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Students applying for financial aid for graduate school are likely familiar with the process of applying for federal financial aid, but graduate students should be aware of the fact that they’re almost always considered independent, and many will want to learn the maximum amount they can borrow.

The lifetime graduate student aggregate loan limit for Subsidized and Unsubsidized federal loans is $138,500. Of this amount, no more than $65,500 can be in subsidized loans. This is the aggregate limit that includes loan amounts borrowers use to pay for undergraduate and graduate studies.

Students could also borrow private student loans, which could potentially increase the amount of student loans an individual could borrow. Continue reading for more details on the different types of student loan limits.

Federal Student Loan Limits

Students can apply for federal aid to help fund graduate school. Students are encouraged to fill out the FAFSA® (the Federal Application for Federal Student Aid) to see if they qualify for help. Graduate requirements of FAFSA are similar to those for undergraduate students. Eligibility for federal aid is based on a student’s income, among other factors, so not everybody will be eligible for all types of aid.

As mentioned, the lifetime aggregate limit for Subsidized and Unsubsidized student loans is $138,500 for graduate or professional students. Of this amount, no more than $65,500 can be in subsidized loans. This is the aggregate limit, so does include student loans borrowed during undergraduate study.

Recommended: High Income Financial Aid

If students want to take out more federal loans, they’ll have to pay off some of their debt first. Then they can borrow up to the limit again. There are also maximum borrowing limits in place for Direct Unsubsidized Loan and Direct PLUS Loans for graduate or professional students. These limits are outlined below.

Direct Unsubsidized Loans

Let’s look at direct subsidized vs. direct unsubsidized loans. Graduate students cannot receive direct subsidized loans. Those loans are only available to undergraduate students who show financial need. If students took out these loans as undergraduates, that amount will be included in the lifetime limit of federal loans they’re allowed to receive.

For direct unsubsidized loans, the annual limit is $20,500. All graduate or professional students are considered independent for this loan. Unsubsidized loans aren’t dependent on students demonstrating financial need. The schools will decide how much students receive based on their annual costs and how much aid they’re receiving from other sources.

Direct PLUS Loans

Graduate students with eligible credit can also take out Direct PLUS Loans, issued by the U.S. Department of Education. These loans have an annual limit of the cost of attendance, subtracting any other aid that is received.

Private Student Loan Limits

The maximum amount that students can borrow with a private student loan will depend on the lender. Usually, they won’t lend students more than it costs to attend school.

The cost of attendance is an estimate of tuition and fees, books and supplies, living expenses, transportation, and other miscellaneous expenses. The estimate can also include dependent care, study-abroad programs, and costs related to disabilities.

Recommended: Private Student Loan Guide

Graduate Student Loans vs Undergrad Student Loans

Undergraduate students may be eligible for Direct Subsidized Loans. The government covers the interest that accrues while a student is enrolled at least half-time in school. Graduate students are not eligible for this loan type.

Direct Unsubsidized Loans are available to both graduate and undergraduate students. The undergraduate student federal loan has a lower interest rate than the unsubsidized loan for graduate students. Undergrads have an interest rate of 5.50% for the 2023-2024 school year, while it is 7.05% for graduate students.

Direct PLUS Loans are available for graduate students. Only undergraduate students who are considered independent, or who are dependent undergraduate students whose parents are unable to obtain PLUS Loans may be eligible to borrow a PLUS loan.

Graduate School Resources

Be sure to fill out your grad school FAFSA to see if you qualify for federal aid including federal student loans. Some students will hit the max of federal aid but still need more. In that case, they have a couple of options. Students can try to pay off some of the loans and then borrow more, up to the limit, again. If they don’t want to or are unable to pay off some of their federal loans to take out more federal loans, they can opt for a private loan.

Grants and Scholarships

When students submit their FAFSA®, their eligibility for certain grants will be considered. The school may also have information on local or institutional-based grant programs.

Grad students also have the option of doing a graduate assistantship, where they teach or work on research under the supervision of a professor. Assistantships sometimes pay a stipend or provide benefits like housing. Students can check with their schools to see if that option is available to them.

Scholarships and fellowships are also available to help pay for graduate school. There are many ways students can go about finding and applying for grad school scholarships. Students can check with their school’s financial aid department, or even the department they’re studying under, to see what is available. There’s usually a wide variety of scholarships available from various sources, including schools, employers, companies, and nonprofit organizations. Scholarships can be either merit based or need based, so the eligibility will vary.

Recommended: Scholarship Search Tool

The Takeaway

The aggregate limit for Unsubsidized and Subsidized loans for graduate students is, as mentioned, $138,500, no more than $65,500 can be in subsidized loans. For the PLUS Loan, the annual borrowing limit is no more than the cost of school minus other forms of financial aid. Limits for private student loans may vary by lender but, generally, a private lender will not let you borrow more than the cost of attendance.

Private loans could be an option for students who have exhausted federal options and still need more to fund their education. SoFi offers student loans with competitive interest rates for qualifying borrowers and an easy, online application. Plus, as a SoFi member, you’ll be able to access additional benefits like career coaching.

Cover up to 100% of school-certified costs including tuition, books, supplies, room and board, and transportation with a private student loan from SoFi.

SoFi Loan Products
SoFi loans are originated by SoFi Bank, N.A., NMLS #696891 (Member FDIC). For additional product-specific legal and licensing information, see SoFi.com/legal. Equal Housing Lender.

SoFi Private Student Loans
Please borrow responsibly. SoFi Private Student Loans are not a substitute for federal loans, grants, and work-study programs. You should exhaust all your federal student aid options before you consider any private loans, including ours. Read our FAQs. SoFi Private Student Loans are subject to program terms and restrictions, and applicants must meet SoFi’s eligibility and underwriting requirements. See SoFi.com/eligibility-criteria for more information. To view payment examples, click here. SoFi reserves the right to modify eligibility criteria at any time. This information is subject to change.

Third-Party Brand Mentions: No brands, products, or companies mentioned are affiliated with SoFi, nor do they endorse or sponsor this article. Third-party trademarks referenced herein are property of their respective owners.

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

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If your application for a federal Parent PLUS Loan was denied, you and your child still have options to help pay for their college. Below, we’ll explain some reasons why a Parent PLUS loan application might be denied, what you can do if yours is rejected, and alternatives to consider.

What Is the Parent PLUS Loan Program?

Parent PLUS Loans are federally funded Direct PLUS Loans taken out by parents to help their child pay for college. To apply, students or their parents must first fill out the Free Application for Federal Student Aid. Then a parent applies for a Parent PLUS Loan on the Federal Student Aid site. Most schools require this to be done online, though some have a different application process. Unlike other types of federal student loans, these loans require a credit check.

Why a Parent PLUS Loan Might Be Denied

If your Parent PLUS Loan was rejected, it may be because you don’t meet the credit requirements. PLUS borrowers can’t have an adverse credit history, such as being at least 90 days overdue in making a debt payment or completing bankruptcy in the last five years.

Your application may also be denied if you or your child don’t meet other PLUS loan requirements. For instance, your child must be enrolled at least half-time at an eligible school, and you must meet the general eligibility criteria for federal student aid.

What Parents Can Do

In the event that your application for a Parent PLUS Loan is rejected, you may want to consider these options.

Appeal the Decision

If you had extenuating circumstances that led to an adverse credit event, you can ask the U.S. Department of Education to reconsider your application. You’ll need to provide documentation that proves that extenuating circumstances led to the adverse credit. The DOE will decide whether to approve the appeal. Check its website for a list of potentially acceptable appeals and the supporting documentation needed.

If your appeal is approved, you’ll be required to complete PLUS Credit Counseling before your loan is disbursed. Counseling takes between 20 and 30 minutes and can be done online.

Find an Endorser

You may want to consider having someone else endorse the Parent PLUS loan. An endorser is essentially a cosigner without an adverse credit history. In the event that you are unable to repay the loan, the endorser would be responsible.

An endorser must complete an addendum online. They should be prepared to provide personal information such as their mailing address and phone number and their employer’s information, plus two references. Once the endorser is approved, they’ll need to complete PLUS Credit Counseling before the funds are disbursed.

Your Child May Qualify for More Aid

If your Parent PLUS loan is rejected, there’s a chance your child may qualify for more federal student aid. They can contact their school’s financial aid office to see what can be done given that their parental contribution is now reduced.

It’s important to talk to your child about student loans so they understand how the loans work and how much they will cost upon graduation. It may be helpful to speak in terms of the expected monthly payment, so your student can compare that to their expected annual salary.

Scholarships

It’s likely not too late for your student to apply for scholarships. In fact, students should be searching for scholarships each and every year they’re in school.

While some types of scholarships may be limited to incoming freshmen, this is not always the case. In addition to looking at scholarships offered by your child’s school and the state, other local organizations may offer scholarships.

If your student is still in high school, their guidance counselor may be able to provide advice on ways to search for scholarships, including finding opportunities in your area.

Consider Other School Options

Depending on where you live, you may want to reconsider where your child goes to school. Switching to a state school or local community college could save thousands in tuition, room and board, and travel costs. Some community colleges even have transfer programs for getting students into four-year schools. Consider meeting with a counselor at the community college to see what the transfer process is like.

Private Student Loans After Parent PLUS Loan

Private student loans are another way to close the funding gap. Commercial banks, credit unions, online lenders, and other lending institutions offer these loans with varying terms and rates. Private student loans and private parent student loans are not backed by the federal government and therefore not subject to its qualification rules. They may also lack the borrower protections available to federal loans, such as deferment. Private student loans are often considered once all federal aid options have been explored.

Rates on private student loans are generally determined by your credit score and personal financial situation. Borrowers who did not qualify for a Parent PLUS loan may also have trouble qualifying for a private loan at a competitive rate. Still, it’s worth shopping around. In addition to comparing rates between lenders, you’ll want to factor in the costs associated with taking out a loan, such as origination fees, prepayment penalties, and more.

The Takeaway

Parent PLUS Loans are federal loans available to parents of students. There are credit-related requirements in order to qualify for a PLUS loan, so in some cases, it is possible to be denied for a Parent PLUS Loan. If your application is rejected, you still have options, including appealing the decision, adding an endorser to the loan, exploring scholarships, or looking into alternate schools.

If you’ve exhausted all your options, no-fee private parent college loans from SoFi can help you pay for your student’s education. The application process can be completed easily online, and you can see rates and terms in just a few minutes. Repayment plans are flexible, helping parents find an option that works for their financial plan and budget.

Cover up to 100% of school-certified costs including tuition, books, supplies, room and board, and transportation with a private student loan from SoFi.

FAQ

How often can I take out a Parent PLUS Loan?

You can apply each year you want to receive a Parent PLUS loan. To do so, you must fill out a Direct PLUS Application.

When do Parent PLUS Loans need to be paid back?

Repayment begins 60 days after final disbursement for that academic year. If you’re approved for deferments each year, you may not need to begin repaying the loan until 6 months after your child graduates.

If I’m approved for a Parent PLUS Loan, where will the funds go?

Funds from Parent PLUS Loans are sent directly to your child’s school.

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SoFi Private Student Loans
Please borrow responsibly. SoFi Private Student Loans are not a substitute for federal loans, grants, and work-study programs. You should exhaust all your federal student aid options before you consider any private loans, including ours. Read our FAQs. SoFi Private Student Loans are subject to program terms and restrictions, and applicants must meet SoFi’s eligibility and underwriting requirements. See SoFi.com/eligibility-criteria for more information. To view payment examples, click here. SoFi reserves the right to modify eligibility criteria at any time. This information is subject to change.

SoFi Loan Products
SoFi loans are originated by SoFi Bank, N.A., NMLS #696891 (Member FDIC). For additional product-specific legal and licensing information, see SoFi.com/legal. Equal Housing Lender.

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

Non affiliation: SoFi isn’t affiliated with any of the companies highlighted in this article.

External Websites: The information and analysis provided through hyperlinks to third-party websites, while believed to be accurate, cannot be guaranteed by SoFi. Links are provided for informational purposes and should not be viewed as an endorsement.

Checking Your Rates: To check the rates and terms you may qualify for, SoFi conducts a soft credit pull that will not affect your credit score. However, if you choose a product and continue your application, we will request your full credit report from one or more consumer reporting agencies, which is considered a hard credit pull and may affect your credit.

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Homeownership has long been a part of the American dream, and it opens the door to benefits like the mortgage interest deduction for those who itemize deductions on their taxes.

Itemizing typically makes sense only if itemized deductions on a primary and second home total more than the standard deduction, which nearly doubled in 2018.

Here’s what you need to know about the mortgage interest deduction.

What Is the Mortgage Interest Deduction?

The mortgage interest deduction allows itemizers to count interest they pay on a loan related to building, purchasing, or improving a primary home against taxable income, lowering the amount of taxes owed.

The tax deduction also applies if you pay interest on a condominium, cooperative, mobile home, boat, or recreational vehicle used as a residence. The deduction can also be taken on loans for second homes, as long as it stays within the limits.

States with an income tax may also allow homeowners to claim the mortgage interest deduction on their state tax returns, whether or not they itemize on their federal returns.

What Are the Rules and Limits?

The passage of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 was a game-changer for the mortgage interest deduction. Starting in 2018 and set to last through 2025, the law greatly increased the standard deduction and eliminated or restricted many itemized deductions.

For the 2022 tax year, the standard deduction is $25,900 for married couples filing jointly and $12,950 for single people and married people filing separately. For 2023, the standard deduction is $27,700 for married couples filing jointly and $13,850 for single people and married people filing separately.

If you itemize deductions, you’re good to go and can deduct the interest. There’s further good news, as you may also be able to deduct interest on a home equity loan or line of credit, as long as it was used to buy, build, or substantially improve your home.

The loan must be secured by the taxpayer’s main home or second home and meet other requirements. For tax purposes, a second home not used for income is treated much like one’s primary home. It’s a home you live in some of the time.

The IRS considers a second home that’s rented some of the time one that you use for more than 14 days, or more than 10% of the number of days you rent it out (whichever number of days is larger). If you use the home you rent out for fewer than the required number of days, it is considered a rental property—one that you never live in, and not eligible for the mortgage interest deduction.

Generally, your interest-only mortgage is 100% deductible, as long as the total debt meets the limits.

According to the Internal Revenue Service, you can deduct home mortgage interest on the first $750,000 ($375,000 if married filing separately) of debt. Higher limitations ($1 million, or $500,000 if married filing separately) apply if you are deducting mortgage interest from debt incurred before Dec. 16, 2017.

You can’t deduct home mortgage interest unless the following conditions are met:

•   You must file Form 1040 or 1040-SR and itemize deductions on Schedule A (Form 1040).
•   The mortgage must be a secured debt on a qualified home in which you have an ownership interest.

Simply put, your mortgage is a secured debt if you put your home up as collateral to protect the interests of the lender. If you can’t pay the debt, your home can then serve as payment to the lender to satisfy the debt.

A qualified home is your main home or second home. The home could be a house, condo, co-op, mobile home, house trailer, or a houseboat. It must have sleeping, cooking, and toilet facilities.

Know that the interest you pay on a mortgage on a home other than your main or second home may be deductible if the loan proceeds were used for business, investment, or other deductible purposes. Otherwise, it is considered personal interest and is not deductible.


💡 Quick Tip: Don’t overpay for your mortgage. Get your dream home or investment property and a great rate with SoFi Mortgage Loans.

How Much Can I Deduct?

No doubt you want the answer to that question. In most cases, you can deduct all of your home mortgage interest. How much you can deduct depends on the date of the mortgage, the amount of the mortgage, and how you use the mortgage proceeds.

The IRS says that if all of your mortgages fit into one or more of the following three categories at all times during the year, you can deduct all of the interest on those mortgages. (If any one mortgage fits into more than one category, add the debt that fits in each category to your other debt in the same category.)

1. Mortgages you took out on or before Oct. 13, 1987 (called grandfathered debt).

2. Mortgages you (or your spouse if married filing jointly) took out after Oct. 13, 1987, and prior to Dec. 16, 2017, to buy, build, or substantially improve your home, but only if throughout 2020 these mortgages plus any grandfathered debt totaled $1 million or less ($500,000 or less if married filing separately).

(There is an exception. If you entered into a written contract before Dec. 15, 2017, to close on the purchase of a principal residence before Jan. 1, 2018, and you purchased the residence before April 1, 2018, you are considered to have incurred the home acquisition debt prior to Dec. 16, 2017.)

3. Mortgages you (or your spouse if married filing jointly) took out after Dec. 15, 2017, to buy, build, or substantially improve your home, but only if throughout 2020 these mortgages plus any grandfathered debt totaled $750,000 or less ($375,000 or less if married filing separately).

The dollar limits for the second and third categories apply to the combined mortgages on your main home and second home.

What Are Special Circumstances?

Just like you need to understand your home loan options, you need to know the special situations where the IRS says you might or might not qualify for the mortgage interest deduction.

You can deduct these items as home mortgage interest:
•   A late payment charge if it wasn’t for a specific service performed in connection with your mortgage loan.
•   A mortgage prepayment penalty, provided the penalty wasn’t for a specific service performed or cost incurred in connection with your mortgage loan.

Recommended: Guide to Buying, Selling, and Updating Your Home

Is Everything Deductible?

The government is only so generous, and there are many costs associated with homeownership. Some of them are not tax deductible under the mortgage interest deduction, like homeowners insurance premiums.

One caveat: You might be able to write off a portion of insurance, as well as utilities, repairs, and maintenance, if you have a home office and deduct those expenses on Schedule C.

Also not on the list for inclusion in the mortgage interest deduction are title searches, moving expenses, and reverse mortgage interest. Because interest on a reverse mortgage is due when the property sells, it isn’t tax deductible.


💡 Quick Tip: Have you improved your credit score since you made your home purchase? Home loan refinancing with SoFi could get you a competitive interest rate with lower payments.

How to Claim the Mortgage Interest Deduction

An itemizer will file Schedule A, which is part of the standard IRS 1040 tax form. Your mortgage lender should send you an IRS 1098 tax form, which reports the amount of interest you paid during the tax year. Your loan servicer should also provide this tax form online.

Using your 1098 tax form, find the amount of interest paid and enter this on Line 8 of Schedule A on your tax return. It’s not a heavy lift but gets a tad more complicated if you earn income from your property. If you own a vacation home that you rent out much of the time, you’ll need to use Schedule E.

Furthermore, if you’re self-employed and write off business expenses, you’ll need to enter interest payments on Schedule C.

The Takeaway

You can take the mortgage interest deduction if you itemize deductions on your taxes. Keep in mind that it’s typically only worth taking if the write-offs exceed the standard deduction.

The mortgage interest deduction, though, can be a bonus of sorts, especially if you’re a homeowner with a second home.

As with all matters that affect your taxes, you’ll want to consult with your financial advisor about claiming the deduction.

Looking for an affordable option for a home mortgage loan? SoFi can help: We offer low down payments (as little as 3% - 5%*) with our competitive and flexible home mortgage loans. Plus, applying is extra convenient: It's online, with access to one-on-one help.

SoFi Mortgages: simple, smart, and so affordable.

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SoFi Mortgages
Terms, conditions, and state restrictions apply. Not all products are available in all states. See SoFi.com/eligibility for more information.

SoFi Loan Products
SoFi loans are originated by SoFi Bank, N.A., NMLS #696891 (Member FDIC). For additional product-specific legal and licensing information, see SoFi.com/legal. Equal Housing Lender.

*SoFi requires Private Mortgage Insurance (PMI) for conforming home loans with a loan-to-value (LTV) ratio greater than 80%. As little as 3% down payments are for qualifying first-time homebuyers only. 5% minimum applies to other borrowers. Other loan types may require different fees or insurance (e.g., VA funding fee, FHA Mortgage Insurance Premiums, etc.). Loan requirements may vary depending on your down payment amount, and minimum down payment varies by loan type.

Non affiliation: SoFi isn’t affiliated with any of the companies highlighted in this article.

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

Checking Your Rates: To check the rates and terms you may qualify for, SoFi conducts a soft credit pull that will not affect your credit score. However, if you choose a product and continue your application, we will request your full credit report from one or more consumer reporting agencies, which is considered a hard credit pull and may affect your credit.

Tax Information: This article provides general background information only and is not intended to serve as legal or tax advice or as a substitute for legal counsel. You should consult your own attorney and/or tax advisor if you have a question requiring legal or tax advice.

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As of 2023, only 21% of people say now is a good time to buy a house according to a Gallup poll. This is due to high home prices and high interest rates. While the average home price has dropped since the last quarter of 2022, prices are still higher than normal. The median home price currently sits at $424,495 and mortgage rates as of June 2023 are 6.67% for 30-year fixed-rate mortgages and 6.03% for 15-year FRMs.

We’ve seen higher home prices and higher interest rates in the past year, so now may not be the worst time to buy. However, whether or not now is a good time to buy a house depends heavily on your unique financial situation and local market dynamics.

Determining When You’re Ready to Buy

Before you assess the current real estate market and pay close attention to interest rate fluctuations, it’s important to understand your financial and personal situation.

Here are a few factors you may want to consider before deciding if a new home is a good play right now.

Making Room in the Budget

When buying a home, the first thing you’ll need to budget for is a down payment.

While 20% of the home’s value is the benchmark, you may only need 3.5% if you apply for an FHA loan. But even 3.5% can be a chunk of change. If you want to buy a $200,000 house, 3.5% is $7,000.

Your home-buying budget should be large enough to cover a down payment as well as closing costs, which typically include homeowners insurance, appraisal fees, property taxes, and any mortgage insurance.

Remaining Consistent

How long do you plan to live in the city where you’re eyeing a home? If you plan on staying in the home long-term, now could be a good time to buy because staying put will give your home time to appreciate (subject to market fluctuations).

Since mortgage lenders pay close attention to job consistency and a steady income, you may also want to consider your job security. Especially during uncertain times, it’s crucial to feel confident knowing you can make your mortgage payments every month.

💡 Quick Tip: Buying a home shouldn’t be aggravating. Online mortgage loan forms can make applying quick and simple.

Checking Your Financial Profile

It’s a good idea to check your financial profile. Doing so may help you secure better financing terms when you purchase a home. Lenders will review your credit history, debt-to-income ratio, and assets, among other factors, to determine your eligibility for a mortgage.

Lenders review your credit history to gauge your creditworthiness and the level of risk to lend you money. They look at your debt-to-income ratio to indicate how much of your income goes toward debt payments every month.

If your ratio is high, it can show you’re overleveraged, which may mean you’re not in a position to take on more debt like a mortgage. You may also face a higher interest rate.

Last, a mortgage applicant can list assets like cash and investments. The more assets you have, the less risky lenders view you.

Weighing Renting Vs. Buying

You may want to compare renting vs. buying a home.

If renting a home in your community is less expensive than buying, you may want to hold off on a home purchase. Conversely, if renting is more expensive, you may be more enticed to purchase a new home.

Overall, if you find that these factors point you in the direction of homeownership, it’s possible you’re ready to buy a home and can begin determining the perfect time to pounce.

Observing Interest Rates

When determining if now is a good time to buy a house, buyers should look closely at interest rates.

Financial institutions charge interest to cover the costs of loaning money when they offer you a mortgage. The interest rate they charge is influenced by the Federal Reserve, but mortgage-backed securities are considered to be the main driver.

When interest rates are low, borrowing money is less expensive to the borrower. As interest rates rise, borrowing money becomes more costly. The government has been slashing rates to keep buyers in the market.

But keep in mind that the rate and terms you qualify for will depend on financial factors including your credit score, down payment, and loan amount.

And, if interest rates go down after you purchase your home, you can always choose to refinance your mortgage in hopes of getting a lower rate.


💡 Quick Tip: A home equity line of credit brokered by SoFi gives you the flexibility to spend what you need when you need it — you only pay interest on the amount that you spend. And the interest rate is lower than most credit cards.

Timing the Real Estate Market

Essentially, to time any market, you want to aim to buy low and sell high. If you’re going to buy a property, you’ll want to ideally buy when there are more sellers than there are buyers—a buyer’s market.

In a buyer’s market, buyers have an abundance of homes to choose from. This may also give you leverage to ask for more concessions from sellers eager to close a deal, such as a seller credit toward your closing costs or help covering the cost of repairs.

Conversely, in a seller’s market, real estate inventory is low and demand is high, which may drive up home prices.

Recommended: How Does Housing Inventory Affect Buyers & Sellers?

To identify the current market conditions, you may want to visit real estate websites like Zillow, Redfin, Realtor.com, or Trulia to look at inventory in your area or ZIP code.

Typically, it’s a buyer’s market if you see more than seven months’ worth of inventory.

If you see five to seven months of inventory, you’re in a balanced market that isn’t especially beneficial to buyers or sellers.

It’s a seller’s market when there is less than five months’ worth of inventory.

Understanding Local Economics and Trends

Because prices can vastly vary from area to area, real estate is often considered a location-driven market. This means that general rules of thumb might not be valid in every region or city.

Also, local economics may play a role in housing demand. For instance, if a large company decides to move its operations to a city, that city may experience a housing boom that creates a spike in home prices.

That said, hopeful buyers will want to pay close attention to the economic happenings and housing trends in their desired location.

The Takeaway

If you find a home that seems right for you, your employment is stable, and you can get a home loan with a good interest rate, buying may make sense. Then again, with interest rates and home prices still being on the high side, comparing the costs of renting and buying may be called for.

Looking for an affordable option for a home mortgage loan? SoFi can help: We offer low down payments (as little as 3% - 5%*) with our competitive and flexible home mortgage loans. Plus, applying is extra convenient: It's online, with access to one-on-one help.

SoFi Mortgages: simple, smart, and so affordable.

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SoFi Mortgages
Terms, conditions, and state restrictions apply. Not all products are available in all states. See SoFi.com/eligibility for more information.

SoFi Loan Products
SoFi loans are originated by SoFi Bank, N.A., NMLS #696891 (Member FDIC). For additional product-specific legal and licensing information, see SoFi.com/legal. Equal Housing Lender.

*SoFi requires Private Mortgage Insurance (PMI) for conforming home loans with a loan-to-value (LTV) ratio greater than 80%. As little as 3% down payments are for qualifying first-time homebuyers only. 5% minimum applies to other borrowers. Other loan types may require different fees or insurance (e.g., VA funding fee, FHA Mortgage Insurance Premiums, etc.). Loan requirements may vary depending on your down payment amount, and minimum down payment varies by loan type.

Non affiliation: SoFi isn’t affiliated with any of the companies highlighted in this article.

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

Checking Your Rates: To check the rates and terms you may qualify for, SoFi conducts a soft credit pull that will not affect your credit score. However, if you choose a product and continue your application, we will request your full credit report from one or more consumer reporting agencies, which is considered a hard credit pull and may affect your credit.

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Taxes are part of life, but many people would like to know if there are any ways to lower their tax bill.

While paying no taxes isn’t likely, there are ways you can use the tax code to reduce your taxable income and tax liability. These range from knowing the right filing status to maxing out your retirement contributions to understanding which deductions and credits you may qualify for.

Read on to learn some smart strategies for lowering your tax bill without running afoul of the IRS.

1. Choosing the Right Filing Status

If you’re married, you have a choice to file jointly or separately. In many cases, a married couple will come out ahead by filing taxes jointly.

Typically, this will give them a lower tax rate, and also make them eligible for certain tax breaks, such as the earned income credit, the American Opportunity Credit, and the Lifetime Learning Credit for education expenses. But there are certain circumstances where couples may be better off filing separately.

Some examples include: when both spouses are high-income earners and earn the same, when one spouse has high medical bills, and if your income determines your student loan payments.

Preparing returns both ways can help you assess the pros and cons of filing jointly or separately.

2. Maxing Out Your Retirement Account

Generally, the lower your income, the lower your taxes. However, you don’t have to actually earn less money to lower your tax bill.

Instead, you can reduce your gross income (which is your income before taxes are taken out) by making contributions to a 401(k) retirement plan, a 403(b) retirement plan, a 457 plan, or an IRA.

The more you contribute to a pre-tax retirement account, the more you can reduce your adjusted gross income (AGI), which is the baseline for calculating your taxable income. It’s important to keep in mind, however, that there are annual limitations to how much you can put aside into retirement, which depend on your income and your age.

Even if you don’t have access to a retirement plan at work, you may still be able to open and contribute to an IRA. And, you can do this even after the end of the year.

While the tax year ends on December 31st, you may still be able to contribute to your IRA or open up a Roth IRA (if you meet the eligibility requirements) until mid April.

3. Adding up Your Health Care Costs

Healthcare expenses are typically only deductible once they exceed 7.5% of your AGI (and only for those who itemize their deductions). But with today’s high cost of medical care and, in some cases, insurance companies passing more costs onto consumers, you might be surprised how much you’re actually spending on healthcare.

In addition to the obvious expenses, like copays and coinsurance, it’s key to also consider things like dental care, Rx medications, prescription eyeglasses, and even the mileage to and from all medical appointments.

4. Saving for Private School and College

If you have children who may attend college in the future, or who attend or will attend private school, it can pay off to open a 529 savings plan.

Even if your children are young, it’s never too early to start setting aside money for their education. In fact, because of the long-term compounding power of investing, starting early could help make college a lot more affordable.

Recommended: Compound vs. Simple Interest

A 529 savings plan is a type of investment account designed to help parents invest in private schools or colleges in a tax-advantaged way. While you won’t typically get a federal tax deduction for the money you put into a 529, many states offer a state tax deduction for these contributions.

The big tax advantage is that no matter how much your investments grow between now and when you need the money, you won’t pay taxes on those gains, and any withdrawals you take out to pay for qualified education expenses will be tax-free.

5. Putting Estimated Tax Payments on Your Calendar

While this move won’t technically lower your taxes, it could help you avoid a higher than necessary tax bill at the end of the year.

That’s because Income tax in the United States works on a pay-as-you-go system. If you are a salaried employee, the federal government typically collects income taxes throughout the year via payroll taxes.

If you’re self-employed, however, it’s up to you to pay as you go. You can do this by paying the IRS taxes in quarterly installments throughout the year.

If you don’t pay enough, or if you miss a quarterly payment due date, you may have to pay a penalty to the IRS. The penalty amount depends on how late you paid and how much you underpaid.

The deadlines for quarterly estimated taxes are typically in mid-April, mid-July, mid-September, and mid-January.

For help calculating your estimated payments, individuals can use the Estimated Tax Worksheet from the IRS .

6. Saving Your Donation Receipts

You may be able to claim a deduction for donating to charities that are recognized by the IRS. So it’s a good idea to always get a receipt whenever you give, whether it’s cash, clothing and household items, or your old car.

If your total charitable contributions and other itemized deductions, including medical expenses, mortgage interest, and state and local taxes, are greater than your available standard deduction, you may wind up with a lower tax bill.

Note: For any contribution of $250 or more, you must obtain and keep a record.

7. Adding to Your HSA

If you have a high deductible health plan, you may be eligible for or already have a health savings account (HSA), where you can set aside funds for medical expenses.

HSA contributions are made with pre-tax dollars, so any money you put into an HSA is income the IRS will not be able to tax. And, you typically can add money until mid-April to deduct those contributions on the prior year’s taxes.

That’s important to know because HSA savings can be used for more than medical expenses. If you don’t end up needing the money to pay for healthcare, you can simply leave it in your HSA until retirement, at which point you can withdraw money from an HSA for any reason.

Some HSAs allow you to invest your funds, and in that case, the interest, dividends, and capital gains from an HSA are also nontaxable.

Recommended: How to Switch Banks

8. Making Student Loan Payments

You may be able to lower your tax bill by deducting up to $2,500 of student loan interest paid per year, even if you don’t itemize your deductions.

There are certain income requirements that must be met, however. The deduction is phased out when an individual’s income reaches certain thresholds.

Even so, it’s worth plugging in the numbers to see if you qualify.

9. Selling Off Poorly Performing Investments

If you have investments in your portfolio that have been down for quite some time and aren’t likely to recover, selling them at a loss might benefit you tax-wise.

The reason: You can use these losses to offset capital gains, which are profits earned from selling an investment for more than you purchased it for. If you profited from an investment that you held for one year or less, those gains can be highly taxed by the IRS.

This strategy, known as tax-loss harvesting, needs to be done within the tax year that you owe, and can help a taxpayer who has made money from investments avoid a large, unexpected tax bill.

The Takeaway

The key to saving on taxes is to get to know the tax code and make sure you’re taking advantage of all the deductions and credits you’re entitled to.

It can also be helpful to look at tax planning as a year-round activity. If you gradually make tax-friendly financial decisions like saving for retirement, college, and healthcare throughout the year, you could easily reduce your tax burden and potentially score a refund at the end of the year. If you do score a tax refund, you can put it to good use, paying down debt or earning interest in a bank account.

Interested in opening an online bank account? When you sign up for a SoFi Checking and Savings account with direct deposit, you’ll get a competitive annual percentage yield (APY), pay zero account fees, and enjoy an array of rewards, such as access to the Allpoint Network of 55,000+ fee-free ATMs globally. Qualifying accounts can even access their paycheck up to two days early.

Better banking is here with SoFi, NerdWallet’s 2024 winner for Best Checking Account Overall.* Enjoy up to 4.60% APY on SoFi Checking and Savings.

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SoFi members with direct deposit activity can earn 4.60% annual percentage yield (APY) on savings balances (including Vaults) and 0.50% APY on checking balances. Direct Deposit means a deposit to an account holder’s SoFi Checking or Savings account, including payroll, pension, or government payments (e.g., Social Security), made by the account holder’s employer, payroll or benefits provider or government agency (“Direct Deposit”) via the Automated Clearing House (“ACH”) Network during a 30-day Evaluation Period (as defined below). Deposits that are not from an employer or government agency, including but not limited to check deposits, peer-to-peer transfers (e.g., transfers from PayPal, Venmo, etc.), merchant transactions (e.g., transactions from PayPal, Stripe, Square, etc.), and bank ACH funds transfers and wire transfers from external accounts, do not constitute Direct Deposit activity. There is no minimum Direct Deposit amount required to qualify for the stated interest rate.

SoFi members with Qualifying Deposits can earn 4.60% APY on savings balances (including Vaults) and 0.50% APY on checking balances. Qualifying Deposits means one or more deposits that, in the aggregate, are equal to or greater than $5,000 to an account holder’s SoFi Checking and Savings account (“Qualifying Deposits”) during a 30-day Evaluation Period (as defined below). Qualifying Deposits only include those deposits from the following eligible sources: (i) ACH transfers, (ii) inbound wire transfers, (iii) peer-to-peer transfers (i.e., external transfers from PayPal, Venmo, etc. and internal peer-to-peer transfers from a SoFi account belonging to another account holder), (iv) check deposits, (v) instant funding to your SoFi Bank Debit Card, (vi) push payments to your SoFi Bank Debit Card, and (vii) cash deposits. Qualifying Deposits do not include: (i) transfers between an account holder’s Checking account, Savings account, and/or Vaults; (ii) interest payments; (iii) bonuses issued by SoFi Bank or its affiliates; or (iv) credits, reversals, and refunds from SoFi Bank, N.A. (“SoFi Bank”) or from a merchant.

SoFi Bank shall, in its sole discretion, assess each account holder’s Direct Deposit activity and Qualifying Deposits throughout each 30-Day Evaluation Period to determine the applicability of rates and may request additional documentation for verification of eligibility. The 30-Day Evaluation Period refers to the “Start Date” and “End Date” set forth on the APY Details page of your account, which comprises a period of 30 calendar days (the “30-Day Evaluation Period”). You can access the APY Details page at any time by logging into your SoFi account on the SoFi mobile app or SoFi website and selecting either (i) Banking > Savings > Current APY or (ii) Banking > Checking > Current APY. Upon receiving a Direct Deposit or $5,000 in Qualifying Deposits to your account, you will begin earning 4.60% APY on savings balances (including Vaults) and 0.50% on checking balances on or before the following calendar day. You will continue to earn these APYs for (i) the remainder of the current 30-Day Evaluation Period and through the end of the subsequent 30-Day Evaluation Period and (ii) any following 30-day Evaluation Periods during which SoFi Bank determines you to have Direct Deposit activity or $5,000 in Qualifying Deposits without interruption.

SoFi Bank reserves the right to grant a grace period to account holders following a change in Direct Deposit activity or Qualifying Deposits activity before adjusting rates. If SoFi Bank grants you a grace period, the dates for such grace period will be reflected on the APY Details page of your account. If SoFi Bank determines that you did not have Direct Deposit activity or $5,000 in Qualifying Deposits during the current 30-day Evaluation Period and, if applicable, the grace period, then you will begin earning the rates earned by account holders without either Direct Deposit or Qualifying Deposits until you have Direct Deposit activity or $5,000 in Qualifying Deposits in a subsequent 30-Day Evaluation Period. For the avoidance of doubt, an account holder with both Direct Deposit activity and Qualifying Deposits will earn the rates earned by account holders with Direct Deposit.

Members without either Direct Deposit activity or Qualifying Deposits, as determined by SoFi Bank, during a 30-Day Evaluation Period and, if applicable, the grace period, will earn 1.20% APY on savings balances (including Vaults) and 0.50% APY on checking balances.

Interest rates are variable and subject to change at any time. These rates are current as of 10/24/2023. There is no minimum balance requirement. Additional information can be found at https://www.sofi.com/legal/banking-rate-sheet.

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

External Websites: The information and analysis provided through hyperlinks to third-party websites, while believed to be accurate, cannot be guaranteed by SoFi. Links are provided for informational purposes and should not be viewed as an endorsement.

Tax Information: This article provides general background information only and is not intended to serve as legal or tax advice or as a substitute for legal counsel. You should consult your own attorney and/or tax advisor if you have a question requiring legal or tax advice.

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