A blonde woman smiles while holding a small dog in a stylish home office with a desk, computer, and guitar.

Budgeting For a New Dog

The United States is more than a little dog crazy: The percentage of households with a canine stands at 45.5%, meaning almost one out of two have a pooch. Owning a dog can be one of life’s great pleasures, whether you choose a tiny Chihuahua puppy or a mega, full-grown Great Dane as your new best friend.

But amid imagining all the cuddles and sloppy kisses, many prospective dog parents aren’t fully prepared for the expense of owning a pet.

This can be an important consideration, given that dog ownership generally requires a significant upfront and ongoing financial investment. Start-up costs tend to run around $2,127, while ongoing annual expenses average $2,489, according to the American Kennel Club.

If you’re considering bringing home a new pooch, here’s key information to know about budgeting for a dog.

Key Points

•   The average annual cost to own a dog is $2,489.

•   Adoption fees run between $50 and $500; breeder costs can be $800 to $4,000.

•   Annual food costs range from $200 (for a small dog) to $720 (for a large dog).

•   Pet insurance averages around $62 per month, providing emergency coverage.

•   A $500 to $1,000 starter emergency fund is advised for unforeseen expenses.

8 Costs of Owning a Dog

It’s easy to fall in love with an adorable dog and feel as if you just must make it yours ASAP. But it’s wise to do a little research first about potential bills before you bring home a new pooch. Read on for eight costs that are likely to crop up.

1. Adoption Costs

The cost to adopt a dog varies depending on the organization, dog’s age, and breed, but fees from shelters can range anywhere from $50 to $500. The adoption fee helps cover some of the cost of holding the dog and getting them ready for adoption. At some pet rescues, adoption fees also cover the cost of veterinary services, like a pet physical exam, deworming, spaying or neutering, microchipping, and common vaccinations.

💡 Quick Tip: Tired of paying pointless bank fees? When you open a bank account online you often avoid excess charges.

Adoption vs Buying

Buying a dog from a breeder costs considerably more than adopting one from a shelter. Depending on the type of breed and the location of the breeder, you can expect to pay anywhere from $775 to $4,750.

The purchase price through a breeder typically includes the dog’s first round of shots and deworming. However, other medical costs — such as spaying or neutering and microchipping — are not typically covered by the breeder’s fee.

Recommended: 9 Cheapest Pets to Own

2. Food and Treats

Once you bring home your furbaby, you’ll also need to factor dog food and treats into your spending budget. The cost of feeding a dog can run anywhere from $200 per year for a small dog to $720 per year for a large dog. If you decide to serve your dog premium brands, freshly made food, or a specialized diet, your food costs could be significantly higher — as much as $3,000, possibly more, per year.

3. Toys

Toys may seem like a silly little add-on, but they can play an important role in puppy development and adult dogs’ mental stimulation. Toys can help dogs fight boredom when they are left at home alone and comfort them if they’re agitated. And with toys to gnaw on, dogs may be less likely to turn to shoes for a midday distraction.

One way to save money on pet costs is to keep toys simple. For example, a basic tennis ball will satisfy many dogs. And you can grab a can of three, fun-to-chase tennis balls for about $4. However, you may want to offer your new companion a range of fun things to play with. If so, you might set aside around $100 a year for doggie toys.

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*Earn up to 4.00% Annual Percentage Yield (APY) on SoFi Savings with a 0.70% APY Boost (added to the 3.30% APY as of 12/23/25) for up to 6 months. Open a new SoFi Checking and Savings account and pay the $10 SoFi Plus subscription every 30 days OR receive eligible direct deposits OR qualifying deposits of $5,000 every 31 days by 3/30/26. Rates variable, subject to change. Terms apply here. SoFi Bank, N.A. Member FDIC.

4. Pet Sitters or Walkers

If you work outside the home or plan to travel without Fido, it may be a good idea to factor in the cost of a dog walker or pet sitter. You can expect to pay between $24 and $34 for a 30-minute dog walking service. Hourly pet sitter rates can run anywhere $12 to $20 per hour, while the average cost to board a dog is around $40 per night.

It may be helpful to estimate how much outside care you’ll need for your new dog and add it to your budget.

💡 Quick Tip: Did you know online banking can help you get paid sooner? Feel the magic of payday up to two days earlier when you set up direct deposit with SoFi.^

5. Medical Visits

Dogs need regular medical care, so health expenses are another cost to consider when setting up your budget. Just like humans, dogs need blood drawn to check for diseases, routine vaccinations to prevent disease, and a general physical exam once a year to make sure their health is in working order.

The cost of healthcare for a dog varies widely depending on the type of dog, care provider, and where you live. On average, an annual vet visit can run $50 to $250, but that doesn’t include vaccinations (around $20–$80 per vaccine); medications and supplements ($10-$150 annually), and dental cleanings ($300-$1,500 annually).

6. Pet Insurance

While pet insurance won’t cover routine veterinary visits, it could come in handy if an emergency occurs with the pup. For example, a new dog could eat something that causes it to get sick or develop a bacterial or viral infection.

Many pet insurance plans will cover a portion of medicines, treatments (including surgeries), and medical interventions that aren’t tied to a pre-existing condition. The cost of pet insurance can vary significantly by your pet’s breed, age, and health history. On average, pet insurance for a dog runs around $62 a month.

💡 Quick Tip: Want a simple way to save more each month? Grow your personal savings by opening an online savings account. SoFi offers high-interest savings accounts with no account fees. Open your savings account today!

7. Incidentals

A lot of smaller expenses can come when you own a dog, such as doggy waste bags and cleaning supplies for pet-related messes. The ASPCA estimates that miscellaneous costs can average around $35 for small dogs, $45 for medium dogs, and $65 for large dogs annually.

8. Emergency Fund

It can be wise to save up an emergency fund for pet-related expenses. Having a financial cushion helps ensure you can make fast decisions about your pet’s care without worrying about how you’ll afford the bill.

You might set up a dedicated savings account to cover unexpected pet-related costs, with a goal saving between $500 and $1,000 to start. Or you could simply add to your general emergency saving fund. Either way, it’s a good idea to keep your emergency funds in a dedicated savings account, such as a high-yield savings account or money market account, so you’re not tempted to dip into it for everyday expenses.

The Takeaway

More than 45% of US households have dogs as pets, which shows how beloved they are. But before you get a pet, it’s important to know the costs involved (which can add up to thousands per year) and budget wisely. Saving in advance can make adopting and then caring for a dog easier. You might look for a high-yield savings account to help your money grow for this purpose.

Interested in opening an online bank account? When you sign up for a SoFi Checking and Savings account with eligible direct deposit, you’ll get a competitive annual percentage yield (APY), pay zero account fees, and enjoy an array of rewards, such as access to the Allpoint Network of 55,000+ fee-free ATMs globally. Qualifying accounts can even access their paycheck up to two days early.


Better banking is here with SoFi, NerdWallet’s 2024 winner for Best Checking Account Overall.* Enjoy 3.30% APY on SoFi Checking and Savings with eligible direct deposit.

FAQ

How much does it cost to buy a new dog?

The cost to buy a dog can vary widely depending on whether you adopt from a shelter or purchase from a breeder. Adoption is generally the more affordable option, with fees running anywhere from $50 to $500. The price for a puppy from a reputable breeder can run $775 to $4,750, depending on the breed’s popularity and rarity.

What is the monthly cost of owning a dog?

The average monthly cost of owning a dog ranges from approximately $64 to $248, depending on factors like size, breed, and location. These costs include food, toys and accessories, pet insurance, and grooming.

Can pet insurance save me money?

Buying pet insurance can be worth it if your pet is young and healthy or you don’t have enough savings to cover an expensive vet bill. However, it may not be a good deal if your pet is older or has health issues and/or you would be able to manage a hefty vet bill if it came up.


SoFi Checking and Savings is offered through SoFi Bank, N.A. Member FDIC. The SoFi® Bank Debit Mastercard® is issued by SoFi Bank, N.A., pursuant to license by Mastercard International Incorporated and can be used everywhere Mastercard is accepted. Mastercard is a registered trademark, and the circles design is a trademark of Mastercard International Incorporated.

Annual percentage yield (APY) is variable and subject to change at any time. Rates are current as of 12/23/25. There is no minimum balance requirement. Fees may reduce earnings. Additional rates and information can be found at https://www.sofi.com/legal/banking-rate-sheet

Eligible Direct Deposit means a recurring deposit of regular income to an account holder’s SoFi Checking or Savings account, including payroll, pension, or government benefit payments (e.g., Social Security), made by the account holder’s employer, payroll or benefits provider or government agency (“Eligible Direct Deposit”) via the Automated Clearing House (“ACH”) Network every 31 calendar days.

Although we do our best to recognize all Eligible Direct Deposits, a small number of employers, payroll providers, benefits providers, or government agencies do not designate payments as direct deposit. To ensure you're earning the APY for account holders with Eligible Direct Deposit, we encourage you to check your APY Details page the day after your Eligible Direct Deposit posts to your SoFi account. If your APY is not showing as the APY for account holders with Eligible Direct Deposit, contact us at 855-456-7634 with the details of your Eligible Direct Deposit. As long as SoFi Bank can validate those details, you will start earning the APY for account holders with Eligible Direct Deposit from the date you contact SoFi for the next 31 calendar days. You will also be eligible for the APY for account holders with Eligible Direct Deposit on future Eligible Direct Deposits, as long as SoFi Bank can validate them.

Deposits that are not from an employer, payroll, or benefits provider or government agency, including but not limited to check deposits, peer-to-peer transfers (e.g., transfers from PayPal, Venmo, Wise, etc.), merchant transactions (e.g., transactions from PayPal, Stripe, Square, etc.), and bank ACH funds transfers and wire transfers from external accounts, or are non-recurring in nature (e.g., IRS tax refunds), do not constitute Eligible Direct Deposit activity. There is no minimum Eligible Direct Deposit amount required to qualify for the stated interest rate. SoFi Bank shall, in its sole discretion, assess each account holder's Eligible Direct Deposit activity to determine the applicability of rates and may request additional documentation for verification of eligibility.

See additional details at https://www.sofi.com/legal/banking-rate-sheet.

*Awards or rankings from NerdWallet are not indicative of future success or results. This award and its ratings are independently determined and awarded by their respective publications.

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

We do not charge any account, service or maintenance fees for SoFi Checking and Savings. We do charge a transaction fee to process each outgoing wire transfer. SoFi does not charge a fee for incoming wire transfers, however the sending bank may charge a fee. Our fee policy is subject to change at any time. See the SoFi Bank Fee Sheet for details at sofi.com/legal/banking-fees/.
^Early access to direct deposit funds is based on the timing in which we receive notice of impending payment from the Federal Reserve, which is typically up to two days before the scheduled payment date, but may vary.

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A wallet has money, credit cards, and a mobile phone spilling out of it.

How to Avoid Overdraft Fees

In your financial life, overdrafting your bank account is bad enough; no one likes to feel as if they’ve run out of money. But being charged an overdraft fee can dig you even deeper into the hole.

That’s why it can make sense to take some simple steps to avoid overdraft fees. You may be able to get a reprieve by contacting your bank or by linking accounts, among other moves.

In this guide, you’ll learn more about overdrafting and the charges involved, plus smart ideas for how to avoid overdraft fees.

Key Points

•  Regularly monitor your account balance to track available funds and avoid spending more than you have to prevent an overdraft.

•  Set up low balance alerts to receive notifications and take action before overdrafts occur.

•  Manage overdraft coverage options to control when and how overdrafts are handled.

•  Link your checking account to a savings account for automatic transfers to cover low balances.

•  Use a modern mobile banking app for real-time account management and alerts.

What Is an Overdraft Fee?

If you pay out more than is in your bank account when writing a check, using your debit card, or making an electronic bill payment, your bank may go ahead and process the payment you’ve initiated, leaving you with a negative balance.

The bank will likely charge you for the privilege of letting you spend more than you have, and that is an overdraft fee.

How Much Do Overdraft Fees Cost?

Overdraft fees aren’t cheap. The cost can vary somewhat depending on the bank or financial institution, with the current average being $26.77 according to survey data. However, the fee can be as high as $30 to $35.

It’s important to note that the overdraft fee is generally per overdraft. So if you overdraft your account and don’t realize you overdrafted, you might make multiple purchases and incur a separate fee on each one.

And these fees can add up quickly. At almost $27 a pop, just three small purchases could set you back over $75. That’s why it’s helpful to learn how to get rid of overdraft fees.

Some banks may also charge extended overdraft fees (sometimes called continuous or sustained fees) if your account doesn’t go back into positive territory within a few days.

In 2024, Americans paid $12.1 billion in overdraft and related non-sufficient funds (NSF) fees each year. However, some banks are beginning to lower their overdraft fees. Other financial institutions don’t charge any fees for the first $50 of overdraft, which is the SoFi overdraft limit, for example.

8 Smart Ways to Avoid Overdraft Fees

If your bank does charge an overdraft fee, you’ll want to make sure there’s enough money in your account so that you don’t spend more than you have. These strategies can help you avoid overdraft fees.

1. Monitor Your Account Balance Regularly

How often do you monitor your balance? It’s a good idea to make a habit of checking your accounts weekly or even more frequently to make sure your balances aren’t too low.

This can be done quickly online, via mobile app, when you withdraw money from the ATM, and/or by calling the bank and getting an automated update on your account.

One simple way to avoid overdraft fees is to keep a cash cushion in your checking account. A cushion means you have a little more stashed in your account than you typically spend each month in order to cover unexpected or forgotten charges.

This cash cushion can help prevent overdraft. You might even add it as an item on your budget to make sure it gets replenished if you use it up.

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*Earn up to 4.00% Annual Percentage Yield (APY) on SoFi Savings with a 0.70% APY Boost (added to the 3.30% APY as of 12/23/25) for up to 6 months. Open a new SoFi Checking and Savings account and pay the $10 SoFi Plus subscription every 30 days OR receive eligible direct deposits OR qualifying deposits of $5,000 every 31 days by 3/30/26. Rates variable, subject to change. Terms apply here. SoFi Bank, N.A. Member FDIC.

2. Set up Low Balance Alerts

An easy way to help avoid unexpected overdrafts, plus possible overdraft fees, is to set up some automatic alerts.

•   One that is particularly helpful is a low balance alert, which means you will be notified (by text, email, or cell phone notification) whenever your balance falls below a certain amount.

You could then immediately transfer money from savings, make a mobile deposit into your account, or hold off on making any purchases until another paycheck comes in.

•   Another useful alert you may be able to set up is the overdraft alert. This means you would be notified whenever you overdraft your account.

This alert won’t help you avoid the initial overdraft fee, but it could stop you from continuing to make purchases and incurring more overdraft fees.

3. Understand and Manage Overdraft Coverage

Customers typically have to “opt-in” to a bank’s overdraft coverage program, which many do without thinking much about it when they open their accounts.

This gives the institution permission to clear a transaction even if there is not enough money to cover it in the account by essentially loaning you the money. They may then charge you a fee for this service. You can opt out of overdraft coverage. Once you do this, any purchase you make that you don’t have money in your account to pay for will be declined without a fee.

If you’re unsure about whether you’re enrolled in an overdraft program when you opened your account, you can contact your bank to find out whether you have this coverage or not.

Keep in mind, though, that opting out of overdraft coverage programs typically does not protect you from fees charged for bounced checks.

4. Link Your Checking to a Savings Account

Next on the list of how to avoid overdraft fees: Connect your accounts for overdraft protection.

Overdraft protection service is different from overdraft coverage. This service, which typically involves signing a contract to set up, will link your checking account to another account at the same institution.

Then, in the event that there’s not enough cash in your checking account to cover a transaction, the needed money would be transferred from the linked account to cover it. Some banks may charge a fee for the funds transfer, but these charges are typically lower than overdraft fees. Other banks offer overdraft protection transfers for free.

It’s important to remember, however, that some savings accounts have a limit of six withdrawals per month. If you go over the limit you could be charged an excessive transaction fee.

Recommended: How to Make Money From Home

5. Manage Your Autopay and Bill Pay Dates

It’s a good idea to check when monthly payments are due, and see how that dovetails (or doesn’t) with your paycheck schedule. For instance, you might be more likely to overdraft your account if your credit card payment is due a couple of days before your paycheck hits. If that’s the case, you might try contacting your credit card issuer and see if they could move your due date slightly to better accommodate your cash flow. Many companies will do that for you.

Check the autopay dates for all your bills to make sure you’ll have enough in your account to cover them.

6. Use a Modern Mobile Banking App

Another way to avoid overdraft fees is to use a mobile bank app, which can let you see your account balance, pending payments, and spending in one quick glance at your mobile device.

Mobile banking can make it easy to eyeball how your money looks so you can avoid overspending. You can check your balance on the app before you make purchases in stores or online to make sure you have sufficient funds in your account.

7. Use Direct Deposit to Your Advantage

When you enroll in direct deposit for your paychecks, you’ll generally get your money faster since it’s directly deposited into your account by your employer. You’ll also know exactly when the money will be deposited into the account — typically on every pay day, which might be bi-weekly. Otherwise, if you have an actual paper check to deposit, you have to take it to the bank, which can be inconvenient and time consuming. It also usually takes a few days for the check to clear and the money to be available to you.

Not only that, at some banks, if you have direct deposit, you can get paid up to two days early.

It’s possible to use direct deposit for other payments as well, such as tax refunds and Social Security payments.

8. Switch to a Bank With No Overdraft Fees

Banks are recognizing that overdraft fees can be a pain point for consumers. In fact, in a 2024 SoFi Banking survey, 57% of respondents said overdraft protection is an important feature in a bank account.

top 3 checking account features based on sofi survey

Source: SoFi’s 2024 Banking Survey

Some banks are now providing fee-free overdraft coverage. This may be limited to a certain amount, such as covering the first $50 of an overdraft, as mentioned earlier. It may also require the customer to get back to a positive balance within a certain period of time (say, until your next direct deposit hits).

It can be wise to shop around for this feature and check online vs. traditional banks for it.

What to Do If You’ve Already Been Charged an Overdraft Fee

If you’ve overdrawn your account, here are some steps to take to help avoid overdraft fees or limit them:

•  The best first action is generally to transfer money into the account right away. You might still be able to prevent an overdraft fee.

You can check to see if your provider has a daily cutoff time or deadline for adding money to an account to correct a negative balance that same day to avoid fees.

Even if you miss the cutoff, transferring money into the account quickly can prevent other fees. That’s because leaving a balance negative for several days can sometimes result in an extended overdraft fee.

•  If you are charged an overdraft fee, however, that doesn’t automatically mean you are stuck paying it. It doesn’t hurt to negotiate with the institution to try to have the fee reimbursed.

You can try to get overdraft fees waived by calling the bank and politely asking if they will remove the charge — if it’s your first offense, you might prevail. You may also want to ask your bank if it has a forgiveness program. Some institutions have policies to waive the first fee charged each year or if a customer is experiencing economic hardship.

How to Avoid an Overdraft Fee at the Checkout

One helpful habit to try: When you’re at the checkout about to make a purchase, first make sure you have enough money in your bank account before you proceed with the transaction. Here’s how.

•  Use your mobile banking app to get an instant balance check on your account (many banking apps offer this feature). That way you can see at a glance if your purchase will be covered.

•  Know your current balance vs. your available balance. There may be deposits or other transactions still pending in your current balance, which could affect what you have available to spend. Focus on the available balance of your account.

•  When using a debit card to make a purchase online, an item may be on back order, and your card might not be charged until the item ships. It can be easy to forget about it and then not have enough funds in your account to cover it when the item does ship. To avoid an overdraft, make a note about delayed charge in your transaction register. You can also set a reminder on your phone to check on the item and the money in your account.

The Takeaway

There are a few simple ways to avoid overdraft fees, such as opting out of overdraft coverage, setting up an automatic low-balance alert, linking your accounts, keeping a little cash cushion in your account, or banking where you get a level of no-fee overdraft coverage.

Interested in opening an online bank account? When you sign up for a SoFi Checking and Savings account with eligible direct deposit, you’ll get a competitive annual percentage yield (APY), pay zero account fees, and enjoy an array of rewards, such as access to the Allpoint Network of 55,000+ fee-free ATMs globally. Qualifying accounts can even access their paycheck up to two days early.


Better banking is here with SoFi, NerdWallet’s 2024 winner for Best Checking Account Overall.* Enjoy 3.30% APY on SoFi Checking and Savings with eligible direct deposit.

FAQ

Can I get an overdraft fee refunded?

It may be possible to get an overdraft fee refunded. Call the bank and ask if they will refund the fee. If it’s the first time you’ve ever overdrafted your account, they might give you a refund. Some banks even have policies to waive the fee in certain situations — such as if a customer is facing economic hardship. So if there was an extenuating circumstance, be sure to explain it. But no matter what the circumstances, it doesn’t hurt to ask politely for a refund.

Is it better to turn off overdraft protection?

You may want to opt out of overdraft coverage, which is different from overdraft protection, which usually triggers a fee. Overdraft protection, on the other hand, typically links your checking account to another account at the same bank and if there’s not enough cash in your checking account to cover a transaction, the needed money would be transferred to cover it. Some banks charge a fee for these transfers, others don’t.

Do overdraft fees affect my credit score?

Overdraft fees generally don’t affect your credit score because your checking account activity is not typically reported to the credit bureaus. However, if you overdraft the account and don’t pay the overdraft and any fees incurred, the bank could send the debt you owe to collections. The collection agency can then report the debt to the credit bureaus which can negatively impact your credit score.

How long do I have to pay an overdraft?

How long you have to pay an overdraft is determined by your bank. Some institutions may give you just a day to cover the overdrawn amount plus any fees, others may give you one or two days. It’s important to find out what your bank’s specific policy is, and then follow it to avoid further negative consequences.

What’s the difference between overdraft protection and overdraft coverage?

Overdraft coverage is a service that gives your bank permission to clear a transaction even if there is not enough money in the account to cover it by essentially fronting you the money. They may then charge you a fee for doing so. Overdraft protection, on the other hand, usually links your checking account to another account at the same bank. If there’s not enough cash in your checking account to cover a transaction, the funds would be transferred to cover it. Some banks offer these transfers free of charge.


SoFi Checking and Savings is offered through SoFi Bank, N.A. Member FDIC. The SoFi® Bank Debit Mastercard® is issued by SoFi Bank, N.A., pursuant to license by Mastercard International Incorporated and can be used everywhere Mastercard is accepted. Mastercard is a registered trademark, and the circles design is a trademark of Mastercard International Incorporated.

Annual percentage yield (APY) is variable and subject to change at any time. Rates are current as of 12/23/25. There is no minimum balance requirement. Fees may reduce earnings. Additional rates and information can be found at https://www.sofi.com/legal/banking-rate-sheet

Eligible Direct Deposit means a recurring deposit of regular income to an account holder’s SoFi Checking or Savings account, including payroll, pension, or government benefit payments (e.g., Social Security), made by the account holder’s employer, payroll or benefits provider or government agency (“Eligible Direct Deposit”) via the Automated Clearing House (“ACH”) Network every 31 calendar days.

Although we do our best to recognize all Eligible Direct Deposits, a small number of employers, payroll providers, benefits providers, or government agencies do not designate payments as direct deposit. To ensure you're earning the APY for account holders with Eligible Direct Deposit, we encourage you to check your APY Details page the day after your Eligible Direct Deposit posts to your SoFi account. If your APY is not showing as the APY for account holders with Eligible Direct Deposit, contact us at 855-456-7634 with the details of your Eligible Direct Deposit. As long as SoFi Bank can validate those details, you will start earning the APY for account holders with Eligible Direct Deposit from the date you contact SoFi for the next 31 calendar days. You will also be eligible for the APY for account holders with Eligible Direct Deposit on future Eligible Direct Deposits, as long as SoFi Bank can validate them.

Deposits that are not from an employer, payroll, or benefits provider or government agency, including but not limited to check deposits, peer-to-peer transfers (e.g., transfers from PayPal, Venmo, Wise, etc.), merchant transactions (e.g., transactions from PayPal, Stripe, Square, etc.), and bank ACH funds transfers and wire transfers from external accounts, or are non-recurring in nature (e.g., IRS tax refunds), do not constitute Eligible Direct Deposit activity. There is no minimum Eligible Direct Deposit amount required to qualify for the stated interest rate. SoFi Bank shall, in its sole discretion, assess each account holder's Eligible Direct Deposit activity to determine the applicability of rates and may request additional documentation for verification of eligibility.

See additional details at https://www.sofi.com/legal/banking-rate-sheet.

*Awards or rankings from NerdWallet are not indicative of future success or results. This award and its ratings are independently determined and awarded by their respective publications.

We do not charge any account, service or maintenance fees for SoFi Checking and Savings. We do charge a transaction fee to process each outgoing wire transfer. SoFi does not charge a fee for incoming wire transfers, however the sending bank may charge a fee. Our fee policy is subject to change at any time. See the SoFi Bank Fee Sheet for details at sofi.com/legal/banking-fees/.
^Early access to direct deposit funds is based on the timing in which we receive notice of impending payment from the Federal Reserve, which is typically up to two days before the scheduled payment date, but may vary.

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

Third-Party Brand Mentions: No brands, products, or companies mentioned are affiliated with SoFi, nor do they endorse or sponsor this article. Third-party trademarks referenced herein are property of their respective owners.

Third Party Trademarks: Certified Financial Planner Board of Standards Center for Financial Planning, Inc. owns and licenses the certification marks CFP®, CERTIFIED FINANCIAL PLANNER®

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A woman is working on a laptop and doing calculations on a pile of financial documents with charts and graphs.

6 Money Habits to Develop Financial Success

Smart money habits can start you on the path to achieving financial success and realizing your dreams. Adopting small (and repeated) changes in behavior can be one way to start building good financial habits that can last a lifetime. Whether your goals are near-term and relatively small (say, hosting an amazing 30th birthday for your partner) or considerably grander (retiring by age 50), planning and discipline are needed to reach them.

Read on to learn six of the most important money habits that can help steer you to financial success and realizing your money goals.

Key Points

•  Setting financial goals can help guide you towards achieving financial and personal dreams.

•  Budgeting helps manage finances by tracking income and expenses.

•  Consolidating debt can improve your debt-to-income ratio.

•  Automating finances helps ensure timely savings and bill payments.

•  Early and consistent investing can build retirement savings through compounding.

Why Good Money Habits Matter

Good money habits can set you up for financial success. They act like guardrails, keeping you moving towards positives (like an impressive retirement fund) and away from potential challenges (say, too much credit card debt). They are, in fact, similar to other wise habits in your life, whether that means eating well, exercising regularly, not staying up too late watching Netflix, or remembering to call your folks often.

Yes, good habits can require some time and energy to establish, and then you likely need to maintain focus to stay on track. Some will become second nature or no-brainers; others may require more ongoing effort. But by sticking with them, good money habits can guide you to help manage your personal finances well, make smart decisions with your funds, and achieve your future goals.

6 Good Money Habits to Adopt

Here’s a closer look at six key money habits that can help you develop financial success.

1. Set Financial Goals

Formulating your financial goals can be an important step. Goals can guide you as you go about building a financial plan for the years ahead.

One person’s goals might be to pay off their student loans and save for a down payment on a house; another might want to sock away enough cash in an online bank account to start their own business down the road; and yet another might want to achieve a lifestyle where they can pay for their child’s college education and take ski vacations every winter.

Putting pen to paper or opening a document on your laptop can be a helpful way to focus and define specific financial goals to work towards. This can give you clarity and boost your motivation vs. simply saving in the abstract.

Once you have goals in mind, you can begin saving toward them and tracking your progress.

2. Budget Well and Track Your Spending

If you are just winging it in terms of your finances, it’s probably wise to prioritize setting up a budget. The word “budget” can cause a knee-jerk reaction because it smacks of deprivation (as in, no more lattes, ever!) but that’s not what it’s about.

Rather, a budget involves understanding how much money you have coming in and where it’s going (typically towards spending and saving). It can help you be more aware of your finances and balance them, too.

Out of the various techniques, the 50/30/20 budget rule is a popular option. It spells out that 50% of your take-home pay goes towards your needs (housing, food, and healthcare, for instance), 30% towards your wants (dining out, those lattes mentioned above, travel), and 20% towards savings.

There are plenty of other different budgeting methods to try and tools you can use to track your spending, which is an important facet of good budgeting. Your bank may even offer a convenient system for this. By tracking your spending, you can see where you may be spending too much (say, your once-a-week takeout habit has crept up to four times a week), be more mindful with money, and optimize your finances. Perhaps you can put more towards debt payments, for example, than you realized.

It can also be wise to get in the habit of checking in with your money regularly; many people find that a couple of times a week is a good frequency.

3. Consolidate Debt

As you work on your budget, you may want to cultivate another money habit to develop financial success. That involves dealing with debt.

This might mean paying off credit card balances in full and making all other necessary debt payments on time, such as mortgage installments and student loan payments. Calendar reminders can help ensure that all payments get made on time, as can automating your payments (more on that below). It may even help to arrange to have all payments due on the same day. Some lenders are willing to move a monthly due date.

If you have student loan debt, you might look into refinancing options. You might, say, be able to lower your monthly payment, though that could extend the term of your loan and cost you more in interest over the life of the loan. However, doing so may be the right move for some people. (Also keep in mind that if you refinance federal loans as private student loans you will lose access to federal benefits and protections.)

Facing and managing your debt is an important step, regardless of the specific solution you decide upon. It’s a habit that allows you to take control of your money. And it can keep your debt-to-income ratio low, which can be an important factor when you want to borrow money at as low a rate as possible.

Increase your savings
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*Earn up to 4.00% Annual Percentage Yield (APY) on SoFi Savings with a 0.70% APY Boost (added to the 3.30% APY as of 12/23/25) for up to 6 months. Open a new SoFi Checking and Savings account and pay the $10 SoFi Plus subscription every 30 days OR receive eligible direct deposits OR qualifying deposits of $5,000 every 31 days by 3/30/26. Rates variable, subject to change. Terms apply here. SoFi Bank, N.A. Member FDIC.

4. Know When to Consider Balance Transfer vs. Personal Loans

Building on the idea of consolidating debt is the next financial habit. This one involves knowing the warning signs when your debt is getting uncomfortably high and then taking steps to rein it in.

Sometimes, the steps above aren’t enough. If that’s the case, it’s wise to consider your options vs. taking a wait and see approach. Currently, credit card interest rates are over 20% which can be hard for some people to pay off.

So if you see your balance rising to a level you are worried about, consider the following options as you take control of your debt:

•   You might try a balance-transfer credit card, which can give you a reprieve from high interest accruing for a period of time (often 18 months), allowing you to pay down your debt.

•   You might consider taking out a personal loan and using those funds to pay off your credit card debt. The goal here is to have a lower monthly payment on the personal loan than what your credit card bill amounted to.

•   Contact a nonprofit credit counseling service, such as the National Foundation for Credit Counseling, or nfcc.org.

Getting in this habit before debt gets deeper can help you in the long run.

5. Automate Your Finances

It can be a good idea to save money right after getting paid — before the cash sits in checking long enough to spark the urge to spend it. So why not make it simple and save automatically upfront?

A person interested in saving might begin by automating just one kind of transaction. For example, they may opt to have $50 moved from a checking account to a high-yield savings account each month. If that money remains unspent each month, those monthly automatic savings would total to $600 at the end of the year.

That could be a good way to start an emergency fund without expending much effort. You can also automate payments of, say, your utilities and housing costs or your car loan. Paying bills on time this way can help build your credit.

There are also numerous ways to automate your investments. A workplace plan, like a 401(k), may already be doing this. For someone who’s on their own, mutual funds can make auto-investment really easy. Alternatively, a robo-advisor service can automatically invest contributions on behalf of the investor. (Note: This automation may be challenging for those paid irregularly, such as freelancers and seasonal workers.)

By embracing automation, you can nail an important money habit. You can pay yourself first and stash cash away in savings. And you can avoid such bad money habits as not saving enough, paying bills late, or forgetting to pay them at all.

Recommended: Emergency Fund Calculator

6. Investing Early and Often

“I invested too much money for retirement,” said no one, ever. Arguably, there’s no other financial goal that requires more habitual action — spread over decades — than saving and investing for retirement.

It can be tempting to push off planning for retirement until tomorrow. After all, when someone’s in their 20s or 30s, retirement is likely decades and decades away. Psychologically, it’s simple to presume that it’s just not worth thinking about in the now.

But, for many, retirement can be one of life’s biggest and most important expenses. It can secure your comfortable future. Investing early, often, and wisely, can help accomplish that goal.

Adopting this habit ASAP can be a big help; it allows for more time for money to grow via compounding. Compound returns are earnings on both the original amount invested (the principal) and the money earned via investing (the profit). The more months (or years) a person invests, the higher the potential for profits to compound. Note: It is important to note that all investing carries risk as the stock market can fluctuate.

Being consistent about moving money into your portfolio is important, too. Luckily, there are easy and affordable ways to get started investing. First, open an account, like a brokerage or a retirement account. (Investing in a 401(k) also counts as investing.) Then, investors can purchase investments like stocks and funds to help achieve their goals. Or investors can use an automated investing service.

The Takeaway

Building good financial habits can be rewarding. There are more technological tools than ever to help with budgeting or expense tracking. From digital apps to automatic investing to online bank accounts, building healthy financial habits has never been more accessible.

Interested in opening an online bank account? When you sign up for a SoFi Checking and Savings account with eligible direct deposit, you’ll get a competitive annual percentage yield (APY), pay zero account fees, and enjoy an array of rewards, such as access to the Allpoint Network of 55,000+ fee-free ATMs globally. Qualifying accounts can even access their paycheck up to two days early.


Better banking is here with SoFi, NerdWallet’s 2024 winner for Best Checking Account Overall.* Enjoy 3.30% APY on SoFi Checking and Savings with eligible direct deposit.

FAQ

What are money habits for financial success?

Money habits that can help you achieve financial success include setting financial goals, budgeting well, consolidating debt, considering balance transfers and personal loans, automating your finances, and investing wisely.

What is a short-term money goal?

A short-term money goal is typically one you aim to achieve in a year or less.

How do you budget well?

To budget well, track how much money you have coming in and going out, and experiment with different methods of budgeting. Many people like the 50/30/20 budget rule. Budgeting apps can also be helpful.


SoFi Checking and Savings is offered through SoFi Bank, N.A. Member FDIC. The SoFi® Bank Debit Mastercard® is issued by SoFi Bank, N.A., pursuant to license by Mastercard International Incorporated and can be used everywhere Mastercard is accepted. Mastercard is a registered trademark, and the circles design is a trademark of Mastercard International Incorporated.

Annual percentage yield (APY) is variable and subject to change at any time. Rates are current as of 12/23/25. There is no minimum balance requirement. Fees may reduce earnings. Additional rates and information can be found at https://www.sofi.com/legal/banking-rate-sheet

Eligible Direct Deposit means a recurring deposit of regular income to an account holder’s SoFi Checking or Savings account, including payroll, pension, or government benefit payments (e.g., Social Security), made by the account holder’s employer, payroll or benefits provider or government agency (“Eligible Direct Deposit”) via the Automated Clearing House (“ACH”) Network every 31 calendar days.

Although we do our best to recognize all Eligible Direct Deposits, a small number of employers, payroll providers, benefits providers, or government agencies do not designate payments as direct deposit. To ensure you're earning the APY for account holders with Eligible Direct Deposit, we encourage you to check your APY Details page the day after your Eligible Direct Deposit posts to your SoFi account. If your APY is not showing as the APY for account holders with Eligible Direct Deposit, contact us at 855-456-7634 with the details of your Eligible Direct Deposit. As long as SoFi Bank can validate those details, you will start earning the APY for account holders with Eligible Direct Deposit from the date you contact SoFi for the next 31 calendar days. You will also be eligible for the APY for account holders with Eligible Direct Deposit on future Eligible Direct Deposits, as long as SoFi Bank can validate them.

Deposits that are not from an employer, payroll, or benefits provider or government agency, including but not limited to check deposits, peer-to-peer transfers (e.g., transfers from PayPal, Venmo, Wise, etc.), merchant transactions (e.g., transactions from PayPal, Stripe, Square, etc.), and bank ACH funds transfers and wire transfers from external accounts, or are non-recurring in nature (e.g., IRS tax refunds), do not constitute Eligible Direct Deposit activity. There is no minimum Eligible Direct Deposit amount required to qualify for the stated interest rate. SoFi Bank shall, in its sole discretion, assess each account holder's Eligible Direct Deposit activity to determine the applicability of rates and may request additional documentation for verification of eligibility.

See additional details at https://www.sofi.com/legal/banking-rate-sheet.

*Awards or rankings from NerdWallet are not indicative of future success or results. This award and its ratings are independently determined and awarded by their respective publications.

We do not charge any account, service or maintenance fees for SoFi Checking and Savings. We do charge a transaction fee to process each outgoing wire transfer. SoFi does not charge a fee for incoming wire transfers, however the sending bank may charge a fee. Our fee policy is subject to change at any time. See the SoFi Bank Fee Sheet for details at sofi.com/legal/banking-fees/.
^Early access to direct deposit funds is based on the timing in which we receive notice of impending payment from the Federal Reserve, which is typically up to two days before the scheduled payment date, but may vary.

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SoFi Invest is a trade name used by SoFi Wealth LLC and SoFi Securities LLC offering investment products and services. Robo investing and advisory services are provided by SoFi Wealth LLC, an SEC-registered investment adviser. Brokerage and self-directed investing products offered through SoFi Securities LLC, Member FINRA/SIPC.

For disclosures on SoFi Invest platforms visit SoFi.com/legal. For a full listing of the fees associated with Sofi Invest please view our fee schedule.

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

Third-Party Brand Mentions: No brands, products, or companies mentioned are affiliated with SoFi, nor do they endorse or sponsor this article. Third-party trademarks referenced herein are property of their respective owners.

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How Long Does a Direct Deposit Take to Go Through?

Direct deposit can be a convenient way to receive funds and can take from mere moments to a few days to go through.

Direct deposit can be a convenient way to get paid or otherwise receive funds without the hassle of checks or setting up payment apps and then transferring funds to your bank.

Key Points

•   Setting up direct deposit can be done in minutes, but it may take a few weeks or pay cycles for it to become active.

•   The exact timeline for direct deposit to go through depends on the entity issuing the funds and your financial institution.

•   Some direct deposits can be available on the same day they are transferred, while others may take one to three days.

•   To determine when your direct deposit will be available, you can contact your bank or observe the timing of previous direct deposits.

•   Direct deposit can offer the advantage of faster access to funds compared to waiting for a paper check to clear.

🛈 SoFi members interested in how long direct deposits take can review these details.

How Does Direct Deposit Work?

Direct deposit allows someone to electronically send money from their bank or financial institution directly into someone else’s bank account.

The money is sent via the Automated Clearing House (ACH) network, which transfers money between banks and financial institutions.

ACH transfers eliminate the need to send physical checks or cash. These transfers can also happen almost instantaneously because they’re digital and you don’t need to worry about things like proving that a check is legitimate. That means direct deposit can be faster and more convenient. In some cases (as with payroll), your financial institution may even offer early access to the funds, up to two days before the scheduled date.

Most employers now offer direct deposit as an option, and, in some states, even require it. Employers typically find direct deposit convenient because they can process payroll much faster without having to deal with issuing, signing, and mailing checks.

Direct deposit is a popular way to get your paycheck, but that isn’t the only use. It may also be the way you get a tax refund, Social Security benefits, unemployment benefits, investment-related dividends, as well as other payments.

Recommended: How Long Does It Take a Mobile Deposit to Clear?

How Do You Set Up Direct Deposit?

Setting up direct deposit is likely to be very simple — and fast. If you’re wondering how long it takes to set up direct deposit, all you have to do is fill out a direct deposit authorization form. Typically, this just takes a few minutes, provided you have the right information on hand (such as bank account and routing numbers; more on that below).

This usually happens on your first day of work, but you can often choose direct deposit or change your information later on. Some companies handle this process entirely online and some use a third party to sign you up.

When setting up a direct deposit, especially at a new job, you’ll want to remember to have the following information available to make it as simple as possible:

•   Your bank account number(s) and type of account

•   Bank routing number

•   Bank name and address

•   Whether you’re putting money in a checking or savings account

•   How much of your paycheck you want to deposit in the account (you may want to split the deposit; read on for details)

•   A blank, voided personal check

Much of this information can all be found on a personal check, by checking your banking website or app, or by contacting your financial institution directly.

Splitting Your Direct Deposit

If you want to split your paycheck between multiple accounts, you can typically add each account to the direct deposit form and specify how much of your pay should go into each. Most forms ask what percentage of your pay goes into each, instead of just a dollar value. You may need to fill out a new form for each account.

For example, you might designate a set amount of money to move automatically into whatever kind of savings account you have, while leaving what you know you’ll need in checking for bills and smaller payments.

It’s up to you, of course, to determine how much of your paycheck to save; many financial experts recommend 10%.

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*Earn up to 4.00% Annual Percentage Yield (APY) on SoFi Savings with a 0.70% APY Boost (added to the 3.30% APY as of 12/23/25) for up to 6 months. Open a new SoFi Checking and Savings account and pay the $10 SoFi Plus subscription every 30 days OR receive eligible direct deposits OR qualifying deposits of $5,000 every 31 days by 3/30/26. Rates variable, subject to change. Terms apply here. SoFi Bank, N.A. Member FDIC.

How Long Does It Take to Get Direct Deposit?

Signing up for direct deposit can be done in minutes. However, it may not take effect for a few weeks or even more because the payor has to confirm your bank account information.

With your employer, direct deposit may take one or two pay cycles to become active. During that time, you may receive a paper check as payment instead.

In some cases, an employer may hire an employee at the start of the pay cycle so that the direct deposit authorization process is done just in time for the new employee to receive their first payment via direct deposit.

Recommended: What to Do If Your Check Is Lost or Stolen?

Is Direct Deposit Instantaneous?

Exactly when you will have access to your direct deposit income will depend on the entity issuing the funds and perhaps your financial institution that receives the funds.

For example, if your employer uses payroll software to process your paycheck and send the transfer, they’ll set a pay date, which might be a day or two before your regular payday.

That’s the date the funds will be transferred into your bank account, and you can typically access the funds by the end of that day.

That said, other direct deposits may process on a different timeline. The funds could take one to three days to become available. To learn how long direct deposits take to post to your account, you can contact your bank directly, or watch to see what time of day the first few direct deposits come into your account.

Advantages of Direct Deposit

Receiving your paycheck or other income via direct deposit can simplify your life.

You won’t have to worry about waiting for a check or making time to take the check to the bank for deposit. And, you typically have access to your money sooner, since you don’t have to wait for a check to clear.

Direct deposit also makes it easier to stay on top of your personal finances because you know exactly when money is coming into your account.

This accuracy can help you manage your money and work towards short-term financial goals, such as paying all your bills on time or saving for an upcoming expense.

If you know when you have access to your paycheck, for example, it’s possible to schedule your other bills or an automatic transfer to your savings account soon after the direct deposit is scheduled.

Other advantages of direct deposit include:

•   Your bank might waive your account maintenance fee if you receive regular direct deposits.

•   It reduces the risk of check fraud or identity theft from a lost or stolen check.

•   You can’t lose or misplace the funds.

•   Electronic records don’t clutter drawers or fill file cabinets.

•   You can easily track your paychecks and make sure none have been missed, since there is an electronic record of each payment in one place.

The Takeaway

Direct deposits are a convenient, electronic way to receive funds, and this can be instantaneous or take a few days. This process is typically used when an employer, government agency, or other third party instructs its financial institution to digitally deposit funds into your spending or savings account on a specific date.

Direct deposit can make it easier to keep track of your finances, pay bills on time, and avoid negative balances and overdraft fees.

Looking for more ways to simplify your financial life?

Interested in opening an online bank account? When you sign up for a SoFi Checking and Savings account with eligible direct deposit, you’ll get a competitive annual percentage yield (APY), pay zero account fees, and enjoy an array of rewards, such as access to the Allpoint Network of 55,000+ fee-free ATMs globally. Qualifying accounts can even access their paycheck up to two days early.


Better banking is here with SoFi, NerdWallet’s 2024 winner for Best Checking Account Overall.* Enjoy 3.30% APY on SoFi Checking and Savings with eligible direct deposit.

🛈 SoFi members interested in how long direct deposits take can review these details.

FAQ

How long does direct deposit take to hit a bank account?

Direct deposit can happen almost instantaneously, but it can also take one to three days to hit your bank account, depending on factors such as bank holidays and weekends.

Why has my direct deposit not hit yet?

If your direct deposit hasn’t hit in one to three days, check with your bank. It could be that there is a hold on your account or your account is new or overdrawn, or that the sum is large enough to warrant additional review.

Is direct deposit available immediately?

A direct deposit should be available within one business day if it’s made via an electronic transfer. In some cases, direct deposits can be available almost immediately; in others, it can take up to three days.


About the author

Julia Califano

Julia Califano

Julia Califano is an award-winning journalist who covers banking, small business, personal loans, student loans, and other money issues for SoFi. She has over 20 years of experience writing about personal finance and lifestyle topics. Read full bio.



SoFi Checking and Savings is offered through SoFi Bank, N.A. Member FDIC. The SoFi® Bank Debit Mastercard® is issued by SoFi Bank, N.A., pursuant to license by Mastercard International Incorporated and can be used everywhere Mastercard is accepted. Mastercard is a registered trademark, and the circles design is a trademark of Mastercard International Incorporated.

Annual percentage yield (APY) is variable and subject to change at any time. Rates are current as of 12/23/25. There is no minimum balance requirement. Fees may reduce earnings. Additional rates and information can be found at https://www.sofi.com/legal/banking-rate-sheet

Eligible Direct Deposit means a recurring deposit of regular income to an account holder’s SoFi Checking or Savings account, including payroll, pension, or government benefit payments (e.g., Social Security), made by the account holder’s employer, payroll or benefits provider or government agency (“Eligible Direct Deposit”) via the Automated Clearing House (“ACH”) Network every 31 calendar days.

Although we do our best to recognize all Eligible Direct Deposits, a small number of employers, payroll providers, benefits providers, or government agencies do not designate payments as direct deposit. To ensure you're earning the APY for account holders with Eligible Direct Deposit, we encourage you to check your APY Details page the day after your Eligible Direct Deposit posts to your SoFi account. If your APY is not showing as the APY for account holders with Eligible Direct Deposit, contact us at 855-456-7634 with the details of your Eligible Direct Deposit. As long as SoFi Bank can validate those details, you will start earning the APY for account holders with Eligible Direct Deposit from the date you contact SoFi for the next 31 calendar days. You will also be eligible for the APY for account holders with Eligible Direct Deposit on future Eligible Direct Deposits, as long as SoFi Bank can validate them.

Deposits that are not from an employer, payroll, or benefits provider or government agency, including but not limited to check deposits, peer-to-peer transfers (e.g., transfers from PayPal, Venmo, Wise, etc.), merchant transactions (e.g., transactions from PayPal, Stripe, Square, etc.), and bank ACH funds transfers and wire transfers from external accounts, or are non-recurring in nature (e.g., IRS tax refunds), do not constitute Eligible Direct Deposit activity. There is no minimum Eligible Direct Deposit amount required to qualify for the stated interest rate. SoFi Bank shall, in its sole discretion, assess each account holder's Eligible Direct Deposit activity to determine the applicability of rates and may request additional documentation for verification of eligibility.

See additional details at https://www.sofi.com/legal/banking-rate-sheet.

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

*Awards or rankings from NerdWallet are not indicative of future success or results. This award and its ratings are independently determined and awarded by their respective publications.

Third-Party Brand Mentions: No brands, products, or companies mentioned are affiliated with SoFi, nor do they endorse or sponsor this article. Third-party trademarks referenced herein are property of their respective owners.

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Discretionary Income and Student Loans: Why It Matters

Discretionary Income and Student Loans: Why It Matters

Knowing what your discretionary income is (and how discretionary income is calculated for student loans) can help you make decisions about how to best repay your federal loans. That’s because the federal government typically uses discretionary income, which is any adjusted gross income (AGI) you have above a certain percentage of the federal poverty guideline, to determine your monthly payments for income-driven repayment (IDR) plans.

However, because of recent legislation, the options for income-driven plans — and the way monthly payments will be calculated — will be changing. For example, the new Repayment Assistance Plan (RAP) starting in July 2026 won’t use discretionary income to calculate payments. It instead looks at AGI, which could result in higher payments for some borrowers.

Here, we’ll discuss different IDR plans and the ins and outs of discretionary income, as well as upcoming changes to student loan repayment options, so you can figure out a repayment strategy that works for you and your budget.

Key Points

•   Discretionary income, calculated by subtracting a protected amount from adjusted gross income, is important for determining monthly student loan payments under current federal repayment plans.

•   The IBR plan defines discretionary income as income above 150% of the federal poverty guideline, potentially allowing for $0 payments for borrowers under specific income thresholds.

•   Income-driven repayment plans can lower monthly payments but may extend loan terms significantly, resulting in more interest paid over time compared to standard repayment options.

•   Borrowers must recertify their income and family size annually, affecting their monthly payment amounts based on changes in financial circumstances.

•   Refinancing student loans with private lenders can lower payments but forfeits access to federal benefits like income-driven repayment plans and potential loan forgiveness.

What Is Discretionary Income?

The Department of Education (Ed Dept) calculates discretionary income as your adjusted gross income (AGI) in excess of a protected amount defined by a federal IDR plan.

Discretionary income under the Income-Based Repayment (IBR) Plan, for example, is any AGI you have above 150% of the federal poverty guideline appropriate to your family size. If you don’t qualify for a $0 monthly payment on the IBR Plan, your monthly payment is set to 10% or 15% of your discretionary income, depending on when you borrowed your loans.

Discretionary income as defined by the Ed Dept is different from disposable income, which is the amount of money you have available to spend or save after your income taxes have been deducted.

How Is Discretionary Income Calculated?

This is how federal student loan servicers may currently calculate your discretionary income on an income-based student loan repayment plan:

•   Discretionary income under IBR is generally calculated by subtracting 150% of the federal poverty guideline from your AGI.

•   Discretionary income under the Income-Contingent Repayment (ICR) Plan is generally calculated by subtracting 100% of the federal poverty guideline from your AGI.

If you’re filing jointly or you have dependents, that will impact your discretionary income calculations. For married couples filing together, your combined AGI is used when calculating discretionary income. Under an income-driven plan, filing with a spouse can drive up your income-driven monthly payments because of your combined AGI.

If you file separately, your student loan payments will be based on your income alone. However, you may lose some tax benefits, so you’ll have to weigh the pros and cons of this approach to determine which makes more sense for your finances.

Take control of your student loans.
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What Income-Driven Repayment Plan Are You Eligible For?

There are now three federal IDR plans that have different eligibility criteria and terms. (There are two others that are no longer accepting new enrollments.) These income-driven repayment plans can reduce monthly payments for people with incomes below a certain threshold.

It should be noted that federal IDR plans don’t apply to private student loans. They’re only an option for federal student loans.

Income-Driven Repayment Plans for Federal Student Loans

The Ed Dept offers the following IDR options for eligible federal student loan borrowers:

•   Income-Based Repayment (IBR) Plan

•   Pay As You Earn (PAYE) Plan

•   Income-Contingent Repayment (ICR) Plan

All current IDR plans generally use discretionary income to determine monthly payments. If there is a change in a borrower’s income or family size, their monthly payment could increase or decrease, depending on the change. Borrowers enrolled in an IDR plan are typically required to recertify their income and family size each year.

For the IBR and PAYE plans, eligibility is determined based on income and family size. As a general rule, to qualify, borrowers must not pay more under IBR or PAYE than they would under the 10-year Standard Repayment Plan. There’s no income requirement for the ICR plan.

Due to the recent legislation, borrowers who consolidated their Parent PLUS Loans into Direct Consolidation Loans are newly eligible for IBR if they enrolled in the ICR plan immediately.

Also because of the legislation, the PAYE and ICR plans will be eliminated in the coming years. For borrowers taking out their first loans on or after July 1, 2026, there will be only one income-driven plan: the Repayment Assistance Program. RAP will set borrowers’ payments at 1% to 10% of their AGI, rather than using discretionary income.

Pros and Cons of Income-Driven Repayment Plans

IDR plans come with trade-offs. While they can lower your monthly payment and help free up your cash flow now, they may extend the life of your loan. The standard student loan repayment plan is based on a 10-year repayment timeline. Current income-driven repayment plans can extend your payment timeline to up to 25 years. And the RAP plan to be introduced in 2026 extends the payment timeline to 30 years.

This means you’ll be paying off the loan longer and possibly paying more in interest over time. If you stay on the IBR plan, the government might forgive any remaining balance after 20 or 25 years of payments. On RAP, the amount may be forgiven after 30 years. But the amount that is forgiven on these plans may be taxed as income.

Navigating the changes to IDR plans can be complicated. PAYE and ICR are due to close by July 1, 2028, so you may have to switch to IBR or the new RAP plan in the next few years. And as noted above, for borrowers who take out loans after July 1, 2026, RAP will be the only income-driven option.

How to Apply for an IDR Plan

To apply for an IDR plan, you can go to StudentAid.gov and log into your account using your Federal Student Aid (FSA) ID. The online application is estimated to take no more than 10 minutes to complete. (If you prefer, you can download a paper application to fill out and then send it to your loan servicer.)

To fill out the application, you’ll need to supply your address, email address, and phone number, as well as information about your family size. You will also need to provide your most recent income tax return (a tool on the site can link your tax information to the application).

Once you complete the application you will see which IDR plans you qualify for. You can select one and then sign the form and submit it. Your loan servicer should send you an email or letter confirming receipt of the application. The servicer will notify you when your application has been processed.

How Does Discretionary Income Affect Student Loan Payments?

Income-driven repayment plans currently use your discretionary income to dictate the amount you’re required to repay each month. In the case of borrowers enrolled in the IBR Plan, payments are set at 10% of discretionary income for loans borrowed after July 1, 2014, and 15% for loans borrowed before that date. On the PAYE plan, payments are set at 10% of discretionary income. On ICR, payments are 20% of discretionary income.

Examples of Monthly Payment Calculations

To calculate your monthly payments on an IDR plan, you’ll need your adjusted gross income (plus your spouse’s if you file a joint return) and your family size, which includes the number of dependents you have, such as your children.

Next, find the federal poverty guideline for your family size and state, and multiply that number by 150%. Subtract this amount from your AGI to get your discretionary income. Your payment on IBR will be 10% of that amount.

Here’s an example:

Let’s say your AGI (plus your spouse’s) is $100,000.

Your family size is 3 (you, your spouse, and one child).

The federal poverty guideline for you is: $26,650.

Using that information, the calculation would look like this:

$26,650 x 1.50 (150%) = $39,975

$100,000 – $39,975 = $60,025

$60,025 x 0.10 (10%) = $600.25

Your payments on the IBR plan would be $600.25 per month.

To get an official payment amount, you can use the Federal Student Aid Loan Simulator to determine your payments.

Annual Recertification Requirements

IDR certification is typically required annually, and you’ll need to recertify your income and family size. This is mandatory even if there has been no change to your situation or income. If you fail to recertify, there may be negative consequences, such as higher monthly payments or even loss of eligibility for IBR.

You’ll be given a recertification deadline, and you’ll need to recertify by that date. As part of the process, you’ll include your family size as well as your most recent federal income tax return. You can recertify online.

If you gave the Ed Dept permission to access your federal tax information when you first applied for IDR, your yearly certification will be automatic. The Ed Dept will notify you about any change to your monthly payment amount.

How Else Can Borrowers Lower Their Student Loan Payment?

Besides IDR, there are other strategies borrowers can use to help lower their monthly student loan payments. These include:

Student Loan Refinancing

Borrowers may be able to reduce their student loan payments by refinancing student loans. With student loan refinancing, you take out a new loan with new terms from a private lender. The new loan is used to pay off your existing student loans.

Depending on your credit and financial profile, refinancing could result in a lower interest rate or a lower monthly payment depending on which terms you choose. Just be aware that you may pay more interest over the life of the loan if you refinance with an extended term.

Refinancing federal student loans with a private lender also forfeits your access to federal IDR plans, Public Service Loan Forgiveness, and Teacher Loan Forgiveness.

To find out how much you might be able to save with refinancing, try our student loan refi calculator.

Extended and Graduated Repayment Plans

Another option for current federal student loan borrowers is to consider the Extended Repayment Plan or the Graduated Repayment Plan to help lower their monthly payments.

To qualify for the Extended Repayment Plan, you must have more than $30,000 in outstanding Federal Direct Loans or Federal Family Education Loans (FFEL). Monthly payments on this plan are typically lower than payments of the standard 10-year repayment plan because borrowers have a longer period of time — up to 25 years — to pay them off. However, this means you’ll pay more in interest over the extended term.

Due to the recent legislation, the Extended Repayment Plan will be closed to new borrowers as of July 1, 2026. Current borrowers on the plan will continue to make payments on their extended term.

The Graduated Plan allows borrowers to pay off their loans over 10 years. Payments typically start out relatively low and increase gradually (usually every two years). The plan may be right for you if your income is low, but you expect it to rise.

The Graduated Repayment Plan is eligible to most current borrowers, however, the plan will be closed to new borrowers as of July 1, 2026. Borrowers currently on the plan can continue to make payments on the graduated timetable.

Applying for Deferment or Forbearance

You might also be able to qualify for a deferment or forbearance, allowing you to temporarily stop or reduce your federal student loan payments. Reasons you can currently apply for deferment include being in school, in the military, or unemployed. However, as part of the new domestic policy legislation, economic hardship and unemployment deferments will be eliminated for student loans made on or after July 1, 2027.

If you’re in deferment and you have certain federal loans, such as Direct Subsidized Loans, you typically won’t have to pay the interest that accrues during the deferment period.

You could apply for student loan forbearance if your federal student loan payments represent 20% or more of your gross monthly income, you’ve lost your job or seen your pay reduced, or you can’t pay because of medical bills, among other reasons. Note that interest accrues on your loans while they are in forbearance. As part of the new legislation, forbearance will be capped at nine months in any 24-month period beginning on July 1, 2027 for new borrowers.

The Takeaway

The government uses discretionary income to calculate your federal student loan monthly payments under a qualifying IDR plan. IBR and PAYE use a more generous formula to calculate discretionary income than ICR, and they offer lower monthly payments. Over the next few years, your IDR plan options will be whittled down to IBR and the new RAP plan, both of which use different income calculations.

If you’re not relying on income-driven repayment, you may want to consider the Graduated Repayment Plan or the Extended Repayment Plan to help lower your monthly payments, though those plans will be closing to new borrowers in the summer of 2026. Other options include deferment or forbearance or student loan refinancing.

Looking to lower your monthly student loan payment? Refinancing may be one way to do it — by extending your loan term, getting a lower interest rate than what you currently have, or both. (Please note that refinancing federal loans makes them ineligible for federal forgiveness and protections. Also, lengthening your loan term may mean paying more in interest over the life of the loan.) SoFi student loan refinancing offers flexible terms that fit your budget.


With SoFi, refinancing is fast, easy, and all online. We offer competitive fixed and variable rates.

FAQ

How does discretionary income impact income-driven repayment plans?

Currently, income-driven repayment plans base your monthly payments on your discretionary income and family size. Typically, the higher your discretionary income, the higher your monthly student loan payments will be. For example, on the Income-Based Repayment (IBR) Plan, your discretionary income is the difference between your taxable income and 150% of the poverty guideline for your family size and state.

What percentage of discretionary income is used for student loans?

The percentage of discretionary income that’s used for student loan payments depends on the income-driven repayment plan a borrower is enrolled in. For instance, on the Income-Based Repayment (IBR) Plan, your discretionary income is the difference between your taxable income and 150% of the poverty guideline for your family size and state. On the Income Contingent Repayment (ICR) Plan, your discretionary income is the difference between your taxable income and 100% of the poverty guideline for your family size and state.

Can refinancing affect your discretionary income calculation?

Yes, but in an indirect way. Refinancing federal student loans makes you ineligible for income-driven repayment plans that base your payments on your discretionary income and family size. If you think you may want to apply for an IDR plan, refinancing is probably not right for you.

How do I find out my discretionary income for student loans?

To calculate your discretionary income for income-driven repayment plans, you’ll need your adjusted gross income (AGI) and your family size (you plus a spouse and any children, if applicable). Next, determine the federal poverty guideline for your family size and state (you can find this information on the Health and Human Services website) and multiply that number by 150% for the IBR plan or 100% for the ICR plan. Subtract the resulting amount from your AGI to get your discretionary income.

Is discretionary income the same as disposable income?

No, discretionary income and disposable income are not the same thing. Discretionary income as defined by the Department of Education under an income-driven repayment plan is any adjusted gross income you have above 150% or 100% (depending on the plan) of the federal poverty guideline appropriate to your family size. Disposable income, by comparison, is the amount of money you have available after income taxes have been deducted.


SoFi Student Loan Refinance
Terms and conditions apply. SoFi Refinance Student Loans are private loans. When you refinance federal loans with a SoFi loan, YOU FORFEIT YOUR ELIGIBILITY FOR ALL FEDERAL LOAN BENEFITS, including all flexible federal repayment and forgiveness options that are or may become available to federal student loan borrowers including, but not limited to: Public Service Loan Forgiveness (PSLF), Income-Based Repayment, Income-Contingent Repayment, extended repayment plans, PAYE or SAVE. Lowest rates reserved for the most creditworthy borrowers.
Learn more at SoFi.com/eligibility. SoFi Refinance Student Loans are originated by SoFi Bank, N.A. Member FDIC. NMLS #696891 (www.nmlsconsumeraccess.org).

SoFi Private Student Loans
Please borrow responsibly. SoFi Private Student loans are not a substitute for federal loans, grants, and work-study programs. We encourage you to evaluate all your federal student aid options before you consider any private loans, including ours. Read our FAQs.

Terms and conditions apply. SOFI RESERVES THE RIGHT TO MODIFY OR DISCONTINUE PRODUCTS AND BENEFITS AT ANY TIME WITHOUT NOTICE. SoFi Private Student loans are subject to program terms and restrictions, such as completion of a loan application and self-certification form, verification of application information, the student's at least half-time enrollment in a degree program at a SoFi-participating school, and, if applicable, a co-signer. In addition, borrowers must be U.S. citizens or other eligible status, be residing in the U.S., Puerto Rico, U.S. Virgin Islands, or American Samoa, and must meet SoFi’s underwriting requirements, including verification of sufficient income to support your ability to repay. Minimum loan amount is $1,000. See SoFi.com/eligibility for more information. Lowest rates reserved for the most creditworthy borrowers. SoFi reserves the right to modify eligibility criteria at any time. This information is subject to change. This information is current as of 4/22/2025 and is subject to change. SoFi Private Student loans are originated by SoFi Bank, N.A. Member FDIC. NMLS #696891 (www.nmlsconsumeraccess.org).

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