15 High Income Skills to Learn

12 High Income Skills to Learn

Want to boost your earning power? High-income skills can translate to a bigger paycheck since employers or clients may be willing to pay a premium to workers who possess them. Generally, high-paying skills are specialized skills that are considered to be in demand. Here, you’ll learn about 12 high-paying job skills, from generative AI (artificial intelligence) to UX (user experience) know-how, that may be worth picking up. They can hold the potential to help earn more money and achieve your financial goals.

Key Points

•   High-income skills like generative AI, data analysis, and UX design are in demand and can significantly boost earning potential.

•   Learning new skills is essential for adaptability and job security in a rapidly changing job market.

•   Specialized training, whether received through degree programs, online courses, or trade schools, is often required to acquire high-paying skills.

•   Soft skills, including communication and problem-solving, are valuable and can lead to high-income positions.

•   Freelancing and side hustles provide opportunities to apply high-income skills and increase earnings.

Why Learning New Skills Matters

Adaptability and the ability to learn can be invaluable, whether trying to land your first job or gig or one farther along in your career. Learning new skills can help you to better keep up with a changing job landscape. Here, some points to consider:

•   Acquiring high-income skills could make it easier to stand out among the crowd when competing for positions or freelance gigs. You may have a more diverse range of job options to choose from. Your skills may also translate to a larger paycheck if they’re sought-after by employers or clients.

•   Some of the highest paying jobs are in the computer and information technology fields. If you’re able to learn the skills needed to get those jobs, either as a full-time employee or a freelancer, that could substantially boost your lifetime earnings.

•   Relevancy is also a factor. If you’re up to date on the latest high-paying skills that could make you much more valuable in an employer or client’s eyes. Should the company or client need to cut back on staffing, your job could be secure if you hold a skill set that your colleagues can’t match.

Recommended: 25 High-Paying Trade Jobs

15 High-Income Skills to Learn

The best high-income skills to learn are ones that can help you to increase your earnings while also doing work that you enjoy. Certain lucrative job skills may require a college degree to learn, while others can be acquired through online courses and certification programs. There are also skills you might be able to pick up without going to school.

Here are some of the best high-paying job skills to learn now, including remote job skills and tech skills, whether you are looking for a full-time or freelance job.

1. Artificial Intelligence (AI)

As you have likely heard, artificial intelligence, especially generative AI (aka GenAI), is a new technology that is transforming many fields. AI tools can enhance productivity and can be used in a variety of ways, from writing content for websites to providing customer service. One of the keys needs in this realm is to engineer prompts; that is, to fine-tune AI requests to get optimal feedback.

How Much Can Someone With AI Skills Make?

If you build AI skills, you might find a role as an AI developer (average base pay at the end of 2024 is $109,000) or an AI engineer (with a base pay of almost $133,000 on average). That could help you keep a competitive income flowing into your checking account.

What Education Do You Need?

Working with AI likely requires specialized training. This might be offered by a continuing education, professional skills, or trade school program, whether from a renowned university or a smaller organization. You may also find online courses from businesses like Coursera, which specialize in online learning.

2. Data Analysis

Another key skill to consider if you want to earn more is data analysis. Data plays a critical role in decision-making across an array of industries, and being able to gather, parse, and share data is a rising skill. There are many tools that can be part of succeeding at data analysis. Some may focus on working with programs such as Python, SQL, Tableau, or others.

How Much Can Someone With Data Analysis Skills Make?

With skills under your belt, you might expect to earn an average of about $85,000 base pay as a data analyst (who interprets data) to an average of almost $117,000 as a data scientist (who typically uses data to create predictive models). That could help you stash more money in your savings account or pay down debt.

What Education Do You Need?

You will likely need to build your skills. There are online courses, often ranging from four to 16 weeks, to start your education. These could be hosted by small, focused companies, local colleges, or high-profile universities, such as Harvard or Cornell’s online continuing education divisions. A data scientist will typically require a graduate degree.

3. SEO Skills

SEO, or search engine optimization, involves knowing how to structure website content in order to push it to the top of search engine rankings. This skill is in high demand, and businesses are willing to pay well for it. The reason: Higher search rankings can translate to more clicks and more purchases.

How Much Can Someone With SEO Skills Make?

It’s possible to find full-time SEO jobs, but you could also offer freelance SEO services if you’d like to be your own boss. The average annual pay for an SEO strategist is currently about $95,000.

What Education Do You Need?

Studying guides and information published by SEO experts can be a good starting point for learning more about this skill, and there are online courses as well, many of which provide certificates.

4. Cybersecurity

As so many aspects of our lives shift to digital realms, cybersecurity has been rising as a key need, for private individuals, enterprises, and the government. There has unfortunately been a significant uptick in online security breaches. These hacks can lead to sensitive data falling into the wrong hands as well as financial loss, bank fraud, and identity theft.

How Much Can Someone With Cybersecurity Skills Make?

Learning how to protect platforms and systems from these issues can be a valuable skill as well as one that can pay a competitive salary. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, the median pay for an information security analyst is approximately $120,000 per year.

What Education Do You Need?

Cybersecurity can involve training at such options as a trade school, continuing-ed program, or online academy to build skills. Certifications can be a valuable achievement as you gain deeper expertise. While you don’t necessarily need a college or postgrad degree, it can be helpful in opening doors to some paths in cybersecurity.

5. Copywriting

Copywriting involves creating written content that’s intended to inform, entertain, and/or persuade. Similar to email marketing, copywriters help businesses and brands to sell their products and services.

Some of the ways you could leverage high-income skills as a copywriter include writing website content, sales pages, marketing emails, sales brochures, or newsletters. Copywriting allows for further specialization if you’re focusing on a single niche. For example, you might write for petcare companies or companies in the beauty or wellness niche. If you cultivate a niche, copywriting can allow you to channel your personal interests (such as travel or fitness) into your work.

How Much Can Someone With Copywriting Skills Make?

The average salary for a copywriter is about $62,000, but the top 10% earn more than $121,000. Additionally, copywriting can be a pursuit that lends itself to gig work and freelancing, so it can be a way to bring in additional income.

What Education Do You Need?

Some people have an innate “way with words” and don’t need any specialized education to hold a job as a copywriter. Others may want to build their copywriting skills, which may be offered by a professional or continuing education school.

6. Software Development

Software developers create operating programs for computers and other devices. Keeping user needs in mind, they typically design, build, test, and then maintain software. They use a variety of skills and tools to do so, and may also create applications for mobile devices and computers.

How Much Can Someone With Software Development Skills Make?

According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, software developers earn a median pay of about $120,000 per year, so this could be a good high-income skill to learn if you’re hoping to earn a six-figure salary.

What Education Do You Need?

Becoming a software developer starts with learning the basics of coding, which is something you might be able to do through a trade school or online coding bootcamp. Some of the skills you may need include knowledge of program languages Python, Java, JavaScript, and C++, among others.

7. Web Development

Web development is similar to software development, but the focus is on creating websites and web applications. Web developers need to be knowledgeable about programming languages like HTML, CSS, and JavaScript. They also have to be familiar with different website-building platforms, such as WordPress. A web developer may work with a web designer to create new sites for clients or redesign existing ones.

How Much Can Someone With Web Development Skills Make?

According to Ziprecruiter, typical pay for a web developer is around $93,000 in the U.S.

What Education Do You Need?

To learn web development, you’ll likely need to take an in-person or online course to start learning programming languages. There are likely many options, from those offered by coding academies to community colleges to universities professional studies divisions.

8. Project Management

Project managers oversee the completion of large-scale projects from start to finish, often in information technology (IT) or computer-related fields. The project manager’s primary duty is to help the company or client they’re working with achieve their end goals for the project.

How Much Can Someone With Project Management Skills Make?

According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, the average salary of a project management specialist is just under $100,00 per year.

What Education Do You Need?

Project managers may require certain hard skills, such as coding knowledge, which can be learned via specialized training at, say, a trade school or via an online course. However, they can also utilize soft skills (more on those below), such as effective communication and the ability to direct a team.

9. UX Design

UX refers to user experience, or how a person interacts with a product or service. It’s an important element of websites and apps, as well as physical products and services. When consumers visit a website or log in to their favorite apps, they want them to be fast and easy to navigate. Likewise, when someone purchases something or signs up for an online service, they want it to function the way they’re expecting it to. UX design experts help to iron out the kinds to deliver the best user experience possible.

How Much Can Someone With UX Design Skills Make?

A UX designer can expect to make around $123,000 per year, according to Glassdoor.

What Education Do You Need?

User experience jobs can require specialized training, depending on whether UX design is delivered for a digital property or something more rooted in the offline world. You may need skills in the realm of information architecture, prototyping, and usability testing. These are typically learned via online courses, bootcamps, and certification programs, though there are also masters degree programs available.

Recommended: Getting Back on Track After Going Over Budget

10. Affiliate Marketing

Affiliate marketing means marketing another entity’s products or services and earning commissions each time someone makes a purchase. For example, a blogger who includes affiliate links to Amazon products in their web content might earn money if a reader clicks their links and buys something.

How Much Can Someone With Affiliate Marketing Skills Make?

If pursued as a full-time job, affiliate marketing typically earns a person about $82,000 per year. But affiliate marketing could be an ideal high-income skill to learn if you’re interested in generating passive income online or picking up some freelance work.

What Education Do You Need?

Affiliate marketing can typically be learned (at least the beginning stages) via online guides and courses.

11. Mobile App Development

Mobile apps are part of many people’s daily lives. They can offer convenience if you’re using them to log in to your online bank account or manage your investments. Other apps can provide entertainment if you’re using them to watch videos, play games, or listen to music.

Companies can hire mobile app developers to create apps and test them before releasing them to the market. It’s possible that you could even try moonlighting work, and create your own mobile app and sell it, in some cases building a six-figure business in the process. Or it could be your main gig.

How Much Can Someone With Mobile App Development Skills Make?

The current average salary for a mobile app developer is around $110,000, according to Ziprecruiter.

What Education Do You Need?

Mobile app development can be learned in a variety of ways, but one popular avenue is to take online courses at such platforms as Coursera, Udemy, and the like.

Recommended: 15 Low-Cost Side Hustles

12. Soft Skills

Soft skills are a diverse professional toolkit. They’re based on a different sort of knowledge that doesn’t involve learning how to code or develop software. Examples of high-paying soft skills include good communication skills, problem-solving skills, creative thinking, and time management skills. Employers and clients can value those skills just as much as some of the other high-income skills on this list. These skills can be used in high level administrative, coordinator, and management positions.

How Much Can Someone With Soft Skills Make?

While there’s no single skill to cultivate or average salary to cite, these capabilities can help propel a person to a high-income position.

What Education Do You Need?

Building soft skills doesn’t typically require formal coursework. You may find books and podcasts by respected experts that can help you cultivate some of these skills.

Recommended: Life Skills That Can Help You Save Money

What Will Be the Highest-Paying Skills in 2025?

There isn’t one single skill that is destined to pull in major money in 2025. For instance, one person might make loads of money via affiliate marketing due to excellent instincts or having a product go viral, while another person might earn a minimal amount at the same pursuit.

However, a review of an array of sources finds that most say that AI, coding, and data analysis will be very valuable skills to have in the year ahead.

Tips for Developing High-Paying Skills

There are several options for learning the high-paying job skills you might need to succeed. Which one you choose can depend on the skills you want to learn and how much you know about them already. Some of the possibilities for developing high-income skills include:

Completing a two- or four-year degree program at a college or university

•   Attending a trade school

•   Utilizing online resources, like YouTube or blogs

•   Taking paid online courses and earning certifications that are independent of a degree program

•   Applying for internships or freelance jobs that could allow you to learn the skills you need

•   Asking someone who already possesses your desired skill set to act as your mentor

•   Working with a professional coach to help you develop your skills

Some of these options cost money; others don’t. If you’re on a tight budget, then you might want to start with free resources like well-rated YouTube tutorials. After that, you could consider what kind of investment you might want to make in a paid course or degree program.

Trade school can be more affordable than a four-year college or university for learning certain skills. Web development and coding are just two of the high-paying skills you could brush up on. Community colleges and continuing ed programs at universities may also offer affordable classes that will allow you to develop your talents.

If you’re considering applying high-income skills to start a freelance business, it’s also a good idea to give some thought to the financial side. Financial planning for freelancers includes things like budgeting for irregular income, learning how to set your rates, filing taxes, and saving for retirement.

The Takeaway

If your goal is to earn more money, learning some new high-income skills can definitely be worthwhile. From generative AI to UX design to copywriting, there are many avenues to pursue as you build expertise that can help you earn more money.

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FAQ

What high-income skills can you learn in college?

Depending on what classes a college offers, a student might learn about AI, data analysis, coding, web development, UX, and other high-income skills. Also, many colleges offer online courses or continuing education programs in these topics.

What high-paying skills can you learn for free?

Many of the skills that are high-paying can be learned for free, but it can be wise to make sure that free sources you may use (such as downloadable guides, YouTube videos, and the like) are from respected and reliable sources and have good reviews.

What is the easiest high-income skill to learn?

Determining the easiest high-income skill to learn is typically a matter of “it depends.” So much varies from person to person. One person might be a “natural-born” writer and thrive as a copywriter; another might find that they really spark to data analysis and can whip through a course on the topic.


About the author

Rebecca Lake

Rebecca Lake

Rebecca Lake has been a finance writer for nearly a decade, specializing in personal finance, investing, and small business. She is a contributor at Forbes Advisor, SmartAsset, Investopedia, The Balance, MyBankTracker, MoneyRates and CreditCards.com. Read full bio.



Photo credit: iStock/nensuria

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25 Good Paying Jobs Without College Degrees for Students in 2022

Good-Paying Jobs Without a College Degree

A four-year college degree is a minimum requirement for many jobs, and more education can translate to higher earnings. It’s possible, however, to find jobs that make good money without college.

When comparing good jobs you can get without college experience, it’s helpful to consider earning potential and the skills you might need.

•  Many high-paying jobs don’t require a college degree, offering opportunities in fields like healthcare, transportation, and law enforcement.

•  Technical education, military training, or on-the-job experience can substitute for a degree in some industries.

•  Jobs such as air traffic controller, dental hygienist, and radiation therapist offer solid earning potential without a four-year degree.

•  Some roles, like commercial diver and court reporter, provide flexibility and freelance opportunities.

•  Consider industry demands, skills, and potential trade-offs when seeking good-paying jobs without a college degree.

Definition of a Good-Paying Job

There is no standard benchmark for what constitutes a good-paying job. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), the average annual wage in October 2024 was $60,580. That’s across all occupations, regardless of education level.

Whether that’s a good-paying job for you depends partly on your lifestyle. Some people can live comfortably on $60,000 or less, while others might struggle. A single person living in an area with a low cost of living may feel rich. But someone supporting a spouse and children in a high-rent area could easily disagree.

Jobs that don’t require college can pay more or less than $100,000, depending on the industry. (A spending app can help you stay on top of your financial situation once you the paychecks start rolling in.) But perhaps a better question is what kind of trade-offs are involved in working a good-paying job, in terms of time commitment and flexibility.

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Good-Paying Jobs vs Highest-Paying Jobs

The highest-paying jobs have a median pay of around $200,000 a year, according to the BLS. People who work in the highest-paying jobs may require advanced education, certifications, or specific job skills.

Does that mean good-paying jobs aren’t worth considering? Not at all. The highest-paying jobs can also be some of the most stressful jobs. Many of the highest-paying jobs are in the healthcare field, which can require long hours, dealing with emotional or mental stress, and working in potentially hazardous surroundings.

Good-paying jobs can still pay the bills, even if you don’t make a $100,000 salary. And the job itself may be less stressful and allow for more work-life balance, which some people prefer over a bigger paycheck.

Recommended: Does Net Worth Include Home Equity?

Pros and Cons of Jobs That Don’t Require a College Degree

As with all jobs, better paying ones have advantages and disadvantages. Whether it makes sense for you to consider jobs that make good money without college can depend on your financial and career goals.

Here are some of the main pros and cons to weigh when deciding whether to pursue a good-paying job and forgo college.

 

Pros Cons
Avoid the potentially high costs associated with a four-year degree Some employers are reluctant to hire candidates who don’t have a degree
Start off your career without student loan debt Certain career fields require a college degree for entry
Earn a steady income right out of high school Good-paying jobs that don’t require college can be hard to find, and hiring may be competitive

 

Why It’s Hard To Find Jobs Without a Degree

Finding good jobs without a college degree is often difficult because many employers have come to expect that job candidates will have a bachelor’s degree at a minimum. Additionally, many professions require four-year college degrees to be considered for entry-level positions.

There are lots of jobs you can get without a degree, or with an associate degree, but they may not pay as well as jobs that do require higher education. A college degree can make you a more attractive candidate for a position because it demonstrates to employers that you’ve taken steps to prepare for a successful career.

Does a four-year college degree or higher guarantee that you’ll be successful or make a lot of money? No, and some industries that require a degree pay very little. That’s another reason to consider good jobs that pay well without college being a requirement.

Tips for Finding Jobs Without a College Degree

If you’re interested in getting good-paying jobs without college, it’s important to do your homework. Specifically, it’s helpful to understand:

•   Which industries or career fields generally require a degree and which ones don’t

•   What skills, experience, or expertise may be substituted for a college degree when searching for good-paying jobs in specific industries

•   Whether it may be to your advantage to get an associate degree or a postsecondary non-degree certification

•   What is competitive pay for any good-paying jobs you’re interested in, based on industry standards and trends

•   The difference between salary vs. hourly pay and why it matters

You should also consider the types of jobs you’re interested in. If you’d like to do something hands-on, for instance, then you may be curious about what trade makes the most money and whether you’ll need an associate degree to enter that field.

Or if you’re the introverted type, you might be focused on finding the best paying jobs for antisocial people that don’t require a degree.

Recommended: 30 Low-Stress Jobs for Introverts Without a Degree

25 Good-Paying Jobs Without a College Degree

Wondering which jobs pay the most without a college degree? We analyzed BLS data to find good-paying jobs that don’t need a four-year degree and compiled the following list based on:

•   Median annual pay

•   Minimum education level required (high school diploma or equivalent, postsecondary non-degree award, or associate degree)

•   Expected job growth through 2033

Read on for 25 good-paying jobs you can get without college.

1. Makeup Artist, Theatrical and Performance

Median pay: $68,590/year

Job growth outlook: 9%

Job description: Makeup artists apply cosmetic and special-effects makeup to performers in theatrical and other entertainment settings.

Job duties and requirements:

•   Create and apply makeup looks to performers

•   Complete touch-ups as needed to keep makeup looking fresh throughout the performance

•   Postsecondary non-degree award is usually required

How to get started: Makeup artists may attend cosmetology school or earn professional certifications in makeup artistry before applying for jobs. Some artists, however, are self-taught and start their careers by showcasing their makeup skills on TikTok or other social media.

Pros:

•   Makeup artists can make excellent money without a college degree

•   This is a highly creative job that often involves meeting new people

•   Makeup artistry can offer flexible hours and opportunities to travel

Cons:

•   Higher pay isn’t guaranteed

•   Work environments can sometimes be harsh, and artists may be subject to criticism

•   Not ideal for people who aren’t comfortable in a fast-paced work environment

2. Commercial Pilot

Median pay: $171,210/year

Job growth outlook: 5%

Job description: Commercial pilots fly planes and other aircraft, and can work for major airlines, charter companies, or private individuals.

Job duties and requirements:

•   Operate flight equipment to safely transport cargo or passengers

•   Check the condition of the aircraft prior to takeoff

•   Associate degree and on-the-job training may suffice for pilots who don’t plan to fly for major airlines

How to get started: Flight training and FAA certification are essential for commercial pilots. On-the-job training may be substituted for an associate or a bachelor’s degree.

Pros:

•   Commercial pilots can make a lot of money, even without a degree

•   Pilot jobs offer opportunities to travel to new places

•   Work can be flexible

Cons:

•   Requires extensive flight and on-the-job training

•   Flying for a living is generally a higher-risk occupation

•   Private pilots may have to contend with demanding clients

3. Air Traffic Controller

Median pay: $137,380/year

Job growth outlook: 3%

Job description: Air traffic controllers help to guide aircraft from one destination to another. They can work at major airports or smaller airfields.

Job duties and requirements:

•   Monitor the movement of aircraft in the air and on the ground

•   Communicate with pilots during takeoff, while in-flight, and during the landing

•   Sufficient work experience and on-the-job training

How to get started: If you’re interested in becoming an air traffic controller, you’ll need to first meet the minimum requirements. Typically, that means at least three years of work experience, a mix of work experience and education, or training through an FAA-approved program.

Pros:

•   Air traffic control jobs can pay exceptionally well

•   A college degree isn’t always required if you have appropriate work experience or training

•   Job growth is not spectacular but demand is expected to hold steady

Cons:

•   High-pressure job

•   May require working long hours, including weekends and holidays

•   Room for advancement may be limited

4. Nuclear Technician

Median pay: $101,740/year

Job growth outlook: -6%

Job description: Nuclear technicians work in nuclear facilities to assist physicists, engineers, and professionals in maintaining those facilities and conducting nuclear research.

Job duties and requirements:

•   Monitor nuclear facility equipment

•   Measure levels of radiation and collecting air, soil, and water samples to test for contamination

•   Associate degree or equivalent military service

How to get started: Anyone interested in working as a nuclear technician may first want to obtain an associate degree in nuclear science or a related field. Job applicants may be able to substitute military experience for an associate degree if they had nuclear training while enlisted.

Pros:

•   Nuclear technicians can be compensated well for their time and skills

•   An advanced science degree is not necessarily a requirement

•   Nuclear tech jobs may offer opportunities to work independently

Cons:

•   Working in a nuclear facility is generally a high-risk job

•   Job outlook is declining, which means there may be fewer nuclear technician jobs to go around in the future

•   Advancement opportunities may be limited without a higher degree

5. First-Line Supervisor of Police and Detectives

Median pay: $101,750/year

Job growth outlook: 4%

Job description: First-line supervisors are responsible for overseeing the conduct of subordinate officers, managing investigations, and ensuring that all law enforcement protocols are properly applied.

Job duties and requirements:

•   Assist in criminal investigations as needed

•   Manage daily operations of police and detective personnel

•   High school diploma or equivalent

How to get started: Becoming a first-line supervisor begins with completing the necessary training to become a police officer. That usually means attending the police academy. Once hired as a rookie officer, individuals can work their way up the ranks to a supervisory position.

Pros:

•   First-Line supervisors can earn a salary that’s close to six figures

•   High school education may be enough to get started in a law enforcement career

•   Additional room for advancement

Cons:

•   Entry-level salaries may be relatively low

•   It can take years to work your way up to a supervisor position

•   Police work in general tends to be a dangerous profession

6. Transportation, Storage, and Distribution Manager

Median pay: $99,200/year

Job growth outlook: 9%

Job description: Managers are responsible for planning and coordinating transportation, storage, and distribution services or activities. Logistics manager is one job title that can fall under this occupational heading.

Job duties and requirements:

•   Oversee and organize operations related to the transportation, storage, and distribution of movable goods or commodities

•   Ensure that all activities are completed in accordance with local, state, and federal law

•   High school diploma or equivalent, plus relevant work experience

How to get started: Since this is a managerial role, it’s generally necessary to start off in an entry-level position in the transportation, storage, and distribution industry. On-the-job training and experience, as well as time on the job, can be key in earning advancement with this type of job.

Pros:

•   Suitable for organized and detail-oriented individuals

•   Well-above-average earning potential

•   Industry is experiencing above-average job growth

Cons:

•   May require long working hours

•   Can be a high-pressure job

•   Certain aspects may be more challenging, including working with a wide range of customers

7. Elevator and Escalator Installer and Repairer

Median pay: $102,420/year

Job growth outlook: 6%

Job description: Elevator and escalator installers and repairers assist with the installation, maintenance, and repair of elevator and escalator systems in commercial and residential properties.

Job duties and requirements:

•   Develop and implement plans for elevator or escalator installation

•   Maintain, service, and repair elevator and escalator equipment

•   High school diploma or equivalent

How to get started: The typical path to becoming an elevator and escalator installer and repairer begins with completing an apprenticeship. Apprentices may join a program approved by a union or trade industry to learn the necessary skills.

Pros:

•   No advanced degree needed to get started

•   Great earning potential for high school grads who are interested in a hands-on technical job

•   While job growth is slower than for other occupations, there continues to be high demand for workers with these skills

Cons:

•   May need to work on-call, which can complicate work-life balance

•   Elevator installers and repairers generally need to be comfortable working in close or cramped conditions

•   The work can sometimes be hazardous

8. Power Plant Operator, Distributors, and Dispatchers

Median pay: $100,890/year

Job growth outlook: -8%

Job description: Power plant operators, distributors, and dispatchers oversee systems that generate and distribute electric power. Nuclear power reactor workers can also fall within this job category.

Job duties and requirements:

•   Control and maintain equipment that’s used in power generation

•   Routinely conduct safety checks to ensure equipment is functioning properly

•   High school diploma or equivalent and on-the-job work experience

How to get started: A college degree is not required to work as a power plant operator, though it may benefit you to have an educational background in engineering or a related field. This job emphasizes extensive on-the-job training, though it’s possible you may need to obtain certain professional certifications for career advancement.

Pros:

•   No degree is needed to qualify for this job

•   Much of what you need to know can be learned on the job

•   Power plant operators earn a competitive salary

Cons:

•   Can involve hazardous working conditions

•   May require working long hours or on-call

•   Job growth is on the decline as use of renewable energy increases

9. Radiation Therapist

Median pay: $98,300/year

Job growth outlook: 3%

Job description: Radiation therapists administer radiation to people being treated for cancer and may work hand-in-hand with medical dosimetrists, medical physicists, and oncology nurses.

Job duties and requirements:

•   Explain treatments to patients and answer any questions they might have

•   Administer doses of radiation in a safe environment and at the levels specified by the patient’s treatment plan

•   Associate degree or certificate program

How to get started: If you’re interested in a career in radiation therapy, you may need an associate degree in nursing or a certificate in nursing to qualify. State law may also require you to be licensed or certified and complete ongoing education requirements.

Pros:

•   Earning potential is solid, and there may be room for advancement

•   Demand for radiation therapists appears to be holding steady

•   Good for people with strong soft skills

Cons:

•   May require working long hours

•   Can involve a lot of standing

•   Working with people who are severely ill can take a toll emotionally and mentally

10. Subway and Streetcar Operator

Median pay: $84,270/year

Job growth outlook: 4%

Job description: Subway and streetcar operators are responsible for the safe operation of subway trains, streetcars, and similar methods of transportation in compliance with local, state, and federal laws.

Job duties and requirements:

•   Operate subway or elevated trains or streetcars to convey passengers from one location to another

•   Some subway or streetcar operators may be charged with collecting fares

•   High school diploma or equivalent and on-the-job experience

How to get started: You’ll need a high school diploma or GED to apply for subway or streetcar operator jobs. That’s typically sufficient to get most entry-level positions and from that point on, you’ll largely learn what you need to know to do the job through hands-on training and experience.

Pros:

•   Pay scale is great for a job with no degree

•   Not required to sit at a desk all day

•   Working hours may be flexible

Cons:

•   May involve dealing directly with the public

•   There is some risk, as subway and streetcar accidents can happen

•   No hard physical labor but may be mentally and emotionally draining

11. Signal and Track Switch Repairer

Median pay: $82,710/year

Job growth outlook: 2%

Job description: Signal and track switch repairers are responsible for keeping track switch systems used on rail lines functioning properly. They primarily work within the railroad system, though they may also be employed by state and local government agencies.

Job duties and requirements:

•   Install and inspect track switches and signal equipment

•   Test, maintain, and repair gate crossings along railroad lines

•   High school diploma or equivalent and on-the-job training

How to get started: Getting an associate degree in electrical repair could give you an edge if you’re interested in getting hired as a signal and track switch repairer. However, it’s possible to break into this field with just a high school diploma because much of what the job requires is learned in a hands-on way. Completing an apprenticeship with an electrician could also be helpful.

Pros:

•   No degree is required to enter this industry, though it’s something to consider

•   Room for advancement

•   Above-average pay

Cons:

•   Generally requires good communication skills

•   Work has the potential to be hazardous

•   May require working on-call hours or long shifts

12. Postmaster and Mail Superintendent

Median pay: $88,670/year

Job growth outlook: -3%

Job description: Postmasters and mail superintendents oversee the operation of postal service branches and offices. This is technically not a federal job, but postal workers are entitled to the same benefits as federal employees.

Job duties and requirements:

•   Plan, direct, and coordinate administrative, operational, management, and support services at U.S. post office locations

•   Oversee the activities of employees working at post office branches

•   High school diploma or equivalent and on-the-job training

How to get started: If you’re interested in postal service jobs, you can apply for them online through the post office website. You’ll need to complete the Postal Battery Exam, but no degree or prior experience is required in order to get hired. This could be a good way to continue working after retirement.

Pros:

•   Room for advancement

•   Competitive pay and great benefits, including paid leave and health insurance

•   Full-time postmasters generally have weekends off

Cons:

•   Seasonality can make this job more hectic at certain times of the year

•   May involve dealing with the public from time to time

•   Job growth is on a slight decline, though there continues to be demand for postal workers

13. First-Line Supervisor of Firefighting and Prevention Workers

Median pay: $86,220/year

Job growth outlook: 4%

Job description: First-line supervisors oversee the activities of firefighting and prevention workers. They’re responsible for coordinating the operation of fire departments and may be referred to as a fire chief or fire captain.

Job duties and requirements:

•   Respond to fire calls and assign firefighters specific tasks to extinguish fires and rescue persons who may be trapped in affected buildings

•   Assess fire damage and write reports summarizing fire calls

•   Postsecondary non-degree certificate and on-the-job training

How to get started: A high school diploma may be sufficient to apply for a firefighter job, though it may benefit you to earn a degree in fire science if you’re hoping to obtain a managerial or supervisory role. You’ll need to be physically fit, attend fire academy, and complete a written exam as part of the application process.

Pros:

•   Opportunity to give back to your local community and do work that’s rewarding

•   Solid earning potential with room for advancement

•   Firefighting jobs include a solid employee benefits package

Cons:

•   Can involve working long hours and on-call hours, which can make achieving work-life balance difficult

•   Job may be physically demanding

•   Firefighting can also be mentally and emotionally taxing

14. Dental Hygienist

Median pay: $87,530/year

Job growth outlook: 9%

Job description: Dental hygienists typically work in dental offices and perform basic preventative care for patients, including visual exams and cleanings. They may work on a part-time or full-time basis.

Job duties and requirements:

•   Perform dental cleanings and take X-rays

•   Educate patients on proper dental hygiene techniques

•   Associate’s degree and licensing, when required by the state

How to get started: High school graduates who have taken courses in health or science may have a good framework for pursuing an associate degree in dental hygiene or enrolling in a dental hygiene training program. Licensing and certification may be required by the state before you can work in a dentist’s office.

Pros:

•   May offer the flexibility of part-time or full-time work

•   Potentially a great job for people who enjoy interacting with others

•   Dental hygienists typically have nights and weekends off

Cons:

•   Some patients may be more challenging to work with than others

•   May require lots of standing and bending, which can take a toll physically

•   Training and licensing can take time and money to complete

15. Police Officer and Detective

Median pay: $74,910/year

Job growth outlook: 4%

Job description: Police officers enforce the law and protect people and property. Detectives investigate crimes, which can include collecting evidence, interviewing witnesses and potential suspects, and testifying in criminal court cases.

Job duties and requirements:

•   Police officers respond to emergency and non-emergency calls, patrol assigned areas, make arrests, and execute search warrants

•   Detectives investigate crimes in order to identify victims and suspects, and collect evidence for cases that may be referred for prosecution

•   High school diploma or equivalent and on-the-job training

How to get started: A high school diploma may be all you need to apply for police officer training at a local accredited academy. Some departments may require an associate or bachelor’s degree. You’ll need to be physically fit and successfully complete a psychological evaluation.

Pros:

•   Opportunity to serve in your local community and give back

•   Room for advancement, particularly if you’re interested in detective work or a supervisory role

•   Opportunities for specialization if you’re interested in becoming a game warden or eventually pursuing a career in federal law enforcement

Cons:

•   Entry-level pay may be on the lower end

•   While a degree is not necessarily required, getting hired can be a rigorous process

•   Work involved can be mentally, emotionally, and physically taxing, and in some cases dangerous

16. Aircraft and Avionics Equipment Mechanic and Technician

Median pay: $75,400/year

Job growth outlook: 5%

Job description: Aircraft and avionics equipment mechanics and technicians maintain and repair aircraft. They can work at airports, repair stations, or hangars, and some may have previous experience serving planes in the military.

Job duties and requirements:

•   Diagnose mechanical or electrical problems with aircraft and make repairs

•   Test aircraft instruments to ensure that they’re in good working order

•   High school diploma, though an associate’s degree doesn’t hurt

How to get started: People who are interested in working in avionics may be able to enter the field with just a high school diploma, though some employers may look for an associate degree or higher. Technicians may need to complete FAA-approved training.

Pros:

•   The work itself might be interesting to someone who’s fascinated with planes or mechanical engineering

•   Above-average pay

•   Job growth outlook suggests that these jobs will continue to be in demand

Cons:

•   Working around airplanes and other aircraft can lead to hearing loss

•   FAA certification is required, which can take time to complete

•   Work schedules may be less flexible than other jobs

17. Claims Adjuster, Examiner, Appraiser, and Investigator

Median pay: $75,020/year

Job growth outlook: -5%

Job description: Claims adjusters, examiners, appraisers, and investigators handle various aspects of insurance claims filings. They typically work full-time and help insurance companies decide when to pay claims, based on the information they gather.

Job duties and requirements:

•   Investigate, evaluate, and settle insurance claims, including determining how much an insurer should pay

•   Review claims information to look for signs of insurance fraud

•   High school diploma or equivalent

How to get started: If you’re interested in insurance jobs, the path you follow can depend on what type of role you’re interested in. If you’d like to be an appraiser, for instance, you might complete a postsecondary non-degree award program and gain experience by working in an auto body shop.

Pros:

•   While job growth is expected to decline, demand for adjusters and related roles is set to rise as currently employed professionals age into retirement

•   Depending on which role you’re interested in, your work may take you outside the office versus keeping you at a desk all day

•   Work may be interesting for people who have an inquisitive nature

Cons:

•   Gathering information and writing reports can be tedious

•   A bachelor’s degree may be required for certain jobs

•   Work schedules may be less flexible than other jobs

18. Fire Inspector

Median pay: $71,420/year

Job growth outlook: 6%

Job description: Fire inspectors are responsible for visiting commercial and residential buildings and ensuring that they’re observing proper fire safety protocol. They can also specialize in fire prevention education or forest fire management.

Job duties and requirements:

•   Inspect buildings to look for fire hazards and ensure that structures are aligned with local, state, and federal fire codes

•   Review building plans with developers to ensure that new construction meets fire code standards

•   High school diploma or equivalent and previous experience as a firefighter

How to get started: Typically, fire inspectors first work as firefighters, though that isn’t necessarily a requirement for candidates who have other suitable education or training. A high school diploma may be sufficient for the job, though it may benefit you to earn a degree in fire science or attend a fire academy.

Pros:

•   Fire inspection is typically less hazardous than firefighting

•   Above-average pay with room for higher earnings if you decide to complete a degree program

•   Can be a rewarding job for people who want to do work that serves the public good

Cons:

•   Previous experience as a firefighter may be a requirement to get hired

•   Working hours may be long and irregular

•   Fire inspectors may potentially be exposed to hazardous materials or substances during the course of their work

19. Water Transportation Worker

Median pay: $64,930/year

Job growth outlook: 3%

Job description: Water transportation workers operate vessels that transport goods or people over bodies of water. Ferry operators, barge operators, and ship captains are all examples of water transportation workers.

Job duties and requirements:

•   Operate and maintain marine vessels in accordance with local, state, and federal laws

•   Ensure the safety of people or cargo on board marine vessels

•   High school diploma or equivalent and relevant work experience

How to get started: There are different requirements for each type of water transportation role. Sailors, for instance, typically don’t need formal education, but you might need Coast Guard-approved training to captain a ship or helm a barge. Certain water transport workers may need to obtain Merchant Mariner credentials or Transportation Worker Identification credentials.

Pros:

•   Water transport jobs may appeal to people who love being on open water or want to work outdoors

•   A bachelor’s degree isn’t always necessary but it could lead to higher earnings and promotions

•   More new openings are expected over the next decade as existing water transport workers retire

Cons:

•   Work schedule may be highly irregular and require you to spend extended periods of time away from home

•   Work hours may be long, with little time for breaks

•   Operating marine vessels can be a hazardous occupation

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20. Electrical and Electronics Installer and Repairer

Median pay: $67,220/year

Job growth outlook: 1%

Job description: Electrical and electronics installers get paid to install and repair electrical or electronic equipment. They may work in repair shops or factories and usually work on a full-time basis.

Job duties and requirements:

•   Inspect and test equipment to diagnose potential issues

•   Disassemble, reassemble, clean, and repair equipment

•   Training and education at the trade school level

How to get started: Electrical and electronics installers and repairers are typically expected to complete a training program through a trade, vocational, or technical school. Hands-on training, either through a school program or apprenticeship, can also be highly useful when seeking these types of jobs.

Pros:

•   No bachelor’s degree required

•   Could be ideal for people who enjoy hands-on work

•   Licensing and certification may not be required, but it could help to open up opportunities for advancement or higher earnings

Cons:

•   Job growth is stable but not spectacular

•   Working around electricity and electronics is not a risk-free job

•   Can be a physical job that requires lots of standing, squatting, bending, and lifting

21. Occupational Therapy Assistant and Aide

Median pay: $65,450/year

Job growth outlook: 21%

Job description: Occupational therapy assistants and aids work in healthcare settings, including hospitals, doctor’s offices, and nursing care facilities. They help patients to develop necessary skills for daily living and working.

Job duties and requirements:

•   Occupational therapy assistants provide therapy services to patients

•   Occupational therapy aides provide support services to occupational therapy assistants

•   High school diploma for aides; associate degree for assistants

How to get started: If you’re interested in becoming an occupational therapy assistant aide, then a high school diploma may be all you need. You could pursue an associate degree if you’d like to advance into an occupational therapy assistant role. Certifications in CPR and basic life support may also be required for these types of jobs.

Pros:

•   One of the fastest-growing jobs in healthcare with excellent demand for qualified candidates

•   Great earnings potential for people with a high school diploma

•   May allow for travel or flexible work schedules

Cons:

•   Can be a physically demanding job

•   Flexible working hours are not always guaranteed, and you may need to work nights or weekends

•   Certain patients may be more challenging to care for than others

22. Court Reporter and Simultaneous Captioner

Median pay: $63,940/year

Job growth outlook: 2%

Job description: Court reporters transcribe official court proceedings, including trial proceedings, hearings, and depositions. Simultaneous captioners provide transcription services for video recordings that require closed captioning.

Job duties and requirements:

•   Court reporters attend court proceedings and transcribe the details word-for-word

•   Captioners transcribe dialogue for video recordings, including television shows and films, that are used to create captions for viewers

•   Certificate or associate degree

How to get started: Becoming a court reporter or captioner may start with completing a certificate or associate degree program at an accredited trade school. Court reporters may need to complete additional training to learn how to use transcription software. States may require certification or licensing for court reporters and captioners.

Pros:

•   Good-paying job for people without a four-year degree

•   Opportunities exist to do court transcription or captioning work on a freelance basis

•   While job growth is steady, rather than fast, demand is stable overall

Cons:

•   Work may involve sitting for long periods of time

•   Working hours may be long and might necessitate taking work home with you

•   Could be stressful as there’s no room for errors or mistakes

23. Telecommunications Equipment Installer and Repairer

Median pay: $62,350/year

Job growth outlook: -3%

Job description: Telecommunications and equipment installers and repairers are responsible for installing, maintaining, and repairing telecommunications equipment, including phone lines, cable lines, and wireless communication equipment.

Job duties and requirements:

•   Install telecommunications equipment in commercial and residential structures

•   Inspect, service, and repair telecommunications equipment

•   Certificate or associate degree

How to get started: Telecom equipment installation and repair jobs typically require some form of education beyond high school. Depending on the employer, that might mean a certificate or associate degree. Once hired, you can expect to complete on-the-job training.

Pros:

•   May involve travel or working in different settings, which is great for people who get bored easily

•   Salaries are above-average, with room to advance and increase earnings

•   Affords opportunities to meet new people and flex your problem-solving skills

Cons:

•   Average salaries are not as high as what you might get with other good-paying jobs that don’t require college

•   Additional education may be required for certain jobs

•   This kind of work has the potential be dangerous; for example, there is a risk of falls associated with servicing cell phone towers

24. Commercial Diver

Median pay: $61,300/year

Job growth outlook: 8%

Job description: Commercial divers can work in a number of capacities, but generally they’re paid to use their scuba skills. For example, divers employed by the oil and gas industry may be charged with inspecting underwater drilling structures to check for damage or structural issues.

Job duties and requirements:

•   Some commercial divers are paid to inspect and repair underwater structures and equipment

•   Other commercial divers may earn a living by photographing marine life

•   Postsecondary non-degree award and scuba training

How to get started: Becoming a commercial diver starts with deciding what type of work you want to do. For instance, if you want to get paid to photograph marine life, then you may want to complete a photography certificate program at an accredited school. If you’re interested in using your diving skills to repair underwater structures, then you may need to learn a specialized skill like welding.

Pros:

•   Diving for a living can be a fun job for people who like being in the water

•   Advanced education or training may not be a requirement for entry-level jobs

•   Diving jobs can offer flexibility and great earning potential

Cons:

•   Can be physically demanding

•   Work may not always be steady or consistent if you’re hired as a contract worker. Use a money tracker app to manage your income and budgets between paychecks.

•   Diving is an inherently dangerous activity

25. Drafter

Median pay: $62,530/year

Job growth outlook: -1%

Job description: Drafters use software programs to convert engineering and architectural designs into technical drawings. They may work in a variety of fields, including architecture, engineering, manufacturing, and construction. This could be a lucrative work-at-home job for retirees.

Job duties and requirements:

•   Use Computer Aided Design (CAD) software to design plans, working from sketches done by architects or engineers

•   Specify dimensions and materials for new building projects

•   Certificate, diploma, or associate degree

How to get started: Drafters may continue their high school education by attending a trade school to obtain a certificate or associate degree. They may also opt to obtain certifications in their field, though that isn’t always necessary to get hired.

Pros:

•   Drafting may be a good career for someone who’s artistic or creative

•   Getting certification or earning a four-year degree could boost your earning potential

•   Job growth is projected to slow but there will still be demand for drafters as current employees retire

Cons:

•   Requires exceptional attention to detail with no room for error

•   Economic disruptions, such as recessions, may reduce demand for drafters if construction slows

•   Certain aspects of the job can be repetitive or tedious

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The Takeaway

Finding a good paying job without college is possible. Some require technical education, military training, or on-the-job experience. Industries that welcome high school grads include transportation, law enforcement, power plants, telecoms, the postal service, and healthcare. Perks can include the opportunity to travel and flexible hours. Some jobs pay more than $100K.

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FAQ

What good jobs can you get if you don’t go to college?

Some good-paying jobs you can get without college include air traffic controller, law enforcement, and certain healthcare roles. Trade jobs and jobs in transportation can also pay well and don’t necessarily require a college degree.

How can I get 6 figures without going to college?

If you’re interested in making six figures without a college degree, you’ll need to either find a good-paying job or start a successful business. It’s possible to make six figures online as a freelance writer or blogger, if you have good writing skills and are motivated to grow your business.

How do people make a living without a college degree?

Plenty of people make a living without a college degree by using their skills and experience to land good-paying jobs. Others can earn a good living, including making six figures a year, by starting their own business, which doesn’t necessarily require a degree.


About the author

Rebecca Lake

Rebecca Lake

Rebecca Lake has been a finance writer for nearly a decade, specializing in personal finance, investing, and small business. She is a contributor at Forbes Advisor, SmartAsset, Investopedia, The Balance, MyBankTracker, MoneyRates and CreditCards.com. Read full bio.



Photo credit: iStock/MesquitaFMS

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What Is a Chartered Alternative Investment Analyst (CAIA)?

A chartered alternative investment analyst, or CAIA, is a financial professional who specializes in offering advice about alternative investments. The CAIA Association offers the CAIA Charter Program for financial professionals who are interested in expanding their financial knowledge to include alternatives such as real estate, private equity, and hedge funds.

Obtaining a CAIA designation requires the successful completion of two exams and membership in the CAIA Association. A securities license is not needed for CAIA certification, though you will need to have at least a bachelor’s degree and adequate work experience to earn it.

Key Points

•   The CAIA Charter Program specializes in alternative investments like real estate, private equity, and hedge funds.

•   The successful completion of two exams and CAIA Association membership are required for certification.

•   Exams cover topics like professional standards, ethics, and the various types of alternative investments.

•   CAIA certification can enhance career prospects and distinguish financial advisors.

•   Approximately 13,000 CAIA charterholders exist worldwide, working in diverse financial roles.

Advantages of Obtaining a CAIA


Professional designations generally have a time and cost component to acquire — meaning that you’ll likely need to pay some fees and put in some study time to earn them — and it’s no different with the CAIA certification. It’s important, then, to consider what kind of return on investment you might enjoy. Adding a CAIA credential to your professional resume may yield several benefits.

•   A CAIA charter can help you distinguish yourself from other financial advisors you compete with.

•   Gaining additional knowledge in the area of alternative investments could enable you to expand the services you offer as a financial advisor, potentially increasing your revenues in the process.

•   You can use what you learn in the CAIA Charter Program to better serve your existing clients and offer more comprehensive advice when constructing a diversified portfolio.

•   CAIA certification may give you an edge if you’re hoping to get promoted within your current firm, or get hired at a different one.

•   You can use your skills to build your brand reputation and network. For example, you might offer to lead a seminar on the benefits of alternative investments at a nationally recognized conference.

A CAIA designation might be right for you if you’re hoping to broaden your knowledge base where alternative investments are concerned. Examples of financial professionals who may be good candidates for CAIA certification include risk managers, portfolio managers, traders, consultants, and fiduciary advisors.

Recommended: Alternative Investments Guide

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Preparing for the CAIA Exam


The CAIA exam is actually two levels of examinations, both of which you’ll need to complete unless you qualify for a waiver. You’re eligible to obtain CAIA certification by taking just one exam if you’re a CFA charterholder. CFA is short for “certified financial analyst,” and is a professional designation offered by the CFA Institute.

In terms of what the exams cover, there are two topic groups. Level I topics include, but are not limited to:

•   Professional standards and ethics

•   Introduction to alternative investments

•   Real assets

•   Private equity

•   Private debt

•   Hedge funds

•   Digital assets

•   Additional strategies in alternative investing3

Level II exams cover:

•   Emerging topics in alternative investments

•   Universal investment considerations

•   Modeling

•   Institutional asset owners and investment policies

•   Risk and risk management

•   Methods for alternative investments

•   Accessing alternative investments

•   Due diligence and selecting managers

•   Volatility and complex strategies3

Exams are offered twice per year, in March and September. The CAIA Association writes and prepares the curricula covered by both exams.

When you register for the CAIA exam and pay the registration fee you’ll get access to digital exam prep materials. You must pay a one-time enrollment fee of $400 for each exam, at the time of publication, as well as a $1,395 registration fee per exam. If you need to retake an exam, the fee is $795.

It’s possible to find CAIA study courses online. Courses may be self-paced or include live instruction. Note that these courses are not endorsed by the CAIA Association. Candidates are encouraged to commit at least 200 hours to study prep for each level before attempting the exams.

As far as the exam format goes, Level I and Level II are slightly different. Both exams include a multiple-choice component. Level I features 200 multiple-choice questions, while Level II has 100 multiple-choice questions. The Level II exam also has a constructed response section, which requires you to answer questions in essay format. You’ll have two hours per section, four hours total, to complete both exams.

Historical Pass Rates


CAIA exam pass rate numbers from March 2024 put the pass rate for the Level I exam at 46%, and the pass rate for the Level II exam at 59%. Since 2011, pass rates for the exam have been on a downward trend. Before 2011, the typical pass rate for the exams was around 70%.

The CAIA Association does not specify what constitutes a passing score for the CAIA exam. It’s generally recommended that candidates aim for a final score of 70 or better on both exams in order to position themselves for the best chance of passing.

CAIA vs. CFA


Chartered financial analysts or CFAs conduct research and analyze financial data, then use what they learn to make portfolio recommendations to clients who might be using a brokerage for online investing. A CFA may work with individual investors, institutional investors, or a mix of both. CFAs may offer advice on alternative investments but they may be less knowledgeable about them than a CAIA.

To obtain a CFA designation, you’ll need to pass three levels of exams, which become progressively more difficult. You must also meet minimum education and work experience requirements, and be able to provide professional letters of reference.

As for which is better, CAIA vs. CFA? It depends on your career goals. If you’d like to specialize in alternative investments, then a CAIA credential could help you attract clients with those particular needs. For example, you might have clients who are interested in investing in art, fine wines, or hedge funds.

On the other hand, you may lean toward a CFA designation if you’d like to offer advice for a broader range of investments, or even consider earning both designations.

The CAIA Charter


The CAIA Charter is how the CAIA Association refers to the CAIA designation or credential. Approximately 13,000 financial professionals worldwide have earned a CAIA certification and are considered charterholders.

The CAIA Association was founded in 2002 by the Alternative Investment Management Association (AIMA) and the Center for International Securities and Derivatives Markets (CISDM). The Association’s mission is to raise industry standards among financial professionals who work with alternative investments.

The Takeaway


If you’re working in financial services you might weigh the merits of a CAIA designation. And if you’re interested in exploring alternative investments for your portfolio it could make sense to seek out a CAIA professional.

Ready to expand your portfolio's growth potential? Alternative investments, traditionally available to high-net-worth individuals, are accessible to everyday investors on SoFi's easy-to-use platform. Investments in commodities, real estate, venture capital, and more are now within reach. Alternative investments can be high risk, so it's important to consider your portfolio goals and risk tolerance to determine if they're right for you.

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FAQ


How difficult is the CAIA exam?


Based on current pass rates and historical trends the numbers suggest that its level of difficulty is something to take seriously. Taking practice tests can be a helpful way to prepare for the exam and get a sense of where you might land score-wise.

What jobs can I get as a CAIA charterholder?


CAIA professionals can work in many different roles, in varied settings. Possible job titles you could get with a CAIA credential include investment analyst, investment consultant, portfolio manager, risk manager or risk analyst, and investment advisor.

How many CAIA charterholders are there?


According to the CAIA Association, there are approximately 13,000+ CAIA charterholders worldwide. Charterholders are located in more than 100 countries globally.


About the author

Rebecca Lake

Rebecca Lake

Rebecca Lake has been a finance writer for nearly a decade, specializing in personal finance, investing, and small business. She is a contributor at Forbes Advisor, SmartAsset, Investopedia, The Balance, MyBankTracker, MoneyRates and CreditCards.com. Read full bio.



Photo credit: iStock/Arsenii Palivoda

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How Are Employee Stock Options and RSUs Different?

Employee stock options (ESOs) are different from restricted stock units (RSUs). They are both types of deferred compensation, and can be used as incentives, but employee stock options are similar to a call option. They give employees the option to buy company stock at a certain price, by a certain date. RSUs simply give an employee shares of stock on a given date.

Generally speaking there are specific terms the employee must meet in order to get either kind of stock. For example, an employee must work for the company for a year, and then obtain shares on a vesting schedule (i.e., shares become available over time, not all at once).

Sometimes, employees get a choice between ESOs and RSUs. Understanding how each stock plan works, how they differ — particularly when it comes to vesting schedules and taxes — can help you make a decision that best aligns with your financial goals.

Key Points

•   Employee stock options (ESOs) and restricted stock units (RSUs) are types of deferred compensation.

•   ESOs allow an employee to buy company stock at a set price, by a certain date, usually according to a vesting schedule.

•   If the employee chooses not to exercise their options to buy the shares, they expire.

•   RSUs give employees a certain number of shares of stock by a certain date.

•   Like ESOs, RSUs can vest gradually or all at once. Employees don’t have to buy RSUs; they own them on the date they’re given.

•   Depending on the type of stock options you get, you may owe income tax and/or capital gains tax if you sell your shares at a profit.

What Are Employee Stock Options (ESOs)?

Employee stock options (ESOs) give an employee the right to purchase their company’s stock at a set price — called the exercise, grant, or strike price — by a certain date, assuming certain terms are met, usually according to a vesting schedule. In this way, they are similar to call options (a type of derivative contract).

If the employee doesn’t exercise their options within that period, they expire.

Companies may offer stock options to employees as part of a compensation plan, in addition to salary, 401(k) matching funds, and other benefits. ESOs are considered an incentive to help the company succeed, so that (ideally) the stock options are worth more when the employee chooses to exercise them.

In an ideal scenario, exercising stock options allows an employee to purchase shares of their company’s stock at a price that’s lower than the current market price — and realize a profit.

Note that while some of the features of employee stock options are similar to trading stock options, these contracts aren’t exactly the same, and you can’t trade ESOs. Also, options are derivatives based on the value of underlying securities, e.g. stocks, bonds, ETFs — they aren’t a type of employee compensation.

How Do ESOs Work?

Generally, ESOs operate in four stages — starting with the grant date and ending with the exercise date, i.e. actually buying the stock.

1. The Grant Date

This is the official start date of an ESO contract. You receive information about how many shares you’ll be issued, the strike price (or exercise price) for those shares, the vesting schedule, and any requirements that must be met along the way.

2. The Cliff

If a compensation package includes ESOs, they’re generally not available on day one. Contracts often include requirements that must be met first, such as working full time for at least a year.

Those 12 months when you are not yet eligible to exercise your employee stock options is called the cliff. If you remain an employee past the cliff date, you get to level up to the vesting period.

Some companies include a 12-month cliff to incentivize employees to stay at least a year. Other companies may have a vesting schedule.

3. The Vest

The vesting period is when you start to take ownership of your options and the right to exercise them. Vesting can either happen all at once or take place after a cliff (as noted above), or gradually over several years, depending on your company’s plan.

One common vesting schedule is a one-year cliff followed by a four-year vest. On this timeline, you’re 0% vested the first year (meaning you aren’t eligible for any options), 25% vested at the two-year mark (you can exercise up to 25% of the total options granted), and so on until you own 100% of your options. At that point, you’re considered fully vested.

4. The Exercise

This is when you pull the financial trigger and actually purchase some or all of your vested shares.

ESO’s Expiration Date

While the expiration date of stock options isn’t always front and center, it’s important to bear in mind. The strike price you’re given as part of your options package expires on a certain date if you don’t exercise your shares.

One common timeline is 10 years from grant date to expiration date, but specific terms will be in the contract, and it’s important to vet the timing of your ESOs — as part of your career as well as your tax and your long-term financial plan. Again, if you let your stock options expire, you lose the right to buy shares at that price.

Pros and Cons of Employee Stock Options (ESOs)

If you land a job with the right company and stay until you’re fully vested, exercising your employee stock options could potentially lead to gains.

For example, if your strike price is $30 per share, and at the time of vesting the stock is trading at $100 or more per share, you’re getting a great deal on shares.

On the other hand, if your strike price is $30 per share and the company is trading at $10 per share, you might be better off not exercising your employee stock options until the price goes up (when and if it does; there are no guarantees).

That’s why ESOs are considered a form of employee incentive: You may work harder to help the company grow, if you know your efforts could translate to a higher stock price.

Recommended: Stock Market Basics

Tax Implications of Employee Stock Options

Given that stock options can generate gains, it’s important to know how they are taxed so you can plan accordingly.

Generally speaking, employers offer two types of stock options: nonqualified stock options (NSOs or NQSOs) and incentive stock options (ISOs).

Nonqualified Stock Options

NSOs are the most common and often the type offered to the general workforce. NSOs have a less favorable tax treatment, because they’re subject to ordinary income tax on the difference between the exercise price and the market price at the time you exercise your options and purchase the stock, assuming the market price is higher.

NSOs are then taxed again at the capital gains rate when you sell the shares at a profit.

Your individual circumstances, tax filing status, and the terms of your stock options may also play into how you’re taxed, so you may want to consult a professional.

Incentive Stock Options

ISOs are “qualified,” meaning you don’t pay any taxes when you exercise the options — unless you’re subject to the alternative minimum tax (AMT).

You will owe taxes, however, if you sell them at a profit later on. (If you don’t sell, and if the stocks gain or lose value, those are considered unrealized gains and losses.) Any money you make when you sell your shares later would be subject to capital gains tax. If you hold your shares less than a year, the short-term capital gains tax rate equals your ordinary income tax rate, which could be up to 37% for the highest tax bracket.

If you hold your shares less than a year, the short-term capital gains tax rate equals your ordinary income tax rate, which could be up to 37% for the highest tax bracket.
For assets held longer than a year, the long-term rate is lower: 0%, 15%, or 20%, depending on your taxable income and filing status.

What Are Restricted Stock Units (RSUs)?

Restricted stock units, or RSUs, simply grant employees a certain number of shares stock by a certain date. When employees are granted RSUs, the company holds onto the shares until they’re fully vested.

The company determines the vesting criteria — it can be a time period of several years, a key revenue milestone, and/or personal performance goals. Like ESOs, RSUs can vest gradually or all at once. When the employee gets their shares, they own them outright; employees don’t have to buy RSUs.

How Do Restricted Stock Units (RSUs) Work?

RSUs are priced based on the fair market value of the stock on the day they vest, or the settlement date. The company stocks you receive from your company will be worth just as much as they would be if you purchased them on your own that same day.

If the stock is worth $40 per share, and you have 100 shares, you would get $4,000 worth of shares (assuming you’re fully vested and have met other terms).

Again, the main difference between employee stock options and restricted stock units is that you don’t have to purchase RSUs.

As long as the company’s common stock holds value, so do your RSUs. Upon vesting, you can either keep your RSUs in the form of actual shares, or sell them immediately to take the cash equivalent. Either way, the RSUs you receive will be taxed as income.

And, of course, if you later sell your shares you may realize a gain or a loss and there will be tax implications accordingly.

Pros and Cons of Restricted Stock Units (RSUs)

One good thing about RSUs, similar to ESOs, is the incentive to stay with the company for a longer period of time. If your company grows during your vesting period, you could see a substantial windfall when your settlement date rolls around.

But even if the stock falls to a penny per share, the shares are still awarded to you on your settlement date. Since you don’t have to pay for them, it’s still money in your pocket.

In fact, you may only lose out on money with RSUs if you leave the company and have to forfeit any units that aren’t already vested, or if the company goes out of business.

Tax Implications of RSUs

When your RSU shares or cash equivalent are automatically delivered to you on your settlement date(s), they’re considered ordinary income and are taxed accordingly. In fact, your RSU distributions are actually added to your W-2 form.

For some people, the additional RSU income may bump them up a tax bracket (or two). In those cases, if you’ve been withholding at a lower tax bracket before your vesting period, you could owe the IRS more money.

As with ESOs, if you sell your shares at a later date and make a profit, you’ll be subject to capital gains taxes.

ESOs RSUs
Definition An employee can buy company stock at a set price at a certain date in the future. An employee receives stock at a date in the future and does not have to purchase them
Pricing The strike price is set when ESOs are offered to an employee, and they pay that price when they exercise their shares. The share price is based on the fair market value of the stock on the day the shares vest, and employees get the full-value shares.
Tax implications The difference between the strike price and the stock’s market value on exercise is considered earned income and added to your W-2, where it’s taxed as income. If you sell your shares later at a profit, you may also be subject to capital gains tax. RSU shares (or cash equivalent) are considered ordinary income as soon as they are vested, and are taxed accordingly.

If you sell the shares later, capital gains tax rules would apply.

The Takeaway

Employee stock options (ESOs) and restricted stock units (RSUs) are two different types of equity or share-based compensation.

An employee stock option gives an employee the option to buy company stock at a certain price, by a certain date. An RSU is the promise that on a future date the employee will receive actual company stock (without having to purchase the shares).

Because these types of compensation are often considered incentives, they’re designed to encourage employees to stay with the company for a certain amount of time. As such, employees often don’t get their options (in the case of ESOs) or the actual shares (in the case of RSUs) until certain terms are met. There may be a vesting schedule or company benchmarks or other terms.

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Options involve risks, including substantial risk of loss and the possibility an investor may lose the entire amount invested in a short period of time. Before an investor begins trading options they should familiarize themselves with the Characteristics and Risks of Standardized Options . Tax considerations with options transactions are unique, investors should consult with their tax advisor to understand the impact to their taxes.

Tax Information: This article provides general background information only and is not intended to serve as legal or tax advice or as a substitute for legal counsel. You should consult your own attorney and/or tax advisor if you have a question requiring legal or tax advice.

Disclaimer: The projections or other information regarding the likelihood of various investment outcomes are hypothetical in nature, do not reflect actual investment results, and are not guarantees of future results.

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

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How Much Does a Construction Worker Make a Year?

According to the latest figures from the Bureau of Labor Services, the average salary for a construction worker is $49,280, or $23.69 per hour. Construction workers are a crucial part of the labor force across the country, and the industry is expected to grow through the end of the decade. Without a formal education requirement, construction work can be a viable option for anyone uninterested in getting a college degree right after high school.

That said, construction labor can be grueling. The job is physically demanding and at times dangerous. You’ll need to consider your physical limitations before pursuing a career in construction work.

Knowing what your income will look like may be the most important consideration of all. We’ll break down the average construction worker starting salary, as well as their typical responsibilities and required skills, below.

Key Points

•   The average annual salary for construction workers is $49,280.

•   Salaries vary by location and experience, with Massachusetts at $67,780 and Texas at $38,990.

•   Construction work involves handling heavy machinery, using hand tools, and performing tasks like plumbing and electrical work.

•   Career growth potential exists, with construction management roles averaging $104,900 annually.

•   It is possible to earn a higher-than-average income without a college degree, exceeding the average of $37,000.

What Do Construction Workers Do?

Construction crews work on building sites for new homes, multi-family units, commercial buildings, roads, and bridges. Following detailed plans, construction workers are responsible for taking apart old structures and erecting new ones.

Depending on the job site, construction workers may operate heavy machinery, use hand tools, and perform plumbing and electrical tasks.

Construction work requires significant strength, endurance, and tolerance for extreme temperatures. The industry also has one of the highest rates of injuries on the job, so construction laborers must be familiar with safety protocols.

Construction Worker Job Responsibility Examples

What kinds of things might you be responsible for as a construction worker on a job site? Here are some examples:

•   Removing debris

•   Loading and unloading materials

•   Assembling bracing, scaffolding, and other temporary structures to help with the construction

•   Operating heavy machinery and using hand tools when building and taking apart structures

•   Digging trenches, compacting earth, and backfilling holes

•   Directing traffic

•   Driving work trucks (may require a CDL, or commercial drivers license)

•   Measuring and cutting materials

•   Conducting minor plumbing, electrical, and carpentry work

Construction Worker Skills

Though you don’t need a secondary education to be a construction worker, you’ll need to learn specific skills. You might learn some of these on the job:

•   Ability to use tools and operate machinery

•   Plumbing, electrical, carpentry, masonry, concrete, roofing, drywall, and/or demolition know-how

•   Knowledge of various safety protocols

•   Basic math and measurement

•   Hand-eye coordination

•   Physical strength and energy

In addition, construction workers must be able to problem-solve on the fly and must embrace teamwork. This is not a job for introverts!

How Much Do Starting Construction Workers Make?

Construction worker entry-level salaries vary by state, but you can expect pay to be on the lower end when just starting out. The bottom 10% of earners in the industry bring home about $31,510 per year.

If you’re entering the construction industry with a degree, you will likely make more starting out. With an education, you might go straight into construction management. The bottom 10% of construction managers earn $64,480 a year. The average annual salary is $104,900.

Recommended: 25 High-Paying Trade Jobs in Demand

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Recommended: Is $100,000 a Good Salary?

What Is the Average Salary for a Construction Worker?

The average salary for a construction worker in 2022 was $49,280, but rates vary significantly across the country. The average hourly rate for a construction worker is $23.69 per hour. Total income is about the same whether you get a salary vs. hourly pay.

As you’d expect, areas with a higher cost of living (think California, New York, and Hawaii) generally have more competitive pay than areas with a lower cost of living (states like Alabama, Mississippi, and Arkansas). But no matter where you live, a budget planner app can help you keep tabs on your spending and saving.

How much do construction workers make in California? $61,710, on average. In New York, the mean salary is even higher, at $63,830 a year. But it’s Massachusetts where construction workers make the most money on average: $67,780.

Check out the following table for additional state insights:

State

Average Construction Worker Salary

Alabama $36,300
Alaska $55,690
Arizona $46,030
Arkansas $36,690
California $61,710
Washington $56,630
California $56,210
Colorado $45,760
Connecticut $55,160
Alaska $53,270
Connecticut $53,050
Delaware $46,940
Florida $40,680
Georgia $39,580
Hawaii $65,570
Idaho $44,260
Illinois $66,670
Indiana $50,570
Iowa $46,730
Kansas $41,790
Kentucky $43,540
Louisiana $43,640
Maine $43,980
Maryland $43,260
Maryland $46,610
Massachusetts $67,780
Michigan $49,760
Minnesota $58,490
Mississippi $36,860
Missouri $53,920
Montana $49,130
Nebraska $44,170
Nevada $51,060
New Hampshire $45,980
New Jersey $67,280
New Mexico $39,610
New York $63,830
North Carolina $40,830
North Dakota $48,930
Ohio $53,550
Oklahoma $40,150
Oregon $50,980
Pennsylvania $52,290
Rhode Island $58,070
South Carolina $41,430
South Dakota $39,400
Tennessee $42,230
Texas $38,990
Utah $47,910
Vermont $44,680
Virginia $39,520
Washington $59,680
West Virginia $41,330
Wisconsin $53,860
Wyoming $42,150
Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, May 2023 data



💡 Quick Tip: Income, expenses, and life circumstances can change. Consider reviewing your budget a few times a year and making any adjustments if needed.

Pros and Cons of Construction Worker Salary

Being a construction worker has some advantages, but there are also drawbacks to consider:

Pros

•   Higher-than-average salary: The average salary for someone without a college degree is just over $37,000. Construction workers earn more than $9,000 a year over that, without any formal education — and without any student loan debt.

•   Job growth: The job market is projected to grow by 7% from 2023 to 2033, meaning there should be ample opportunities available.

•   Flexibility: Construction jobs are available across the country. If you want to relocate somewhere else, you shouldn’t have trouble finding a job.

Recommended: Should We Raise the Minimum Wage?

Cons

•   Difficult work: Construction labor can be physically demanding. It may lead to injury and illness, and you can leave job sites tired and sore each day.

•   Less money: Construction workers make significantly less money than construction managers. (A money tracker can help you take control of your finances.) If you’re able to get a bachelor’s degree in construction management, you may earn more money over your lifetime.

•   Long-term career options: As you age, you may become less equipped to keep up with the physical demands of the job. This could force an early retirement, right when you should be in your earning prime. You may instead need to look for a work-from-home job for retirees to ensure you have enough income until you’re eligible for Social Security benefits and other retirement income.

Recommended: Should We Raise the Minimum Wage?

The Takeaway

Construction workers can make decent money over the course of their careers, and you won’t have to take out a student loan to get a degree to land a job. However, the work can be exhausting and lead to injury. Weigh all the pros and cons carefully before starting a career as a construction worker.

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FAQ

How much do most construction workers make?

How much money a construction worker makes depends on where they live and their level of experience. However, the average construction laborer brings in $49,280 a year.

Who is the highest paid construction worker?

Massachusetts has the highest paid construction workers, with an average salary of $67,780.

What job pays the best in construction?

Pipeline transportation of natural gas is the highest paying job in construction, with laborers earning $94,640 a year on average. Other high-paying construction jobs include electric power generation, transmission, and distribution; construction support services; construction work for medical and surgical hospitals; and rail transport construction.


Photo credit: iStock/damircudic

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