our fee policy is subject to change at any time. See the SoFi Bank Fee Sheet for details at sofi.com/legal/banking-fees/.
^Early access to direct deposit funds is based on the timing in which we receive notice of impending payment from the Federal Reserve, which is typically up to two days before the scheduled payment date, but may vary.

Disclaimer: Many factors affect your credit scores and the interest rates you may receive. SoFi is not a Credit Repair Organization as defined under federal or state law, including the Credit Repair Organizations Act. SoFi does not provide “credit repair” services or advice or assistance regarding “rebuilding” or “improving” your credit record, credit history, or credit rating. For details, see the FTC’s website .

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

Tax Information: This article provides general background information only and is not intended to serve as legal or tax advice or as a substitute for legal counsel. You should consult your own attorney and/or tax advisor if you have a question requiring legal or tax advice.

Third Party Trademarks: Certified Financial Planner Board of Standards Center for Financial Planning, Inc. owns and licenses the certification marks CFP®, CERTIFIED FINANCIAL PLANNER®

SOBNK-Q425-040

Overdraft and non-sufficient funds (NSF) fees have a lot in common. Both fees are triggered when there’s not enough money in an account to cover a transaction, except with overdrafts, the transaction usually goes through, and with NSF, it’s canceled.

Both of these bank fees can be avoided with a bit of focus and practice. Read on to learn the details.

What Are Overdraft Fees and How Do They Work?

Here’s the meaning of an overdraft fee: When a bank account balance is negative (meaning transactions exceed deposits), the account holder is often charged an overdraft fee. The transaction goes through, but the account holder owes the bank the cost of the transaction to bring the account back to zero, as well as the overdraft fee set by the bank.

Typically, overdraft fees will continue with each transaction until an account’s balance is out of the red. That means if an account holder is unaware of the overdraft and goes on using the card without making a deposit, they could be hit with a fee for each charge, no matter how small.

Overdraft policies vary from bank to bank, but typically they kick in when a debit card or checking account transaction exceeds the amount held in a bank account.

When the transaction goes through, the bank has a few choices:

•   If the account holder has opted for a tool like overdraft protection, they may be shielded from overdraft fees up to a certain amount (bank policies vary as to how much).

•   If the account is typically in good standing, or if the account holder has never overdrafted before, the bank may choose to waive overdraft fees in this instance (or you might be able to request this and see if you can avoid overdraft fees).

•   If the account holder has a history of overdrafting, or their account is relatively new, the bank may choose to charge the overdraft fee.

When You Could Get Hit With an Overdraft Fee

It’s not just debit card purchases that can set off an overdraft fee. If the account holder doesn’t have enough cash in their checking account, any of the following transactions could lead to an overdraft fee:

•   ATM withdrawals

•   Checks

•   Autopay bill payments or withdrawals

•   Transfers between bank accounts

As mentioned above, once an account holder overdraws, the bank may continue to charge subsequent overdraft fees on the account until the account balance is restored through a deposit. It’s worth noting that not all banks will always assess a fee, however. If you are shopping for a new financial institution, you might look for a bank that doesn’t charge fees.

What Is the Average Cost of an Overdraft Fee?

The average overdraft fee is currently $26.77, but it can be as high as $35 or so, which can add up quickly when someone isn’t paying attention to their checking account balance. It’s worth noting that some consumer activists and lawmakers call for capping these fees at a lower figure, which would benefit consumers.

Recommended: Can a Cleared Check Be Reversed?

What Are Non-Sufficient Funds (NSF) Fees and How Do They Work?

On the surface, it’s hard to tell the difference between overdraft and NSF fees. Both fees occur when an account doesn’t have enough cash to cover a transaction.

However, here’s the meaning of an NSF fee: The account holder is charged when an account doesn’t have enough money to cover a transaction and the transaction is canceled or rejected.

An account holder might trigger what are known as NSF charges instead of an overdraft fee if they:

•   Opt out of or never signed up for overdraft protection

•   Already exceeded the bank or credit union’s overdraft protection limit

•   Write a check that’s more than the balance of the account

When You Could Get Hit With an NSF Fee

NSF fee policies vary by banking institution, but an account holder is more likely to be charged in the following situations:

•   Check writing. When someone writes a check for more than the account’s balance, the check bounces, and the transaction won’t go through. The account holder will be charged an NSF fee by their bank, and they may be charged an additional fee by the bank or entity that tried to cash the check.

•   ACH payments. An ACH payment, or Automated Clearing House Network payment, can be an easy way to transfer money or pay someone, but if the transferring bank doesn’t cover ACH payments, the transaction could be canceled and the NSF fee charged. Examples of ACH payments can include automated loan debits and mobile payment apps.

What Is the Average Cost of an NSF Fee?

The average NSF fee is currently $16.82, but some banks may charge considerably higher. It can be a wise move to familiarize yourself with your bank’s fee structure so you understand how much damage NSF fees could cause. You might also see if you can find a fee-free checking account.

Key Differences Between Overdraft and NSF Fees

NSF and overdraft fees are commonly lumped together as general bank fees, but they are not the same. Here’s the difference between overdraft and NSF fees:

5 Ways to Avoid Overdraft and NSF Fees for Good

Overdraft and NSF fees are frustrating for many people because they fall into the category of bank fees you should avoid — and you can easily do so with a few simple practices.

1. Setting Up Email and Text Alerts

Many banks and credit unions offer email and text bank alerts that account holders can set up to notify them of low balances. For example, an account holder could set up an alert when their checking account balance falls below a certain amount.

With enough notice, account holders have time to transfer money into the account to cover upcoming charges or auto-debits.

2. Utilizing Direct Deposit

Setting up direct deposit with an employer means paychecks go directly to a bank account on payday. It’s a nearly immediate payment, opposed to, say, waiting for a check by mail then depositing it at the bank. This could save someone from overdraft fees, especially if paychecks and major bills occur at regular intervals.

3. Linking to a Savings Account for Overdraft Protection

Linking your checking account to a high-yield savings account (or any savings account, for that matter) can be a good way to dodge overdraft and NSF fees. By connecting two accounts, you know that if you pay out more than is in your checking account, it won’t go into negative territory. Instead, funds will seamlessly be transferred from your savings account. Check the fine print with your bank to see if there are limits on how much can be covered in this way.

4. Checking Finances Regularly

While automation can help, nothing beats a regular check-in for managing your bank account. Consider reviewing account balances at least once a week. It can help you keep those numbers in mind when a large transaction or purchase comes up.

5. Utilizing a Budgeting App

Keeping a budget is an important part of financial wellness. Not only does it involve knowing the balance of bank accounts, but it can also prevent people from overspending or making unnecessary purchases that can send an account into overdraft. Some budgeting apps come with alerts to notify users when account balances are low. One good resource: Your financial institution. See what it offers.

Recommended: Is Overdraft Protection Worth It?

The Takeaway

Both overdraft and non-sufficient funds (NSF) fees occur when your bank balance drops below zero into negative territory. The key difference is that with overdraft fees, the transaction is typically completed, while with NSF fees, the transaction is usually rejected. You might look for a bank which doesn’t charge overdraft fees up to a limit to minimize the impact of these charges and take steps to always keep your account with a positive balance.

Interested in opening an online bank account? When you sign up for a SoFi Checking and Savings account with eligible direct deposit, you’ll get a competitive annual percentage yield (APY), pay zero account fees, and enjoy an array of rewards, such as access to the Allpoint Network of 55,000+ fee-free ATMs globally. Qualifying accounts can even access their paycheck up to two days early.

FAQ

Can a bank charge you both an overdraft fee and an NSF fee for the same transaction?

No, typically you will either pay an overdraft fee (if the payment was completed) or an NSF fee (if the payment was denied) for a transaction. You should not be assessed both fees for a single bank transaction.

Do all banks charge overdraft and NSF fees?

No, not all banks charge overdraft and NSF fees. It can be a good move to do an online search to see which financial institutions have reduced or eliminated these fees when choosing your banking partner.

What should you do if you’ve been charged an overdraft or NSF fee unfairly?

If you feel you have been unfairly charged an overdraft or NSF fee, contact your bank’s customer service department and politely request that the fee be waived, asking to speak with a supervisor if needed. If that isn’t successful, you might reach out to the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) or the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (OCC) for assistance.

How does overdraft protection work?

Overdraft protection typically works by linking your checking account to another source of funding, such as a savings account or line of credit. This backup source can automatically transfer funds to cover transactions when your checking account isn’t sufficient. In this way, you avoid having checks bounce or purchases declined. There can be a fee for overdraft protection; check with your bank.

Can an NSF fee hurt your credit score?

NSF fees are not reported to the credit bureaus, so they do not directly affect your credit score. However, if they lead to carrying a debt that gets turned over to a collections agency, that could have a significant negative impact on your credit score.

Photo credit: iStock/Ivan Pantic

SoFi Checking and Savings is offered through SoFi Bank, N.A. Member FDIC. The SoFi® Bank Debit Mastercard® is issued by SoFi Bank, N.A., pursuant to license by Mastercard International Incorporated and can be used everywhere Mastercard is accepted. Mastercard is a registered trademark, and the circles design is a trademark of Mastercard International Incorporated.

Annual percentage yield (APY) is variable and subject to change at any time. Rates are current as of 12/23/25. There is no minimum balance requirement. Fees may reduce earnings. Additional rates and information can be found at https://www.sofi.com/legal/banking-rate-sheet

Eligible Direct Deposit means a recurring deposit of regular income to an account holder’s SoFi Checking or Savings account, including payroll, pension, or government benefit payments (e.g., Social Security), made by the account holder’s employer, payroll or benefits provider or government agency (“Eligible Direct Deposit”) via the Automated Clearing House (“ACH”) Network every 31 calendar days.

Although we do our best to recognize all Eligible Direct Deposits, a small number of employers, payroll providers, benefits providers, or government agencies do not designate payments as direct deposit. To ensure you're earning the APY for account holders with Eligible Direct Deposit, we encourage you to check your APY Details page the day after your Eligible Direct Deposit posts to your SoFi account. If your APY is not showing as the APY for account holders with Eligible Direct Deposit, contact us at 855-456-7634 with the details of your Eligible Direct Deposit. As long as SoFi Bank can validate those details, you will start earning the APY for account holders with Eligible Direct Deposit from the date you contact SoFi for the next 31 calendar days. You will also be eligible for the APY for account holders with Eligible Direct Deposit on future Eligible Direct Deposits, as long as SoFi Bank can validate them.

Deposits that are not from an employer, payroll, or benefits provider or government agency, including but not limited to check deposits, peer-to-peer transfers (e.g., transfers from PayPal, Venmo, Wise, etc.), merchant transactions (e.g., transactions from PayPal, Stripe, Square, etc.), and bank ACH funds transfers and wire transfers from external accounts, or are non-recurring in nature (e.g., IRS tax refunds), do not constitute Eligible Direct Deposit activity. There is no minimum Eligible Direct Deposit amount required to qualify for the stated interest rate. SoFi Bank shall, in its sole discretion, assess each account holder's Eligible Direct Deposit activity to determine the applicability of rates and may request additional documentation for verification of eligibility.

See additional details at https://www.sofi.com/legal/banking-rate-sheet.
*Awards or rankings from NerdWallet are not indicative of future success or results. This award and its ratings are independently determined and awarded by their respective publications.

We do not charge any account, service or maintenance fees for SoFi Checking and Savings. We do charge a transaction fee to process each outgoing wire transfer. SoFi does not charge a fee for incoming wire transfers, however the sending bank may charge a fee. Our fee policy is subject to change at any time. See the SoFi Bank Fee Sheet for details at sofi.com/legal/banking-fees/.
^Early access to direct deposit funds is based on the timing in which we receive notice of impending payment from the Federal Reserve, which is typically up to two days before the scheduled payment date, but may vary.

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

Third Party Trademarks: Certified Financial Planner Board of Standards Center for Financial Planning, Inc. owns and licenses the certification marks CFP®, CERTIFIED FINANCIAL PLANNER®

SOBNK-Q425-032

If you’re leaving your job, there are numerous things you must attend to before you clock out for the last time, such as rolling over the retirement account you have with the company you’re leaving. It can be easy to overlook, but critical to your financial plan or strategy — which is why it can be a good idea to have a basic idea of how to execute an IRA rollover or transfer.

Further, once you separate from your employer, you will have a few options to choose from when deciding what to do with your retirement savings, including doing an IRA rollover. Read on to learn more about IRA rollovers and the IRA rollover rules.

What is an IRA Rollover?

An IRA rollover is the movement of funds from a qualified plan, like a 401(k) or 403(b), to an IRA. This scenario could come up when changing jobs or when switching accounts for reasons such as wanting lower fees and more investment options.

There are several factors to be aware of regarding what an IRA rollover is and how it works.

People generally roll their funds over so that their retirement money doesn’t lose its tax-deferred status. But, there may be other situations in which it’s also advantageous. Let’s say you leave your job and want to withdraw the money from your 401(k) so you can use it to pay some bills. In this case, you’d be taxed on the money and also receive a penalty for withdrawing funds before age 59 ½.

However, if you roll your money over instead of withdrawing it, you don’t have to pay taxes or penalties for an early withdrawal. Plus, you can keep saving for retirement.

When you roll funds over to a new IRA, following IRA rollover rules can help ensure you do everything legally, don’t have to pay taxes, and don’t pay penalties for any mistakes.

Direct vs. Indirect Rollovers: What’s the Difference?

You can choose between two types of rollovers and it’s important to know the differences between each.

Some people may prefer a direct rollover to an indirect rollover, because the process is typically simpler and more efficient. With a direct rollover, you aren’t taxed on the money. With an indirect rollover, you are taxed, and if you’re under 59 ½ years old, you have to pay a 10% withdrawal penalty, unless you follow specific IRA rollover rules.

It can be wise to consult with a tax professional to understand the implications of an indirect rollover prior to making this election.

Keep in mind that a transfer is different from a rollover: A transfer is the movement of money between the same types of accounts, while a rollover is the movement of money from two different kinds of accounts, like a 401(k) into a traditional IRA.

What Is a Direct Rollover?

First, you may choose a direct rollover, which is the moving of funds directly from a qualified retirement plan to your IRA, without ever touching the money. Your original company may move these funds electronically or by sending a check to your IRA provider. With a direct rollover you don’t have to pay taxes or early distribution penalties since your funds move directly from one tax-sheltered account to another.

What Is an Indirect Rollover?

The second option is an indirect rollover. In this case, you withdraw money from your original retirement account by requesting a check made out to your name, then deposit it into your new IRA later.

Some people choose an indirect rollover because they need the money to accomplish short-term plans, or they haven’t decided what they want to do with the money upon leaving their job. Other times, it’s because they simply don’t know their options.

The 60-Day Rollover Rule Explained

If you choose to do an indirect IRA rollover, you have 60 days to deposit the funds into a rollover IRA account, along with the amount your employer withheld in taxes. That’s because IRS rules require you to make up the taxes that were withheld with outside funds. Otherwise, you will be taxed on the withholding as income.

If you deposit the full amount — the amount you received plus the withheld taxes — you will report a tax credit of the withheld amount. The withholding will not be returned to you, but rather settled up when you file that year’s taxes.

The One-Rollover-Per-Year Rule Explained

You can only do an IRA-to-IRA rollover once every 12 months, although there are some exceptions. You’ll want to familiarize yourself with this information to follow the IRA rollover rules.

If you’re rolling funds over from an IRA, you can only complete a rollover once every 12 months. There are exceptions, such as trustee-to-trustee transfers and rollovers from a traditional IRA to a Roth IRA, which are commonly referred to as conversions.

And, most notably, the one-year rule does not apply to IRA rollovers from an employer-sponsored retirement plan like a 401(k).

What Are the Rules for a Roth IRA Rollover?

A Roth IRA is different from a traditional IRA, particularly in terms of tax treatment, and thus, has different rules concerning rollovers.

Roth Conversions vs. Roth-to-Roth Rollovers

First, you should know that there is such a thing as a Roth IRA conversion, which involves taking pre-tax money or funds from a traditional IRA, and moving it into a Roth IRA. Effectively, that means you’re taking taxable IRA funds and moving them into a tax-free Roth account. This could have tax implications, however, since the amount converted is added to your taxable income for the year.

A Roth-to-Roth rollover, on the other hand, means you’re simply rolling over Roth IRA funds into another Roth IRA. Or, a Roth 401(k) can be rolled into a Roth IRA. This shouldn’t trigger a taxable event.

The 5-year Rule for Roth Conversions

There is a “five-year rule” that comes into play during Roth conversions. The rule stipulates that when you take pre-tax money from, say, a traditional IRA and convert it into a Roth IRA (which has post-tax money in it), there’s a five-year period during which you can’t take any withdrawals, or you could be subject to a 10% early withdrawal penalty. That five-year clock starts at the beginning of the year you convert, not the exact date.

IRA Rollovers and Taxes

Taxes will not be withheld if you do a direct rollover of your retirement account to an IRA or another retirement account. However, if you take out an IRA distribution, it’s typically subject to 20% withholding. If you miss the 60-day rollover deadline for an indirect rollover, you could trigger a taxable event, as it could be considered a taxable distribution.

Compatibility Rules When Rolling Funds to an IRA

Unfortunately, you don’t always have the ability to transfer funds directly from one type of retirement account to another. You can roll over from certain types to others, but not every kind of account is compatible with every other account. For example: You can roll funds from a Roth 401(k) into a Roth IRA, but not into a traditional IRA; and you can roll funds from a traditional IRA into a SIMPLE IRA, but only after two years.

Common Rollover Mistakes to Avoid

Rollovers aren’t foolproof, and there are some common mistakes to be aware of and to try and avoid.

Missing the 60-day Deadline

As noted, there’s a 60-day deadline that comes into play if you elect for an indirect rollover. That means you’ve asked that your IRA assets be paid directly to you, typically by check, so that you can deposit them in a new IRA. You’d have 60 days to do so — otherwise, the IRS counts it as a distribution, since you took the money out of your retirement account, and didn’t put it back in. As such, you’d owe taxes on the distribution.

Note, however, that there are potential ways to get the IRS to waive the 60-day requirement in certain situations.

Violating the One-Rollover-Per-Year Rule

It’s also possible to violate the one-rollover-per-year rule. According to the rule, you can make a single indirect IRA rollover per 12-month period, no matter how many IRAs you have. This applies to traditional IRAs, SEP, SIMPLE, and Roth IRAs.

There are some exceptions, though, such as rollovers from traditional to Roth IRAs, and trustee-to-trustee transfers to another IRA (during which you, the account holder, never actually has custody of the IRA funds).

Not Accounting for Tax Withholding

It’s possible that during an IRA rollover, your plan administrator or company that manages your old IRA may withhold 20% for federal income tax purposes (accounting for a potential distribution) in accordance with IRS rules. Effectively, this means that only 80% of your IRA funds are transferred, which may cause issues. It can be helpful to remember that this can happen, and not to panic or freak out if you think some of your money has gone missing. Instead, contact your plan administrator.

Your Rollover IRA: How to Optimize and Manage It

If you don’t already have an IRA provider, choose the one you want to use to open your new IRA. You can look for a provider that gives you the kind of investment options and resources you want while keeping the fees low to help you save as much as possible for retirement.

An online broker might be right for you if you plan to manage your investments yourself. Another option is a robo-advisor, which can provide help managing your money for lower fees than a human advisor would. But then again you might feel most comfortable with a person helping to manage your account. Ultimately, the choice of a provider is up to you and what’s best for your needs and situation.

Prepare for your retirement with an individual retirement account (IRA). It’s easy to get started when you open a traditional or Roth IRA with SoFi. Whether you prefer a hands-on self-directed IRA through SoFi Securities or an automated robo IRA with SoFi Wealth, you can build a portfolio to help support your long-term goals while gaining access to tax-advantaged savings strategies.

FAQ

What happens if you miss the 60-day rollover deadline?

Missing the 60-day rollover deadline effectively means you’ve taken a withdrawal, which could trigger a taxable event.

Does a direct transfer from one IRA to another count as a rollover?

Technically, a direct transfer from one IRA to another does not count as a rollover because the accounts are the same type. A rollover is when you move funds from one type of account, such as a 401(k), to a different type of account, such as an IRA…

How many times can I rollover my IRA?

There’s no limit to the number of times you can execute a direct IRA-to-IRA rollover, but you cannot do more than one indirect rollover within a calendar year.

Can I roll over part of my IRA?

Yes, you can roll over part of your IRA, or a portion of the funds in it. You don’t necessarily need to move your entire account, though you’ll need to request a “partial” rollover.

Can I roll an IRA into a SEP IRA?

Yes, it’s possible to roll a traditional IRA into a SEP IRA. You cannot, however, roll a Roth IRA into a SEP IRA.