The simplest options strategies, and safest for beginners, include purchasing calls and/or puts — typically called “going long.” For the bearish investor who believes an asset will see price declines over a well-defined period of time, the simplest strategy is to purchase puts on those assets, i.e., pursue a long put strategy.
What Is a Long Put?
The term “Long Put” describes the strategy of buying put options as well as the options contract itself. The investor who purchases a put has purchased the right to sell an underlying security at a specific price over a specific time period. Being the buyer and holder of any options makes you “long” that option contract.
Because the contract in question is a put, the investor is long the put and bullish on the put option as they expect the put options price to rise. The put option holder is bearish on the underlying asset as they expect its price of the asset to go down.
Since the investor has not sold the underlying asset or its options, the investor does not hold a short position.
In comparison to other options strategies, long puts are low risk due to their limited and well-defined downside. The maximum amount an investor can lose is the premium paid at the initiation of the transaction.
Maximum Loss = Premium Paid
Because different trading platforms have different commission structures, (some may even provide commission-free trading) commissions are typically omitted from profit and loss calculations.
Maximum Profit
The maximum gain for a long put strategy occurs when the underlying asset drops to zero. While this gain is also limited and defined, it is typically far greater than the potential downside. The maximum gain on a long put strategy is defined as the strike price of the put less the premium paid.
Maximum Profit = Strike Price – Premium Paid
Breakeven Price
The breakeven price on a long put strategy occurs at the strike price less the premium. Note that the formula for the maximum gain and the breakeven price is the same but the two formulas are measuring different things.
The breakeven price is the point at which the investor begins to make a profit. As the price drops past breakeven toward zero, hopefully, the investor can realize the maximum gain possible.
Breakeven Price = Strike Price – Premium Paid
Why Investors Use Long Puts
Investors utilize a long put strategy for three main reasons:
• Speculation: The investor identifies an asset they believe will decrease in price over a defined time period. Buying a long put allows the investor to profit from this forecasted price decrease if it happens.
• Hedging: Sometimes an investor already holds an asset like a stock or exchange-traded fund (ETF) and is concerned that the price of the asset may drop in the short term, but still wants to hold the asset for the long term.
By purchasing a long put, the investor can offset any short-term losses through gains on the put and keep control of the underlying asset. For most assets, this hedging strategy provides cheap insurance.
• Combination strategies: For experienced investors, long puts can be part of complicated multi-leg strategies involving the sale or purchase of other options, both calls and puts, to pursue different investment objectives.
Long Put vs Short Put
In contrast, a short put options strategy occurs when the investor sells a put. Being the seller of a put means the options contract seller is obligated by the options contract to sell shares in an underlying security to the option buyer at the buyer’s discretion.
Everything about short puts is the opposite to long puts:
Long Puts
Short Puts
Investor role
Buyer
Seller
Investor responsibility
Right/Discretion
Obligation
Investor outlook — Asset
Bearish
Neutral to Bullish
Risk
Premium
(Strike Price – Premium)
Reward
(Strike Price – Premium)
Premium
Long Put Option Example
An investor has been watching XYZ stock, which is trading at $100 per share. The investor believes the $100 share price for XYZ is excessive and believes the share price will fall over the next 30 days.
The investor purchases a long put with a strike price of $95 per share for a premium of $5 and an expiration date of 60 days from today. Because options contracts are sold based on 100 share lots, the price for this contract will be $5 x 100 = $500.
The options contract gives the investor the right to sell 100 shares of XYZ at $95 for the next 60 days.
The breakeven price on this investment is:
Breakeven Price = Strike Price – Premium Paid
Breakeven Price = $95 – $5 = $90
Should XYZ be trading below $90 at expiration, the option trade will be profitable.
If XYZ stock should fall to $0 at expiration, the investor will realize their maximum possible profit:
Maximum Profit = Strike Price – Premium Paid
Maximum Profit = $95 – $5 = $90 profit per share or $9,000 per put option
However, if XYZ stock should stay above $90 at expiration, the investor will realize their maximum possible loss and the option will expire worthless:
Maximum Loss = Premium Paid
Maximum Loss = $5 per share or $500 per put option
Even if XYZ rose above the $100 price at purchase, the investor’s loss would still be limited to $500.
The Takeaway
Long put options provide an excellent entry point for newly minted options investors to dip their toes into the market. The trading strategy offers significant profit potential if investors make the right call on the underlying security’s future performance while providing limited downside risk.
And if you have any questions, SoFi offers educational resources about options to learn more. SoFi doesn’t charge commissions, and members have access to a complimentary 30-min session with a SoFi Financial Planner.
With SoFi, user-friendly options trading is finally here.
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SoFi Invest®
INVESTMENTS ARE NOT FDIC INSURED • ARE NOT BANK GUARANTEED • MAY LOSE VALUE
SoFi Invest encompasses two distinct companies, with various products and services offered to investors as described below:
Individual customer accounts may be subject to the terms applicable to one or more of these platforms.
1) Automated Investing and advisory services are provided by SoFi Wealth LLC, an SEC-registered investment adviser (“SoFi Wealth“). Brokerage services are provided to SoFi Wealth LLC by SoFi Securities LLC.
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For additional disclosures related to the SoFi Invest platforms described above please visit SoFi.com/legal.
Neither the Investment Advisor Representatives of SoFi Wealth, nor the Registered Representatives of SoFi Securities are compensated for the sale of any product or service sold through any SoFi Invest platform.
Options involve risks, including substantial risk of loss and the possibility an investor may lose the entire amount invested in a short period of time. Before an investor begins trading options they should familiarize themselves with the Characteristics and Risks of Standardized Options . Tax considerations with options transactions are unique, investors should consult with their tax advisor to understand the impact to their taxes. Exchange Traded Funds (ETFs): Investors should carefully consider the information contained in the prospectus, which contains the Fund’s investment objectives, risks, charges, expenses, and other relevant information. You may obtain a prospectus from the Fund company’s website or by email customer service at https://sofi.app.link/investchat. Please read the prospectus carefully prior to investing.
Shares of ETFs must be bought and sold at market price, which can vary significantly from the Fund’s net asset value (NAV). Investment returns are subject to market volatility and shares may be worth more or less their original value when redeemed. The diversification of an ETF will not protect against loss. An ETF may not achieve its stated investment objective. Rebalancing and other activities within the fund may be subject to tax consequences. Third Party Trademarks: Certified Financial Planner Board of Standards Inc. (CFP Board) owns the certification marks CFP®, CERTIFIED FINANCIAL PLANNER®, CFP® (with plaque design), and CFP® (with flame design) in the U.S., which it awards to individuals who successfully complete CFP Board's initial and ongoing certification requirements.
A straddle is an options trade with which investors can profit regardless of which direction an asset moves. Because of this, a straddle is considered a “neutral options strategy.”
Long straddles are used when an investor expects greater volatility in an underlying asset. They involve buying a call option and put option simultaneously. Short straddles are used when an investor expects little movement in an asset. They involve selling a call and a put at the same time. It’s important to keep in mind that straddles are a complex options strategy that aren’t suitable for most investors.
Understanding Puts and Calls
A call option gives investors the right, but not the obligation, to buy an asset. A put option versus a call gives the right to sell. A seller of a call is obligated to deliver the underlying asset if the buyer exercises the contract. Meanwhile, a seller of a put is obligated to buy the underlying asset if the contract is exercised.
Long straddles are popular when investors anticipate an event will significantly move a stock’s price, such as after a company’s earnings or big product announcement. On the flip side, short straddles are common when investors think volatility expectations are too high, meaning that share prices will move sideways or only change slightly.
💡 Quick Tip: The best stock trading app? That’s a personal preference, of course. Generally speaking, though, a great app is one with an intuitive interface and powerful features to help make trades quickly and easily.
How to Put on a Straddle Trade
In options trading, an investor can put on a straddle in two ways: 1) They can buy a call option and put option. Both contracts need to have the same strike price and expiration date. Or 2) They can sell a call and put option that both have the same strike price and expiration date.
In options terminology, the strike price is the level at which the options contract can be exercised. For instance, say a stock is trading at $10 a share and a call option on it has a strike price of $12. If the stock reaches $12, the investor has the right, but not the obligation, to exercise the option.
An option’s expiration date is the date by which the call or put must be exercised. So an investor has until the expiry to exercise the option by buying or selling the underlying asset. After that date, the options become worthless. Another important term for options investors is the premium. This is the value or cost of the option itself.
In a long straddle, the move in the underlying asset needs to exceed the cost of the two premiums — one for the call, one for the put — in order for the investor to break even on the trade. The cost of the two premiums is the maximum amount of money the investor can lose. In a short straddle, the cost of the two premiums is the maximum amount the investor can earn from the trade.
Long Straddle Example
Let’s say an investor believes Company A will either soar or plummet after releasing its quarterly earnings call. Company A’s shares currently trade in the market at $50 each.
In order to put on a long straddle, the investor pays $2 for a call contract and $2 for a put contract for a total cost of $4. Both contracts have a strike price at $50. The total cost for the investor will be $400, since each options contract equals 100 shares of stock.
So in order for the investor to break even on the trade, the stock will have to either rise above $54 a share or fall below $46. That’s because $50 plus $4 is $54, while $50 minus $4 is $46. Here is the formula to calculate the breakeven levels in long straddles:
Upper breakeven level = Strike price + Total cost of options premiums
Lower breakeven level = Strike price – Total cost of options premiums
Short Straddle Example
In a short straddle trade, the investor sells a call and put that have the same strike price and expiration. An investor might do this when they believe the market’s expectations for volatility in a stock are too high.
Say for instance, the implied volatility for Company B has climbed substantially. Implied volatility is the market’s expectations for volatility in an asset. In other words, the market believes Company B will see a big stock move after making a product announcement.
However, one investor thinks these expectations are inflated. If the stock’s move after the announcement is actually muted, the value of both the calls and puts would drop quickly. Meanwhile, the short-straddle investor has benefited by having collected the premiums from selling the options.
However, the potential investment risks of a short straddle trade are high, because the underlying asset’s potential to climb higher is unlimited and an investor may have to pay the market price to cover the short call.
Pros & Cons of Straddles
Pros of Straddles
1. Market neutral: Investors can benefit from an options trade even if they’re uncertain which direction the underlying asset will move.
2. Premiums costs: With long straddles, the cost of premiums could be relatively low. Say for instance an investor finds a stock that they believe will see high volatility. Meanwhile, the cost of the calls and puts are not yet too expensive. The investor can potentially make a profit from this long straddle trade.
3. Volatility bet: With long straddles, investors can make money when an asset’s stock volatility is high.
Cons of Straddles
1. Pricey premiums: It can be tricky to get market timing right. When implied or expected volatility for an asset is high, the price of options premiums can also rise. This means investors looking to put on a long straddle trade can encounter costlier premiums. Plus, with long straddles, investors have to pay the cost of two premiums.
2. Time decay: Options lose value as they get closer to their expiration date — a concept known as theta or time decay in the derivatives market. Time decay may become a concern if market volatility is low for a while and an investor is trying to exercise a long straddle position.
3. Potential losses: In a short straddle, the potential loss is unlimited while the potential upside is limited.
💡 Quick Tip: If you’re an experienced investor and bullish about a stock, buying call options (rather than the stock itself) can allow you to take the same position, with less cash outlay. It is possible to lose money trading options, if the price moves against you.
Straddles vs Strangles
In contrast to a straddle, a long strangle involves buying both calls and puts but with different strike prices.
Strangles are more common when investors believe a stock is more likely to move in one direction, but still want to hold some protection in case the opposite scenario occurs.
The advantage of a strangle is that the costs of putting them on are typically lower than straddles.
The Takeaway
An options straddle is essentially a two-trade bundle that’s designed to allow investors to wager whether there will be a major move in an asset’s price or not.
In a long straddle, investors have the potential to capture a significant profit while having paid only a relatively low cost for the options premiums. However, If the stock trades sideways or doesn’t post a big move, the investor will lose the money they invested in the premiums. In a short straddle, the opposite is true. If the underlying asset doesn’t post a big move, the investor can make money.
Investors who are ready to try their hand at options trading despite the risks involved, might consider checking out SoFi’s options trading platform offered through SoFi Securities, LLC. The platform’s user-friendly design allows investors to buy put and call options through the mobile app or web platform, and get important metrics like breakeven percentage, maximum profit/loss, and more with the click of a button.
Plus, SoFi offers educational resources — including a step-by-step in-app guide — to help you learn more about options trading. Trading options involves high-risk strategies, and should be undertaken by experienced investors. Currently, investors can not sell options on SoFi Active Invest®.
With SoFi, user-friendly options trading is finally here.
SoFi Invest®
INVESTMENTS ARE NOT FDIC INSURED • ARE NOT BANK GUARANTEED • MAY LOSE VALUE
SoFi Invest encompasses two distinct companies, with various products and services offered to investors as described below:
Individual customer accounts may be subject to the terms applicable to one or more of these platforms.
1) Automated Investing and advisory services are provided by SoFi Wealth LLC, an SEC-registered investment adviser (“SoFi Wealth“). Brokerage services are provided to SoFi Wealth LLC by SoFi Securities LLC.
2) Active Investing and brokerage services are provided by SoFi Securities LLC, Member FINRA (www.finra.org)/SIPC(www.sipc.org). Clearing and custody of all securities are provided by APEX Clearing Corporation.
For additional disclosures related to the SoFi Invest platforms described above please visit SoFi.com/legal.
Neither the Investment Advisor Representatives of SoFi Wealth, nor the Registered Representatives of SoFi Securities are compensated for the sale of any product or service sold through any SoFi Invest platform.
Options involve risks, including substantial risk of loss and the possibility an investor may lose the entire amount invested in a short period of time. Before an investor begins trading options they should familiarize themselves with the Characteristics and Risks of Standardized Options . Tax considerations with options transactions are unique, investors should consult with their tax advisor to understand the impact to their taxes.
SOIN0523050
• Understanding the difference between “in the money” and “out of the money” options is crucial for options traders to gauge potential profitability.
• Options classified as “in the money” have intrinsic value and can yield profits when exercised, while “out of the money” options lack intrinsic value and may expire worthless.
• The potential for profit from options depends on the relationship between the strike price and the current market price of the underlying asset.
• Higher volatility often leads to options being written “out of the money,” appealing to speculators due to lower premiums and potential for larger price swings.
• Decisions to buy “in the money” or “out of the money” options should align with an investor’s goals, risk tolerance, and confidence in the underlying asset’s future performance.
In options trading, knowing the difference between being “in the money” (ITM) and “out of the money” (OTM) allows the holder of a contract to know whether they’ll enjoy a profit from their option. The terms refer to the relationship between the options strike price and the market value of the underlying asset.
“In the money” refers to options that have profit potential if exercised today, while “out of the money” refers to those that do not. In the rare case that the market price of an underlying security reaches the strike price of an option exactly at the time of expiry, this would be called an “at the money option.”
What Does “In the Money” Mean?
In the money (ITM) describes a contract that would be profitable if its owner were to choose to exercise the option today. If this is the case, the option is said to have intrinsic value.
A call option would be in the money if the strike price is lower than the current market price of the underlying security. An investor holding such a contract could exercise the option to buy the security at a discount and sell it for a profit right away.
Put options, which are a way to short a stock, would be in the money if the strike price is higher than the current market price of the underlying security. A contract of this nature allows the holder to sell the security at a higher price than it currently trades for and pocket the difference.
In either case, an in the money contract has intrinsic value, so the options trader can exercise the option and make money doing so.
💡 Quick Tip: Look for an online brokerage with low trading commissions as well as no account minimum. Higher fees can cut into investment returns over time.
Example of In the Money
For example, say an investor owns a call option with a strike price of $15 on a stock currently trading at $16 per share. This option would be in the money because its owner could exercise the option to realize a profit. The contract gives the holder the right to buy 100 shares of the stock at $15, even though the market price is currently $16.
The contract holder could take shares acquired through the contract for a total of $1,500 and sell them for $1,600, realizing a profit of $100 minus the premium paid for the contract and any associated trading fees or commissions.
While call options give the holder the right to buy a security, put options give holders the right to sell. For example, say an investor owns a put option with a strike price of $10 on a stock that is trading at $9 per share. This would be an in the money option. The holder could sell 100 shares of stock at a price of $10 for a total of $1,000, even though it only costs $900 to buy those same shares. The contract holder would realize that difference of $100 as profit, minus the premium and any fees.
What Does “Out of the Money” Mean?
Out of the money (OTM) is the opposite of being in the money. OTM contracts do not have intrinsic value. If an option is out of the money at the time of expiration, the contract will expire worthless. Options are out of the money when the relation of their strike prices to the current market price of their securities are opposite that of in the money options.
For calls, an option with a strike price higher than the current price of the underlying security would be out of the money. Exercising such an option would result in an investor buying a security for a price higher than its current market value.
For puts, an option with a strike price lower than the current price of its security would be out of the money. Exercising such an option would cause an investor to sell a security at a price lower than its current market value.
In either case, contracts are out of the money because they don’t have intrinsic value – anyone exercising those contracts would lose money.
Example of Out of the Money
Say an investor buys a call option with a strike price of $15 on a stock currently trading at $13. This option would be out of the money. An investor might buy an option like this in the hopes that the stock will rise above the strike price before expiration, in which case a profit could be realized.
Another example would be an investor buying a put option with a strike price of $7 on a stock currently trading at $10. This would also be an out of the money option. An investor might buy this kind of option with the belief that the stock will fall below the strike price before expiration.
💡 Quick Tip: In order to profit from purchasing a stock, the price has to rise. But an options account offers more flexibility, and an options trader might gain if the price rises or falls. This is a high-risk strategy, and investors can lose money if the trade moves in the wrong direction.
What’s the Difference Between In the Money and Out of the Money?
The premium of an options contract involves two different factors: intrinsic value and extrinsic value. Options that have intrinsic value at the time they are written to have a strike price that is profitable relative to the current market price. In other words, such options are already in the money when written.
But not all options are written ITM. Those without intrinsic value rely instead on their extrinsic value. This value comes from speculative bets that investors make over a period of time. For this reason, assets with higher volatility often have their options contracts written out of the money, as investors expect there to be bigger price swings. Conversely, assets considered to be less volatile often have their options written in the money.
Options written out of the money are ideal for speculators because such contracts come with less expensive premiums and are often created for more volatile assets.
The answer to this question depends on an investor’s goals and risk tolerance. Options that are further out of the money can be more rewarding, but come with greater risk, uncertainty, and volatility. Whether an option is in or out of the money (and how far they’re out of the money), and the amount of time before the expiry of the option impacts the premium for that option, with riskier options typically costing more.
Whether to buy ITM or OTM options also depends on how confident an investor feels about the future of the underlying security. If a trader feels fairly certain that a particular stock will trade at a much higher price three months from now, then they might not hesitate to buy a call option with a very high strike price, making it out of the money.
Conversely, if an investor thinks a stock will fall in price, they can buy a put option with a very low strike price, which would also make the option out of the money.
Beginners and those with lower risk tolerance may prefer buying options that are only somewhat out of the money or those that are in the money. These options usually have lower premiums, meaning they cost less to buy. There are also generally greater odds that the contract will wind up in the money before expiration, as it will take a less dramatic move to make that happen.
Investors can also choose to combine multiple options legs into a spread strategy that attempts to take advantage of both possibilities.
In options trading, “in the money” refers to options that have profit potential if exercised immediately, while “out of the money” refers to those that don’t. Options contracts don’t have to be exercised to realize a profit. Sometimes investors buy contracts with the intent of selling them on the open market soon after they become in the money for quick gains.
In either case, it’s important to consider if an option is in the money or out of the money when buying or writing options contracts, as well as when deciding when to execute them. Options trading is an advanced investing strategy, and investors should know what they’re doing before engaging with it – or should speak with a financial professional for guidance.
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For a limited time, opening and funding an Active Invest account gives you the opportunity to get up to $1,000 in the stock of your choice.
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SoFi Invest®
INVESTMENTS ARE NOT FDIC INSURED • ARE NOT BANK GUARANTEED • MAY LOSE VALUE
SoFi Invest encompasses two distinct companies, with various products and services offered to investors as described below:
Individual customer accounts may be subject to the terms applicable to one or more of these platforms.
1) Automated Investing and advisory services are provided by SoFi Wealth LLC, an SEC-registered investment adviser (“SoFi Wealth“). Brokerage services are provided to SoFi Wealth LLC by SoFi Securities LLC.
2) Active Investing and brokerage services are provided by SoFi Securities LLC, Member FINRA (www.finra.org)/SIPC(www.sipc.org). Clearing and custody of all securities are provided by APEX Clearing Corporation.
For additional disclosures related to the SoFi Invest platforms described above please visit SoFi.com/legal.
Neither the Investment Advisor Representatives of SoFi Wealth, nor the Registered Representatives of SoFi Securities are compensated for the sale of any product or service sold through any SoFi Invest platform.
Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.
Options involve risks, including substantial risk of loss and the possibility an investor may lose the entire amount invested in a short period of time. Before an investor begins trading options they should familiarize themselves with the Characteristics and Risks of Standardized Options . Tax considerations with options transactions are unique, investors should consult with their tax advisor to understand the impact to their taxes. Claw Promotion: Customer must fund their Active Invest account with at least $50 within 30 days of opening the account. Probability of customer receiving $1,000 is 0.028%. See full terms and conditions.
What’s the Difference Between Short Calls and Long Calls?
Every time a call option contract transaction takes place there is a seller and a buyer. The seller is said to have gone short the calls and the buyer is long the calls. “Short calls” and “long calls” are simply shorthand for these two positions and strategies.
Short calls are a bearish options strategy used to profit from an expected sideways to downward price action on a security. On the other hand, a long call is a bullish options strategy that aims to capitalize on upward price movements on an asset such as a stock or exchange-traded fund (ETF).
Short calls are the opposite strategy to long calls and their potential payoffs reflect that. Long calls have the potential to be unlimited in gain, and short calls the maximum gain is the premium.
What Are Short Calls?
“Short calls” is shorthand for pursuing the strategy of selling a call option.
Short call sellers receive a premium when the call is sold. The seller hopes to see a decrease in the underlying asset’s price to achieve the maximum profit.
It is also possible for the seller to profit if the underlying asset price stays the same. Options prices are based on intrinsic value (the difference between the strike price and the asset price) and time value.
If the asset price remains stable, intrinsic value will also be stable. However, as the option nears expiration the time value will drop to zero due to theta decay.
Furthermore, there are two types of short calls, naked and covered calls. Short calls are “naked” when the seller does not own the underlying asset. Short calls are “covered” when the seller owns the underlying asset at the time of sale.
Short calls have a fixed maximum profit equal to the premium collected and losses are undefined. Theoretically, a stock could rise to infinity, so there is no cap on how high the value of a call option could be.
Therefore short calls can be highly risky. For this reason, traders should have a risk management plan in place when they engage in naked call selling.
Short Call Example
It’s helpful to see an example of a short call to understand the upside reward potential and downside risks involved with such a strategy.
Suppose your outlook on shares of XYZ stock is neutral to bearish. You think that the stock, currently trading at $50, will trade between $45 and $50 in the next three months.
A plausible trade to execute would be to sell the $50 strike calls expiring in three months. We’ll assume those options trade at $5. The breakeven price on a short call is the strike price plus the premium collected.
In this example, the breakeven price is thus $50 plus $5 which is $55. You profit so long as the stock is below $55 by the time the options expire but will experience losses if the stock is above $55 by expiry.
Two months pass, and the stock is at $48. The calls have dropped in value thanks to a minor share price decline and since there is less time until expiration. The drop in time value relates to decaying theta, one of the option Greeks, as they’re called. Your short calls are now valued at $2 in the market.
Fast-forward three weeks, and there are just a few days until expiration. The stock has rallied to $49, but the calls have actually fallen in value. They are now worth just $1. Time decay has eaten away at the value of the calls — more than offsetting the rise in the underlying shares. Time decay becomes quicker as expiration approaches.
You choose to buy-to-close your options in the market rather than risk a late surge in the stock price. Most options are closed out rather than left to expire (or be exercised) as closing options positions before expiration can save on transaction costs and added margin requirements. You cover your short calls at $1 and enjoy a net profit of $4 on the trade ($5 collected at the trade’s initiation and a $1 buy back to close the position).
Pros and Cons of Short Calls
Pros of Short Calls
Cons of Short Calls
Benefits from time decay
Unlimited risk if the underlying asset rises sharply
Can be used in combination with a long stock position to generate extra income (covered call)
You may be required to deliver shares if the options holder exercises the call option
The underlying stock can be sideways to even slightly higher and you can still profit
Reward is capped at the premium you received at the onset of the trade
Finally, user-friendly options trading is here.*
Trade options with SoFi Invest on an easy-to-use, intuitively designed online platform.
Long calls are the opposite strategy to a short call. With a long call, the trader is bullish on the underlying asset. Once again, a key piece of the options trade is the timing aspect.
A long call benefits when the security rises in value, but it must do so before the options expire.
Long calls have unlimited upside potential and limited downside risk. A long vs short call differs in that respect since a short call has limited profit potential and unlimited risk.
A long call is a basic options strategy that is often a speculative bullish bet on an underlying asset. It’s a good options strategy for those just starting out since there is a limited loss potential and the strategy itself is not complicated.
Long Call Example
Buying a long call option is straightforward. Long calls vs short calls involve different order types. With long calls, you input a buy-to-open order and then choose the calls you wish to purchase.
You must enter the underlying asset (often a stock or ETF, but it could be an option on a futures contract such as on a commodity or currency), along with the strike price, options expiration date, and whether the order is a market or limit order.
Suppose you go long calls on XYZ shares. The stock trades at $50 and you want to profit should the stock rise dramatically over the next month. You could buy the $60 strike calls expiring one month from now. The option premium — the cost to buy the option — might be $2. Because the call is out-of-the-money, that $2 is composed entirely of extrinsic value (also known as time value).
Since you are going long the calls, you want the underlying stock price to rise above the strike price by expiration. It’s important to know your breakeven price with a long call — that is the strike price plus the premium paid. In our example, that is $60 plus $2 which is $62. If the stock is above $62 at expiration, you profit.
After three weeks, the stock has risen to $70 per share. Your calls are now worth $13.
That $13 of premium is made up of $10 of intrinsic value (the stock price minus the strike) and $3 of time value since there is still a chance the stock could keep increasing before expiry.
A few days before expiration, the shares have steadied at $69. Your $60 strike calls are worth $10. You decide to take your money and run.
You enter a sell-to-close order to exit the position. Your proceeds from the sale are $10, making for a tidy $8 profit considering your $2 premium outlay.
Pros and Cons of Long Calls
Pros of Long Calls
Cons of Long Calls
Unlimited upside potential
The premium paid can be substantial
Risk is limited to the premium paid
You can be correct with the directional bet and still lose money if your timing is wrong
Is a leveraged play on an underlying asset
There’s a chance the calls will expire worthless
Comparing Short Calls vs Long Calls
There are important similarities and differences between a short call vs long call to consider before you embark on a trading strategy.
Similarities
Traders use options for three primary reasons:
• Speculation — Speculators often do not take positions in the underlying stock. Investors can buy a call and hope the underlying asset rises or they can sell a call and hope the asset price drops. Either way, the investor is taking a risk and could lose their investment, or more in the case of naked short calls.
• Hedging — Short sellers of stock may sometimes buy call options to hedge their stock positions against unexpected price movements.
• Generate Income — Covered short calls help to generate extra income in a portfolio. The seller sells a call that is out-of-the-money, collects the premium, and hopes the stock doesn’t rise to that strike price. However, the investor can also choose a strike that they would be happy to sell at such that, if the stock rises and the option is exercised, they are happy to sell their shares.
Differences
Long calls are a bullish strategy while short calls are a neutral to bearish play.
Potential profits and possible losses are the opposite in long calls vs. short calls. A long call has unlimited upside potential and losses are limited to the premium paid. A short call has an unlimited loss potential with a max profit that is simply the premium collected at the onset of the trade.
Time decay works to the benefit of an options seller, such as when you enter a short call trade. Time decay is the enemy of those who are long options.
When implied volatility rises, the holder of a call benefits (all else equal) since the option will have more value. When implied volatility drops, options generally become less valuable, which is to the option writer’s benefit.
It’s also important to understand the moneyness of a call option. A call option is considered in-the-money when the underlying asset’s price is above the strike price. When the underlying asset’s price is below the strike, then the call option is considered out-of-the-money.
A call writer prefers when the call is more out-of-the-money while a call holder wants the calls to turn more in-the-money.
Short Calls
Long Calls
Neutral-to-bearish view
Bullish view
A more advanced options play
A trade that is good for options beginners
Limited reward, unlimited risk
Unlimited reward, limited risk
The Takeaway
Long calls and short calls are two options trading strategies you can use to place a directional and timing wager on an underlying asset — often a stock or ETF. Buying calls is a bullish play while selling calls is a neutral to bearish strategy.
If you’re ready to try your hand at options trading online, You can set up an Active Invest account and trade options from the SoFi mobile app or through the web platform.
And if you have any questions, SoFi offers educational resources about options to learn more. SoFi doesn’t charge commissions, but some fees apply, and members have access to a complimentary 30-min session with a SoFi Financial Planner.
With SoFi, user-friendly options trading is finally here.
FAQ
Are long calls better than short calls?
Long calls are not necessarily better than short calls. Using one versus the other depends on your outlook on how a security will move between now and expiration.
Long calls appreciate when the underlying asset rises in value. Short calls, on the other hand, are useful if you have a neutral to bearish view on a security. Short calls drop in value as time value erodes and when the underlying asset’s price falls.
Like long calls, it is important that your directional bet and timeframe line up with the calls you look to sell short.
How do short calls and covered calls differ?
Short calls are often naked positions. That means they traded outright without having an existing long stock position. Naked short calls are risky since there is unlimited loss potential should the stock rise.
Covered calls work by owning shares of a stock, then selling calls against that long stock position. Covered calls are a common options trading strategy whereby a trader looks to enhance a portfolio’s income by collecting a premium while the underlying shares trade sideways or decline in value.
The downside of covered calls is that your shares can get called away from you if the stock price rises above the strike price. Covered calls have the benefit of protecting the trader from unlimited losses since the long stock position offsets the short calls’ unlimited loss potential.
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SoFi Invest®
INVESTMENTS ARE NOT FDIC INSURED • ARE NOT BANK GUARANTEED • MAY LOSE VALUE
SoFi Invest encompasses two distinct companies, with various products and services offered to investors as described below:
Individual customer accounts may be subject to the terms applicable to one or more of these platforms.
1) Automated Investing and advisory services are provided by SoFi Wealth LLC, an SEC-registered investment adviser (“SoFi Wealth“). Brokerage services are provided to SoFi Wealth LLC by SoFi Securities LLC.
2) Active Investing and brokerage services are provided by SoFi Securities LLC, Member FINRA (www.finra.org)/SIPC(www.sipc.org). Clearing and custody of all securities are provided by APEX Clearing Corporation.
For additional disclosures related to the SoFi Invest platforms described above please visit SoFi.com/legal.
Neither the Investment Advisor Representatives of SoFi Wealth, nor the Registered Representatives of SoFi Securities are compensated for the sale of any product or service sold through any SoFi Invest platform.
Options involve risks, including substantial risk of loss and the possibility an investor may lose the entire amount invested in a short period of time. Before an investor begins trading options they should familiarize themselves with the Characteristics and Risks of Standardized Options . Tax considerations with options transactions are unique, investors should consult with their tax advisor to understand the impact to their taxes. Third Party Trademarks: Certified Financial Planner Board of Standards Inc. (CFP Board) owns the certification marks CFP®, CERTIFIED FINANCIAL PLANNER®, CFP® (with plaque design), and CFP® (with flame design) in the U.S., which it awards to individuals who successfully complete CFP Board's initial and ongoing certification requirements.
Short-term price fluctuations in the market are known as swings, and swing trading aims to capitalize on these price movements, whether up or down.
The swings typically occur within a range, from a couple of days to a couple of weeks. Traders may try to capture a part of a larger price trend: for example, if a price dips, but a rebound is expected.
While day traders typically stay in a position only for minutes or hours, swing traders typically invest for a few days or weeks. Swing trading can be profitable, but it’s higher risk, and it’s important to bear in mind the potential costs and tax implications of this strategy.
Key Points
• Swings in the market are short-term price fluctuations that typically occur over a couple of days or a couple of weeks.
• Swing traders aim to capitalize on these price movements, whether up or down.
• Swing trading is distinct from day trading, which takes place during an even shorter time frame — minutes or hours.
• Swing trading can be profitable for experienced traders, but it’s extremely high risk.
• Would-be swing traders also need to bear in mind the fees and tax implications of this strategy.
How Swing Trading Works
Swing trading can be a fairly involved process, and traders employ different types of analysis and tools to try and gauge where the market is heading. But for simplicity’s sake, you may want to think of it as a method to capture short-to-medium term movements in share prices.
Investors are, in effect, trying to capture the “swing” in prices up or down. It avoids some day trading risks, but allows investors to take a more active hand in the markets than a buy-and-hold strategy.
With that in mind, swing trading basically works like this: An investor uses an online brokerage (or a traditional one) to buy a stock, anticipating that its price will appreciate over a three-week period. The stock’s value does go up, and after three weeks, the investor sells their shares, generating a profit.
Conversely, an investor may want to take a short position on a stock, betting that the price will fall.
Either way there are no guarantees, and swing trading can be risky if the stocks the investor holds move in the opposite direction.
Generally, a swing trader uses a mix of technical and fundamental analysis tools to identify short- and mid-term trends in the market. They can go both long and short in market positions, and use stocks, exchange-traded funds (ETFs), and other securities that exhibit pricing volatility.
It is possible for a swing trader to hold a position for longer than a few weeks, though a position held for a month or more may actually be classified as trend trading.
Cost and Tax Implications
A swing trading strategy is somewhere in between a day-trading strategy and trend-trading strategy. They have some methods in common but may also differ in some ways — so it’s important to know exactly which you plan to utilize, especially because these shorter-term strategies have different cost and tax factors to consider.
Frequent trades typically generate higher trading fees than buy-and-hold strategies, as well as higher taxes. Unless you qualify as a full-time trader, your short-term gains can be taxed as income, rather than the more favorable capital gains rate (which kicks in when you hold a security for at least a year).
Like day traders, swing traders aim to capture the volatility of the market by capitalizing on the movements of different securities.
Along with day traders and trend traders, swing traders are active investors who tend to analyze volatility charts and price trends to predict what a stock’s price is most likely to do next. This is using technical analysis to research stocks — a process that can seem complicated, but is essentially trying to see if price charts can give clues on future direction.
The goal, then, is to identify patterns with meaning and accurately extrapolate this information for the future. The strategy of a day trader and a swing trader may start to diverge in the attention they pay to a stock’s underlying fundamentals — the overall health of the company behind the stock.
Day traders aren’t particularly interested in whether a company stock is a “good” or “bad” investment — they are simply looking for short-term price volatility. But because swing traders spend more time in the market, they may also consider the general trajectory of a company’s growth.
Pros and Cons of Swing Trading
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Pros:
• May be profitable
• Strategy can be used with a range of securities
• Strategy is flexible, can help traders avoid unwanted price movements
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Cons:
• Expenses & taxes can be high
• Time intensive
• Best for experienced traders
Pros of Swing Trading
To understand the benefits of swing trading, it helps to understand the benefits of long-term investing — which may actually be the more suitable strategy for some investors.
The idea behind buy-and-hold strategies is quite simply that stock markets tend to move up over long periods of time, or have a positive average annual return. Also, unlike trading, it is not zero-sum, meaning that all participants can potentially profit by simply remaining invested for the maximum amount of time possible.
1. Time and Effort
Further, long-term investing may require less time and effort. Dips in the market can provide the opportunity to buy in, but methodical and regular investing is generally regarded higher than any version of attempting to short-term time the market.
Swing trading exists on the other end of the time-and-effort continuum, although it generally requires much less effort and attention than day trading. Whereas day traders must keep a minute-by-minute watch on the market throughout the trading days, swing trading does not require that the investor’s eyes be glued to the screen.
Nonetheless, swing trading requires a more consistent time commitment — and an awareness of external events that can impact prices — than buy-and-hold strategies.
2. Income
Compared to long-term investing, which comes into play with retirement accounts like a 401(k), traditional IRA or Roth IRA, swing trading may create more opportunity for an investor to generate income.
Most long-term investors intend to keep their money invested — including profits — for as long as possible. Swing traders are using the short-term swings in the market to generate profit that could be used as income, and they tend to be more comfortable with the risks this strategy typically entails.
3. Avoidance of Dips
Finally, it may be possible for swing traders to avoid some downside. Long-term investors remain invested through all market scenarios, which includes downturns or bear markets. Because swing traders are participating in the market only when they see opportunity, it may be possible to avoid the biggest dips.
That said, markets are highly unpredictable, so it’s also possible to get caught in a sudden downturn.
Cons of Swing Trading
Though there is certainly the potential to generate a profit via swing trading, there’s also a substantial risk of losing money — and even going into debt.
1. Expenses & Taxes
It can be quite expensive to swing trade, as noted above. Although brokerage or stock broker commissions won’t be quite as high as they would be for day traders, they can be substantial.
Also, because the gains on swing trades are typically short-term (less than a year), swing investors would likely be taxed at higher capital gains rates.
In order to profit, traders will need to out-earn what they are spending to engage in swing trading strategies. That requires being right more often than not, and doing so at a margin that outpaces any losses.
2. Time Intensive
Swing trading might not be as time-consuming or as stressful as day trading, but it can certainly be both. Many swing traders are researching and trading every day, if not many times a day. What can start as a hobby can easily morph into another job, so keep the time commitment in mind.
3. Requires Expertise
Within the investing community, there is significant debate as to whether the stock market can be timed on any sort of regular or consistent basis.
In the short term, stock prices do not necessarily move on fundamental factors that can be researched. Predicting future price moves is nothing more than just that: trying to predict the future. Short of having a crystal ball, this is supremely difficult, if not impossible, to do, and is best suited to experienced investors.
Swing Trading Example
Here’s a relatively simple example of a swing trade in action.
An investor finds a stock or other security that they think will go up in value in the coming days or weeks. Let’s say they’ve done a fair bit of analysis on the stock that’s led them to conclude that a price increase is likely.
Going Long
The investor opens up a position by purchasing 100 shares of the stock at a price of $10 per share. Obviously, the investor is assuming some risk that the price will go down, not up, and that they could lose money.
But after a week, the stock’s value has gone up $1, and they decide to close their position and sell the 100 shares. They’ve capitalized on the “swing” in value, and turned a $100 profit.
Of course, the trade may not pan out in the way the investor had hoped. For example:
• The stock could rise by $0.50 instead of $1, which might not offer the investor the profit she or he was looking for.
• The stock could lose value, and the investor is faced with the choice of selling at a loss, or holding onto the stock to see if it regains its value (which entails more risk exposure).
Going Short
Swing traders can also take advantage of price drops and short a stock that they think is overvalued. They borrow 100 shares of stock from their brokerage and sell the shares for $10 per share for a total of $1,000 (plus any applicable brokerage fees).
If their prediction is correct, and the price falls to $9 per share, the investor can buy back 100 shares at $9 per share for $900, return the borrowed shares, and pocket the leftover $100 as profit ($1,000 – $900 = $100).
If they’re wrong, the investor misses the mark, and the price rises to $11 per share. Now the investor has to buy back 100 shares for $11 per share for a total of $1,100, for a loss of $100 ($1,000 – $1,100 = -$100), not including fees.
Swing Trading Strategies
Each investor will want to research their own preferred swing trading strategy, as there is not one single method. It might help to designate a specific set of rules.
Channel Trading
One such strategy is channel trading. Channel traders assume that each stock is going to trade within a certain range of volatility, called a channel.
In addition to accounting for the ups and downs of short-term volatility, channels tend to move in a general trajectory. Channels can trend in flat, ascending, or descending directions, or a combination of these directions.
When picking stocks for a swing trading strategy using channels, you might buy a stock at the lower range of its price channel, called the support level. This is considered an opportune time to buy.
When a stock is trading at higher prices within the channel, called the resistance level, swing traders tend to believe that it is a good time to sell or short a stock.
MACD
Another method used by swing traders is moving average convergence/divergence, or “MACD.” The MACD indicator looks to identify momentum by subtracting a 26-period exponential moving average from the 12-period exponential moving average, or EMA.
Traders are seeking a shift in acceleration that may indicate that it is time to make a move.
Other Strategies
This is not a complete list of the types of technical analysis that traders may integrate into their strategies.
Additionally, traders may look at fundamental indicators such as SEC filings and special announcements, or watch industry trends, regulation, etc., that may affect the price of a stock. Trading around earnings season may also present an opportunity to capitalize on a swing in value.
Similarly, they may watch the news or reap information from online sources to get a sense of general investor sentiment. Traders can use multiple swing trading methods simultaneously or independently from one another.
Swing Trading vs Day Trading
Traders or investors may be weighing whether they should learn swing trading versus day trading. Although the two may have some similarities, day trading is much more fast-paced, with trades occurring within minutes or hours to take advantage of very fast movements in the market.
Swing trading, conversely, gives investors a bit more time to take everything in, think about their next moves, and make a decision. It’s a middle ground between day trading and a longer-term investing strategy. It allows investors to utilize some active investing strategies, but doesn’t require them to monitor the markets minute by minute to make sure they don’t lose money.
Swing Trading vs Long-Term Investing
Long-term investing tends to be a lower risk strategy in general. Investors are basically betting that the market will trend higher over the long term, which is typically true, barring any large-scale downturns. But this strategy doesn’t give investors the opportunity to really trade based on market fluctuations.
Swing trading does, albeit not as much as day trading. If you want to get a taste for trading, and put some analysis tools and different strategies to work, then it may be worth it to learn swing trading.
Is Swing Trading Right for You?
Whether swing trading is a smart investing strategy for any individual will come down to the individual’s goals and preferences. It’s good to think about a few key things: How much you’re willing to risk by investing, how much time you have to invest, and how much risk you’re actually able to handle on a psychological or emotional level — i.e., your risk tolerance.
If your risk tolerance is relatively low, swing trading may not be right for you, and you may want to stick with a longer-term strategy. Similarly, if you don’t have much to invest, you may be better off buying and holding, effectively lowering how much you’re putting at risk.
The Takeaway
Swing traders invest for days or weeks, and then exit their positions in an effort to generate a quick profit from a security’s short-term price movements. That differentiates them from day traders or long-term investors, who may be working on different timelines to likewise reap market rewards.
There are also different methods and strategies that swing traders can use. There is no one surefire method, but it might be best to find a strategy and stick with it if they want to give swing trading an honest try. Be aware, though, that it carries some serious risks — like all stock trading.
Ready to invest in your goals? It’s easy to get started when you open an investment account with SoFi Invest. You can invest in stocks, exchange-traded funds (ETFs), mutual funds, alternative funds, and more. SoFi doesn’t charge commissions, but other fees apply (full fee disclosure here).
Invest with as little as $5 with a SoFi Active Investing account.
FAQ
Is swing trading actually profitable?
Swing trading can be profitable, but there is no guarantee that it will be. Like day trading or any other type of investing, swing trading involves risk, though it can generate a profit for some traders.
Is swing trading good for beginners?
Many financial professionals would likely steer beginning investors to a buy-and-hold strategy, given the risks associated with swing or day trading. However, investors looking to feel out day trading may opt for swing trading first, as they’ll likely use similar tools or strategies, albeit at a slower pace.
How much do swing traders make?
It’s possible that the average swing trader doesn’t make any money at all, and instead, loses money. It depends on their skill level, experience, market conditions, and a bit of luck.
SoFi Invest®
INVESTMENTS ARE NOT FDIC INSURED • ARE NOT BANK GUARANTEED • MAY LOSE VALUE
SoFi Invest encompasses two distinct companies, with various products and services offered to investors as described below:
Individual customer accounts may be subject to the terms applicable to one or more of these platforms.
1) Automated Investing and advisory services are provided by SoFi Wealth LLC, an SEC-registered investment adviser (“SoFi Wealth“). Brokerage services are provided to SoFi Wealth LLC by SoFi Securities LLC.
2) Active Investing and brokerage services are provided by SoFi Securities LLC, Member FINRA (www.finra.org)/SIPC(www.sipc.org). Clearing and custody of all securities are provided by APEX Clearing Corporation.
For additional disclosures related to the SoFi Invest platforms described above please visit SoFi.com/legal.
Neither the Investment Advisor Representatives of SoFi Wealth, nor the Registered Representatives of SoFi Securities are compensated for the sale of any product or service sold through any SoFi Invest platform.
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